2020届上海市高三下英语开学摸底测试(Word版)

2019-2020上海市高三下英语开学摸底测试I. Listening ComprehensionII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Brain implant lets man with paralysis move and feel with his handA brain implant has restored movement and a sense of touch in the hand of a man with a severe spinal cord injury.Patrick Ganzer at Battelle Memorial Institute in the US and his colleagues have developed a brain-computer interface (BCI) that (21) ______ (allow) 28-year-old Ian Burkhart to grasp and feel objects again.Burkhart has a severe upper spinal cord injury and has complete paralysis in his hands and legs, (22) ______ can move his elbows and shoulders. He had a brain implant inserted in 2014 as part of research aiming to restore movement in (23) ______ right arm.The BCI uses the implant (24) ______ (record) brain activity that is sent to a processor that decodes these signals into movements, which in turn feed in to bands around the forearm which electrically activate his hand muscles.“We’ve made a lot of progress in the last six years: he can play [the video game] Guitar Hero, swipe a credit card and do about 20 different hand grips,” says Ganzer.1But because Burkhart had no sensation in his hands, he previously had no sense of touch or pressure when (25) ______ (grasp) objects, and if blindfolded, was not able to detect small objects such as a pencil.The researchers discovered that (26) ______ Burkhart’s hand cannot feel anything, the brain implant stills registers a faint sensory signal when he touches an object.They boosted this signal by incorporating a band around the bicep which vibrates when Burkhart’s hand receives sensory information.As a result, Burkhart is able to detect objects by touch alone. The BCI is also able to detect different levels of touch and adjust the strength of Burkhart’s hand movements depending on the object – a light grasp, for example, for a paper cup.The researchers believe it is the first BCI (27) ______ can simultaneously restore movement and touch.When the brain implant was inserted, it (28) ______ (intend) solely for controlling movement, but the (29) ______ (add) touch is possible because there is some overlap (30) ______ the sensory and motor areas in Burkhart’s brain, says Ganzer.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.AI can distinguish between bots and humans based on Twitter activityArtificial intelligence is being used to spot the difference between human users and fake accounts on Twitter.2Emilio Ferrara at the University of Southern California in the US, and his colleagues have trained an AI to detect bots on Twitter based on differences in (31) ______ of activity between real and fake accounts.The team analysed two separate datasets of Twitter users, which had been classified either manually or by a pre-existing algorithm as either bot or human.The manually verified dataset (32) ______ of 8.4 million tweets from 3500 human accounts, and 3.4 million tweets from 5000 bots.The researchers found that human users replied four to five times more often to other tweets than bots did. Real users gradually become more interactive, with the fraction of replies increasing over the course of an hour-long session of Twitter use.The length of tweets by human users also decreased as sessions (33) ______. “The amount of information that is exchanged diminishes,” says Ferrara. He believes that the change may result from a cognitive depletion over time, in which people become less likely to expend mental effort (34) ______ original content.Bots, on the other hand, show no changes in their interactivity or the length of information they tweet over time.The team also analysed the amount of time between any two consecutive(连读的) tweets from a single user. When this (35) ______ is plotted, bots showed spikes for certain time gaps, such as tweeting at 30-minute or 60-minute intervals.The team then combined these (36) ______ to train an existing bot-detection algorithm, called Botometer, on the difference in activity patterns. The AI was (37) ______ more likely to accurately detect to fake accounts than when it was not taking into (38) ______ the timing of posts.The algorithm could be used to (39) ______ other bot-detection tools that analyse the language within posts, says Ferrara.3One of the study’s (40) ______ is that the Twitter data the team analysed is from three years ago. In that time, it’s possible that bots have become more human-like in their activity patterns.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It was “college colours” day at an elementary school in Altamonte Springs, Florida, on August 30. One of Laura Snyder’s fourth-grade students Billy wore an orange T-shirt (41) ______ his favourite school, the University of Tennessee.Billy was so excited to show Snyder his shirt. She was (42) ______ that he took it one step further to make his own label and he drew his own UT logo with pen and paper and (43) ______ it to his shirt.But after lunch, Billy came back to Snyder’s room crying. Some girls at the lunch table next to Billy’s had made fun of the (44) ______ on his shirt. Billy was depressed. Snyder knew kids can be (45) ______. She was aware that the label was not the fanciest one, but this kid used the resources he had (46) ______ to him to participate in the activity.In an effort to (47) ______ him up, Snyder planned to buy him a University of Tennessee shirt. She asked on the Facebook if anyone out there had any (48) ______ at the university to make it a little extra special for Billy.What happened next completely (49) ______ her. Her post spread rapidly on Facebook, eventually reaching University of Tennessee fans and then the university itself. The university (50) ______ by sending Billy a package of UT souvenirs for him and his classmates.“I’m not even sure I can put into words his (51) ______. It was so heart-warming,” Snyder wrote in an (52) ______ to her post. “Billy was so amazed at all the goodies in the box. He proudly put on the jersey(运动衫) and one of the many hats in the box. All who saw applauded for him. ”4But then things got even better.The university’s official shop (53) ______ on September 5 that it decided to take Billy’s handmade logo and turn it into an actual shirt. And some of the money will be donated to an anti-bullying(反欺凌) organization.“When I told him that his design was being made into a real shirt and people wanted to wear it, his jaw (54) ______,” Snyder wrote. “He had a big smile on his face, walked taller, and I could tell his (55) ______ grew today! Thank you to the UT Nation for that!”Billy’s mother wrote a letter of gratitude that Snyder posted. It said, in part, “I can tell you that I spent a lot of my day reading all the kind words in support of my son and I’m touched beyond words,” she wrote.41. A. appreciating B. representing C. admiring D. picturing42. A. reminded B. convinced C. impressed D. satisfied43. A. attached B. wore C. turned D. printed44. A. brand B. sign C. colour D. sample45. A. strange B. stupid C. cruel D. selfish46. A. sustainable B. typical C. available D. convenient47. A. cheer B. trip C. team D. pick48. A. exchange B. contact C. suggestion D. knowledge49. A. froze B. posed C. blinded D. floored50. A. acknowledged B. greeted C. responded D. permitted51. A. reaction B. improvement C. behaviour D. attitude52. A. email B. address C. interview D. update53. A. advertised B. explained C. promised D. announced54. A. changed B. dropped C. ached D. closed55. A. confidence B. expectation C. responsibility D. reputationSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several5questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AIn 2012, James Cameron, creator of Avatar and Titanic, became the first person to reach the Challenger Deep. When he arrived at the deepest spot on Earth at 7 miles below sea level, he spent hours mapping the region and taking photos and samples.“As human beings, we’re drawn to absolutes—the deepest, the highest, the coldest, the farthest,” he says. “And as a storyteller and curious monkey, I just wanted to see what was there.” The answer is obvious—plastic and more. “Our so-called civilization is using the ocean as its toilet,” Cameron says. “Unless this changes, ocean ecosystems are going to continue their rapid collapse.”Despite decades of environmental studies, the impact of plastic and other forms of pollution on oceans are not entirely understood. Initial studies appear to indicate that ingesting them—either directly or indirectly—could cause disease. Plastics can also release poisonous substances into the water, which could potentially impact animal populations.But plastic is just one of the problems facing oceans that have yet to be fully understood. “Plastic waste in the ocean is horrifying but is only the most obvious of our many deadly waste streams, which include carbon that’s heating the atmosphere and making the ocean acidic, and the run-off nutrients from all the world’s agriculture, which is causing anoxic(缺氧的) dead zones the size of countries,” Cameron says.Oceans, like the rest of the world, are impacted by the burning of fossil fuels and the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide—about 30 percent of which is absorbed by the sea. This absorption causes ocean acidification, where the pH level is altered to become more acidic. As a result, it’s harder for some creatures to form shells and skeletons and countless species at the base of the food web can struggle to survive, which, scientists say, has the potential to cause huge disruptions to entire ecosystems. Indeed, ocean acidification is thought to have played an important role in Earth’s worst-ever mass6extinction event 252 million years ago.The effect of climate change on the world’s oceans will likely worsen in coming decades. Last June, scientists announced carbon dioxide levels had reached the highest levels since human records began. The last time carbon dioxide levels were this high was during the Pliocene era, between 3 and 5 million years ago, when global temperatures were about 4 degrees Celsius warmer than they are today. Current climate models suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trend, we may be on course to see 4 degrees of warming by 2100.As a result, understanding the role oceans have on global systems is becoming more and more important.56. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. The author’s feelings to the ocean.B. Cameron’s movies and remarks.C. The author’s discoveries under the sea.D. Cameron’s observation and concern.57. What can we infer from the passage?A. Several countries are suffering from anoxic dead zones.B. More concern should have been given to the pollution on oceans.C. Plastic is supposed to be the most serious environmental problem.D. Ocean acidification removes the nutrients from agricultural products.58. What does the underlined word “disruptions” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A. Decreases.B. Destruction.C. Diseases.D. Discrimination.59. Why does the author mention the mass extinction event 252 million years ago?A. To call on people to protect sea animals.B. To compare current situations with the past.C. To explain how serious the ocean problem is.D. To prove pollution to be the cause of acidification.B78Enjoy an amazing time in Lake Tahoe, CA with the fantastic show, Magic Fusion! This fantastic display features a variety of talented magicians who each take to the stagewith their own flare, tricks, and illusions that will have the audiences who witness theshow on the edge of their seats.Presented by the amazing Loft Theatre, this show has seen the likes of famous magicians such as Robert Hall and Chipper Lowell. Each evening stars a different magician as well, so you can enjoy a variety of talented performers all on the same stage. It is great for all ages, so you can bring the entire family along to be excited and entertained during this 75-minute performance. You never know what you may see, so do not miss out!The Loft Theatre is Lake Tahoe’s premier place for entertainment and delicious food. Not only is it home to amazing shows that will entertain and thrill, but it is also home to a dining experience that serves up some mouthwatering meals. Before your show, be sure to grab a bite to eat before heading over to enjoy the Loft. It is located in the extremely popular Heavenly Village area of Lake Tahoe next to sparkling fountains and the famous Heavenly Toy Shop. It also features a lounge and guests who arrive early can enjoy food, fun, and magicians who will wow you with tricks for that extra dose of entertainment!For an amazing experience that you will not soon forget, be sure to enjoy this fantastic performance at the Loft Theatre!Enjoy this amazing show that will keep you guessing with tons of great tricks and illusions to keep you and your whole family entertained. You can be on the edge of your seat with this option of regular seating to witness this fantastic show, or e xperience theMagic Fusion show in the best seats possible. Order your tickets today!60. What can we learn about Magic Fusion?A. It is intended for all the family members.B. The display will last for one and half hours.C. Different performers will be performing together.D. Audiences will be invited onto the stage during the show.61. The Loft Theatre .A. lies in a famous largely populated areaB. is well-known for the surrounding sceneryC. serves food before and after the performanceD. pro vides those who come early with extra show62. What is true about the arrangement of the performance?A. The performance on Friday finishes earlier.B. The show starts from 9:00 pm every Tuesday.C. There are two performances available every Sunday.D. Regular and VIP seating are offered on different days.C9As we prepare learners with the skills needed for the 21st century, there is a greater desire to further integrate technology into our classrooms. Whether it’s a K-12 or college classroom, it’s rare to find an environment that does not integrate technology in some form or another. In some cases, online learning has replaced the physical classroom altogether. As educators, we owe it to ourselves and our students to use these benefits. However, while technology offers significant advantages, simply integrating it as an alternative source of delivery or as another means for students to demonstrate their comprehension is not an effective practice.We must remind ourselves that any form of learning technology should also be guided. These resources are just instruments and require high-quality guided practice from instructors. These instruments, combined with guidance, can afford good instruction, practice and motivation. While technology can positively impact learning outcomes, it may be even more effective for some students if it’s instructor-led and integrated into a well-designed curriculum.Technology is rapidly changing the educational environment and challenging students to adapt accordingly. It can frustrate students of different generations struggling to learn how to use a learning platform in addition to picking up the actual subject. Some may wonder, “Why should I waste time learning how to create a podcast(播客) when I could simply write the paper?”It’s a reasonable question. We must not assume students who were raised using technology are always comfortable learning with these tools. A study found that because of tools some students may not have experience using, they may need more direction on how to apply these tools. Students may struggle if an instructor neglects to teach the conceptual basis of the tools. Technology may mean little without appropriate objectives and goals for its use, structures for its application, and trained deliverers.Educators are also tasked with providing students the skills they need to flourish in a highly competitive and technologically-based workplace. Many of the skills obtained through online classes are valuable professional skills. Students taught how to use multiple learning technologies effectively have a competitive advantage over those who10are simply using technology as a method of delivery in the online classroom. Regardless of the subjects we teach, integrating technology gives our students the opportunity to not only learn the content, but also to develop skills useful beyond our classrooms. Technology, when integrated and balanced appropriately with the curriculum and with student needs, can make us more effective as educators.63. What is important to the learning technology?A. Instruction and revision.B. Comprehension and application.C. Guidance and arrangements.D. Diversity and flexibility.64. According to the passage, what should an educator do?A. Arrange online assignment for students.B. Help students master online technology.C. Prepare students with rules in the workplace.D. Notify students of the value of the learning tool.65. What’s the author’s attitude toward l earning technology?A. Critical.B. Unconcerned.C. Wait-and-see.D. Approving.66. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Does Technology Boost Educational Effectiveness?B. Is the Learning Technology a Tool or an Opportunity?C. Can Technology Put an End to Traditional Classrooms?D. Does the Learning Skill Outweigh the Learning Content?Section CDirections: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.11The Internet is the largest library in the history of the world and a great resource for anyone seeking information. (67) ______ In recent years, plagiarism from online sources has become a serious problem, especially among students.Original written work and information are protected by copyright laws. Therefore, when you use information you find while doing research, you should always give credit to the person that produced it. To plagiarize is to use ideas that are not your own without giving credit to the original source, or to claim that someone else’s ideas are your own. This is a dishonest practice.Internet-related plagiarism has become such a problem. (68) ______ There are thousands of resources for students who wish only to copy or cheat. However, the Internet also makes it easier for educators to check for plagiarism. Often a simple Internet search for a quote will be enough to expose copying. Some educators are more concerned about unintended plagiarism. Because copying and pasting(粘贴) is so easy, it is becoming more and more common for well-meaning students to mix up source material with their original ideas. While unintended plagiarism usually happens innocently, it is still a mistake.(69) ______ Usually, the first step of researching is to gather information. You’d better keep a computer document named “References” where you can keep useful information you search on the Internet. Copy and paste the material directly from the document. When you print out parts of the article from the document, print the first page of the article. (70) ______ These will help you remember the source of the information. Then print pages that have the information you need. After you finish your assignment, in the same way that you review your work for clarity and mistakes, you need to check that you have matched the quoted information with the correct source. Following these12tips, you will avoid mixing up source material with your ideas.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible."It is important for us to understand that the computing platforms of today will not be able to sustain at-scale implementations of AI algorithms on massive datasets," said Thirumalai Venkatesan, one of the authors of a paper published in Applied Physics Reviews, from AIP Publishing."Today's computing is way too energy-intensive to handle big data. We need to rethink our approaches to computation on all levels: materials, devices and architecture that can enable ultralow energy computing."Brain-inspired electronics with organic memristors could offer a functionally promising and cost- effective platform, according to Venkatesan. Memristive devices are electronic devices with an inherent memory that are capable of both storing data and performing computation. Since memristors are functionally analogous to the operation of neurons, the computing units in the brain, they are optimal candidates for brain-inspired computing platforms.Until now, oxides have been the leading candidate as the optimum material for memristors. Different material systems have been proposed but none have been successful so far."Over the last 20 years, there have been several attempts to come up with organic memristors, but none of those have shown any promise," said Sreetosh Goswami, lead author on the paper. "The primary reason behind this failure is their lack of stability, reproducibility and ambiguity in mechanistic understanding. At a device level, we are now able to solve most of these problems,"13This new generation of organic memristors is developed based on metal azo complex devices, which are the brainchild of Sreebata Goswami, a professor at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Kolkata and another author on the paper. "In thin films, the molecules are so robust and stable that these devices can eventually be the right choice for many wearable and implantable technologies or a body net, because these could be bendable and stretchable," said Sreebata Goswami. A body net is a series of wireless sensors that stick to the skin and track health.The next challenge will be to produce these organic memristors at scale, said Venkatesan."Now we are making individual devices in the laboratory. We need to make circuits for large-scale functional implementation of these devices."V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.你可以通过特殊的练习来发展自律，你可以在任何时间和任何地点练习。