上海体育学院博士研究生入学考试英语复习核心资料及笔记
考博英语怎么复习
考博英语怎么复习考博英语复习是一个比较长期且艰巨的任务，需要有系统性的规划和高效的方法。
下面将从听力、阅读、写作和翻译四个方面进行复习建议的介绍。
首先是听力部分。
要提高听力能力，首先需要进行大量的听力训练。
可以选择一些英语学习网站、广播节目、英语电影或纪录片作为听力材料。
在听的过程中，可以注意其中的重点信息，尝试提取关键词来加深对整个内容的理解，强化对语言的敏感度和反应速度。
在复习过程中还需多进行听力模拟考试，熟悉考试的出题形式和节奏，培养自己的解题技巧。
第二是阅读部分。
阅读是考博英语中重要的一部分，因此要从一些重点或经典文章入手，提高阅读能力和理解水平。
可以选择一些学术性文章，如论文、期刊等，多进行阅读和思考。
在阅读过程中，需要学会寻找文章的主旨和关键信息，提炼出段落的主题句和关键词，培养整体把握能力。
同时，还要注重积累词汇和短语，扩大自己的词汇量，以便更好地理解和辨析文章的含义。
第三是写作部分。
写作是考博英语中需要较高水平的能力，因此需要进行大量的写作训练。
可以选择一些热门话题或与自己研究方向相关的话题，进行写作练习。
在写作过程中，要注重逻辑性和连贯性，合理组织文章的结构和段落，运用丰富的词汇和短语表达自己的观点。
同时，还要注意语法和句式的正确使用，尽量避免语法错误和重复使用相同的句式。
最后是翻译部分。
考博英语中常常有一些翻译的题目，要求准确理解原文并将其翻译成中文。
为了提高翻译能力，可以选择一些英文材料进行翻译练习，如文章、新闻、学术论文等。
在翻译过程中，要借助词典和在线翻译工具等资源，但也要注意量力而行，不要完全依赖工具。
要注重准确表达原文的意思和语境，同时也要注意中英文的文化差异，避免产生歧义或误解。
总结起来，考博英语的复习要从听力、阅读、写作和翻译四个方面入手，进行有针对性的训练和练习。
要注重积累词汇和短语，培养语感和语法水平，提高解题技巧和答题速度。
在复习过程中还要注意查漏补缺，及时纠正自己的错误，保持良好的备考状态。
考博英语词汇重点 资料
考博英语词汇（1）第一部分词汇记忆策略1．全脑活化人类左右脑分析比较：左脑：意识、低速、一般阅读、知识、知觉、知性、逻辑右脑：无意识、超高速、速读、创造力、视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉、图像、色彩、直觉右脑具备左脑没有的特殊机能：1．超高速大量记忆机制2．图像化机能3．超高速演算机能4．共振共鸣机能2．举例说明：1326231828301521112419221314253．词汇记忆策略：联想法、串联法、构词法、近义词、近形词、易混淆词、加减词、固定搭配✧euthanasia, chrysanthemum✧flower----rose, lily, tulip, peony, carnation, camellia, azalea, narcissus, chrysanthemum,forget-me-not, poinsettia, …✧receive---deceive---conceive (-ceive= take; con- = 共同)✧tumble---stumble （tumble…into/through跌倒；stumble…over / on脚下拌到东西而跌倒）✧stationary---stationery （文具，如笔pen,铅笔pencil中含有"e", 故见到"e"就想起是文具。
）✧genius --- genuine (含有us的是天才，因为我们是天才啊！另一个就是“真正的”),✧form---deform确（形状；变形）✧attach to第二部分实例练习1．联想法carnation, narcissus, coroner, chandelier, hippocampus, assassinate, antarctic, armour，abalone, flounder, cult, beau2．串联法network:Internet---cyberspace---email---e-commerce---website---on-line---homepage---browse---retrie ve---log on…3．构词法-age （状态、特性、行为）page/rage, advantage/disadvantage, message/massage, courage/encourage, voltage/mileage, village/cottage, luggage/carriage, garagecoverage, cabbage, shortage, leakage, breakage, passage, postage, bondage （bond 结束、约束、债券；bondage就含有“束缚、奴役”的意思）, damage, garbage （garb 衣服）, manage ,spillage,usage, storage, savage, sausage (sauce), dosagelanguage, image, heritage, engage-wardinward, outward, forward, backward, toward, upward, downward, seaward, skyward,---coward, reward, award,a- (构成作表语用的形容词；构成动词。
上海体育学院考博复习提纲
2301运动生理学：骨骼肌机能；血液循环；呼吸；能量代谢与体温；本体感觉器官和前庭位觉器官的功能；神经系统的功能；内分泌机能；运动技能的形成；身体素质的生理学基础及其训练原则；运动过程中人体机能状态的变化规律；运动机能的生理学评定；高原环境与运动能力；运动处方的生理学基础。
考试科目3301：体育教育与运动训练理论，分为必答题部分（占考试50%比重）和选答题部分（占考试50%比重）。
必答题包括体育教育理论和运动训练理论其比重各占50%；选答题有体育教育理论试题与运动训练理论试题，考生可任选其中之一。
体育教育理论和运动训练理论的考试大纲分别如下：3301体育教育理论：.1.体育发展史：中国古代学校体育；中国近代学校体育；新中国学校体育；美国、日本、苏联（俄罗斯）、德国等主要外国学校体育发展。
2.我国教育发展与我国学校体育改革我国教育发展与学校体育改革目标；《体育与健康》、《体育与健身》课程改革；当前学校体育改革的成就与存在的主要问题。
3.学校体育教学指导思想：学校体育体育思想与学校体育教学指导思想的的区别与联系；中国学校体育教学指导思想的发展；学校体育指导思想：全面教育思想、体质教育思想、主动体育思想、快乐体育思想、终身体育思想、成功体育思想、健康第一指导思想、真义体育等。
4.体育课程：体育课程概述；体育课程分类；体育课程改革发展趋势；体育课程编制；体育课程开发。
5.体育教学过程：体育教学过程的含义与性质；体育教学过程中的几个客观规律；体育教学过程的层次及其特点；体育教学过程的优化与管理。
6.体育教学方法：体育教学方法发展与分类；体育教学方法的应用与基本要求；体育教学方法的选择与应用。
7.体育教学内容：体育教学内容的特性；体育教学内容的层次与分类；体育教学内容的发展与改革。
8.体育教材：体育教材概述；体育教材的编定；体育教材化的含义与意义；体育教材化的工作内容；体育教科书。
9.体育课堂教学的组织与管理：体育课堂教学组织与管理的基本矛盾；体育课堂教学组织与管理的基本方面；体育课堂教学组织与管理的具体内容。
博士研究生入学英语考试大纲词汇表
另设附录 6 种： 附录一： 部分国家 ( 或地区 )、 语言、地名形容词、籍名 或裔名表 附录二：常用地名表 附录三：常用缩写词 附录四：常用前缀、后缀 附录五：常用英美人名表 附录六：常用口语表达用 语
博士研究生入学英语考试大 纲词汇表
assassinate assassination assault assemble assembly assert assertion assertive assess assessment asset assign assignment assimilate assistance assistant associate assume assumption assurance assure astonish astronaut astronomer astronomy asylum athlete athletic atlas atmosphere atmospheric atom atomic attach attachment attain attempt attend attendance attendant attention attitude attorney attract
annoying anonymous
antarctic
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anthropology anticipate anticipation antique antonym
apart ape apology apparatus apparent apparently appeal appealing appearance appendix appetite applaud applause appliance applicable applicant application applied apply appoint appraisal appraise appreciate appreciation apprentice apprenticeship approach appropriate appropriation approval approve approximate approximately apt arbitrary arc arch archaeology archaeologist
上海体育学院博士研究生入学考试《运动训练学》试题及重点总结
上海体育学院博士研究生入学考试《运动训练学》试题及重点总结〈一〉名词解释1．竞技体育：是体育的重要组成部分，是以体育竞赛为主要特征，以创造优异运动成绩，夺取比赛胜利为主要目标的社会体育活动。
P12．运动训练：是竞技体育活动的重要部分，是为提高运动员的竞技能力和运动成绩，在教练员的指导下，专门组织的有计划的体育活动。
3．项群训练理论：揭示具有共同特点的项群群组训练规律的科学理4．运动成绩：是运动员参加比赛的结果，是根据特定的评定行为对运动员及其对手的竞技能力在比赛中发挥状况的综合评定。
P645．竞技水平：运动员所具备的竞技能力在比赛中的表现称为竞技水平，是运动成绩的构成部分。
6．竞技能力：指运动员的参赛能力。
由具有不同表现形式和不同作用的体能、技能、战术能力、运动智能以及心理能力所构成，并综合地表现于专项竞技的过程之中。
P687．运动能力：人们从事体育活动的能力即称为运动能力。
P698．训练水平：运动员在训练过程中所达到的竞技能力的水平称做训练水平。
P699．竞技状态：运动员创造优异运动成绩所处于的适宜的准备状态，也可以理解为运动员比赛状态的综合表现。
10．运动员现实训练状态：运动员在运动成绩、竞技能力、训练负荷等方面的现实状态。
运动员竞技能力状态是对其运动成绩状态结构的具体描述，而训练负荷状态则反映着运动员的训练基础。
11．运动员目标训练状态：对特定时限训练后，在运动成绩、竞技能力以及训练负荷等方面的目标要求。
训练的竞技能力目标是运动成绩目标的具体化，而训练负荷目标则是实现运动成绩和竞技能力目标的保证。
12．竞技能力结构模型：依据竞技能力各要素之间相互联系、相互作用方式的具体特性与功能建立的反映竞技能力构成共性的模型，是对运动员竞技能力结构的概括、归纳、抽象，反映着竞技能力内部各要素之间关系的本质特性。
竞技能力结构：运动员竞技能力各组成要素之间相互联系、相互作用的方式。
反映着竞技能力之间的关系。
2015年上海体育学院博士研究生入学考试试题
2015年上海体育学院博士研究生入学考试试题2015年上海体育学院考博《运动生理学》考试试题简答1．什么是骨骼肌的“Excitation-contraction coupling”，简述其过程？2．何谓METs（Metabolic equivalents），举例说明它在运动能耗评测中如何应用？3．应用个体化的原理分析个体适应运动负荷能力的生理学差异？4．运动酸痛的产生原因以及预防和缓解酸痛的措施？论述题1.氧亏与运动后过量氧耗的区别什么？影响运动后过量氧耗的主要原因？2.肥胖的相关疾病有哪些？发生和发展的四种学说是哪些？并选择一种进行简要阐述？运动能减轻肥胖防治肥胖相关疾病的机制？3.以下为一篇文章的摘要，请结合运动员心脏结构特点分析这篇文章的创新点和理论意义？2015年上海体育学院考博《生物化学》考试试题简答（每题10分共50分）1、细胞衰老的标志？2、何为同工酶以及与医学的联系？3、体育科研中经常用到蛋白质的分离纯化，说明其常用的方法？4、血糖的来源与去路，并说明调节机制？5、血红蛋白与肌红蛋白氧离曲线的比较，并说明原因？6、貌似是影响脂肪分解的因素有哪些？（记不太清了）7、何为蛋白质组学，常用的基本技术有哪些，并说明其原理？8、生物化学在运动科学中的应用及发展趋势？2015年上海体育学院考博《生理学》考试试题简答题（每题10分共50分）1、影响能量代谢的因素有哪些？2、血糖的调节激素主要有哪几种？3、血浆蛋白的主要机能？4、何为神经递质，其主要特征有哪些？5、可兴奋细胞兴奋后兴奋性的变化，并说明与动作电位的对应关系？论述题（第一二题每题15分，第三题20分，共50分）1、一男子体重60公斤，在一次见义勇为中被刺伤，失血800ml，说明其动脉血压的变化，并分析其生理过程？2、一名男童赤脚在房间内玩耍，被一图钉扎伤脚，试分析他会有哪些生理反应？3、实验中坐骨神经连接腓肠肌，电刺激坐骨神经到腓肠肌收缩完成共经历了哪几部分生理过程？2015年上海体育学院考博《体适能评定理论与方法》考试试题简答题1.如何从运动健康管理的角度制定慢性病（高血压、糖尿病、冠心病和脂肪肝）的管理方案，任选1例说明？2.根据以下英文简写，写出英文的全称？①ACSM ②AAPHERD ③SHAPE ④NASPE ⑤CDC ⑥PCPFS ⑦MSSE ⑧JAMA ⑨BMJ⑩NEJM3.目前常用的体力活动测量方法？4.请列举健身新手的5个困惑，并针对该困惑进行解答？论述题1.2014版《国家学生体质测试标准》修订的目的？取消了什么项目？选择了什么代替指标？为什么?2.如何定义Sedentary Behavior?哪些行为属于Sedentary Behavior?对人体有哪些影响？有哪些方式可以评定Sedentary Behavior?如何改变？3.试述不同坏境对运动处方的影响以及应对措施？。
考博词汇重点记忆
考博词汇重点记忆对于许多想要攻读博士学位的人来说，词汇的积累和记忆是一项至关重要的任务。
考博英语词汇不仅数量众多，而且难度较大，涵盖了广泛的学科领域和专业术语。
因此，掌握有效的词汇记忆方法，抓住重点词汇进行有针对性的学习，对于提高考博英语成绩具有重要意义。
首先，我们要明确考博词汇的特点。
考博词汇相较于其他英语考试的词汇，更加注重学术性和专业性。
它常常涉及到高深的理论、前沿的研究成果以及特定学科的专业术语。
这就要求我们在记忆词汇时，不能仅仅满足于知道其常见的词义，还需要深入了解其在学术语境中的特定含义和用法。
那么，哪些词汇可以被视为考博词汇的重点呢？一类重点词汇是高频出现的学术词汇。
这些词汇在各类学术文献、研究报告和学术交流中频繁使用。
比如“hypothesis”（假设）、“phenomenon”（现象）、“analysis”（分析）等等。
通过对历年考博英语真题的分析，我们可以发现这些词汇的出现频率极高。
另一类重点词汇是与所报考专业相关的专业术语。
不同的专业有其独特的词汇体系，如果能够熟练掌握这些专业术语，不仅在考博英语考试中能够应对自如，对于未来的学术研究也将打下坚实的基础。
比如，报考医学专业的考生，需要重点记忆“cardiovascular”（心血管的）、“pathology”（病理学）等词汇；报考经济学专业的考生，则要着重掌握“macroeconomics”（宏观经济学）、“inflation”（通货膨胀）等术语。
在记忆重点词汇时，我们可以采用多种方法。
一种有效的方法是利用词根词缀记忆法。
很多英语单词都是由词根和词缀组成的，通过了解常见的词根和词缀的含义，我们可以推测出许多生词的意思。
比如，“bio”表示“生命”，“logy”表示“学科”，那么“biology”就是“生物学”的意思。
再比如，“un”表示“否定”，“happy”是“快乐的”，那么“unhappy”就是“不快乐的”。
联想记忆法也是一个不错的选择。
博士英语考试要点总结(完美版)-整合word版本
博士英语考试要点总结(完美版) 整合博士英语复习资料分数组成：卷面80分+出勤10分+口试10分卷面：一. 听力选择（放2遍）：1分*10=10分二. 给出后缀，要求写出它的意思，并以此后缀造词并写出中文意思：分*10=5分三、单复数的变化四. 选择正确的解释并将所选选项翻译成中文（神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统、药理）：本题出自各章课后习题Multiple choice部分：1分*10=10分五. 2段英翻中（医学科普）：5分*2=10分2段中翻英（一般为中医）：内容包括证、病机、症状、治则的翻译,书中以肺为例，考试中可以变为脾等脏。
详见《博士生医学英语教材》中的IX、X、XI：10分*2=20分六. 给一段中文科普文章，翻译成80字左右的英文摘要七. 作文：Economic Growth and Environment(80字) A4纸手写、不能从网上下，夹在卷子里：10分一．复数形式（教科书P42~43）Ampulla—Ampullae 尾突（另有一意思为壶腹）Corona—Coronae 冠状Vertebra—Vertebrae 脊椎Bronchus—Bronchi 支气管Capillus—Capili 毛发Fungus—Fungi 真菌Omphalos—Omphali 脐Genus—Genera 属Stercus—Stercora 粪Gonad—Gonades 性腺Testis—Testes 睾丸Diagnosis—Diagnoses 诊断Psychosis—Psychoses 精神病Epididymis—Epididymides 附睾Thorax—Thoraces 胸部Appendix—Appendices 阑尾Pollex—Pollices 拇指Meninx—Meninges 脑脊膜Caries—Caries龋齿Derma—Dermata 真皮，皮肤Sarcoma—Sarcomata 肉瘤Stoma—Stomata 口Flagellum—Flagella 鞭毛Labium—Labia 唇Protozoon—Protozoa 原生动物格（p17~p20）及课后练习题I的所有单词。
浅析考博英语历年来主要考察的知识点
中国考博辅导首选学校浅析考博英语历年来主要考察的知识点
1、考博英语完形与阅读主要考查的语法知识：
长难句的理解，包括快速准确地理解这个句子的成分，各个成分之间的关系，涉及到什么样的语法知识，并能正确翻译。
平时阅读文章时，做到可以“通顺”地理解所读材料的含义，有必要去分析造成理解障碍的语法要点、重点、难点或盲点。
2、考博英语英译汉主要考查的语法知识：
非谓语动词、从句以及一些插入语。
非谓语动词包括不定式，ING分词和ED分词，它们几乎占到英译汉这部分语法知识的三分之一。
不定式主要考查不定式的完成式、进行式和完成进行时以及它的被动式；
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) ING分词主要考查哪些词后必须接ING分词以及它的独立主格结构，完成时、被动态和否定形式。
ED分词主要考查ED分词与逻辑主语的关系和在复合结构中的运用。
从句包括定语从句和状语从句等，他们的存在使句子的结构更为复杂，让考生更难看明白句子的成分，从句也是英译汉的重要考查点。
最后，建议同学们结合自己的实际情况，有针对性的提高自己的英语水平：
第一，进行专门的词汇复习，提高自己记忆单词的准确性和延展性，从简单词汇到复杂词汇进行循序渐进的训练和提高；
第二，在语法的复习中，结合阅读进行长难句理解练习。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2024年博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
2024年博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys! Are you ready for the 2024 Ph.D. entrance exam? Here's a sneak peek at the English exam outline:1. Reading Comprehension:You'll read passages on various topics, like science, history, and literature. Then, answer questions to test your understanding.2. Vocabulary:Brush up on your word skills! You'll be asked to define words, match them to their meanings, and use them in sentences.3. Grammar:Watch out for those tricky grammar rules! Be prepared to identify errors in sentences and fix them.4. Writing:Show off your writing skills by composing essays on given topics. Remember to organize your ideas, use proper grammar, and support your arguments with examples.5. Listening:Listen to recordings of conversations, lectures, or interviews. Then, answer questions to show how well you understood the spoken English.6. Speaking:Finally, the speaking section! You'll have to talk about a given topic for a certain amount of time. Practice speaking clearly and confidently.Remember to study hard, stay focused, and do your best on the exam. Good luck, future Ph.D. students! You got this!篇2Title: Entrance Exam Outline for 2024 Doctoral StudentsHey guys! Are you ready to ace the entrance exam for your Ph.D. program in 2024? I'm here to give you all the deets on what to expect so you can totally crush it!1. Reading Comprehension: You'll be asked to read a few passages and answer questions about them. Make sure to read carefully and go back to the text to find the answers.2. Vocabulary: Get ready to show off your word knowledge! You'll need to know the meanings of some tricky words and how to use them in sentences.3. Grammar: Brush up on your grammar rules because you'll be tested on things like verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and punctuation.4. Writing: You might have to write an essay or a short response to a prompt. Make sure to organize your thoughts and use clear, concise language.5. Listening: There will be some listening exercises where you'll have to answer questions about what you hear. Pay attention and take notes if it helps!6. Speaking: You might have to do a speaking task like describing a picture or answering questions about yourself. Speak clearly and confidently!Remember, the key to doing well on the exam is to prepare ahead of time. Study your English skills, practice with samplequestions, and get plenty of rest before the big day. Good luck, future doctors! You've got this!篇3Hello everyone, I am little Timmy, and today I am going to tell you all about the entrance exam for the 2024 Doctoral Program in English. Are you ready? Let's get started!First of all, there will be a listening section where you have to listen to a short audio clip and answer questions about it. It could be a conversation between two people or a story. Make sure to pay attention and take notes if you need to.Next, there will be a reading comprehension section where you will read passages and answer questions to show your understanding. Make sure to read carefully and take your time. Don't rush!After that, there will be a writing section where you have to write an essay on a given topic. Make sure to organize your thoughts and write clearly. Don't forget to check for spelling and grammar mistakes!Lastly, there will be a speaking section where you will have to talk about a topic for a few minutes. Practice speaking English as much as you can before the exam so you feel confident.Remember, the key to doing well on the exam is to practice, practice, practice! Study hard and don't be afraid to ask for help if you need it. You can do it!Good luck to all the little scholars taking the exam. You can do it!篇4Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the entrance exam for doctoral students in 2024. It's going to be super exciting, so buckle up and let's dive in!First off, the English exam is going to test your reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. You'll need to show that you can understand complex passages, write a cohesive essay, listen to lectures and discussions, and participate in conversations. It's important to prepare in advance by studying vocabulary, grammar, and practicing your English skills every day.In the reading section, you'll be asked to read passages on various topics and answer questions to show your comprehension. Make sure to read carefully and take your time to understand the main points of each passage. Practice reading academic articles, essays, and scientific papers to get used to the type of reading you'll encounter in the exam.Next, the writing section will require you to write an essay on a given topic. You'll need to organize your ideas cohesively, support your arguments with evidence, and demonstrate your critical thinking skills. Practice writing essays on different topics and ask for feedback from teachers or peers to improve your writing skills.For the listening section, you'll listen to lectures, discussions, and conversations and answer questions to demonstrate your listening comprehension. Pay close attention to the main ideas, key details, and relationships between speakers to answer the questions accurately. Practice listening to podcasts, TED talks, and academic lectures to improve your listening skills.Lastly, the speaking section will test your ability to communicate verbally in English. You'll be asked questions and engage in conversations with examiners to demonstrate your speaking skills. Practice speaking English regularly with nativespeakers or language partners to improve your pronunciation, fluency, and confidence in speaking.In conclusion, the 2024 doctoral entrance exam will be a challenging but rewarding opportunity to showcase your English skills and pursue your academic goals. Remember to study hard, practice consistently, and stay confident in your abilities. Good luck to all the aspiring doctoral students out there - you've got this!篇5Title: 2024 Ph.D. Graduate School Entrance Exam English Exam OutlineHey there, future doctoral students! Are you ready to rock the 2024 entrance exam for graduate school? We've got you covered with the English exam outline to help you prepare and succeed in the big test. Let's dive into it!1. Reading Comprehension:You will be tested on your ability to understand and analyze academic texts. You'll be asked to read passages on various topics and answer questions to demonstrate yourcomprehension skills. Make sure to read carefully and pay attention to details.2. Vocabulary and Grammar:You'll need to show off your knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar. Be prepared to identify synonyms, antonyms, and complete sentences with appropriate words. Brush up on your verb tenses, prepositions, and sentence structure to ace this section.3. Writing Skills:Get ready to put your writing skills to the test! You'll be asked to write essays or short responses on given prompts. Make sure to organize your thoughts coherently, use proper grammar and punctuation, and develop your ideas with clear examples. Practice writing before the exam to improve your skills.4. Listening Comprehension:Listening skills are crucial for academic success. You'll be required to listen to lectures or conversations and answer questions based on the information provided. Focus on understanding the main ideas, key details, and supporting arguments.5. Speaking Skills:The speaking section will assess your ability to communicate effectively in English. You may be asked to participate in conversations, present ideas, or give a speech. Practice speaking fluently, clearly, and confidently to showcase your communication skills.Remember, preparation is key to success! Study regularly, practice different types of questions, and seek help from teachers or tutors if needed. Stay confident, stay focused, and give it your best shot on exam day. Good luck, future scholars! You've got this!篇6Hello everyone! I'm super excited to share with you the English exam outline for the 2024 doctoral entrance exam. Okay, let's dive in!1. Reading Comprehension- Read a passage and answer questions to test your understanding of the text.- Questions may include identifying main ideas, making inferences, and analyzing the author's purpose.2. Vocabulary and Grammar- Complete sentences with the correct words or phrases.- Identify grammatical errors and correct them.- Choose the best synonym or antonym for a given word.3. Writing- Write an essay on a given topic, expressing your opinions and supporting them with reasons and examples.- Summarize a passage in your own words.- Write a formal email or letter in response to a given situation.4. Listening Comprehension- Listen to conversations or lectures and answer questions based on what you hear.- Fill in missing information in a dialogue.- Identify the main idea or purpose of a recording.5. Speaking- Participate in a conversation with the examiner, discussing a given topic.- Give a short presentation on a specific topic, using visuals if necessary.- Answer questions on the spot, demonstrating your ability to think quickly and articulate your thoughts clearly.Don't forget to review your English grammar and vocabulary regularly, practice reading and listening to English materials, and work on your writing and speaking skills. Good luck with your exam preparation, and remember to have fun while learning English!篇7Hey guys, guess what? I have some super cool news for you!I just found out about the English exam outline for the 2024 Ph.D. graduate school entrance exam! Isn't that awesome?So, in the exam, we're gonna have to show off our English skills in a bunch of different ways. We'll have to do things like reading comprehension, writing essays, and answering grammar questions. But don't worry, I know we can totally rock this exam!First up, there's gonna be a reading comprehension section where we read some passages and answer questions about them.We gotta make sure we understand what we're reading and can find the main ideas and details.Next, we'll have to write some essays on different topics. We gotta make sure our writing is clear, organized, and has good grammar and vocabulary. I know we're all super smart, so we can totally nail this part!And finally, there's gonna be some grammar questions to test our knowledge of English grammar rules. We gotta know things like verb tenses, prepositions, and punctuation. But I know we've all been studying hard, so we'll totally crush this part too!Overall, the exam is gonna test our English skills in a bunch of different ways. But I know we've all been working super hard and we're gonna do amazing. Let's go show everyone how awesome we are at English! Woo hoo!篇8Hello everyone! Today I'm going to share with you the English exam outline for the 2024 Doctoral Entrance Exam. It's going to be super duper fun, so let's get started!1. Reading Comprehension- Read a passage and answer questions about the main idea, details, and vocabulary.- Might have multiple-choice questions, true/false questions, and short-answer questions.- Practice reading different types of texts like articles, stories, and reports.2. Vocabulary and Grammar- Fill in the blanks with the correct word or phrase.- Identify the parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.).- Correct the grammar mistakes in sentences.- Learn new words and practice using them in sentences.3. Writing- Write a short essay on a given topic.- Include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.- Use linking words to connect your ideas.- Check your spelling, punctuation, and grammar.4. Speaking- Talk about a topic for a few minutes without stopping.- Answer questions about yourself and your opinions.- Practice speaking clearly and confidently.- Listen to recordings and practice repeating after them.5. Listening- Listen to a recording and answer questions about the content.- Pay attention to the main idea, details, and speaker's tone.- Practice listening to different accents and speeds.- Take notes while listening to help you remember key points.Remember to practice a little bit every day to prepare for the exam. Good luck, future scholars! You can do it!篇9Hello everyone! Today I'm gonna share the big news about the entrance exam for the doctoral program in 2024. Are youexcited? Well, let me break it down for you in a simple and fun way!First of all, the exam will have three main parts: listening, reading, and writing. In the listening section, you'll have to listen to conversations and answer questions about them. So make sure to practice your listening skills by watching English movies and TV shows!Next up is the reading section, where you'll have to read passages and answer questions. Remember to pay attention to details and take your time to understand the text. You can also practice by reading English books and articles.Last but not least is the writing section. You'll have to write essays on various topics, so make sure to practice your writing skills by writing every day. Remember to use proper grammar, punctuation, and vocabulary to impress the examiners!In addition to these three main sections, there will also be a speaking test where you'll have to have a conversation with the examiners. So practice speaking English with your friends or even in front of a mirror to boost your confidence!Overall, the key to doing well in the exam is to practice, practice, practice! Don't worry if you make mistakes, just keeplearning and improving. With hard work and dedication, I'm sure you'll do great in the 2024 entrance exam for the doctoral program. Good luck everyone, you got this!篇10Dear students,Welcome to the 2024 PhD entrance examination! We're so excited to have you all here to take part in this big test. We know it can be a little nerve-wracking, but don't worry, we believe in you!First off, let's talk about what's going to be on the exam. You can expect to see questions on a variety of topics, including your field of study, general knowledge, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The exam will be divided into multiple sections, each testing different aspects of your abilities.In the first section, you'll be asked to demonstrate your knowledge of your field of study. This might include questions about key concepts, major figures in the field, and recent developments. Make sure to review your notes and textbooks before the exam to refresh your memory!The second section will test your general knowledge. You might be asked questions about current events, popular culture, or historical events. Stay up to date on the news and try to read widely to prepare for this section.The third section will focus on critical thinking. You'll be presented with scenarios or arguments and asked to analyze them, identify flaws, and make logical conclusions. Practice thinking critically about the world around you to do well on this part of the exam.Finally, the fourth section will test your problem-solving skills. You might be given a complex problem and asked to come up with a solution, or asked to explain your thought process for solving a puzzle. Practice thinking creatively and approaching problems from different angles to excel on this section.Remember, the most important thing is to stay calm and do your best. Good luck, and we look forward to seeing all the amazing things you will accomplish in your future academic career!Sincerely,The Examination Committee。
考博词汇核心要点
考博词汇核心要点对于许多想要攻读博士学位的人来说，掌握考博词汇是至关重要的一步。
考博词汇不仅在考试中起着决定性的作用，也为后续的学术研究和论文写作打下坚实的基础。
那么，考博词汇都有哪些核心要点呢？首先，词汇量的积累是基础。
考博英语对词汇量的要求较高，一般需要掌握至少 8000 到 10000 个单词。
这就需要我们有计划、有系统地进行词汇学习。
可以通过背单词书、使用手机 APP 等方式，每天坚持背诵一定数量的单词。
同时，要注重词汇的记忆方法，比如利用词根词缀、联想记忆、语境记忆等，提高记忆效率。
在积累词汇的过程中，不能只满足于记住单词的基本含义，还需要深入理解其引申义、搭配用法和常见的短语。
很多单词在不同的语境中会有不同的意思和用法，如果只是死记硬背单词的单一释义，在实际运用中就会出现错误。
比如“address”这个单词，常见的释义是“地址”，但它还有“演讲、处理”等意思。
再比如“put up with”是“忍受”的意思，“put off”是“推迟”的意思，如果不熟悉这些搭配，就可能会误解句子的意思。
其次，要注重学术词汇的积累。
考博英语涉及到大量的学术领域，如哲学、历史、文学、科学等，因此会出现很多学术性较强的词汇。
这些词汇往往比较生僻、专业性强，需要我们专门进行学习和记忆。
可以通过阅读学术论文、专著，以及参加学术讲座等方式，接触和熟悉这些词汇。
同时，要建立自己的学术词汇本，将遇到的学术词汇整理下来，定期复习。
另外，近义词和反义词的辨析也是考博词汇的一个重要方面。
在考试中，经常会出现对近义词和反义词的考查，要求我们能够准确区分它们之间的细微差别。
比如“accurate”“precise”“exact”这三个词都有“准确”的意思，但在使用上还是有一定区别的。
“accurate”强调与事实或标准相符，没有错误；“precise”侧重于精确到细节；“exact”则更强调完全符合事实，丝毫不差。
只有清楚地了解这些区别，才能在答题时做出正确的选择。
(完整版)博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
福州大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲一、考查目标本考试重点考查考生的英语语言知识和语言技能（本考试属水平考试，不指定任何参考书）。
具体要求如下：1. 词汇要求考生掌握约5000个英语词汇和约500个常用词组。
此外，还应掌握词汇间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等；掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
2．语法要求考生熟练掌握英语的基本语法知识、常用句型和结构，能正确理解包含这些知识、句型和结构的句子和语篇，并能在实践中准确、自如地运用这些知识。
3．阅读要求考生能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能熟练地阅读和理解一般性题材的文章、科技文章及应用性形式的阅读材料。
要求能理解主旨大意，读懂细节，能理解上下文的逻辑关系，并领会作者或话语参与各方的主要意图和态度及其异同等。
4．语篇完形处理在理解阅读材料的基础上能综合运用词汇、语法、搭配、语段、篇章逻辑等方面的知识和上下文等对语篇各层次的信息进行正确判断和完形处理。
5．翻译（1）英译汉要求考生能在30分钟内把一篇150词左右的一般性题材的英语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成汉语，能准确表达原文的意思，语句通顺，用词正确，无较大的语言错误。
（2）汉译英要求考生能在30分钟内把一篇150字左右的一般性题材的汉语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成英语。
要求译文忠实于原文，译文达意，符合英语表达习惯，无较大的语言错误。
6．写作要求考生能根据命题或图表等在30分钟内写出一篇200字以上的短文，或根据所给文章（中文或英文）要求写出200字以上的英文摘要。
写作部分的考查目标是测试考生用英语书面表达思想和见解的能力。
所写文章应切合主题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无较大的语言错误。
二、题型、题量、分值本考试所制定的试卷为笔试，卷面分为试卷一和试卷二，共有五个部分，包括词汇与语法、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作。
考博英语常见知识点汇总
Whisper 小声细语Proclaim大声宣告reclaim纠正，收回acclaim欢呼，喝彩claim 要求，声称Deteriorate使土地变坏，恶化Criticize批评object反对不及物动词objectto/against oppose反对，及物动词，直接跟宾语反对某种观点或计划frown皱眉frownon不同意Renown声誉名望prominence卓越，显著的地位authority权威，专家，当局Intensify加剧enforce迫使Feasible可行的appropriate合适的apt有……倾向的，恰当的Countenance面容，表情Hindrance阻碍Patriotisms爱国主义Reproach斥责beyond reproach无可指责的reprehend斥责Plague 瘟疫，灾害，折磨Avail 利用，效益，有利于availoneselfofsth 利用Indulge沉溺于，放纵indulgeinLaudatory赞美的lascivious好色的，淫荡的languish憔悴的lethargic昏睡的，无生气的Fill one’s prescription 给某人开处方Tobeblamefor主动结构表示被动意义，不能采用blame的被动形式Bechargedwith被控告denounce公然抨击Identical同一的，完全相同的superficial表面的，肤浅的Atbest最多allength最后，详细的inbulk大量的，详细的ineffect实际上Getby过得去，过活getaround出行V oluntarily自动的，以自由意识的compulsorily强制的Eliminate 消除，淘汰dispose处理，处置exclude排除extinguish熄灭，扑灭abolish 对法律习俗的废除Accommodate提供住宿/房间，迎合，迁就furnish提供生活或某种用途需要的东西Admit说服，再三追问下承认confess坦白，招认concede勉强不得不承认Affiliate加入，成为……的一部分Stretch延展，延伸stretchone’smind绞尽脑汁reinforce加固，增援Bewilder使困惑，茫然perplex使疑虑不安Compel 强迫，迫使，使用权力/力量迫使Constrain力劝，强迫更强调内心的情感的迫使Force强迫（暴力威胁）常用被动语态Oblige（法律/习俗）强迫常用被动语态Confinement限制，囚禁restraint克制，抑制Credible可信的，可靠的credulous轻信的plausible似乎可信Transcend超出，超越（一般经验/常识）难以为大众理解Feasible可行的practicable可行的practical实用的pragmatic 实用的，务实的Refrain抑制，禁止不及物动词正式refrainfromRestrain限制及物动词restrainsbfromdoingsthconstrain限制，力劝及物动词subordinate次要的，从属的，下级的acquire经过努力逐渐获得的知识/才能/习惯等attain经过努力获得不曾预料的结果，达到某一目标obtain获得，买到，正式语体gain通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处，或军事武力夺取adjust微小的改变或技术调整amend正式修改法律文件等alter使事物在外观/性质/用途方面稍作改变striveforsuperiorityovertheirpeers力争优于同龄人plight困境polarization极化，对立plague 折磨tentative实验性的decisive决定性的soar飙升mutate突变plummet暴跌fluctuate波动sophisticated复杂的，世故的shrink收缩inscribe雕刻decorate装饰maintain保持BIMequalsbodymassdividedbythesquareofheight. 公式BIM=体重/身高的平方Inessence事实上inturn依次Qualityas被认为Groundedinhealthconcerns基于对健康的关注Aroundthe corner 在拐角处，迫在眉睫，即将到来Takeover接管Withdraw有“提款，取款”的含义fundsa re withdrawn from the issuer’s accounts. Copewith处理，解决fightagainst对抗，抵制Concernwith关心，挂念concernfor关心，对……的关心Controlover控制，支配Taketo喜欢takeafter与……相像takeon承担takewith将……带上Becapableof能够Down-trodden被压迫的Explosivepopulationgrowth人口爆炸A torrentofmigration移民潮Bytheturnsofthe century在世纪之交Miracle奇迹miseries痛苦，灾难Makelifelessthan complete使人生不完整因果关系thus表示结果for表示原因Utterly十分，完全的arrogant傲慢amusingepisode有趣的插曲drawn疲惫的whimsical 异想天开，古怪edict法令，告示Pass around by word of mouth 口头相传Improviseout of ……即兴而发Deduce 推断，演绎Time-honored 历史悠久的Aninflated ego 膨胀的自我pant喘气，气喘吁吁的讲panttoBrim边缘fulltothebrim满满当当sortout整理Forallthat尽管grantedthat即使despitethe fact that 不管（引导让步状语从句）Conformto 遵照，顺从Proponent支持者，提倡者predecessor前辈belittle贬低Improvisation即兴创作dogged顽固的prodigious惊人的jettison抛弃Elaborate精心制作的watershed分水岭，流域astounding令人震惊的Raucous喧闹的Dogmaticexplanation教条的解释indignantdenial愤怒的拒绝Enthusiasticpraise热情的赞扬speculativestudy思辨的研究Proposition 命题demographic人口统计学Dropout退出groundless毫无根据，莫须有Spectacularly壮观的Emit排放greenhousegases温室气体Protest抗议politicking政治活动Holistic整体的Be fascinatedwith sth. 对……很是着迷Inbad shape一团糟pastime消遣，娱乐Liveoff住在……外，靠……生活AearnB’s living A 争钱养活B，B靠A养活Takein接受，接待；吸收，理解；包括；轻信；注意到；欺骗Ontheside兼职，另外Contend竞争，主张，声明Bringin引进，带来，生产Multifarious五花八门Perception感知，观念perspective观点Miscellaneous杂项miscellaneousdomains多项领域Foritsown sake 为了其自己的利益pursuit追求knowledge pursuit Orient东方的，标定方向，使……成为东方oriented导向的，定向的CareerorientedaspectDestination目标workingskill-orienteddestinationPrevailing盛行的，普遍的prevailingsenseCradle摇篮nurture培育，滋养be taken as the cradle tonurture dreams Chaseup 追求survive in the fierce competition在激烈的竞争中生存下去broadeneyes拓宽眼界satisfythe natural curiosity 满足好奇心cultivate acreativemindexplore the answers for the meaning of lifegive rise to lead toprevail over 战胜prevailing 流行prevail取胜，占优势，盛行prevailon/upon劝说，诱使I’m not a believer in the agreement that ……practicalneed实际需要offersatisfiedanswerto the practical need of each studenta case in point 一个例子letalone更不用说notto mentionfind themselves in an awkward situation whereinvariably 不变的carrya duel role 扮演双层角色arousedby激起，引起run into difficult 遇到困难tackle解决to tackle this problemtake priority over 优先taketheupperhand占上风business prosperity商业繁荣indispensable 不可或缺的mutual相互的mutualrelationshipbetweenAandBtake severe measures 采取严厉的措施adept熟练，内行，老手averse不喜欢的，厌恶的affectation假装，做作aptitude才能，天资denounce告发，斥责renounce正式放弃pronounce宣告，断言apprise通知，告知appraise评估，鉴定assent同意dissent不同意ascent上升descent下降retire退休retreat后退，撤退retract收缩，收回retard延迟，迟缓refrain抑制，禁止optimal最优，最佳oppressed压迫的takepriorityover优先于segregation种族隔离，分离specification说明书subscription捐献，订阅dispense发放dispose处理disperse分散，驱散dispatch调度，派遣contaminate污染culminate达到高潮contract合同incentive激励fugitive逃亡equality平等equation方程式equivalent等价物equity公平concise简洁的decisive决定性的，果断的decline减少incline俯身recline躺下，靠reflect反应inflect曲折变化deflect偏离inflexible灵活的affluent富足的fluent流畅的fluctuate波动，欺负affirm坚定不移的肯定或声称assert不管事实如何，主观自信的宣称或清楚有利的支持allege无凭无据的情况下宣称断定claim要求声称，断言，多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张aggravate加重（负担，罪行，病情等）reinforce增援，一般用于军队或警察活动detach拆开组合的物体，远离，疏远divide将整体分为若干部分ambiguous意义含糊，有歧义的指因字词句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清，难以理解和把握obscure 因光线不足而看不清，引申为语法文字记忆因复杂深奥模棱两可而使人难以理解vague含混不清楚的，因逻辑不清言辞笼统而导致意义不清楚轮廓形状不清楚unclear句意字迹不清楚blame 责怪，归咎于blamesb for ding sth condemn谴责，用于正式严肃的场合reproach（书面语）责备，表不满scold责骂，训斥brittle易碎的，易损坏的指坚硬的东西fragile必须小心使用才不会碎的东西，引申为体弱虚弱frail体弱的虚弱的或东西易碎的invalid不正确的，无效的boundary边界，界线多指作为界线的标志物border较宽的边缘两国分界附近边缘地带frontier边界，边疆引申为未开发的领域学术前沿verge道路花坛边缘，某事即将发生之际on the verge of warbrief 简明扼要简短的时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了虽短却不失体面concise简要精炼保留主要部分curt三言两语，简短的，草率的succinct简明的，简洁的，简练的用词简练component零部件（某事物）组成部分element元素，组成部分，方面factor因素，要素ingredient原料，成分，要素abideby遵守，同意adhereto遵守conformto遵守，符合complywith遵守，服从（正式）comprise包含，包括，组成compose构成be composed of (被动语态) consist构成consistof主动语态constitute构成conserve保存保藏保护（节约）reserve保留，储备订座位preserve保护维持保养continual连续不断频繁时有发生continuous连续不断的中间不停顿constant 不断经常始终如一的经常出现incessant不停的持续不断的令人厌烦的不断出现中间可能有停顿convert转换，转变（观点）invert使颠倒反向（位置方向）revert归还，回复原状transform改变转变（外观，性质）reproach责备reprehend斥责plague瘟疫灾害折磨avail有利于，利益availsbofsth利用deprive剥夺indulge放任，沉溺于at best 最多atlength最后，详细的inbulk 整批，大批get by 过得去，过活getaway逃脱，离开getaround出行getalong和睦相处get through 被理解向…讲清楚strivefor力争ascertain查明plight困境plague瘟疫tentative暂时的，实验性的soar飙升mutate突变plummet骤跌fluctuate波动negligent懈怠的edible食用的fabulous难以置信的，惊人的，极好的disproportionate 不成比例的passup错过repeal废止，撤销resent怨恨clarity透明的slack使缓慢shrill尖锐torrent连续不断的tensile拉长的textured特征显著的wither枯萎catastrophic灾难性的by virtue of 由于，凭借forthesake of 为了……利益advent到来，出现subsidize资助cast a shadow over 给……罩上阴影soak to the skin 湿透chat away 闲谈in no mood 没心情in the course of 在……的过程中in linewith 与……一致be a match for 配得上，可匹敌的agreeby受到认同resonate with 得到回应none the better for it 不会因为……变得更好，依然如故to the core 彻底的，完全的to the end 到底in custody (法庭审判前)被拘留监禁in jeopardy 处于危险中in suspicion 被怀疑in probation 被缓刑amount to 相当于contributeto 促使……发生dedicate to 将（时间精力）奉献给（工作事业）add to 增添recite prayers 诵经jointly-acquired property 共同获得的财产by account 相反的insidious潜伏的，阴险的thrive兴盛，茁壮成长humiliation羞辱subtle微妙的dozingoff打瞌睡self-reliant独立的self-sufficiency 自给自足bleak昏暗的，凄凉的depict 描绘trail拖沓而行，跟在……后面flinchback退缩desolate荒凉的bustling繁忙的thriving兴旺的fraudulenthappiness虚假的幸福fraudulent欺骗的deluding欺骗euphoric欣快的繁荣昌盛prosperity崎岖不平rough惊天动地earth-shaking典雅大方elegant and graceful轻柔松软soft and light立场坚定firm in stand(将四字词组译为介词/副词/不定式短语)目光远大broad in vision 头脑敏捷swift in wit 业务熟练qualified in profession 才华出众outstanding in talent 风格高尚noble in character思想正确、办事公道correct in their thinking and fair挑拨离间fomentdissensionfoment煽动dissension纠纷兴风作浪stir up disorder纵目眺望as far as sight could reach农民工migrant workers guest workers奢侈无度extravagant 挥金如土spend money like water老黄牛hard-working men水深火热in deep water风驰电掣as quick as lighting捕风捉影to run after shadows人山人海a sea of people摇唇鼓舌to set tongues wagging敲门砖an open sesameHorizon 视野，眼界Publicize 宣传丰富知识、开阔视野enrich one’s knowledge, broaden one’s horizon留学生overseas students人才流失brain drain汉语热Chinese language craze据统计according to statistics高等学校institution of higher education开设汉语课程offer courses of Chinese language主要目的是for the main purpose of从事贸易活动engage in trade activities传达……信息convey a message that低碳生活low carbon life减少二氧化碳排放reduce the emission of carbon dioxideExpenditure 花费，开销Conduct行为，举止；实施be conducted in …manner如今，这股风潮逐渐在中国一些大城市兴起，不知不觉中改变了人们的生活方式Nowadays, this fashion prevails in some big cities of China, altering people’s life before they realize it.Practice 实行节约用电saveelectricity塑料袋plasticbags一次性产品disposableproducts Disposable一次性的，用后即弃的乘坐公共交通工具take public transport节能环保energy-efficient and environmental-friendly大大有利于contribute tremendously to …全球气候变换及环境恶化global warming and environment deterioration Inevitably 不可避免的Stick to traditional principles and beliefsTurn blind eye to keep pace withBe labeled as 被贴上……的标签mutual communication 互相沟通Narrow the generation gapPessimist 悲观者optimist 乐观者gloomy阴郁的distressing惨的，令人痛心的Pessimistic 悲观的optimistic 乐观的Judge the situation from opposite perspective 角度Bring into public view 引入公众视野Engage in employment 从事就业Misconception 误解holdthe misconceptionSpoiltheirchildrenEnrollment注册，报名the expansion of university enrollment 大学扩招Flood into job-hunting marketTake measures to 采取措施Cultivatetheir children independenceTestify 证明Shoulder their obligation 承担他们的义务Real-estate 房地产Reconciled调和，妥协consolidate综合deteriorate恶化Reconcile to 顺从于be reconciled with sb于某人和解reconcilesthwithsth Interrupt 打断某项正在进行的动作bother打扰（语气较轻）interfere未经允许/无权而妨碍，阻挠，干涉他人之事（语气较轻）intervene介入，调停（语气重）Invocation祈祷，符咒obsession痴迷，困扰obsession withVulnerable 易患病的allergic 过敏的Obsolete过时的obscene 猥亵oblique斜的Provision供应provisional临时的sensational轰动的sentimental感情的，多愁善感的Integral完整的instinctive直觉的intangible难以理解的触摸不到的无形的ingenious巧妙地有独创性的Insideandout彻底的Practitioner从业者forerunner 先行者，先驱Come to light 曝光，泄露Turn in 缩小turn over 反过来turn up 找到，出现turn out 结果是Inertness惰性光盘行动“ClearYourPlate” CampaignPropose 建议diner用餐者食客leftover残余的，剩菜take leftover home 将剩菜打包回家全国粮食总产量the national total grain output人为灾害man-made disasterRestraint 限制withoutrestraint无限制，大肆饥饿至死die of starvation资源短缺shortage of resourcesConfronted with 面对Implement实施implementpoliticsofMeans doing sthRequire sb to do sth随着人们的生活水平和消费水平日益提高with the increasing development of people’ living standard and consumption levelTrash cans 垃圾桶处理成本disposing costEntertain热情招待款待娱乐entertain friends at home去临近的景点游览take a trip to nearby tourist attractions家庭预算紧张tight family budget出游成本不断攀升rising travel cost节假日期间景区人山人海，高速公路（expressway）、城市道路拥堵（congestion），是促使他们家中度假的两大原因overcrowded tourist sites, congestion of expressways and city roads are the two major factors contributing to their staycation. Conspicuous明显的，突出的Bottomline底线reducetheir bottom lineRoba child of his/her childhood 掠夺From my own perspective for my partCeremoniously隆重地gather ceremoniously 隆重集会Obligations 义务，债务（可数名词）履行权利与义务perform the responsibilities and obligations建立社会主义制度establish a socialist systemCorruption 腐败，贪污root out a corruption 根除腐败rootout根除，肃清Vigor生机vitality活力展现生机与活力display vigor and vitality Comprehensive综合的，广泛的，有理解力的comprehensivenational strength 增强综合国力competitiveness 竞争力增强综合国力和国际竞争力enhance comprehensive national strength and international competitivenessEdge into 慢慢挤进，慢慢取得rank等级，行列进入国际先进行列edge into advanced ranks in the world解决温饱问题solve the problem of food and clothing与日俱增increase every day实现夙愿fulfill the long-cherished wishes fulfill履行（诺言），达到（目的）Forge锻造，捏造forgea people’s army 锻造一支人民军队国防national defense build a strong national defense 建立巩固的国防进行和谈hold peace talks修改法律amend the laws遵循规则follow the principles principle 原则，准则把理论与实际结合起来integrate theory with practiceRally 召集，集合增强凝聚力enhance the rally powerResume继续，重新开始，摘要，概略，建立结束暴力，开始和平谈判end the violence and resume peace talksStrategic 战略性的readjustment调整进行战略性调整make strategic readjustmentBackwardness 落后摆脱贫穷与落后get rid of poverty and backwardnessBring about 实现实现发展繁荣bring about development and prosperity Infringement 侵犯，违反，违背保护妇女的权利不受侵犯guarantee women’s right against infringement把……看作社会公敌look upon…as a threat to society恐怖主义terrorismTap 开发，汲取，割，轻声走，阀门，塞子Favor欢心，支持，照顾，促成开发/青睐中国市场tap/ favor the Chinese market有巨大潜力have huge potential for…阻碍handicap/hamperInvest投资，调查，授予有望达到be expected to reach造成很大压力pose a big pressure onAccount for 说明原因，导致，引起（在数量/比例上）占，对……负责Occupy占领，使用，从事占市场的10% occupy /take /account for 10 percent of the market加快经济发展和结构调整speed up economic development and restructuringAnti-monopoly 反垄断采取反垄断措施take anti-monopoly measures to加速努力speed up efforts to建立分公司set up branches inPolicy 政策，策略把……列为基本国策list……as fundamental national policies发挥自身优势give full play to one’s advantages开拓市场exploit market扩大消费市场expand consumption market扩大/缩小贫富差距expand /narrow the gap between the rich and the poor提供巨大商机present huge business opportunities赶超先进surpass the advanced遵循市场经济的规律follow the law of market economyOrientation 方向，定位，方针，任职培训gear接上，调和，使适应根据市场做出调整gear oneself to the market orientation牟取暴利seek excessive profits excessive 过分的，极度的提高公务员工资raise the salaries of civil servants计算出准确的工资水平figure out an exact salary level从国外引进先进技术和管理经验introduce from abroad the advanced technology and management expertise优胜劣汰select the superior and eliminate the inferior下岗职工laid-off workers通货膨胀inflation损失惨重suffer great losses制造假象create smoke screens to do陷入困境land oneself in deep trouble被指控接受贿赂be accused of accepting bribesDisclose 公开，揭露举报非法行为disclose illegal activities活跃市场enliven the market十分重视attach importance to大力发展strive to developDomestic 国内的刺激国内需求stimulate domestic demand打破垄断break the monopoly调整产业结构adjust industrial structure开展对外文化交流conduct culture exchange with other countriesStrong point 长处，特长draw on 利用，借鉴博采各国文化之长draw on strong point of cultures of other countriesMass大量的，集中的，群众的mass media 大众传媒mass production 大规模生产mass organization 社团开展群众性文化活动carry out mass activities on culture继承carry onCompetent 有能力的，能干的，称职的，胜任的，适合的competent people 人才Achievement of culture advancement 文化建设的成就加强文化基础设施建设build more culture establishment提倡文明的生活方式advocate civilized lifestyle推动人类文明进步push forward human civilization改进教学improve teaching and learning文化遗产culture heritage /relicsBrand-new 全新的，崭新的以全新的面貌进入新世纪enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look通过资格考试pass qualification examinationsCompulsory 义务的，必须做的普及九年义务教育make nine-year compulsory education universalPopularized普及，使流行make…universalCompile编制，编辑，收集编写教材compile the textbooks承担应有的义务undertake the due obligations促进相互了解promote mutual understanding相互促进help each other forward互派访问学者exchange visiting scholarsAccommodate 容纳，适应，提供住处，帮忙发挥聪明才智develop one’s own talent and wisdomIntellectuals 知识分子initiative 主动性n.自发的，初步的adj.充分发挥知识分子的积极性与创造性give full play to the initiative and creativity of intellectuals开设课程offer courses重视实用性place stress on practicalityPirate 海盗船，盗版者，强盗n. 抢劫，剽窃，盗用v.pirated software 盗版软件有力地推动教育发展give a big push to the development of education承前启后，继往开来build on the past and prepare for the future / inherit the past and user in the future物质文明，精神文明一起抓pay equal attention on material progress and mental progress形成文明/健康/崇尚科学的社会风尚form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practiceEcological environment 生态环境eco-environmentEco-construction 生态建设防治污染prevent and control pollution加强水土保持reinforce the conservation of water and soil加强城市绿化strengthen the greening of the city保护森林conservation of forest帮助减缓全球变暖的速度help slow down the pace of global warming Infrastructure 基础设施完善城市基础设施建设perfect the construction of urban infrastructure Sustainable 可持续的，可忍受的促进可持续性发展promote sustainable developmentSolar 太阳的，日光的，利用太阳能的solar energy 太阳能清洁能源clean energy resourcesFuel 燃料，食物，加油，激起使用清洁能源burn clean fuelImplement 实施，执行v. 工具器械，手段实行严格的排放标准implement strict vehicle emission standardsTackle 用具，装备，阻挡n. 着手处理，解决，应付v.治理沙地和水土流失问题tackle the problem of sand and soil erosion注重节约资源attach importance of saving resourcesExploitation 开发，剥削，利用，广告推销采用新的开采方法apply new exploitation methods削减污染物排放decrease the disposal of pollutionsCensus 人口普查，统计进行全国人口普查carry out national population census总人口为have a population ofPrivate life 私生活Transition过渡，转变，变迁Bring about 实现，造成，引起，使船掉头实现向低出生，低死亡，低自然增长的现代人口再生产类型的转变bring about the transition of modern population reproduction pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and low natural growing rate过孤独的生活lead an isolated lifeUrban residents 城市居民Ideology意识形态，思想思想和观念ideology and concepts对子女寄予厚望pin great hopes on their childrenUndermine 逐渐削弱，从根基处破坏，挖墙脚逐渐削减长辈的权威undermine the authority of the older generation倡导人力资源管理advocate the management of human resourcesMorality 道德，道德观，品德高尚的行为损害人类社会的道德观damage the morality of human society提高人口素质improve the population quality优化人口结构optimize the population structure优生优育bear and rear better children rear 养育尊重和保障人权respect and guarantee human rightsSubsistence存活，生计Safeguard 维护，防护措施维护和促进人民的生存权和发展权safeguard and promote people’s rights to subsistence and development坚持计划生育的基本国策stick to the basic state policy for family planning取得世界杯决赛的资格qualify for the World Cup finals qualify for 有资格，晋级展现技能demonstrate their skillsTeam title 团体冠军win the team title急于获胜gain an eagerness to winRecognition 认可Wretched恶劣的，不幸的，悲惨的打破恶性循环break the wretched cycleEngender 产生，造成，引起Spur刺激，加速促使spur us on to doLay a solid foundation on 打下基础Make a first draft of 打草稿Bring our talent into full playGive full play to 充分发挥Conscientious认真负责的，本着良心的，谨慎的be conscientious for Publicize 宣传Attach great importance to /take the matter seriously 重视Numerous 无数的，数不清的Indispensable 不可或缺的Migrantworkers农民工Urbanization城市化Irreversible process不可逆过程Unprecedented 前所未有的，史无前例的Insightful富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的insightful perspective Conspicuously 显著的，明显的Dweller居民city dwellersIn all walks of life 在各行各业Industriously努力的，辛勤的labor industriously 辛勤劳动Despise鄙视，看不起Once in a while 时不时，偶尔Deferring 推迟，拖延Penalty处罚financial penalty 罚款Moral denouncement 道德谴责Incur招致，引起be incurred toOffenders 犯罪者，犯规者，妨碍的人Painstaking不辞辛劳地painstakingeffortsRepression压迫recession萧条Have access to （抽象的）进入Haveenough scope for 有足够的余地/机会Snatch抽空做，抓紧机会做scratch擦，刮scrap扔弃，摔毁seize抓住Exhaustible 用的尽的exhaustive 无遗漏的Plaudit拍手喝彩称赞plenary十足的完全的platitude陈词滥调平凡Erosion侵害侵蚀depletion损耗violation违背delusion错觉Eclectic折中的Sensation感觉知觉激动轰动exaggeration夸大Excessive过多的exclusive 专有的独占的除外的distractfrom分散注意力discern辨别分清dissuadesb. From doing 劝阻facet方面小平面format构成设计formula方案规则prevail流行盛行获胜preside主持perish毁灭使麻木死persecute迫害counterfeit 伪造假冒discourteous失礼的无礼貌的prudent节俭的谨慎的benevolent善意的慈善的obstinate倔强的顽固的be reconciled to sth. 甘于consolidate巩固sanction同意许可warrant 证明保护malignance 恶意有害shroud覆盖遮蔽unveil显露除去面纱decay腐烂deprive剥夺notorious声名狼藉的superfluous过剩的countenance面容脸色concession让步curse诅咒echo 随声附和hail 欢呼欢迎sophisticated尖端的复杂的先进的老练的scrupulous小心谨慎的细心的clamorous吵闹的大喊大叫的camouflaged 掩饰的伪装的edible可食用的fabulous传说的神话的disproportionate 不均衡的不相称的extravagance奢侈铺张opulence富裕asceticism禁欲主义苦行byandlarge一般来说大体上callon看望拜访召唤break out 爆发突然发生break in 插嘴闯入训练break through 突破克服挣脱而出break off 突然停止中断脱落暂停forall尽管虽然cometo苏醒达到总数为继承停止comearound 再现恢复知觉回来改变看法comethrough 经历获得成功脱险传出捐助come into 进入继承…起来加入come across 来到偶遇come round 来过访绕道而来苏醒转变改主意笼络comeby从旁边过得到取得经过come about 发生产生转变方向comeout in 以…方式出来live up to 不辜负make a fuseof 小题大做大惊小怪fall back to 求助于转而依靠at its core 从根本上be entitled to 授权给……权力给……定名be assigned to 指派go back on 违背诺言go in for 从事爱好参加考试go through with 经历仔细检查用完参加履行搜查go along with 支持赞同随行hand in 交上递交hand out 分发散发hand down 传递下去hand over 交出移交in honor of 为纪念……庆祝in accordance with 与…一致按照根据lay out 设计安排展示lay off 解雇休息lay down 放下拟定规定lay aside 放一旁收起积累makefor快速走向向前进促进make out 理解辨认出书写填写说明设法应付make up to 巴结讨好make up for补偿in the light of 鉴于由于按照根据by virtue of 由于因为run over 匆匆看一眼浏览碾过run into 偶然碰到与相撞run through 浏览匆匆读完rundown耗尽撞到衰退减少说坏话贬低run across 撞见碰见run out 用完耗尽setout动身出发开始陈述测定宣布移植set about 开始散步攻击着手set forth 阐明宣布提出陈列出发set aside 留出不顾取消驳回putout熄灭关灯生产出出版precaution 预防警惕concession让步transaction 办理处理学报交易事务处理事物give away 送掉分发放弃泄露出卖让步pass away 去世while away 消磨fade away 逐渐凋谢慢慢减弱induce 劝诱促使导致deduce 推论演绎出seduce 诱使Heartiness诚实热心harshness 粗糙的事物严肃刺耳uprightness 正直的Be absorbed in 全神贯注于专心于Detach 分开分离分遣Conform to符合遵照answer to 适应符合attribute to 归因于Collide with 冲突comply with 照做coincide with 符合cope with 竞争应付Perpetual永久的pathetic 可怜的悲惨的Resolutely 毅然坚决的indecisively 优柔寡断的prematurely过早的早熟地Fall out 争吵发生fall behind 落后fall in 排队到期fall through 未能实现Getoff下来出发被容忍逃脱惩罚get in 进入收回get on 骑上进展get on one’s nerves 令人不安get through 完成度过get across 越过通过被理解get over 克服爬过熬过恢复原谅get along 生活相处融洽进展有起色Go for 选择袭击适用于go by 从旁边走过依照顺便走访go up 上升增长go off 离开去世消失睡去爆炸发射进行变质Add up to 合计达stand up to 勇敢地抵抗Conclude结束终止决定seclude隔离exclude排除include 包括Wear off 逐渐减少wear out 穿破磨损疲乏耗尽wipeout消灭垮台Proficiency 熟练精通Bring out 使显示出版生产bring to 使恢复知觉bring into force 使生效实施bringin生产挣得介绍引进V oid空的无人的无效的无用地没有的voidof 缺乏void of interestedOn the fly 在飞行中不工作闲混in the issue结果on the sly 秘密地偷偷地Infect 感染传染inflict 造成afflict 使痛苦折磨Substitution代替Respecting 关系到说到with respect to 关于至于as regards 关于至于Play around 玩耍come around 恢复知觉回来talk sb. around 说服Precede领先于在…之前proceed 进行继续下去accede 同意继任recede 后退Aversion厌恶adherence 忠诚坚持黏着incentive 刺激鼓励动机Fancy想象设想认为爱好自负At a disadvantage 处于不利地位Leave over 留下leave out 省去遗漏不考虑leave behind 留下遗留超过leave off 停止不再穿Let go 放开释放发射let loose 释放放出放任let off 放出饶恕准许暂停工作let out 放掉泄露放大出租解雇释放let down 失望let alone 不打扰更别提let on 泄露假装See off 送行see to 负责注意Obedient服从的孝顺的obstinate 顽固的倔强的elaborate 精心制作的详细阐述的精细Outlook 展望outbreak 战争爆发疾病发作outcome 结果output 出产Look up 向上看尊敬仰视查询拜访好转look up to 尊敬仰望look on 观看面向旁观看待look through 看穿审核浏览温习从中显露look into 调查观察Fragrance芬芳香气flavor 风情风味香料sour酸的In amount to 总计Aptitude才能天资恰当智能altitude高度高等attitude姿势态度看法Substitute 替代substitute A for B 用A替代BTackle 固定应付处理解决抓住tickle胳肢逗笑使高兴使发痒Exquisite 精致的extravagant 奢侈的exotic 异国情调的eccentric 古怪的Repel拒绝抵制排斥逐退Curb控制约束put /place a curb onParadox矛盾paradise 天堂Impart传授告知portray描写Divert转移转向Alert sb. to the fact that 提醒某人注意…的事实Manifest明显的显然的体现显现Articulate清楚地说（发音清楚的）明确地说anticipate 预期期望Alternate轮流交换Conceive设想以为怀有构思conceive ofEndeavour 努力endeavour to doSustainable可持续的feasible 可行的eligible合格的Subsidiary附属的次要的Revenge 报仇revengeoneselfon sb. 向某人报仇remedy 药补救治疗beyondremedy 不可救药reproach责备revive苏醒复活复兴Explicit清晰的明确的obscure模糊的baffle难住使挫折阻碍mingle混合mingle with /in provoke煽动激怒驱使divert 转向改道eject喷出射出incidence发病率emergence 紧急情况rupture 破裂绝交impetus推动力in search of 寻找in pursuit of 追求in view of 鉴于由于in light of 根据credit信赖assure 确保certify 确认impose征收强加imposetaxes收税twinkle/glitter因高兴而发光sparklewithtears闪烁着泪光overtake追上surpass 胜过nourish滋养transaction交易turnover营业额tempo进度速度mediate斡旋mediate betweentrench 壕沟pavement 人行道junction 道路交叉点collision相撞collaboration合作corrosion 腐蚀confrontation 对抗successive连续的succession连续继承后裔consecutive连续不断的顺序的eternal 永恒的insistent坚持的重复的snatchup夺取snatch at 一把抓住summon召唤summonup振作鼓起watchout当心警觉embark上传着手从事embark on 着手开始做commence开始着手获得学位commence in 起始于commence doing sth. 着手做某事reservation预定保留convention 大会习俗惯例incompatible不相容的矛盾的invalid有病的无效的subtract减去扣除combat格斗战斗conflict冲突cruise巡航Pacific太平洋glide滑行悄悄的走patrol 巡逻penalty处罚financialpenaltyblunder跌跌撞撞地走犯大错愚蠢之举scandal丑闻恶意诽谤commonplace平凡的陈腐的generalized广义的普遍的conform遵守一致conform with /to 符合遵守inspiration 灵感intuition直觉incentive刺激鼓励sentiment思想感情情绪情操revenue收入国家的税收financial revenue 财政收入be proficient at / in doing sth. 熟练精通feeble虚弱的薄弱的无效的trivial琐碎的日常的轻微的toss扔抛tow拖拉hoist升起吊起compatible和谐共处的相容的一致的compact紧密的结实的简洁的concise简洁的简要的resign辞职放弃顺从resignfrom辞职resignto使顺从vulgar粗俗的通俗的本土的elections选举grope探索摸索grope one’s way to 摸索gropefor/ around 搜索暗中摸索intrigue阴谋激起好奇心intrigueagainstsb. 密谋反对某人intriguing 迷人的elicit得出引出诱出induce诱导exclusively专门的排外的extraordinarily非凡的特别的a man of integrity 正直的人rebellion叛乱suppress rebellion 平定叛乱negotiation商议谈判negotiate协商交涉谈判rectify改正校正reconcile调停和解obscure遮掩模糊的consolidate巩固合并统一intensify强化加剧增强expire期满终止开始无效passport护照eternal永恒的无穷的不灭的eternallife永生eternaltruths/verities永恒的真理offensive无理的冒犯的唐突的extinguish熄灭扑灭灭绝v.extinct灭绝的a. extinction灭绝n.arbitrary武断的专横的任意的。
2014年至2019年上海体育学院历年博士研究生入学考试《英语》题型
上海体育学院历年博士研究生入学考试《英语》（2014年至2019年）部分题型2014年题型1 单选:20x0.5=10分2 阅读：25x1=25分3 完形：15x1=15分4 英译汉：有关贝克汉姆的退役的采访等。
20分5 汉译英：5x3=15分（体育新闻）6 作文：对人们批评李娜获奖后对政府的淡漠，你怎么看？ 20分2015年题型第一部分（90分钟收卷）1. 单选（4个选项）20 题*0.5 分=10分2. 阅读5篇*5题每篇*1分=25分3. 完形填空（4 个选项）15空*1分=15分（由此可见，完形填空十分重要，一空一分。
阅读也是一题一分）第二部分（90分钟）1. 英译汉一篇短文翻译成中文（约 200 字，某位世界著名足球运动员退役相关内容）20 分2. 汉译英 5 句话*3 分=15 分体育相关的明星获奖项、体育对人体有好处、奥林匹克精神、中国体育促进世界和平……之类的5个句子。
3. 作文15分以“What the advantage and disadvantage does sports provide us ”为信息写一篇不少于 200 字的作文.2016年题型第一部分（90分钟收卷）1. 单选（4个选项）20题*0.5 分=10分（主要是单词类）2. 阅读5篇*5题每篇*1 分=25分（体育类2篇）五个阅读题五个阅读题主要是关于古代奥林匹克体育与现代体育方面；运动减肥方式，及白色脂肪和褐色脂主要是关于古代奥林匹克体育与现代体育方面；运动减肥方式，及白色脂肪和褐色脂肪对肥胖的影响；有关领带的颜色和模式及不同场合如何选择等；关于一个女孩掉入下水道，政府和个人的责任及女孩即使掉了一个脚趾也没放扔掉手机的故事；关于两个实验关于帮助别人方面的以及男女之间的差别。
男女之间的差别。
Passage OneNew York's WCBS puts it in a way that just can't be better expressed: "It was an accident waitingto happen."15-year-old Alexa Longueira was wandering along the street in Staten Island, obliviously tapping text messages into her phone as she walked. Distracted by her phone, she failed to notice the ope n manhole in her path, and plunged into it, taking an unprepared bath of raw sewage along with r eceiving moderate injuries. Longueira called the dive "really gross, shocking and scary." It's not all Longueira's fault. The manhole shouldn't have been left uncovered and unattended, and no war ning signs or hazard cones had been set up near the work site.A worker with New York's Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), who was preparing to f lush the sewage, helped her out, and the department later issued a formal apology for the incide nt. Nonetheless, observers are harshly divided over who is to blame here. The DEP iscertainly at fault for failing to secure the manhole, but to what extent should the girlbe held accountable for failure to be aware of her surroundings? If she had steppedinto traffic and been hit by a car, would her reaction (that is: anger and a potentiallawsuit) be any different?Detachment from one's environment due to electronic gadgets is a growing problem--and a hazardous one. The government is even trying to get involved, with multiplelaws on the books across the country outlawing cell phone use and text messagingwhile operating a motor vehicle in the wake of serious accidents involving distracteddrivers. New York Senator Kruger even tried to criminalize the use of handhelddevices (including phones, music players, and game players) by pedestrians whilethey are crossing streets in major New York cities, due to concerns over the numberof auto vs. pedestrian accidents.Following a substantial outcry, that legislation appears never to have been formally introduced. But did Kruger have a point?What interested me, at least, is the end of the stow above that Longueira lost a shoe inthe sewage. But since other things are not reported as lost, I'm guessing she appears tohave managed to keep her grip on her phone during the accident.51. By "It was an accident waiting to happen" , New York's WCBS meant that______.A. the accident should have been avoidableB. this kind of accidents happen frequentlyC. somebody was glad to see what would happenD. an open manhole is sure a trap for careless pedestrians52. When the girl fell into the open manhole, she ______.A. was seriously hurtB. was frightenedC. took a bath in the raw sewageD. cried help to the DEP worker53. According to the author, who was to blame for the accident?A. The girl herself.B. The DEP worker.C. Both of them.D. Nobody.54. According to the passage, which of the following is illegal in the U.S.?A. Talking on a cell phone while driving.B. Text messaging while walking across a street.C. Operating music players while driving.D. Operating game players while walking across a street.55.The author found it funny that the girl had ______.A. lost a shoe in the sewage in the accidentB. reported nothing lost after the accidentC. got a firm hold of her phone during the accidentD. managed to keep herself upright in the manhole答案51 D 52 B 53 C 54 A 55C3. 完形填空（4 个选项）15 空*1 分=15 分（由此可见，完形填空十分重要，一空一分。
上海体育学院博士研究生入学考试（英语）复习重点
上海体育学院博士研究生入学考试（英语）复习重点第一章阅读理解复习要点一．博士研究生入学英语考试对阅读理解能力的要求1．具有从各类题材和体裁的文章中获取信息的能力题材：科普、政治、经济、教育、社会生活体裁：叙述文、议论文、说明文要扩大知识面，掌握各种体裁的文章特点。
2．对信息理解准确并具有一定的阅读速度信息：作者的观点与倾向，篇章结构，各语句之间、段落之间的逻辑关系及文章的言外之意。
二．阅读理解能力的构成1．语言能力指语言、语法、词汇知识及运用这些知识理解和生成正确句子或话语的能力。
如：The progress of science depends upon many factors,and not least among these is the existence of satisfactory arrangements for the rapid exchange of new ideas and experimental results between research workers having similar interests.In a branch of learning that prides itself particularly upon its power of systematization,it is surprising that in this respect so much has been left to chance and so little has been done to formulate and follow an agreed policy appropriate to modern needs.There is,of course,no lack of scientific literature,both books and journals:the World List of Scientific Periodicals now lists some50,000titles.Indeed,almost every scientist now finds it impossible to read all the words relevant to his own subject,far less to read extensively outside it. Yet wide reading is becoming increasingly important,for it is very frequently in the fields whereseveral branches of science overlap that the most exciting results are obtained.It is implied in this passage that the progress of science may be hindered by_____________./doc/ba15476696.html,ck of scientific ideas and experimental results/doc/ba15476696.html,ck of rapid exchange of ideas among scientists/doc/ba15476696.html,ck of an agreed policy appropriate to modern needs/doc/ba15476696.html,ck of literature overlapping several branches of science文章翻译：科学的进步取决于许多因素，其中相当重要的一个因素是：必须有一种令人满意的办法使得有相似兴趣的研究人员得以迅速交流新的想法和实验结果。
考博英语怎么复习
考博英语怎么复习
考博英语是中国博士研究生入学考试的一部分，主要测试考生的英语语言能力。
由于考博英语的复习内容较为广泛，我将从四个方面介绍考博英语的复习方法。
首先，掌握考试大纲。
考博英语的大纲包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译四个部分。
了解考试大纲是复习的第一步，可以有针对性地准备相关的题型和内容。
其次，注重词汇和语法的积累。
考博英语对于词汇和语法的要求较高，因此，复习过程中要注重积累词汇和熟悉常用的语法结构。
可以通过背单词、做词汇题和语法练习来加强记忆和巩固掌握。
第三，多做题，多练习。
考博英语的真题和模拟题对于复习至关重要。
可以通过做题来熟悉考试的题型、提高解题能力和时间管理能力。
同时，还可以通过阅读英文报纸、杂志和文献等，提高阅读理解和写作能力。
最后，保持良好的复习方法和节奏。
复习要是持续进行的过程，需要制定合理的复习计划，并坚持执行。
可以将复习内容分成小部分，每天进行适量的复习，同时也要留出适当的时间来休息和放松。
保持健康的生活习惯和心理状态，有助于提高复习效果。
在复习考博英语的过程中，还可以参加英语角、听英语广播或者找一个英语环境进行沉浸式学习。
与其它考生一起学习、互相交流也是一个很好的复习方法。
总之，考博英语的复习需要耐心和恒心，要有规划和计
划地进行。
通过全面的复习，灵活运用各种复习方法，相信一定能够取得好的成绩。
《体育英语》考研考博复习资料
体育考博——英语单词总结Resist-a-ball 健身球Aerobics 健美操Step 踏板操Latin Aerobics 拉丁健美操Kwando Aerobics 有氧搏击操Pilates 普拉提课程Powerflex 有氧杠铃操Hi/Low Aerobics 有氧健身操Spinning 动感单车Ballet 芭蕾形体Abs/Back 腰腹其他健身服务项目Swimming Pool 游泳池Abdominal Crunches 腹部塑形Cardiovascular Machines 心肺功能训练区Free-weight Advanced Training Center Machines Area 自由重量训练区Selectorized Equipment 等重量区Personal Training Services 私人教练服务Massage & Spa 运动恢复按摩服务/桑拿和蒸汽浴Juice Bar 销售运动饮料、果汁健身英语1. 健身房gym每个人到健身房的目的不一样，也许你会想要：健康点to become healthy保持体态to get fit减肥to lose weight增重to gain weight增强肌肉to build muscle塑身to shape your body眼睛吃冰淇淋to watch nice bodies交朋友to make friends打屁to chat2. 健身中心fitness center健身俱乐部：health club3. 健身教练trainer4. 运动鞋sneaker5. 置物柜locker6. 入会费membership fee7. 参加(健身课程) to enroll inThe member ship fee is 23,000 when you enroll in our program.当您完成入会手续后，我们会跟您收取两万三千元的入会费。
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考博英语复习五大要点一、不论考哪里，考的是英语看上去是废话，其实是至理名言。
有的同学考过了4、6级就丢了英语，到了考博的时候才再次匆匆捡起，这样实在是事半功倍。
所以有志于考博的硕士低年级朋友一定要每天坚持学习英语，至少1小时，关键是效率；二、有复习侧重你问：“那我已经这样了（硕士3年级了……），怎么补习啊？”其实也不难，系统的复习在3个月内能收到奇效，正所谓临阵磨枪不快也光；特别是针对不同的报考单位复习相应的侧重点。
比如，中科院的试题感觉比较正统，有与6级一脉相承之感；而有的院校可能侧重翻译、或者侧重阅读、侧重听力等等。
这就要求大家知己知彼。
所以，试题真题的重要性凸现出来。
三、争取得到近年真题真题的效力自不必说，至少能够给你心理安慰。
其次能够帮助你制定复习计划和复习重点。
当然有的试题不能轻易得到，这就要求大家耳目众多，信息灵通，复习充分；有时候从有过类似考试经历的师兄那里得到消息也是不错的选择。
实在没有真题的话，“假题”或别处的真题也可替代，毕竟他山之石可以攻玉嘛。
补充一下：大家一定要对帮助过自己的人心存感激。
此外还有一点要格外注意，有的朋友喜欢复习完整了（指所有的词汇、语法、听力等都过一遍），才去做题，这个要不得。
否则你会发现时间不够了。
一定要在复习的同时做题，将有限的复习投入到无限的做题中去。
以做题养复习，本来就是上上之策。
四、勤奋踏实，持之以恒相信下决心考博的朋友都能做到，就不多说了，但这的确是修炼的总纲啊。
切记切记……五、相信自己一次我问师兄：XXX学校的英语考博难度如何；师兄反问我：你做中科院真题感觉如何？对曰：70左右吧。
师兄大惊：那你完了！XXX的题虽然没有北大难，但是比中科院难多了。
我当时犹如冷水浇头，半晌无语。
??可是直到结果出来，我才发现不是那么回事，XXX的试题很对我的胃口！所以轻松搞定。
结论是：你不要听风就是雨，他认为难你则不一定，记得小马过河的故事吗？记住：觉知此事要躬行！上面是一些注意事项，下面再来谈一谈具体复习方法：1.听力：如今众多的音像资料令人乱花渐欲迷人眼，很多人都被迷惑了，不知道究竟该听些什么。
其实很简单：尽量选取真题的资料。
你没有？不会吧，中科院真题的磁带已经地球人都知道咧！……那就找英式发音的磁带听，然后听美语，然后混听。
具体大家可以看看记忆方法书籍，找那种心理学的书，很好用的说。
总之我是没有投入过多的精力复习英语，感觉就是穿插在专业复习之中了，作为一种消遣；当然考的分数也不值一提，但是感到通过的十拿十稳且很轻松。
而且具体结合各个报考单位不同的要求，考生不同的个人条件，情况自然也有出入。
所以这里只是现身说法，给大家一点启发；同时抛砖引玉，希望高手出现，更好的帮助大家。
考博英语复习之核心词汇部分(2)二．核心词汇1800在剩余的3500个词汇中，并非每一个都是同等重要的，其中有一半（约1800个）词汇在考研21年真题中重复出现，这1800个单词就是考研的核心高频难词，是考研的重点、考点和难点。
而其余的另一半（约1700个），在考研历年真题中还没有出现过，重要性次之。
复习建议：1800每天100个（把不认识的单词找出来重点记忆和复习），18天过一轮，36天就过了两轮，你就可以记住其中的绝大部分词汇了。
掌握了这1800个核心词汇（还包含高中2000个基础词汇），就可以开始大范围做考研真题，你会发现在真题中，97%左右的词汇你都认识了。
Aabide遵循（…by）；容忍The one thing she cannot abide is lying.abnormal反常的abnormal behaviorabolish彻底废除（法律、制度、习俗等）abolish old customabrupt突然的，意外的an abrupt departureabsolute纯粹的，完全的have absolute trust in sb.absorb吸收，吸进A sponge absorbs water.abstract抽象的A flower is beautiful,but beauty itself is abstract.absurd荒谬的，荒唐的The idea that number13brings bad luck is absurd.abuse滥用abuse one's authority(office)aaccelerate加速，增速accelerate one’s stepsaccess接近（或进入）的机会have regular and immediate access to the President accommodate使适应，使符合一致accommodate oneself to changed circumstances accompany陪伴，伴随She was accompanied to a dinner by her friend.accomplish达到（目的），完成（任务），实现（计划，诺言等）accomplish one's purpose accord使符合，相一致(with)His violent action doesn't accord with his peaceful words. account记述，叙述give a brief account of what has happenedaccumulate积累，积攒，积聚accumulate wisdomaccurate准确的，精确的an accurate estimateaccuse指控，指责They accused her publicly of stealing their books.accustom使习惯于accustom oneself to rising(to rise)earlyacquaint使认识，使了解activate使活动起来，使开始起作用，启动They have planted secret agents in many countries who could be activated whenever needed.acute尖锐的，敏锐的an acute thinkeradapt（使）适应adapt oneself to new conditionsaddress演说a television addressadhere黏附，附着Paste is used to make one surface adhere to another.adjacent临近的，毗邻的(to)a city and its adjacent suburbsadjoin贴近，与...毗邻His house adjoins the lake.administrate掌管，料理...的事务In many Japanese homes,the funds are administrated by the wife.adolescent（尤指16岁以下的）青少年a film aimed at adolescentsadvance使向前移动advance a chessmanadvantage有利条件，优点Sitting Presidents hold built-in advantages when seeking another term.adverse不友好的，敌对的She felt adverse to her husband's friends.advocate拥护，提倡，主张advocate self-defenceaesthetic美学的，艺术的，审美an aesthetic theoryaffliliate使隶属（或附属）于，使成为会员a government affiliated companyaffirm断言，申明affirm the truth of a statementaggravate加重，加剧，恶化aggravate the declining economyaggressive侵犯的，侵略的an aggressive weaponagitate搅动（液体等）The machine agitated the mixture.alarm惊恐，忧虑The bandits scattered in alarm.alert警惕的，留神的In our reading we should always be alert for new usages.alien外国的adjust to an alien cultureallege断言，宣称The newspaper alleges the mayor's guilt.allocate分配，分派，把...拨给allocate funds for new projectsallied结盟的，有关联的allied nationsallow允给，准许，允许He missed her more than he would allow himself to admit. allowance津贴，补贴，零用钱a housing allowancealter改变，更改alter an attitudealternate交替，轮流Night and day alternate.amateur（艺术，科学等的）业余爱好者an amateur golferamaze使惊愕，使惊异I am amazed that he should get the post.ambiguous含糊不清的，模棱两可的an ambiguous answerambition（对名利等的）强烈欲望，野心His political ambitions still burn.amend修改，修订amend the spelling in sb.'s paperamuse逗乐，逗笑，给...提供娱乐（或消遣）The clown at the circus amused the children. anchor锚The anchor catches(drags).announce宣布，声称It is officially announced that he will not run for reelection.annoy使恼怒，使生气She was annoyed at(with)his lightheard attitude.annual每年的，年度的the annual output of steelanonymous匿名的，无名的an anonymous letter(phone call)answer回答，响应Henry took ages to answer the door.anticipate预期，预料The directors anticipated a fall in demand(that demand would fall). anxious焦虑的，发愁的(about,at)They become anxious at her delay.apart成零碎Such cheap clothes come apart after a few washings.apparent显然的，明明白白的It was apparent that they all understood.appeal呼吁，恳求I appealed to the children to make less noise.applaud鼓掌，喝彩，叫好The audience applauds the performers for three minutes.apply涂，敷He applied two coats of paint to the table.appoint任命，委派They appointed his father(to be或as)postmaster.appraise估量，估计appraise the infant's weightappreciate感激I appreciated your help much.apprehend对...担心Do you apprehend that there will be any difficulty?approach靠近，接近John is approaching manhood.appropriate恰当的，相称的Plain,simple clothes are appropriate for school wear. approve赞成，同意I couldn't approve his conduct.approximate大概的，大约的，近似的The approximate time is10o'clock.apt（习性）易于......的，有......倾向的A careless person is apt to make mistakes. arbitrary随心所欲的，个人武断的，任意的an arbitrary choicearise起立，起身arise from one's seatarouse使......奋发A man like Tom will be aroused.Don’t worry.array排列，队形The troops were formed in battle array.articulate发音清晰的，善于表达的He is articulate about everything in the field of economics. artificial人工的，人造的，人为的artificial price controlsascend登高，（渐渐）上升，升高The airplane ascended into the cloud.ascertain查明，弄清，确定I ascertained that he was dead.ashamed惭愧的，羞耻的I am ashamed for being so stupid.ashore向岸，向陆地He swam ashore.aside在旁边We stood aside to let her pass.assault攻击，袭击We made an assault on the enemy fort.assemble集合，召集assemble the members of Parliament for a special meeting.assert肯定地说（出），坚定地断言He asserted his innocence.assess估价，评价，评论assess the present state of the economyassign分配，布置（作业）The teacher assigned(us)a new lesson.assimilate吸收，消化He is quick to assimilate new ideas.associate（使）联系，（使）结合We naturally associated the name of Darwin with the doctrine of evolution.assume假定，假设Farmers will have a bumper harvest,assuming(that)the weather si favarable.assure深信不疑地对......说，向......保证assurance保证，把握，信心He gave me his assurance that he would help.astonish使惊讶I was astonished at his sudden appearance.attach系，贴，连接attach a label to a suitcaseattain达到，获得attain one’s goalattend出席，参加（会议等）attend a weddingattendance出席，参加，出席人数，出席率Our class has perfect attendance today. attentive注意的，专心的an attentive audienceattribute把归因于，把......（过错的责任等）归于(to)He attributed his success to hard work. auxiliary辅助的an auxiliary rocketavail有利于，有助于Will force alone avail us?average平均数，平均The paper receives an average of nearly100articles a day.avert挡开，防止，避免Many traffic accidents can be averted by courtesy.awake醒，觉醒awake from sleepaward授予（奖品等）The university awarded him an honorary degree.Bban（以官方明令）禁止，取缔He was banned from entering the city.bang（突发的）sudden loud bangbar条，块，杆，棒a bar of goldbare赤裸的，光秃的，空无内容的walk in bare feetbeforehand预先，事先If you wanted soup for lunch you should have told me beforehand. behave举止端正，听话Do behave.bewilder使迷惑，使糊涂I’m bewildered as to which one to buy.bias偏见，偏心have a bias against sb.(或sth.)blame责备，责怪Public opinion blames Mrs Smith for leading the girl astray.blast一阵（风），一股（气流）a blast of windblaze火焰The fire sprang into a blaze.blunt钝的The sun was blazing down and the heat was oppressive.blush（因害羞、激动、窘困）脸红blush with(或for)joyboast自吹自擂，自夸的话He is full of boasts.bolt螺栓，（门，窗的）插销a small bag of nuts and boltsboom低沉有回响的声音The great bell tolled with a deep boom.border边界，边境，边沿a district on the Kampuchean side of the border with Thailand bore钻孔，挖（通道）bore through a wallbounce弹起，反弹The ball doesn’t bounce well.bound跳跃，弹回She bounded to her feet and waved her right hand triumphantly.boycott（联合起来）抑制，拒绝参加boycott uncooperative manufacturesbrace托架，支架He braced his muscles and lifted the weight.breed（使）繁殖Rabbits breed families rapidly.bribe贿赂accept(或take)a bribe from sb.brief短暂的，简短的，简洁的a brief holidaybrisk轻快的，生气勃勃的a brisk pacebrittle易碎的，一碰就破的brittle glassbrush刷子，毛刷a laundry brushbump碰，撞(against,into)The truck bumped against the wall in the dark.burst爆炸，爆裂The boiler burst.Ccalculate计算，推算calculate the distance between New York and Chicagocall喊，叫Please call the names of all the people who are present.cancel取消，废除，删去cancel a tripcapture俘虏，捕获capture butterfliescase事例，事实，事情This is a case of poor judgment.cast投，扔，抛，撒，掷cast doubt(s)on the feasibility of a schemecasual偶然的，无计划的，随便的，非正式的a casual meetingcease停止，终止，结束The music ceased suddenly.certify证明，证实The accounts were certified(as)correct.challenge向...挑战Our school challenged the local champion team to a football match. character（事物的）性质，特质The furniture in Tom’s apartment was pretentious and without character.charge要（价），收（费）The airlines charge half price for students.charm魅力，魔力This thriving resort town has retained its village charm.chase追逐，追求The police chased the escaping thief and caught him at last.check使突然停止，制止check one’s stepscherish珍爱，珍视cherish one’s native landchew嚼，咀嚼He chewed a mouthful of meat.choke窒息，噎住be choked by smokechorus合唱队chronic（疾病）慢性的，（人）久病的chronic indigestionclarity澄清，阐明clarify an issuecling粘着The frightened child clung to her mother.clumsy笨拙的a clumsy boycluster（果实，花等的）串，束，簇;(人或物)的群，组a cluster of touristsclutch紧抓，紧握clutch at an opportunitycoherent一致的，协调的lack coherent political goalscoin硬币，钱币，金属货币a silver coincoincide相符，相一致100Centigrade coincides with212Fahrenheit.collaborate（尤指在文艺、科学等方面）合作，协作He and I collaborated in writing plays. collapse倒坍，崩溃，瓦解The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.collide碰撞，互撞The car collided with the truck.come来，来到Will you come to the dance tonight?commemorate纪念，庆祝commemorate a holidaycommend表扬，称赞commend a soldier for braverycompact紧密的，坚实的a compact piece of luggagecompare比较，对照(with,to)compare the body to a finely tuned machinecompatible能和睦相处的，合的来的You should choose a roommate more compatible to your tastes.compile汇编，编制compile an anthology of poemscomply遵从，顺从，服从comply with rules(safety regulations)compose组成，构成England,Scotland,and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. compress压缩He compresses a lifetime as a soldier into a few sentencescomprise包含，包括The shipyard comprises three docks.compromise妥协，折衷compromise over the hard-fought next.compulsory必须做的，义务的a compulsory subjectconceal隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽He concealed his disappointment from his friends.conceive构想出，设想conceive an ideaconcentrate集中，专心concentrate one’s attentioncondemn谴责We all condemn cruelty to children.condense（使）压缩，（使）凝结，使简洁condense a speech to halfconfer商谈，商议confer with sb.Over(on,about,concerning)sth.confess坦白，供认，承认，忏悔confess one’s crimeconfidence信任break sb.’s confidenceconfine限制，使局限They succeeded in confining the fire to a small area.confirm证实，肯定confirm a rumourconflict（尤指长期的）战争，战斗The conflict between Greece and Troy lasted ten years. conform遵照，适应confirm to(或with)the rules(the law)confront（使）面临，（使）遭遇The war confronted him with hardships.confuse使混乱，混淆He confused the arrangements by arriving late.connect连接，连接The bridge connects the island with(或to)the mainland.conscious意识到的，自觉地They were conscious that he disapproved.consent同意，赞同，准许The people will never consent to another war.conserve保护，保藏，保存conserve natural resourcesconsider考虑，细想Consider carefully before doing anything.consist组成，构成(of)The house consists of six rooms.consolidate巩固，加强consolidate one’s positionconspicuous显眼的，明显的，引人瞩目的He felt as conspicuous as if he had stood on a stage. constant经常的，不断的a constant noiseconstitute组成，构成constitute a threat to sb.consult请教，与......商量consult a doctor about one’s illnessconsume消费,花费:consume much of one’s time in readingcontact接触,联系,交往:be in contact with sbcontain包括,容纳,a list containing twelve itemscontaminate弄脏,污染,玷污,毒害:Fumes contaminate the aircontempt轻视,轻蔑:show a contempt for sbcontest竞赛,比赛,竞争:the contest between the two powers for the control of the region contract合同,契约:enter into(make)a contact withcontradict反驳,同….相矛盾,同….相抵触:The facts contradict his theorycontrary相反的,对抗的:take the contrary viewcontrast对照,对比,(对比之下显出的)差异:the contrast between the two forms of government contribute捐(款等),捐献:He contributed5dollars to the charity every paydaycontrive设计,想出:contrive a new methodcontroversy(尤之以文字形式进行的争论),辨证:a point of controversyconvention(正式)会议,(定期)大会:draft a new constitution at a conventionconvert转变,转化:convert coal to(into)pipeline gasconvey运送,输送,传送:a wire conveys an electric currentconvict(经审讯)证明…有罪,宣判…有罪:He was convicted of smugglingcoordinate调节,协调:coordinate the functions of government agenciescordial热情友好的,热诚的,真心的:a cordial hello(smile,invitation)correspond相符合相称(to,with):Fulfillment seldom corresponds to anticipation correspondent通信者,通讯员,记者:a good(bad)correspondentcorresponding符合的,一致的:corresponding fingerprintscorrode(渐渐)损害,(一点一点地)损伤:Bribery corrodes the confidence that must exist between buyer and sellercorrupt堕落的,腐败的,贪赃舞弊的:lead a corrupt lifecount数,计算:count the moneycourse课程,科目:an English coursecourtesy谦恭有礼。