药学英语翻译练习
2012药学英语翻译
Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found.2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom.3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us.4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him.5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship.6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident.7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased.8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods.9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it.Unit 2 How does human body fight disease?People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion.Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells.Unit 3 Drug dependenceStudies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directlyor indirectly has become the main transmitting ways for many severe communicable diseases, AIDS, hepatitis and pulmonary tuberculosis in particular, plus violent behaviors, etc. The drug addiction is such a complicated and widely health-associated problem that we must duty-boundly put the measures about the public health, extensively-launched education, prevention, treatment and scientific research into our total strategy. Science is offering the foundation to the exploration of public health, which keeps the opposite attitude to the extensively-accepted point of view. It thinks that the drug dependents are made to lose all abilities by drugs, so they cannot rectify their own behaviors. It also offers the suggestions of the foundation for revising the total strategy, so as to reduce the negative effects produced by injection of drugs on the individual and society.Unit 4 The scope of pharmacology1) The science that drugs act on the human body is known as pharmacology, while the scientists who studies this science is called pharmacologist.2) Pharmacology is not a science which can be studied alone, but one that is closely related to other sciences.3) Pharmacologist should not only learn the normal reaction process, but also know how the functions of the human body are affected by diseases.4) If the drug is properly used, it will be a boon to the human race, if not, it will destroy the human race.5) In the first half of the 20th century, the fantastic development has been achieved in the pharmacological field.6) The human race makes constant efforts not only for increasing life expectancy, but also for more healthy life.7) If a patient, the old in particular, constantly uses more than one therapeutic agent, the correlation of the drugs causing toxin tends to occur.8) The clinician is interested primarily in the drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease.9) As most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemical drugs, the interests of the clinicians in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited.10) Pharmacodynamics, as a border science, borrows greatly from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, pathology and so on.Unit 5 Combinatorial chemistry and new drugs1) To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2) In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemicals generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3) In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4) A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mixsynthesis, the related compound are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of containers required.5) At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit 6 Drug discovery and natural products1) Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2) Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3) Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4) Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5) Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes：（1）bioactivity- or mechanism of action directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2)rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3)mechanism of action studies.Unit 7 New drugs and drug delivery systems1) Every drug has its innate pharmacological characteristics. With the right dosage, frequency of administration and route of administration, most patients can get the expected pharmacological eficacy.2) But to different patients, there may be certain ,or even very obvious differences. Patients’physique, quality of drug, microorganisms and environmental factors can all affect drug fuctioning. They can enhance or decrease drug efficacy.3) The main factors that produce individual differences are the differences in drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination.4) In order to achieve the goal of maximum efficacy and minimum side effect for every patient, it is far from enough just to select drugs according to their pharmaceutical functioning.5) Other factors that influence the efficacy of different drugs must be taken into account, and appropriate therapies should be made according to the particular conditions of different patients. These therapies must be adjusted in time in the course of treatment to conform to patients’changed conditions until they recover.Unit 8 What analytical chemists do ?1) Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions:what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2) Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3) Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4) Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicateds the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5) The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification.Unit 9 Nonclinical development of biopharmaceuticals1) The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2) The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3) Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routesof adminstering systemically acting drugs involve the absoption of drug from the place of adminstration into the blood.4) Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco)proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5) In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit 10 The package insert and prescription1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceuticalfirm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must beprepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot requirea pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit 11 Development od new drugs(1)1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was empirical and based on traditional experiences.2) The strategies of the drug research include occasional discoveries, random molecular combination, and a planned research of synthesis of a certain specific chemical element.3) Although this is a ideal method of the development of new drugs, it is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4) When a drug is used by millions of people, it is sure to develop unhealthy response, though this harm is not too big to particular people.5) Most drugs have a maximum safe dose, if the dose exceeds the limited extent, it will produce toxic side effects.6) Penicillin, one of the most powerful bacterium-killers in the world, was incidentally discovered by Fleming.7) The pharmacological experiment of a new drug will determine whether the drug has the desired medicinal functions in model systems.8) The addition of awareness of the biochemical mechanism will make the development of new drugs more rational.9) Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before new drugs can be used on patients.10) Now chemists and biologists attach importance to research fields of molecular biology, biochemical pharmacology, and so on.Unit 12 Development od new drugs(2)1) The rationale for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs, better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2) The promotion representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been trained to promote a certain new product.3) The clinical evaluation of new drugs should be made after the study on animals proves effective.4) A new drug evaluation in man can be considered in four phases, each of which should be doneunder the strict supervision.5) Dose-ranging study should only be performed in volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6) As dose-ranging study may have a certain dangerous nature, it can only be carried out under medical supervision.7) A large scale of clinical trials in phase 3 will establish the new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8) The large cost of the drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical industry, which justifiably expects to recoupe it when the product is finally marketed.9) Information about new drugs published in well-established journals is more believable than the introductions by the representatives living on promotion.10) Heavy investment used in promotion of new drugs has not only led to the use of undistinguished new drugs but also raised the cost of the drugs.Unit 13 The impact of pharmaceutical care on drug therapy1) The focus of pharmaceutical care is to optimize drug therapy, minimize drug-related problems, and improve self-management for the purpose of achieving the optimal outcome to improve the patients’ quality of life.2) Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Ultimately, it is likely to lead to complications.3) The Pharmaceutical Care process for the patients in the Intervention Group consists of three sections. One of them is provided at hospital, then seamless care at the time of discharge from hospital and the last in the ambulatory setting.4) Pharmaceutical care has a clear benefit and positive impact on patient’s HRQoL, which is feasible in the hospital and in the community setting.5) The result of the study demonsreates that patients who do not receive intensified PC have a higher chance of deteriorationg their quality of life.Unit 14 FDA’s responsibilities and activities1) Before a new drug goes to the market and is widely used, the manufacturer should get the license from the corresponding authorized government agency(Drug Safety Commiittee in Britain; Food and Drug Administration in USA;Medical Products Agency in Sweden and etc).2) The new drug probably has been taken by more than 3000 healthy volunteers or patients in controlled studies before marketed unless it is only designed for some orphan diseases in small scale trials.3) At the present stage, most of the pharmacological effects are well-known and the side effects caused by overdosages have been documented. However, the recognition of unpredicted toxic and side effects are rarely known by humans until after the extensive use of the drugs.4) Continuous use of beta receptor blocking drug practolol for a comparative period of time may produce a syndrome of ocular mucosa and dermis, which had been discovered after several years.5) In similar manner, when thalidomide was discovered to make pregnant women who had taken the medicine during their early pregnancy bear babies with limb deformity, it had been sold on market for a few years.Unit 15 Good manufacturing practices(GMP)1) GMP is probably the most widespread quality system followed across the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. GMP compliance is a requirement within the R&D environment for the manufacture and testing of clinical trial materials (both drug product and API) and for commercial manufacture and testing of these materials.2) Although the FD&C Act requires all drugs (products and APIs) to be manufactured to cGMP, the regulations 21CFR parts 210 and 211 are only mandatory for the manufacture of drug products and not APIs. It is only with the issue of ICH Q7 A that the worldwide pharmaceutical industry finally received detailed guidance for manufacture of APIs for boh commercial and R&D purposes.3) There have been distinct and fundamental differences between USA regulation and EU/UK requirements for GMP. The US required all drugs to be made to GMP requirements and performed inspections throughout the world in support of these requirements. In the UK, only drug products and biological manufacturers (not APIs, except some specified antibiotics) were inspected by the regulatory authority fot compliance to GMP.4) An API is normally prepared by chemical processes and even if purification is involved at each stage of manufacture, impurities in APIs can not be removed thoroughly. Therefore, trace impurities are allowed to be present in drug product to a limited extent.5) Harmonization with the US through a Mutual Recognition Agreement（MRA）is seen as a big saving of inspection resources to both the EU and the USA, through mutual acceptance of API facility inspection reports.。
药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）
第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）药学英语课后翻译Organic Chemistry Translation1. 没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。
The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. 既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。
Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. 通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。
The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. 幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。
Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. 迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。
So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. 人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. 煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新物质。
药学英语翻译
A.adulterate (vt.掺假，ad.掺杂的)B.ablation(n切除、消除)C．sequester(vt.使隔离) D.forego(v.放弃，在。
上面)A.escalate(vt.逐渐增法)B.eralicate(v.消除，根除)C．elimination(n.排除，淘汰) D.evolution(v.进化)A．check with(检查) B.scrutinize(v,n仔细检查)C.ecth(n.腐蚀剂v.侵蚀)D.enturst(v.委托)A.adminster(v.管理治理)B.capture(v.捕获)C.overlook(v.忽视)D.inhale(v.吸入)先导化合物lead compound后遗症sequela国家标准化组织National standard Institute加速批准accelerated approval上市申请marketing authorization application方差分析Analysis of variance临床症状不显的subclinical法定药典official compendium中西结合医学Chinese and western integrated继发感染secondary infectionMesenchymal stem cells 间充质干细胞（MSC）Diabetes mellitas 糖尿病Rehabilitation 康复Insulin secretion 胰岛素分泌Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动Immunohematology 免疫血液学Retinal pigmented epithelium 视网膜色素上皮细胞Adulterants and counterfeits 伪品和赝品Electromagnetic radiation emitting devices 电磁辐射发射设备International organization for standardization 国际标准组织传感器是指一些能把光，电，力，温度，磁感应强度，化学作用和生物效应等非电学量转化和转换为具有调制功能的元器件，他们能感受规定的被测量，并按照一定规律将其转化成可用信号的器械和装置。
药学英语练习2
Unit 2 FDAI Translate the following sentences into Chinese．1．The amount of data required by regulatory agencies，such as the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)in the United States or the Committee on Safety of Medicines in the United Kingdom，has increased substantially．2．The data on a recently introduced contraceptive steroid when submitted to the FDA totaled 200 volumes obviously，when such vast amounts of analytical data are needed in a comparatively short time，the use of automated equipment becomes attractive.3．In all cases the manufacturer will be required to submit well substantiated chemical，pharmacological，pharmacokinetic，toxicological，and clinical data，before being granted permission to market the product.II Answer the following questions according to the passage．1．Before a drug gets permission to market，what data does it have to submit to the FDA?2．Can you offer any methods for equipment analysis?Unit 3 Pharmaceutical TabletI．Answer the following questions according to the passage．1. What’s the definition of“tablet” in its scientific sense?2. Do you know the meaning of OTC drugs and prescribed drugs?3．What is the difference between disintegration and dissolution?4．Why do the tablets need to do disintegration tests?II．Translate the following sentences into Chinese．1．A pharmacological tablet is a medicinal or other active substance mixedwith binder powders and pressed into a tablet form．2. Normally, an inactive ingredient termed a binder is added to help hold the tablet together and give it strength.3.Often，an ingredient is also needed to act as an dis-integrant. This is aningredient that dissolves readily in water to help the tablet disperse once swallowed. Some binders，such as starch，are also excellent dis-integrants.4. Solid drug products exempted from disintegration tests include troches，tablets which are intended to be chewed，and drug products intended for sustained release or prolonged or repeat action.5. Although disintegration tests allow for precise measurement of the formation of fragments，granules，or aggregates from solid dosage forms，no information is obtained from these tests on the rate of dissolution of the active drug．III. Fill in the blanks．All pharmaceutical products are formulated to specific dosage forms for drugs to be effectively delivered to patients. Typical pharmaceutical _________include oral________,________, suspensions, topical ointments, gels and solutions, and ________ for ________ (IV)，intramuscular (IM)，or subcutaneous(SC) administration.IV. Translate the following abbreviations into Chinese.CNS BBB LD50 ATPEEG ECG ia. Ivim. sc. Ab AgV. Translate the following terminology and sentences into English.半衰期血药浓度血浆浓度血清浓度耐受性耐药性临床药理生物活性感染廓清率强力速效横纹肌1.已证明青霉素具有消炎作用，是疗效很好的抗生素。
药学英语课后翻译
良药滥用-----Translation1. Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, ithas also given rise to serious complications.2. The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains ofdisease germs which are resistant to such medications.3. A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes seriousinfections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4. Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are,therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5. Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons dobecome habituated to their use.6. Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individualuser or to society.7. Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for adose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8. Addiction is the body’s continued need for drug s because of their physiological effectsafter they are first taken.9. In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much lesswidely known.10. Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new healththreat to mankind.Vitamins ---- Translation1. Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with acommon cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2. Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occurwhen the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3. Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into thebody to maintain health.4. Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energyand in the regulation of metabolism.5. Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C,D, E, K and the B-complex.6. Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities,as compared with the other nutrients.7. The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamindeficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; adeficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8. Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are,therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9. In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins andinorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10. Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all thenutrients in the amounts you need.化学与物质----Translation1. Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not onlyinterprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2. Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplainedphenomena in nature.3. The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things areits chemical properties.4. The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and thetransformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5. It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slightpain.6. The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible withoutanesthetics.7. Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in whichcountless complex chemical and physical changes are constantly taking place.8. The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, butits chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9. Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substanceswhich kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10. Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relievingdrugs.麻醉药Translation1. It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2. It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kindsof operations without causing pain.3. Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance ofmany operations on the lower parts of the body.4. The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on thebrain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5. The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate andlengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6. Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body butwhich also produce insensibility to pain.7. Contrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, t he antibioticonce regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8. Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on thenerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9. An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, whilethose which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do nothave to be volatile.10. In spite of the danger of a patient’s contractin g pneumonia after the use of ether as ananesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one ofdeep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1. The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Y et when you enter a modernchemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2. Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in manypills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in theplant kingdom.3. Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that areextremely valuable to us as medicines.4. During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been tryingout various plants that grew around him.5. There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodoxand the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good workingrelationship.6. When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debtof medicine to plant-derived drugs.7. However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number ofplant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8. The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustiblesupply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of newapproaches.9. Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vincarosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10. Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of adisease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possiblewithout the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry ofbodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms inmolecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively thandoes the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce betterthings for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognitionof the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a newsubstance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use orsupply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols whichare constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10. From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have beenfashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1Translation1. Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeuticuse was based on traditional experience.2. Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basicresearch with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3. Though it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach isexpensive and there is no guarantee of success.4. When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even thoughthe risk to any individual is small.5. Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expectedto occur.6. Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accidentby Alexander Fleming.7. Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desiredprofile of action in model system.8. The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rationalapproach to the development of new drugs.9. Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used onpatients.10. Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of researchas molecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.新药研制2 Translation1. The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better inthe sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2. The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained topromote his particular new product.3. Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs beundertaken.4. New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should beconducted under strict supervision.5. A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed aboutthe implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6. Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there existsome possible risks during the test.7. Large scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action andfrequency of adverse effects.8. The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer,which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.9. Information about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliablethan that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the abilityto promote the product.10. Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished newdrugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1. The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientistswho study it are pharmacologists.2. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related toother branches of science.3. Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in thebody, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroythe race.5. During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in thefield of pharmacology.6. Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7. With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly theelderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis,and treatment of human diseases.9. Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from syntheticchemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10. As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories andexperimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..。
药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案
1.much of our present physiological knowledge has been found from theexperiments and studies on human beings. 我们目前的生理知识已经发现从实验和研究人类。
F2.the cell are grouped together to form tissues which,thus,consist of a lot of cells.细胞被组合在一起形成的组织，因此，包括大量的细胞。
F3.living cells break down glucose and fats to provide energy for otheractivities,which are called catabolism. 活细胞分解葡萄糖和脂肪提供能量等活动，被称为分解代谢。
F4.the white cells play an important role in defense against infection. 白细胞在抗感染防御中起重要作用。
Y5.the right atria pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygenfrom the air. 右心房缺氧血液泵至肺部，它吸收空气中的氧气。
F6.the nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly tospecific cells. 神经系统利用电信号将信息传送到特定的细胞。
T7.the level of sodium increases in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cellsbecome too excitable and may contract. 细胞外液中的钠水平升高，心肌细胞的兴奋性，可能成为合同。
药学试题英语翻译及答案
药学试题英语翻译及答案1. 翻译下列药学专业术语：- 阿司匹林- 抗生素- 处方药- 非处方药答案：- 阿司匹林: Aspirin- 抗生素: Antibiotics- 处方药: Prescription drugs- 非处方药: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs2. 将以下句子从英语翻译成中文：- "The drug was approved by the FDA for use in treating cancer."- "Pharmacists are responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications."答案：- "这种药物被FDA批准用于治疗癌症。
"- "药剂师负责确保药物的安全性和有效性。
"3. 根据题目所给的药学知识，回答以下问题：- 什么是药物的半衰期？- 药物的剂量如何影响其疗效？答案：- 药物的半衰期是指药物浓度下降到其初始浓度一半所需的时间。
- 药物的剂量会影响其疗效，剂量过低可能无法达到治疗效果，剂量过高则可能导致毒副作用。
4. 翻译以下药学文献摘要中的关键词：- Pharmacokinetics- Drug metabolism- Bioavailability答案：- 药动学- 药物代谢- 生物利用度5. 根据题目所给的药学知识，解释以下术语的含义：- 药物相互作用- 药物耐受性答案：- 药物相互作用是指两种或两种以上的药物同时使用时，它们之间的相互作用可能影响药物的疗效或安全性。
- 药物耐受性是指机体对药物的反应随着时间的延长而减弱，需要增加剂量以获得相同的效果。
6. 翻译以下药学相关的句子：- "The new drug has shown promising results in clinical trials."- "The side effects of the medication should be carefully monitored."答案：- "这种新药在临床试验中显示出了有希望的结果。
(整理)药学英语课后翻译
.VitaminsFoods That Fight CancerChemistry and MatterAnestheticsGreen Pharmacy Herbal MedicineIntroduction of Organic ChemistryDevelopment of New Drugs 1Development of New Drugs 2The Scope of PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticsDrug Abuse翻译Vitamins1. 研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c 水平急剧下降，接近坏血病患者水平。
2. 虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病，但轻度维生素c 缺乏症还是普遍存在的。
3.维生素是有机化合物，必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充，以维护身体健康。
4.维生素不产生能量，但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。
5.维生素是按字母分类的，如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。
6.和其他营养素相比，维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少，而需要量也很少。
7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症，例如，维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症，维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。
8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪，而其他的则溶解于水，故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。
9.除了一般的营养素之外，另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。
10.大多数食品含有多种营养素，但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。
Foods That Fight Cancer1.充分的统计资料证明，吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。
2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂，该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。
3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。
4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关，数量越大，危险越大。
5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。
药学英语翻译练习
药学英语翻译练习I. Translate the following phrases and sentences into ChineseA Phrases translation1. Lidocaine hydrochloride盐酸利多卡因2. procaine sulph(f)ate硫酸普鲁卡因3. APC: ( Aspirin Phe n acetin Caffeine)阿司匹林，非那西丁，咖啡因4. Di a zepam地西泮B Sentences translation1. Despite problems of cultural, ethical and regulatory differences, a growing number of foreign companies have begun multi-centre phase III clinical trials in China.尽管由于文化，伦理和规定的不同，越来越多的国外公司开始在中国进行3期临床试验。
2. The interest by US and European pharmaceutical companies in doing something more than a small phase IV trial to meet China’s minimal licensing criteria was modest at best.美国和欧洲医药企业在中国进行超越4期临床试验达到中国注册标准的兴趣并不大。
3. By law, the FDA has responsibility to oversee the purity, quality, safe ty, usefulness, and related characteristics of the nation’s food, drug, and cosmetic supply.根据规定，FDA负责监督国家食品，药品和化妆品的纯度，质量安全，效果和相关特性。
药学英语翻译答案解析
一、熟悉下列句子的翻译1. In addition to the revolution in new classes of drugs, an equally momentous revolution is taking place in drug delivery.除药物种类的革命外，药物给药系统也在进行一场同样令人震撼的革命。
2. The body can make about a trillion different antibodies, produced by shuffling and reshuffling their constituent parts.通过对构成成分的改组和再改组，机体可以产生约一万亿个不同的抗体。
3. Under current law, all new drugs need proof that they are effective, as well as safe, before they can be approved for marketing.现有法律要求，所有的新药都必须具有其有效、安全的证据才能被批准上市。
4．There is no agreement whether nursing mothers could use Alexan.哺乳期妇女是否能用爱力生尚无统一意见。
5. The prescription must be signed and dated by the practitioner and include his address.处方必须由医生亲笔签名，并注明日期和医生的地址。
6. Cells possess a nucleus which contains genetic information in the form of DNA.细胞含有一个细胞核，其中含有以脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）形式表达的基因信息。
7. A drug that is not covered by patent rights may be available in several proprietary formulations of the same generic preparation.没有专利权保护的药物可以用于同一个仿制剂型的多个专利配方中。
药学英语翻译
Unit one1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a soundknowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs.2.Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balanceto be maintained.3.The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essentialif the cells of the body are to function normally.4.Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberatesufficient energy for their activities.5.As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of thebody continue to live and function properly.Unit two1.Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other toconfer the remarkable properties of living organisms.2.Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is veryspecific in its function and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.3.One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purifyan individual chemical component, such as a protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity.4.The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include thecovalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc.5.The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence.Unit three1.Although the existence of microbes was determined almost three hundred years ago, thestudy of microbiology is only getting started compared with zoology and botany.2.In ancient times, the existence of microbes was hypothesized and they might be theresponsible agent of diseases, which was pure speculation(推断) as there was no microscope at the time.3.The first one who suggested taxonomic classification(分类法) of bacteria and discoveredspores is Ferdinand Cohn, a botanist who studied algae and photosynthetic bacteria. He established bacteriology.4.Microbes may be tiny, but the field of microbiology is relatively huge, which encompassesmany subdisciplines affecting people’s life and health a lot.5.Some of microbes may cause diseases but not all microbes are detriment, such as some ofthem used in industrial fermentation(发酵) to make wine and vinegar(醋).Unit four1.The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientistswho study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal process that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.2.For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as itscommon definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy. 3.All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems causedby the abuse of drugs, properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particularly the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur.4.At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, becausethey had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparations.5.The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action istermed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, bio chemistry, immunology, and pathology.Unit Five1.To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies thatbind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2.In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of relatedcompounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3.In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all theproducts separately in their own reaction vessels.4. A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesisare different with that in a parallel synthesis,all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of containers required.5.At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are foundto be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Units six1.Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal andpharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2.Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has beendefined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients for pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3.Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not beenevaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4.Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples forhigh-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5.Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes: (1)bioactivity –or mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2) rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3) mechanism of action studies.Unit seven1.Absorption is the process of a drug entering systemic circulation from its site ofadministration. Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routes of administration involve the transport of cell membrane.2.Drug absorption, especially those orally administered drugs, depends on many factors, suchas the intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food, patient age and the like.3.The distribution of a drug in the body is uneven and is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, thatis, it changes constantly with the absorption and elimination of the drug.4.After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma protein, but this binding isloose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium.5.Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage forms which areabsorbed and reach the systemic circulation; it is concerned with the intensity and speed of drug action.Unit eight1.Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions: what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2.Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many haveadvocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls shortof recognition of the role of instrumentation development and applications. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3.Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet thedemands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. Theyadopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4.Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use ofinstrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds of their functional groups.5.The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in whichqualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification.Unit nine（text A）1)The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group inmany years of work，and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2)The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation basedon secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined withour present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3)Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routes of administering systemically acting drugs involve the absorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood.4)Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco) proteins, andthey have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5)In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit eleven (text A)1.The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigatorsand submitted by the pharmaceutical firm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological the toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2.The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if hedeviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must be prepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3.If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physicianadmitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clini cal study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4.The FDA cannot require a pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product inthe insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5.Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity offoods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit eleven (text B)1. A transition to the new format will not be mandatory for drugs that received FDA approvalmore than 5 years before the final ruling in June 2006. Drugs approved within the 5-year window must resubmit the package insert in the revised label format during 3-7 years phase-in period to comply with the new FDA standards.2.Manufacturer implications include a restriction on the degree of advertising. A potentiallynegative impact on sales, decreased use of the drug, and an increased risk of litigation. From the providers and patients perspective, the substitution of a drug without a black box warning may actually entail greater expense and exposure to another set of side effects than the use of the drug with a black box warning.3.Observed ADRs are those events that have been observed in association with use of the drugand are serious or are otherwise clinically significant. Expected ADRs are events that can be anticipated to occur with a drug, based on observations from other members of the drug class or animal studies. Expected ADRs are appropriate for warnings and precautions if the reaction is clinically serious, indicating that it could have an outcome of death, life-threatening illness, or require hospitalization to treat.4.“Clinically significant” means that the ADR may require adjustment of drug dosage orregimen, discontinuation of the drug, supplement treatment with an additional drug, appropriate patient selection to avoid the ADR, avoidance of concomitant therapy which triggers the ADR, evaluation of the patient for medication compliance, use of alternativelaboratory tests.5.Hospital-based medication errors and preventable ADR occur at a rate of 400,000 per yearaccording to a recent Institute of Medicine study. These errors are reported to translate into an annual cost of $3.5 billion in extra hospital expense.Unit twelve1.Formally, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and the therapeuticuse was based on traditional experience.2.Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basicresearch with synthesis of specific chemical, etc.3.When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though therisk to any individual is small.4.Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desiredprofile of action in model system.5.Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of research asmolecular biology and biochemical pharmacology.Unit Fourteen1.Before a new drug goes to the market and is widely used, the manufacturer should get thelicense from the corresponding authorized government agency (Drug Safety Committee in Britain; Food and Drug Administration in USA; Medical Products Agency in Sweden and etc.).2.The new drug probably has been taken by more than 3000 healthy volunteers or patients incontrolled studies before marketed unless it is only designed for some orphan disease in small scale trials.3.At the present stage, most of the pharmacological effects are well-known and the side effectscaused by overdosages have documented. However, the recognition of unpredicted toxic and side effects are rarely known by humans until after the extensive use of the drugs.4.Continuous use of beta receptor blocking drug practocol for a comparative period of timemay produce a syndrome of ocular mucosa and dermis, which had been discovered after several years.5.In similar manner, when thalidomide was discovered to make pregnant women who hadtaken the medicine during their early pregnancy bear babies with limb deformity, it had been sold on market for a few years.。
药学英语翻译练习
•2）形容词转换为汉语动词 英语中有些表示感觉、情感、愿望等意义的形容词，与系动词 连用构成谓语时，可译成动词。 •The conditions mentioned are merely conducive to sleep. •上 述 条 件 仅 能 促 进 睡 眠 。 •( c o n d u c i v e 译 为 汉 语 动 词 “ 促 进 ” ) •The old are particularly susceptible to brain damage and are less likely to completely recover from it. •老 年 人 特 别 容 易 遭 受 脑 损 害 ， 而 且 不 大 可 能 完 全 恢 复 。 •(susceptible 译为汉语动词“容易遭受”， likely 译为汉语动词“可能” )
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•It has been reported that DMSO has some desirable properties that are considered to be useful in managing the brain trauma patient. •报道称二甲亚砜具备一些可取的特质 ，被认为可用于治疗创伤性脑损伤 。
the skeleton depeintenance. • 正如身体依赖骨骼以维持其结构的稳定性那样，骨骼依靠身体以维持其生存。
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•Both the old and the new methods are useful in current analytical practice . •在现代分析技术中 ，新旧方法都很有用 。 •说明：本句原文中的形容词useful，在翻译时被译成了动词 “有用”。 •The stability of penicillin tablets is dependent on moisture content. •青霉素片剂的稳定性依赖于含水量 。 •Pharmacists should be familiar with the types of analyses. •药剂师应熟悉各种类型分析方法 。
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药学英语翻译练习I. Translate the following phrases and sentences into ChineseA Phrases translation1. Lidocaine hydrochloride盐酸利多卡因2. procaine sulph(f)ate硫酸普鲁卡因3. APC: ( Aspirin Phe n acetin Caffeine)阿司匹林，非那西丁，咖啡因4. Di a zepam地西泮B Sentences translation1. Despite problems of cultural, ethical and regulatory differences, a growing number of foreign companies have begun multi-centre phase III clinical trials in China.尽管由于文化，伦理和规定的不同，越来越多的国外公司开始在中国进行3期临床试验。
2. The interest by US and European pharmaceutical companies in doing something more than a small phase IV trial to meet China’s minimal licensing criteria was modest at best.美国和欧洲医药企业在中国进行超越4期临床试验达到中国注册标准的兴趣并不大。
3. By law, the FDA has responsibility to oversee the purity, quality, safety, usefulness, and related characteristics of the nation’s food, drug, and cosmetic supply.根据规定，FDA负责监督国家食品，药品和化妆品的纯度，质量安全，效果和相关特性。
4. The FDA must primarily rely on the voluntary compliance of those who operate within the professions and industries that are responsible for the products which the FDA has jurisdiction.对于属于FDA监管范围的产品，FDA主要依靠那些负责生产的工厂和企业自觉遵守。
5. According to the government’s strategic plan for 2006—2050, China’s total drug sales are expected to reach RMB 700 billion by 2010, an average growth rate of just over 16% from 2006.根据2006-2050政府的战略计划，到2010年中国总体药物销售量期望达到7000亿元，也就是说从2006年开始平均增长率超过16%。
6. The use of Western medicines in China is usually said to have begun in 1952, when the antibiotic chloram p henicol(氯霉素) was first synthesized and produced domestically.人们通常说中国使用的西药始于1952年，当时中国首次生产氯霉素。
7. In fact over 1,500 bulk drugs, fine chemical ingredients and intermediates are currently made in China and sold in 3,500 finished formulations.事实上有1500多种原料药，即化学原料和中间体在中国生产，并且有3500种成品药由中国销售。
III Fill in the blanks.1. ZHP is a_____venture with Spanish Esteve Group. It is a national level Hi-technology __________ and demonstrating enterprise of innovation. ZHP has been focusing on being a reliable ________for APIs and ______________ intermediates and a strategic custom manufacture partner as well.（Active pharmaceutical ingredient）2. FDA is the federal agency responsible for ensuring that foods are _______ wholesome and sanitary; _______ and v eterinary drugs, biological products, and medical _______ are safe and __________. Cosmetics are safe, and electronic products that emit __________ are safe. FDA also ensures that these products are honestly, accurately and informatively represented to the ________.请翻译下列专业术语结晶固体crystalline solid无菌注射剂sterile injection有机溶剂organic solvent分子式MF(molecular formula)冻干粉末西林瓶无机化学分子量类白色素片肝炎热原抗原II.汉译英1.本品为白色至类白色结晶固体，难溶于水﹑乙醇( ethanol )，易溶于氯仿(chloroform)和丙醇(acetone)中。
It occurs as a white to off-white crystalline solid, poorly s oluble in water or ethanol, easily soluble in chloroform and acetone.2.本品是一种很稳定的抗生素。
其粉末置于密封容器中，在室温下保存二年以上，活性不减。
It is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airtight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years. CNSBBB(blood-brain barrier )LD50(Lethal Dose 50)ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)EEG(electroen c ephalogram)ECG(electro c ardiogram)ia.(Intraarterial )iv. (Intravenous )im. (intramuscular )sc.(Subcutaneous)AbAgV. Translate the following terminology and sentences into English.半衰期血药浓度血浆浓度血清浓度耐受性耐药性临床药理生物活性感染廓清率强力速效剂横纹肌1. 已证明青霉素具有消炎作用，是疗效很好的抗生素。
Penicillin has been found to be a good therapeutic antibiotic and has highly effectiveness against inflammation.2. 本品具有杀菌作用，能耐酸，且口服或肌注吸收良好。
It is bactericidal, acid-stable and well absorbed by either the oral or the intramuscular route.3. 静脉注射后约30~60分钟之间环丙沙星(cipro f loxacin)的平均血药浓度达到高峰。
Mean peak drug plasma concentration of ciprofloxacin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intravenous administration.4. 在临床试验中该药显示其对于改善和恢复已改变了的高血压非常有效。
In clinical trials the drug was shown to be highly effective in improving and normalizing the alterated hypertension.心(肾)功能不全高血压低血压肝炎肺结核痉挛关节炎胃肠道溃疡肝(肺、胃)癌Ⅱ型糖尿病癫痫肾结石痛风贫血心衰便秘肺水肿病毒革兰氏阳性菌大肠杆菌化疗拮抗剂妊娠期过敏反应细菌革兰氏阴性菌疾病放疗激动剂哺乳期胎盘屏障胃肠道发作Ⅲ．汉译英1．环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin)适用于治疗下列由敏感微生物引起的感染。
Ciprofloxacin is indicated for the treatment in the following infections caused by susceptible(易受感染的) microorganisms.2．已证实本品对SARS引起的病症有预防和治疗作用。
It has been proved effective in prophylaxis and therapy of SARS.3．头孢拉定(Cephf r adine)禁用于已知对头孢菌素(cephalo s porin)类抗生素过敏的患者。
Cephf r adine is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics.4．5岁以下的儿童不应当使用诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin)治疗。