跨文化交际communication
北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit7_Cross-gender_communication(跨性别交际)
Football; Basketball;
Interactions with other people such as peers, teachers…
Learn from medias, books, history, culture…
• Mother-daughter interaction: same sex
• A survey has been conducted to ask the same questions to males and females: “If you had a car, what would be the first thing you like to do with it?” Most females’ answers were like this: “If I had a car, the first thing I prefer to do would be taking a ride. While most males answer more or less like this: “If I had a car, I would check the engine first.” or :” If I had a car, I would consider if I could clean it every Saturday.”
Men are from Mars， Women are from Venus.
---John Gray
The styles men and women use to communicate have been described as
debate vs. vs. relate rapport cooperative
跨文化交际unit6-verbal-communication
❖ 引言:
❖
各民族的语言是自足的. 处于不同语言世界里的人,即使面对同一个现实面向,
也会在描述它时沿着各自的思路,采用不同的策略, 刻画出不同的版本.正如维特
根斯坦所言:我的语言就是我的疆界,跨出我生于其中的语言,冒险与隔膜就开始
了.
❖
语言与文化紧密相连, 不可分割; 语言是文化的一部分.
❖ Culture and language are intertwined and are shaping each other. Each time we select words, form sentences, and send a massage, either oral or written, we also make cultural choices.
❖ ( Beamer, L. and Varner, I Intercultural communication in the Global Workplace. New York, NY:
❖ Teaching objectives: ❖ In this part you are expected to understand some commonly observed differences
The power of verbal communication
Ⅰ. cultural differences on lexical level ❖ (cases) ❖ 1. types of lexical meaning ❖ Words are the basic units of meaning. Understanding
❖ farther and farther away from home.
跨文化交际 unit 1Communication1
关于用语
关于标点
关于空间
关于标题
独立知识点与概念 主题鲜明 标题字数 尽量人性化 分级标题的之间的逻辑性
关于空间
先见文，后见图、表 行长一般以 80-100mm 为适 最有价值信息放在最前面 页面力求丰满
关于文字
增进文字易读性
能见度(visibility) 能辨度(legibility) 能解度(readability)
同类演讲次数
根源（1）观众的数量规模
根源（2）内容的熟悉程度
关于成功者
做别人不敢做的事 做别人不愿做的事 做别人做不了的事
成功其实开始于下定决心
并全力以赴
演讲成功四要素
明确目标 以终为始 知彼知已 组织内容 主题大纲 加味添料 注重细节 呈现形式 用图表说话 PPT制作常识 预演彩排 开场白与结束 避免事项
倾听技巧
• 适当的作笔记； • 关注对方的肢体语言
– – – – 面部表情 姿势 个人空间 语音语调
What is culture?
• The term “culture” was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor （1832-1917）in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871.
加味添料
多媒体 实验
适当的幽默
案例 游戏 实践演练
人性故事
针对性的问题
比喻/证据/示范
加味添料掌握技巧
问一个煽动性问题 引用名人精句 让数字说话 讲述主题相关的亲身经历 摘述最近新闻焦点
跨文化交际
跨文化交际跨文化交际技巧参考答案定义题1、Intercultural communication跨文化交际P3There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."2、Individualist个人主义Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.3、Collectivist集体主义Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willingto give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.4、public behavior /private behaviorPublic behavior is the behavior in public settings, such as in work places, shops and so on. Private behavior is the behavior in private life, such as when you are at home or with your family and so on. Both individualist and collectivist cultures make a distinction between public life and private life. However, individualist Western cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, Westerners tend to believe that having a personal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations.5、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26It’s a neutral word which is a general conclu sion drawing from particular examples or evidence.( In any culture group there will be many different beliefs represented, but most of the members of the group will tend in a certain direction. It is this "preponderance of belief," — not uniform acceptance of a given belief —that gives a culture its nature and is the legitimate subject of generalization. People in the same culture share many things in common, such as shared knowledge, shared values, shared perspectives, shared beliefs, shared behavior.)6、Stereotypes老套思路P26It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow.( A way ofthinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, and does not acknowledge exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other, equally important aspects of a person's character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second-hand information and opinion, output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.)7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33Different in rank and power----equalityEvery society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position. On the other hand, however, most modern societies also believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. So each culture needs to find its own balance between hierarchy and equality.1) Westerners generally have less respect for seniority — age, position and so forth — than would be the case in a collectivist culture.2) Western societies often try to limit the power of government officials.3) Westerners tend to have a somewhat suspicious and even negative view of power and authority.8、Culture shock文化冲击P36Culture shock is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.9、Projected cultural similarity P48Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same". People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would.10、loose culture and tight cultureLoose culture doesn’t demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. They also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms. And there is less pressure on individuals within the same culture to behave the same way most other people in the culture do. Tight culture: expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Here is an example of how people deal with people who areborn left-handed. In tight cultures, children who favor their left hand are encouraged or even forced to use their right hand instead, and the percentage of left-handed people in the adult population is much smaller.11、Ethnocentrism 民族优越感P59"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own cultu re as being at the center of the world and identify with one’s in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standards; in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act, and tend to view one’s own cultural values and ways of doing things as more real, or as the ‘right’ and natural values and ways of doing things.12、In-groups and out-groups P70In-Groups: “In-groups”a re the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation. In-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are concerned, with whom we are willing to cooperate without demanding equitable returns, and separation from whom leads to discomfort or even pain. Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Out-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are not concerned, and groups with whom we require an equitable return in order to cooperate.13、war stories P80The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds ofstories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.14 low context/ high context1.Low context: the way westerners communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, Westerners tend to put most of their ideas and feelings into words, and then state their ideas and feeling s plainly and openly. It’s generally considered a good thing to get to the point and say what you mean, and it’s largely the speaker’s responsibility to ensure that his/her massage is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand. --low context, people are expected to pay more attention to the words used in communication than to context in which things are said. They expect others to ‘take them at their words’-to believe that what they say is what they mean.2.High context: in collectivist cultures, people tend to communicate in a way that is more indirect and subtle, and listeners are expected to take more responsibility for inerpreting messages correctly. -High context, people are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place- who the speaker is, where and why the conversation is taking place, body language, and so forth-and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. People in high context often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.问答题1、Why would intercultural communication be more difficult than the communication between people from the same culture?（Why is it hard to learn a foreign culture?）先定义intercultural communication1)Some stumbling blocks2)Assuming more cultural similarities leads to misunderstanding3)Language difference4)Misinterpreting verbal communication and body language from other country5)Stereotype and preconceptions6)Evaluate before really understanding7)Interact with foreigners stressfully and suffer from culture shock8)Tend to generalize or simplify9)Tend to define groups by a few key characteristic10)Assume everyone is similar2、What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?Are all Westerners individual ? Are all Chinese collectivist?先定义individualist 和collectivist(1) Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups(family, classmates, and so forth), and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups.(2) Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have to right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their benefit for the sake of thegroup.(3) Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done.(4) A final difference lies in the way people in difference cultures vi ew the idea of “individualism”. Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In English, the word “individualism”has no negative connotation. In fact, its connotation is somewhat positive. In contrast, the Chinese term for “individualism” , often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.3、What are the different virtues Chinese and Americans emphasize most?Virtue is a positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being.Chinese: formality/ hierarchy/ industriousness/ being filial/ hard work/ modesty/ thrifty Americans: activity-dominant/ equality/ motivation based on achievement/ the world is material rather than spiritual/ optimistic/ individualist/ materialism/ success/ humanitarianism4、How do Western cultures view the relationship between public and private life?先定义public: work, national duty; private: home, family, personal friendshipsWestern cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, westerners tend to believe that having apersonal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations. (In fact, some westerners try to avoid mixing work and play completely, and keep their circle of work acquaintances quite separate from their circle of personal friends)Of course, personal relationships do make a difference in how people in the west treat each other, even in public settings. However, the wall between public and private life tends to be somewhat higher in the individualist west than it is in collectivist cultures.5、What are stereotypes? Why are they a problem?It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, or chance that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and it is therefore false and shallow. A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other equally important aspects of a person’s character or behavior.Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second hand information and opinion output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.6、Try to think of several more generalization that can be made about important characteristics of Chinese culture.Collectivism: emphasis on the doctrine of the meanLarge power distance--hierarchyIntergroup harmony and avoidance of over conflict in interpersonal relationsBelief in the naturalness, necessity and inevitability of hierarchyInequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral and finance achievementBelief that “the judgment of wise people” is a better way to regulate life than rigid artificial laws. People exist “in and through relationship with others”Academic emphasis on memory, attention to details, and lengthy homeworkBrain washThe golden meanHypocriticalThe judgment of wise people/law8、What are the similarity and difference between Projected Cultural similarity and Ethnocentrism? P48两个定义Projected Cultural similarity and EthnocentrismThe similarity: both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation considers their own culture as the center.The difference: E is taking one’s own culture norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. PCS is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do. PCS: People have the tendency to assume that other people from other cultural background basically think and feel more or less the same way as they do.E: People have the tendency to think their culture has the superiority to others’ and assume that their own culture’s wayof thinking and acting is more natural, normal and correct than the way people from other cultures’ thinking and act.9、Comment on “Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. “P49先定义Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that it’s better not to do things to others what you don’t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena” projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don’t like thing done to you, you just don’t impose on others. It’s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it’s right, too. However, it just doesn’t workout like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened. We can not expect others o think or act the same as we do.10、Why would people project cultural similarity? P49定义Projected cultural similarityIt is hard for people to imagine a perspective different from their own. It is effected by human nature, people are accustomed to self-centered. When they communicate with foreigners, they usually assume that foreigners are similar to us. As we grow up and learn what is right and wrong, truth and false, normal and abnormal, and so forth, we naturally learn to view the world as our culture view it. The only way to solve PCS is communication.11、comment on conformity in western cultures p56定义Loose cultures do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views asto what is considered normal behavior.Tight cultures, in contrast, expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Chinese culture is tight culture, and western cultures are loose culture. So conformity in western cultures is less in Chinese culture.Weak conformity12、What factors lead to looseness or tightness in culture? P54定义(1)The degree of change in the population--- the more people move, the looser and more individualist a society tends to be.(2)The density of the population.: small dense societies tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---melting pot.(3)The number of choices available in society--- the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism.(4)strict registration/registered permanent residence13、why does ethnocentrism cause difficulty in intercultural communication? P59定义ethnocentrismBecause we naturally feel that the ways and ideas of our culture are more natural and correct than those of other cultures. So we tend to use the norms of our own culture---such as the idea of what is good/bad, right/wrong, normal/abnormal—as standards when we judge the behavior of people from other cultures. So when we encounter foreigners who behave or thinkin ways that differ from our cultural norms, we too quickly tend to judge these other ways as strange, wrong or bad.14、Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication?P70定义We generally have more positive feelings toward members or our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more. We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders. We feel it’s right to help insider more than we help outsiders. We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders, more generous but to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgments.So the tie of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.15、How do Chinese people treat in-group and out-group in line with culture back? P77定义There is a difference between the inside and the outside. Chinese generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups; however, they feel less obligation to outsiders.Chinese often view outsiders who come to china as guests., and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group, and tend to treat in-group members very well.16、Never a borrower or a lender be. P79定义individualismAs it is firstly a famous American saying.This sentence meansthat ii is best to not lend money to other people and not to borrow from other people. When we lend or borrow something, we risk losing both things and the friendship with that person. T o begin with, t is because westerners are in individualist cultures. In such kind culture, individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don’t want others to rely on them. either.17、Characteristics of war stories P82The term “war stories”originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now, “war stories”refers more generally to any stories. People tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.War stories about intercultural communication tend to share several characteristics:(1)One reason we tell war stories is to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encountermakes sense.(2)In war stories, we generally portray ourselves as the hero or victim, and we often paint theforeigner as the “bad guy”.(3)We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually peoplefrom our own culture rather than outsiders.(4)As we tell war stories, we often generalize from one specific experience to groups offoreigners as a whole.。
Topic 1 Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication (跨文化交际)
Patterns of communication
Upward communication (sending information from people at a lower level to people at a higher level in an organization)
1) new technology and information systems
2) changes in the world‘s population 3) a shift in the world‘s economic arena
1) new technology and information systems Transportation systems: Tourism boomed (tourism is one of the fastgrowing industries in the world)
available in 210 countries, 28.5million households view it in an average week.
The expasion of WWW and the Internet computer network. The benefits & drawbacks of Internet.
Pre-class discussion
Give an example of a(co)-cultural behavior that you do not understand. See if anyone in the class can explain it to you.
跨文化交际概念
跨文化交际概念“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“cross-cultural communication（或inter-cultural communication）”。
它指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。
通俗来说就是如果你和外国人打交道（由于存在语言和文化背景的差异），应该注意什么问题，应该如何得体地去交流。
从对外汉语专业的角度，“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
它包含以下几个要点：1.交际双方必须来自不同的文化背景文化背景的差异是一个宽泛的概念，既是指不同文化圈之间的差异，也是指同一文化圈内部亚文化之间的差异。
不过立足对外汉语专业，文化差异主要指不同文化圈之间的差异，尤其是中国和欧美国家的文化差异。
因为从跨文化交际的实际情形来看，由于文化背景的差异导致交际失误，容易引起冲突的主要是中国和欧美国家的人际交往。
中国同亚洲地区国家，如日本、韩国以及东南亚一些国家的人际交往，虽然也有文化差异的一面，但要顺利的多，这是因为这些国家与中国同属东方文化圈，彼此之间在文化取向和交际规范方面有很多相通的地方。
[1]2.交际双方必须使用同一种语言交际这是显而易见的，假如一方使用一种语言，而另一方使用另外一种不同的语言，交际是无法进行的。
但是，既然交际的双方来自不同的文化背景，又要使用同一种语言，那么用来交际的语言对一方来说是母语，而对另一方来说必然是第二语言（习得的“目的语”）。
比如一个中国人与一个美国人交谈，他们可以选择使用汉语，也可以选择使用英语，这样他们就可以用同一种语言直接交际，而不需要通过翻译这个中间环节。
这样界定的着眼点也是由对外汉语专业的特点决定的。
3.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际跨文化交际的途径多种多样。
可以是语言符号的交际，也可以是非语言符号的交际，如商品、画报、实物、影像、演出到其他物化形式符号的交际；可以是现场的双向交际，也可以是通过媒介的单向交际，如电视、广播、报刊、广告等传播方式的交际；可以是口语交际，也可以是书面交际，如信函、公文等的来往。
跨文化交际icc的理解
跨文化交际icc的理解跨文化交际（Intercultural Communication，简称ICC）是指在不同文化背景下进行的沟通和交流。
在全球化的背景下，跨文化交际变得越来越重要，因为人们经常需要与来自不同国家、不同文化背景的人交流和合作。
跨文化交际的理解可以从以下几个角度来分析：1. 文化差异，跨文化交际的核心是理解和尊重不同文化之间的差异。
每个文化都有自己的价值观、信仰、习俗和社会规范，这些差异会影响人们的思维方式、行为方式和沟通方式。
了解和尊重这些差异是跨文化交际的基础。
2. 语言和非语言交流，语言是人们交流的重要工具，但在跨文化交际中，语言可能存在障碍。
不同文化之间的语言差异、口音、语速等都可能导致误解和沟通困难。
此外，非语言交流，如身体语言、面部表情、姿势等也是跨文化交际中需要注意的方面。
3. 观念和价值观，不同文化之间的观念和价值观可能存在差异。
例如，对时间的看法、个人主义与集体主义的观念、权力和地位的认知等。
了解和尊重对方的观念和价值观，可以帮助建立良好的跨文化交际。
4. 文化敏感性，跨文化交际需要具备文化敏感性，即能够意识到自己的文化背景对交流的影响，并且尊重和适应对方的文化。
这包括对自己的文化偏见和刻板印象的认知，以及对不同文化之间的平等和互惠的态度。
5. 适应和灵活性，在跨文化交际中，适应和灵活性是非常重要的。
这意味着能够适应不同的沟通风格、礼仪习惯和社交规则，并且愿意调整自己的行为和语言，以更好地与对方进行交流。
6. 跨文化冲突解决，由于文化差异，跨文化交际中可能会出现冲突和误解。
解决跨文化冲突需要开放的心态、耐心和善意的沟通。
通过倾听、提问和解释，可以减少误解并找到共同的解决方案。
总而言之，跨文化交际是一种理解和尊重不同文化差异的沟通和交流方式。
它需要我们具备文化敏感性、适应能力和解决冲突的能力，以建立良好的跨文化关系。
通过有效的跨文化交际，我们可以促进文化交流、增进相互理解，并在全球化时代中实现更好的合作和发展。
Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际 PPT课件 (2)
5.Case studies
Mutual Monitoring Process
Xiu went to a BC buffet reception in the BC headquarters in Beijing. It just so happened that Xiu arrived a little too early. The waiting lounge was almost empty except a charming lady sitting at a corner seat. After a long interval of unbearable silence Xiu decided to break the silence by approaching the lady.
Yes, but not good
1.An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. 3. You send an e-mail message to an American friend. 4.Jane lies in bed reading a novel.
Model Two: unilateral-cultural model
(one knows another’s language and cultural environment but the other one doesn’t)
Lu Bing ,a Chinese tour guide is talking in English with George Luke, a British tourist who does not know Chinese at all.
Activity 3: Meanings in communication
跨文化交际
名词解释1.跨文化交际①所谓跨文化交际，即指不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。
也就是说，所谓跨文化交际，实际上是包含了许多不同的维面，如跨种族交际、跨民族交际、同一主流文化内不同群体之间的交际、国际性的跨文化交际等等。
②在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言(母语或者目的语)进行的口语交际。
这个概念界定是明确的，它是立足于对外汉语专业的需要而定的，于是与普通的跨文化交际概念是有区别的。
③跨文化交际的学科背景包括文化语言学, 社会语言学,言语交际学.④跨文化交际对于有些人来似乎说是一个新词，可实际上，我们时常在从事跨文化交际，只是我们不自觉而已。
例如：我们给外国游客指路、和留学生交往、阅读外国小说、看外国电影电视等等，都是不同形式的跨文化交际。
2.文化定势世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或者社团，这些群体或者社团对地域、历史、生活方式以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成、发展并强化了自己独特的文化及与之相适应的交际文化。
在跨文化交际研究中，学者们往往倾向于把某一文化群体的每一个成员都视为该文化定势的代表或者整体文化形象。
这种整体式的文化取向通常被称为文化定势。
3.价值观①在跨文化交际研究中，价值观是个至关重要的问题。
价值观是文化的底层，不理解其差异就不能理解不同文化之间的根本差异。
②价值观对人类的活动起着规定性或者指令性的作用，是人们行为的规则、思维的方式、认知的准绳、处世的哲学、推理的模式、评价的依据、道德的标准。
人们在不知不觉中通过交际习得这套价值系统，它变成为了他们的集体无意识，变成为了他们的信仰、心态、行为、生活等诸方面的可评价系统，变成为了他们民族性格的基石。
每一种文化都有其独特的一套系统，而价值观是它的核心。
③价值观总是相对稳定的，一个人的价值观是从出生开始，在家庭和社会的影响下逐步形成的。
一个人所处的社会生产方式及其所处的经济地位，对其价值观的形成有决定性的影响；同时舆论宣传，以及父母、老师、朋友和公众名人的观点与行为，对一个人的价值观形成也有不可忽视的作用4.体态语体态语( body language )是非语言交际的重要组成部份，它包括眼神、手势、身势、面部表情、体距、体触等。
跨文化交际名词解释
目前，跨文化交际学已发展成为一门被国际学者们充分重视的集人类学、语言学、心理学、传播学、社会学等为一体的综合性学科。
4.文化差异文化差异是由各国的历史传统以及不同的社会发展进程所产生的，表现在社会文化的各个方面。
从霍氏的各文化维度指标值中，可得出东西方的文化差异是十分明显的，就是在同为东方文化圈的中国大陆、日本、中国香港、新加坡等也是较明显的。
就如中日两国文化都是一种集体主义导向，但两种集体主义却有较大的不同。
此外，除了民族、地域文化差异之外，不可否认，还有投资合作伙伴“公司文化”的风格差异。
可以说，公司内文化差距越大，产生文化冲突与困惑的可能性与强度就会越来越大。
霍夫斯坦特对文化下了这样一个定义：所谓“文化”，是在同一个环境中的人民所具有的“共同的心理程序”。
因此，文化不是一种个体特征，而是具有相同社会经验、受过相同教育的许多人所共有的心理程序。
不同的群体，不同的国家或地区的人们，这种共有的心理程序之所以会有差异，是因为他们向来受着不同的教育、有着不同的社会和工作，从而也就有不同的思维方式。
（权力距离、不确定性避免、个人主义与集体主义、男性度与女性度、长期取向与短期取向）5、文化词，什么是文化词呢？文化词就是指蕴含社会文化意义的词语，文化意义就是指社会赋予词语的引申义、联想义、比喻义、象征义等。
文化词与民族心理、风俗习惯和社会变革等密切相关，是词汇中最活跃的部分。
文化词和其他词汇一起组成了语言的底座，与语言紧密相随，在语言中也随处可见。
通过多年的对外汉语教学我发现，对留学生的文化词教学仅仅停留在词汇的表层意义上已经不能满足学生对汉语深层意蕴的渴求，文化词教学在对外汉语教学中是一个必须面对又很难把握的环节，甚至很多老师还没有认识到文化词教学其实是对外汉语教学的一部分。
6、体态语释义：又称“身体语言”。
是用身体动作来表达情感、交流信息、说明意向的沟通手段。
包括姿态、手势、面部表情和其他非语言手段，如点头、摇头、挥手、瞪眼等。
大学英语跨文化交际 chapter2
Chapter 2 Communication and InterculturalCommunicationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. know different definitions of communication.2. identify nine components of communication.3. identify the characteristics of communication.4. know the relationship between culture and communication.5. know the definition of intercultural communication.6. identify the 4 forms of intercultural communication.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
跨文化交际的英文表达
"Cross-cultural communication" 是指在不同文化背景下进行交流和理解的过程。
在许多情境下，人们可能会用以下表达来描述跨文化交际：
1. Intercultural Communication: 跨文化交际的常用术语。
2. Cultural Exchange: 文化交流，表示在不同文化间分享和交流信息。
3. Global Communication: 全球交流，指的是超越国界进行的跨文化沟通。
4. Diversity and Inclusion: 多元性与包容，强调在交际中考虑和尊重不同文化的多样性。
5. Interpersonal Understanding: 人际理解，强调在交流中理解和尊重他人的文化差异。
6. Cultural Sensitivity: 文化敏感性，指的是在交际中考虑并尊重他人的文化背景。
7. Adaptation and Adjustment: 适应与调整，表示在不同文化环境中调整自己的交际方式以融入当地文化。
8. Global Citizenship: 全球公民意识，鼓励个体在跨文化交际中具有开放、包容和全球意识。
9. Cultural Intelligence (CQ): 文化智商，强调个体在不同文化中有效交往的能力。
10. Bridging Cultural Divides: 架桥文化分歧，表示尝试弥合不同文化间的差异。
在任何跨文化交际中，理解文化差异的重要性以及尊重他人文化的价值观是关键。
这些表达可以帮助描述和促进在多元文化背景中的有效交际。
跨文化交际Communication is Culture and Culture is Communication
Communication is Culture and Culture is Communication Hall, an anthropologist, once said,“Communication is culture. Culture is communication.”I agree on what he said. The reasons why I think so are as followed:First of all, culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared,learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. And communication is one kind of culture’s living way.Secondly, communication is the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people munication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules. So,culture need communication which helps it to be expressed and let other people know it is unique.Besides,the conversation you make is all based on your background, including your culture.In that way, communication is cultural conversation.Last but not least,culture is a whole collection of our living patterns and behaviors. Many cultures are defined by their communication styles and techniques. The formality of a culture, for instance, is instantly apparent in its tradition of greetings.As far as I am concerned,culture and communication can not live without each other.So I agree that communication is culture and culture is communication.。
《跨文化交际》_名词解释
名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whoseculture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter thecommunication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
跨文化交际--Unit-5-verbal-communication
Idioms习惯用语
• It’s raining cats and dogs. - It’s raining heavily.
• put one’s foot in one’s mouth - someone blunders by saying something he should not have.
的
– never-ending: everlasting 不停的
Synonyms
• 区分下列同义词：
同义词
– job
– vocation: job的正式用语
– profession: 脑力劳动者的职业
– field: 广义的职业“领域”
– occupation: 与vocation意思相近
– specialization: 具体的一个专长
UNIT 5
Verbal Communication
在全球化时代，要达到更高的成功几率，须努 力成为具有全球视野的国际化人才。学好至少一 门外语是必要的，但国际化人才最基本的素质是 跨文化沟通能力。 这是一种能够超越本族文化， 跨越不同文化鸿沟，穿透不同文化壁垒，在多元 文化的环境中游刃有余的能力。因此，你的外语 语言能力必须建立在理解不同文化的价值观体系 和行为规范模式之上， 其最终表现是能够适应、 掌控和化解多元文化环境中的矛盾和冲突。
• keep one’s hand in: • do activity in order to remain skilled at
it. • within arm’s reach; • sth.which you can reach easily. • ask for a woman’s hand; • to propose marriage. • put one’s finger on sth.: • to identify an error, or cause of a
跨文化交际——Cross-cultural communication
炼成记
@Seven
文化差异
1 情绪化障碍
2 障碍 6
认识上的误区非语言冒犯 Nhomakorabea3
5
4 价值观的差异
民族中心主义
1
跨文化意识是关键
提高文化敏感度，培养跨文化意识。
主动学习对方语言， 以便更好地沟通。
语言还是基础
2
走出“民族中心主义”， 树立文化全球化意识
避免不必要的 误会
5
恰当使用 身体语言
6
实践出真知
通过不断的实践，进行改进、积 累。加深对异文化的沉淀积累。
字箴言 尊重差异 包容个性 和谐共存 造福世界
Thanks!
世界是个地球村，这就意味着......
每个人和其他人都是联系的 所以我们应该学会跨文化沟通
正确对待文化差异
承认有文化差异的存在 正确对待文化的差异，学习适应包容。
既不能有霸权主义，也不能有
文化 自卑
4
本质是 沟通
技巧
话要说到 对方心里
给自己时间 思考，也给 对方时间反 应。
一个都不能 [少]
了解对方 身体语言
跨文化交际全部答案
跨文化交际全部答案参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance,it is not uncommon intoday‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems arecaused by minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importancethan in anytime in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture iseverything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behavein our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means ofsharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global?may be more local than the …local?”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be moreinformed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ?global‘may be more local than the ?local‘‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures,a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of MichaelFay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towardsglobalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and anopportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
跨文化交际与商务沟通
跨文化交际与商务沟通近年来，全球化进程愈演愈烈，跨文化交际在商务沟通中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
在全球商业社会中，各种文化、语言或思维方式的差异都会给商务交流带来障碍，使商务活动的顺利进行成为一项极具挑战性的工作。
一、跨文化交际的定义跨文化交际（Intercultural Communication）是指在不同文化或语言背景下的互动与联系。
这个概念包括了跨国企业、多文化团队、国际组织等多个层面下的交际活动。
在跨文化交际中，涉及到的文化、语言和沟通方式等因素都可能会影响到业务方面的决策和战略，进而影响公司的发展。
二、商务沟通的本质商务沟通（Business Communication）则是指商业交往中所进行的信息交流和互动，包括口头和书面的交流。
商务沟通关乎企业生存和发展的各个方面，例如市场拓展、投资、管理和营销等。
商务沟通的本质在于协助企业传递有效信息，促进商业活动的顺利进行。
跨文化交际和商务沟通不是完全独立的两个领域，而是互为支撑和重合的关系。
跨文化交际会对商务沟通产生影响，反之亦然。
跨文化交际的第一要义是了解并尊重不同的文化、语言，通过正确的沟通方式达成商务目标，商务沟通的目的在于提高业务效率，获得更好的商业结果。
在跨文化交际的过程中，企业必须能够将这两个领域结合起来，应用恰当的方式，从而达到更好的商业成果。
三、跨文化交际中的文化因素每种文化都有自己独特的价值观、信仰、沟通方式和行为习惯等。
不同文化间的差异会在商务交流中造成沟通障碍。
跨文化交际的时候，必须注意到这些差异，从而合理调整自己的行为方式，以便建立可信赖的跨文化商务关系。
在做生意的过程中，首先要尊重，用心倾听并理解不同文化中的习俗和语言。
例如，在中东，礼仪和热情非常重要，商务人士必须知道如何与客户建立良好的人际关系。
在中国，短信和电邮常常不够正式，商务活动还是要通过面对面的交流更加有效。
在做交易之前，在不同文化中建立深层次的理解和信任至关重要。
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Message
A message is a set of verbal or nonverbal
symbols that represent a person’s particular state.
For instance,
Uncle Sam-------the United States
Case Study
The Wild Boy of Aveyron
Questions
1.Under what circumstances does a human consider self as a “human” (cultural animal)? 2. How important are cultural influences on human identity?
the message will be.
Like Alice following the white rabbit, thousands of immigrants to the U.S. are trapped in the confusing and allpowerful legal net of recently enacted harsh laws.
Feedback
Feedback tells the source how the receiver has interpreted each message. Feedback can be both positive and negative.
Dialogue
A: Do you know what time it is ? B: Coffee would keep me awake.
9494--------------yes (Internet)
It’s better to give than to receive. Never look a gift horse in the mouth. Beware of Greeks bearing gifts. Gifts are fundamental element of culture and our lives as social creatures. They are also an important part of our business relationships.
Channel
A channel is the physical means by which a message moves between people. Forms include both verbal and nonverbal channels of communication.
face-to-face, radio, TV, Internet, telephone, books, etc.
Systemic
Communication always occurs in context. Place Occasion Time Number of participants
Communicative Situation
In the office, Debbie overhears A saying to someone in the hall. A: Not only do I not have time to see you now; in a hundred years I wouldn’t find the time.
COMMUNICATION
Is this dialogue a successful communication?
This conversation is between an overseas visitor and a Chinese and his interpreter. Chinese: 欢迎来到中国。 Interpreter: Welcome to China. Visitor: Thank you. Your wife is pretty. Interpreter: 谢谢！你妻子很漂亮。
Chinese: 哪里！哪里！
Interpreter: Where? Where?
Visitor (shocked): Well! Everywhere.
Communication
Basic Elements of Communication 1. Source / encoder 2. Message 3. Channel 4. Receiver/ decoder 5. Feedback
பைடு நூலகம்
Source / encoder
ⅰ.This is a person with both a need and a desire to
communicate.
ⅱ.The source must encode, or create, a message.
ⅲ.The source also determines what the purpose of
Receiver/ decoder
The person who attends to the source’s message is the receiver.
The act of interpreting messages is called decoding.
It is important to remember that receivers make immediate decisions about what they will respond to in a given situation.
B is in A’s house for a visit.
Characteristics of Communication Dynamic
Systemic Symbolic Cognitive
Dynamic
Communication is like a motion picture. A word is immediately replaced with another word or action.
Debbie peers down the hall and see A smiling and talking to a friend.
Symbolic
Sound Languages Body movements
Numbers: 4 6 7 8 9 13
Cognitive
Everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through participation in a sociocultural system.