国际商务英语-名词解释

Lesson 1

Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)

Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.

FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.

Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.

Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.

Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.

Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.

Franchising特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.

Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.

Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.

Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.

Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing , contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion .

International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.

International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.

BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project , a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company .

Lesson 2

GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.

GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.

Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.

Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.

capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to engage in

Lesson 3

Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy

Customs union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy Common market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.

Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.

Lesson 4

Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .

MNC跨国公司=TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.

MNE跨国企业:Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.

Home county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.

Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.

Lesson 5

Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)

Comparative advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.

International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.

Primary commodities：those commodities not processed，or only slightly processed，usually farm produce or raw materials.

Specialization专业化: To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.

Lesson 6

Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an area

Export duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area

Tariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.

Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.

Drawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.

Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country

Contract proper：the main body of a contract

Lesson 7

Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则: It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.

Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.

Protectionism is a trade barrier to internationa l trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic market and industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.

A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.

Multi-model transportation:

Lesson 8

Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.

Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost

Counter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer

Offeree收盘人：

A first enquiry首次询价: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt with

A contract一个合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties

A firm offer 一个实盘: Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.

Force majeure不可抗力: is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because o f the contracting parties’ default, but of the uncontrollable causes. One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause. Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party

Lesson 9

Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical. The normal economic activities are out of the order, and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.

inflation :Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc

Devaluation贬值

Barter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.

Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.

Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.

Lesson 10

Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other

Documentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.

Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.

Payee收款人、领款人: The person receiving the payment.

Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.

Usance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.

Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.

Drawer出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)

Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.

Clean draft光票: The draft without documents

Lesson 11

Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)

applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C

Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.

Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .

Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is opened

Correspondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exp orter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to it Advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.

Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.

The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.

Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.

Negotiating bank议付行: The ba nk buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.

Recipient: A person or an organization etc. that receives something

World company: A multinational company whose national identity has been blurred

Middleman trader: Person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer

Lesson 12

Clean credit光票信用证: credit only require clean draft, which isn’t accompanied with shipping documents.

The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the

draft.

Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.

Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.

Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank

Unconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bank

Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft

Usance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.

Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.

Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred.

Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.

Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.

Lesson 13

Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.

Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by law

Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.

Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.

Lesson 14

Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.

Contract carrier契约承运人:Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).

Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输: In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.

Lesson 15

Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.

Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).

premium：the amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contract

Known premium已知的保险费is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.

Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.

Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.

Lesson 16

Indemnity赔偿原则: A contract of insurance restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he war in before the loss occurred.

Subrogate: subrogation is of enormous importance in cargo insurance, the word “Subrogate” means “to take the place of

another”.

Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one may insure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)

Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.

Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.

Proximate cause of the loss近因原则: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered. The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.

Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.

Lesson 17

Exchange rate汇率、兑换率: It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency.

Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准

Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.

Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.

Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.

Medial rate中间价It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.

SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.

Lesson 19

Greenfield strategy绿地战略: Building new enterprises on land bought or leased in a foreign country

Acquisition并购: Purchasing existing facilities is known as acquisition. It does not have to start from scratch and face the difficulties in the greenfield strategy. But it has to take responsibilities for all the liabilities of the purchased firm, and deal with existing problems in management, labor relations, environmental protection obligations etc.

Joint venture: A joint venture is an independent business entity founded and owned by two or more partners called parents. The proportions of ownership between the partners may be equal or unequal depending on their respective investments that are mostly in the form of capital but may also be in land, equipment, or intellectual property.

Lesson 21

Most-favored nation treatment最惠国: A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.

GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences:Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.

Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries。

Intellectual property

Gold reserves

Dirty float肮脏浮动、管理浮动

International licensing

Tariff concession list: It refers to the list of commodities on which the deduced tariff rate is stipulated

Compound duty: a type of tariff levied according both the amounts and the prices of the commodities.

Customs cleance: as to customs clearance, for ordinary imported goods, the customs will sign on the shipping documents to release the goods. But for some particular duty –free goods or bonded goods, the customs still have control over it after the consignee acknowledged the receipt of shipment

Insurance is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provide a payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk. Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism. Those who transfer risk are called insured. Those who assume risk are called insurers.

Standby arrangements That’s the standby credit arrangement given by IMF to its member countries.

Escape clause It’s a clause of contemporary canceling of the preferential tariff when some domestic industries are damaged because in bilateral and multilateral negotiations and agreements there are excessive importing commodities that enjoy the deduction of tariff and other trade allowance for the contracting parties .

Non-trade settlement mainly means the settlement which occurs not because of trade between the trading parties, but of the other reasons such as the government agreement.

Intermediate products are products which are not the same as the raw materials or as the finished goods. They can be called semi-finished products.

Counter trade is the generic terms to describe a set of cross border contracts which link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer.

Intra-MNE transfer refers to the transfer among the different units within the range and under the control of MNC Fair trade refers to the trade conducted by two parties on the equal treatment.

Consular visa is a visa signed by one country’s consul in another country when the visaed subject is about to go through the customs between these two countries.

Contribution: A person can not be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover the same event the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.

The most favoured nation clause: It is most effective method to avoid the damage by bilateral talks to the world trade. Countries can automatically enjoy the favorable tariffs given by the relevant countries to the other countries.

Consignment trade is a kind of trade in which the seller ships his goods abroad , and his agent in that country will sell the goods for him , and the title to the goods still belongs to the seller before the goods are sold .

Productivity is a ratio figure which indicates how much inputs should be needed to produce the goods. It is a sensitive index to measure the economic growth of one industry or of one nation

Group of 77:It’s a group initiated by some countries in Asia , Africa and Latin America in order to maintain their interests and protest the deprivation of the imperialist countries. At present, the group of 77 countries has expanded to include more than 100 countries and regions

IDA refers to the international Development association established in 1960 to provide financial assistance primarily in the poorer developing countries and on terms that would bear less heavily on their balance of payments.

Transportation deregulation has removed the shackles of control; both shippers and carriers are free to negotiate the best rate and service packages to meet the needs of both parties.

Clearing system is a government agreement where the trade balance is finalized by accounting and offsetting the debts and credits between two countries

Trading practices are widely-acknowledged customary deeds experienced from actual trade.

Secondary capital market is the market where the issued securites are traded, it includes the stock exchange and the over-the –counter market.

World Bank group, it is a complex institutions composed of IBRD, IDA, IFC and MIGA, with the main purpose of helping raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries.

Claims are activities for the insured to get compensation from the insurer according to the insurance policy for the insured , also damaged subject .

Balance of payments: it is a statement of the total payments to the total receipts from foreitn countries

Transfer technology:it means the activity that technology suppliers transfer the technologies of production, management and marketing to the receivers in any proper way . The pure export of goods is not within this range.