中央空调控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
空调中英文对照表
目录1. Specification技术参数 (3)2. Core Parts核心部件 (5)3. Multi Variable Units 多联机 (6)4. Chiller水机 (11)5. PTAC 窗机 (15)6. Wall -mounted Unit挂机 (23)7. Floor Standing Unit立柜机 (29)8. Ceiling Cassette Unit天花机 (32)9. Duct Unit风管机 (40)10. Floor &Ceiling Unit座吊机 (44)11. Electronic Control电控 (48)21.Specification技术参数1.1.Indoor Air Inlet DB（dry bulb）Temp 室内进风干球温度1.2.Indoor Air Inlet WB (wet bulb)Temp 室内进风湿球温度1.3.Outdoor Air Inlet DB Temp 室外进风干球温度1.4.Outdoor Air Inlet WB Temp 室外进风湿球温度1.5.Indoor Air Outlet DB Temp 室内出风干球温度1.6.Indoor Air Outlet WB Temp 室内出风湿球温度1.7.Static Pressure静压1.8.Pressure Difference压差1.9.Airflow Volume风量1.10.Dimension 尺寸1.11.Noise Level 噪音等级1.12.Return Air Temp回气温度1.13.Discharge Air Temp排气温度1.14.Enthalpy Difference焓差1.15.Dehumidification除湿1.16.Sensible Heating Capacity显热量tent Cooling Capacity 潜在制冷量1.18.Total Heating Capacity总制热量1.19.COP能效比1.20.Rated Voltage额定电压1.21.Rated Current额定电流1.22.Rated Power Input额定输入功率1.23.Frequency频率1.24.Refrigerant Charge 冷媒充注 Weight 净重1.26.Gross Weight 毛重1.27.Model 型号42.Core Parts核心部件pressor 压缩机2.2.Condenser 冷凝器2.3.Throttle components 节流部件2.4.Capillary 毛细管2.5.4-way reversing valve 四通阀2.6.Electronic expansion valve (EEV)电子膨胀阀2.7.Thermostatic expansion valve 热力膨胀阀2.8.Evaporator 蒸发器2.9.Vapor-liquid separator 气液分离器2.10.Electronic parts box (E-parts box)电控盒2.11.One-way valve 单向阀63.Multi Variable Units 多联机3.1.Front panel前面板3.2.Ironclad asynchronous motor for outdoor unit 异步铁壳室外电机3.3.Motor Bracket电机支架3.4.Front maintenance board前维修板3.5.Left side board 左侧板3.6.Septum plate 中隔板3.7.Welding assy for suction pipe回气管焊接组件3.8.Suction pipe 回气管3.9.Oil return capillary transition tube回油毛细管过渡管3.10.Chassis assy 底盘组件3.11.Chassis 底盘体3.12.Chassis foot 底脚3.13.Chassis reinforced board底盘加强板3.1pressor 压缩机3.15.One-way valve assy 单向阀组件3.16.Connecting pipe for high pressure one-way valve 高压单向阀连接管3.17.Filter 过滤器3.18.One-way valve 单向阀3.19.Valve seat assy阀座板组件3.20.Valve seat 阀座板3.21.Cut-off valve for two connecting pipes 双接管截止阀DN13 3.22.Rear panel 后面板3.23.Right side board 右侧板3.2rge handle大抽手3.25.Protection grill 防护网3.26.Condenser prewelding assy冷凝器预焊组件3.27.Two-row condenser 两排冷凝器3.28.Condenser exhaust receiver welding assy 冷凝器集气焊接组件3.29.Current dividing capillary assy of condenser 冷凝器分流毛细管组件3.30.Condenser main outlet pipe 冷凝器总出管3.31.Fixing pipe of condenser main outlet pipe 冷凝器总出管固定管3.32.Adfluxion pipe assy 汇流管组件3.33.Adfluxion pipe 汇流管3.34.DN8 Copper adapter with holder DN8带座铜接头3.35.Connecting pipe to low pressure valve低压阀连接管3.36.Electronic expansion valve assy 电子膨胀阀组件3.37.Electronic expansion valve 电子膨胀阀3.38.Plastic encapsulating coil 塑封线圈83.39.Expansion valve capillary 膨胀阀毛细管3.40.E-shape filter E型过滤器3.41.DN4 Copper adapter with holder DN4带座铜接头3.42.Filter for oil return pipe 回油管道过滤器3.43.4-way reversing valve assy 四通阀组件3.44.4-way reversing valve 四通阀3.45.4-way valve reversing coil assy 四通阀线圈组件3.46.Discharge pipe assy 排气管组件3.47.Discharge pipe 排气管3.48.Installation copper tube for probe 探头铜管3.49.Oil return pipeline filter 回油管道过滤器3.50.Oil separator 油分离器3.51.Separator 分离器3.52.Top panel foam assy 顶盖板贴棉组件3.53.Rear frame 后边框3.54.Electronic control components 电控部件3.55.Welding assy for E-parts box 电器盒焊接组件3.56.Cooling fin fixing board 散热片固定板3.57.Cooling fin 散热片3.58.Main board assy for ourdoor unit室外主板组件3.59.Module board assy for outdoor unit室外模块板组件3.60.Module board transformer assy for outdoor unit 室外模块板变压器3.61.Monophase filter 单相滤波器3.62.Rubber ring 橡胶圈(小过线圈)3.63.Amorphous inductor 非晶电感3.64.Eliminator 挡水板3.65.Small handle小抽手3.66.Propeller fan轴流风叶3.67.Plastic front net 塑料前网罩104.Chiller水机4.1Front and rear support for wind inlet guide导风圈前后支撑4.2Front and rear support assy for fan 风机前后支撑组件4.3Middle support assy for fan 风机中支撑组件4.4Sealing board for condenser 冷凝器封板4.5Lateral support for wind inlet guide导风圈侧支撑4.6Front and rear beam 前后横梁4.7Lateral beam assy 侧横梁组件4.8Pipe clamp 管夹4.9Fixing board for distributor分流头固定座4.10Trigonal board 三角板4.11Condenser assy冷凝器部件4.12Water pan assy 接水盘组件4.13Vertical shaft assy 立柱组件4.14Evaporator 干式蒸发器4.15Vapour-liquid separator 汽液分离器4.16Compressor 压缩机组件4.17Compressor support assy 压缩机支撑板组件4.18Support for vapour-liquid separator气分支架组件4.19Pipe support管支架4.20High-pressure switch 高压开关4.21Suction pipe components 回气管部件4.22Low-pressure switch 低压开关4.23Throttle componets 节流部件4.24Electronic expansion valve (EEV)电子膨胀阀4.25EEV coil 电子膨胀线圈4.264-Way reversing valve components 四通阀部件4.274-Way reversing valve coil 四通阀线圈4.28Pressure switch 压力开关124.29Discharge pipe components 排气管部件4.30Base assy底座组件4.31E-parts components 电控部件4.32Current transformer 电流互感器4.33Crankcase heater曲轴箱加热器4.34Adapter board for 4-way reversing valve四通阀转接板4.35Main control panel 控制主板4.36Envirionment temperature sensor 环境温度传感器4.37System water inlet temperature sensor系统进水温度传感器4.38System water outlet temperature sensor系统出水温度传感器4.39Unitary water outlet temperature sensor 单元出水温度传感器4.40Fin temperature sensor翅片温度传感器4.41Fan capacitor风机电容4.42Alternating contactor 交流接触器4.43Power terminal 电源端子台4.44Main board transformer 主板变压器4.45Engineering terminal 工程端子台4.46Trigonal set sqare 固定三角板4.47Compressor support assy 压缩机支撑板组件4.48Wire trough support 线槽支架4.49Middle support for wind inlet guide导风圈中支撑4.50Vertical support for wind inlet guide导风圈纵支撑4.51Support assy for fan 风机支架组件4.52Outdoor unit motor 室外电机4.53Propeller fan 轴流风叶145.PTAC 窗机5.1.Air filter 防尘网5.2.Control panel cover操作盖板5.3.Front panel 前面板5.4.Self-locking switch自锁开关5.5.Connection bar连杆5.6.Horizontal louver 水平导风条5.7.Heat-insulation foam for air-out 出风口保温棉5.8.Scroll case base components风壳座部件5.9.Centrifugal fan离心风轮5.10.Fresh air inlet lever新风门连杆5.11.Fresh air inlet新风门5.12.Scroll case cover 风壳盖5.13.Air deflector导风板5.14.Fixing board for vertical louver导风板固定板5.15.Capacitor clamp 电容卡5.16.Capacitor cap电容帽pressor capacitor压缩机电容5.18.Motor电机5.19.Connecting board搭板5.20.Propeller fan轴流风叶5.21.Rear cover 后盖板5.22.Rear brattice后围板5.23.Shutter clamp百叶窗夹5.24.Left shutter frame安装左框条5.25.Cabinet component外箱部件5.26.Upper shutter frame上框条5.27.Installation support 安装支撑5.28.Nut 螺母165.29.Bolt 螺栓5.30.Lower shutter frame 下框条5.31.Right shutter frame 右框条5.32.Shutter 密封百叶5.33.Connection bar to cabinet 外箱连接条5.34.Shutter locking bar 卡条5.35.Motor capacitor 电机电容5.36.Temperature controller 温控器5.37.Main switch 主令开关5.38.Knob 旋钮5.39.Control panel 控制面板5.40.Control box 控制盒5.41.E-parts box 电控盒5.42.Evaporator assy 蒸发器组件5.43.Suction pipe assy回气管组件5.44.Capillary assy 毛细管组件5.45.Condenser output pipe 冷凝器输出管5.46.Input pipe for evaporator 蒸发器输入管5.47.Input pipe for condenser 冷凝器输入管5.48.Condenser assy 冷凝器组件pressor wiring cover nut 压缩机接线盖螺母5.50.Washer for compressor wiring cover压缩机接线盖垫片pressor wiring cover 压缩机接线盖5.52.Overcurrent protector for compressor压缩机过流保护器5.53.Wire to overcurrent protector 过流保护器线体5.54.Sealing gasket for wiring cover 接线盖密封片pressor 压缩机5.56.Rubber cushion for compressor压缩机胶垫5.57.Fixinging nut for compressor压缩机固定螺母5.58.Fixing gasket for compressor 压缩机固定垫片185.59.Motor support 电机支架5.60.Chassis 底盘5.61.Fixing sheet for front panel 前面板固定片5.62.Front panel 前面板5.63.Transformer变压器5.64.Transformer box 变压器盒5.65.Display board assy显示板组件5.66.Main control board assy主控板组件5.67.Air-inlet board 进风孔板5.68.Evaporator base 蒸发器底座5.69.Cover 盖板5.70.Front brattice 前围板5.71.Protecting clamp fro power cord 电源线保护卡5.72.Protecting U-clamp for power cord 电源线保护圈5.73.Scroll case 涡壳5.74.Air -out frame出风口5.75.Self lock switch 自锁开关5.76.Cover for E-parts box电控盒盖板5.77.Left fixing plate for chassis底盘左固定板5.78.Right fixing plate for chassis 底盘右固定板5.79.Supporting bar for installation 安装支承条5.80.Discharge pipe 排气管5.81.Clamp for wires 电线中间夹子5.82.Fixing board for E-parts box电控盒固定板5.83.Rear cover for control box 线路板盖5.84.Power cord clamp电源线夹5.85.Front cover 前盖板5.86.Long connecting board长搭板5.87.Rear cover 后盖板5.88.Wind guiding board 导流板205.89.Water proof rubber ring 防水橡胶圈5.90.Rear rubber ring for motor电机后橡胶圈5.91.Front rubber ring for motor电机前橡胶圈5.92.Short connecting board 短搭板5.93.Pin销5.94.Expansive core 膨胀芯5.95.Fixing plate for chassis底盘固定板5.96.Installation support 安装支架5.97.Front panel components 前面板部件5.98.Electronic control components 电控部件5.99.Control box assy 控制盒组件5.100.Installation parts 安装附件5.101.Remote controller遥控器5.102.Clamp for temp sensor温包卡5.103.Wind inlet guide 导风圈5.104.Swing switch 摇摆开关5.105.Sychronous motor 同步电机5.106.Defrosting temp controller化霜温控器5.107.Rear side board 后侧板5.108.Adjusting bolt 调整螺栓5.109.Rubber plug 橡胶塞5.110.Sealing gasket 密封圈5.111.Drain hose 出水接管5.112.Right lower fixing clamp for motor电机下压盖(右)5.113.Right upper fixing clamp for motor电机上压盖(右)5.114.Left upper fixing clamp for motor 电机上压盖(左)5.115.Left lower fixing clamp for motor 电机下压盖(左)5.116.Water pan 接水盘5.117.Power cord 电源线5.118.Wire joint 二位接线座225.119.Frame fixing board 面框固定板5.120.Drive gear 传动轮5.121.Wire joint panel 接线底板5.122.Heater cut-out assy 热熔断器组件5.123.PTC heater PTC发热器6.Wall-mounted Unit挂机6.1.Front panel 前面板6.2.Air filter 防尘网6.3.Screw cap 螺丝盖6.4.Panel frame 面框6.5.Air cleaner 复合式空气清新网6.6.Air cleaner upper cover 清新器上盖6.7.Window receiver 接收窗片6.8.LED indicator 显示灯镜6.9.Horizontal louver 水平导风叶6.10.Upper horizontal louver 导风条（上）6.11.Lower horizontal louver 导风条（下）6.12.Vertical louver 垂直导风叶6.13.Air out frame 出风框6.14.Louver holder 导风叶连杆6.15.Sychronous motor 同步电机6.16.Drain hose 出水喉6.17.Evaporator temp sensor assy蒸发器温度传感器组件6.18.Left holder for evaporator 蒸发器左支板6.19.Evaporator 蒸发器6.20.Waterproof board assy 挡水板组件6.21.Bearing holder 轴承座246.22.Cross flow fan, assy 贯流风轮组件6.23.Chassis 底盘6.24.Rear cover for chassis 底盘后盖板6.25.Installation plate for indoor unit 室内机安装板6.26.Little installation plate 小安装板6.27.Connecting pipe clamp 配管固定卡6.28.Fan motor 风机电机6.29.Motor cover 电机盖6.30.E-parts box cover 电控盒盖6.31.Indicator holder 显示灯座6.32.Display board assy 显示板组件6.33.Display board enclosure 显示灯罩6.34.Main control board 主电控板6.35.Transformer 变压器6.36.E-parts box 电控盒6.37.Wire clamp 压线条6.38.Wire joint, 5p 小五位接线座组6.39.Remote controller 遥控器6.40.Remote controller installation support assy 遥控器安装支架组件6.41.Display panel 显示面板6.42.Relay holder 继电器底座6.43.Protection box for relay 继电器保护盒6.44.Bush 衬套6.45.Installation board for louver 百叶安装板6.46.Wire clamp for power cord 电线压条6.47.Relay 继电器6.48.Switch board assy 开关板组件6.49.Installation board base 安装板座6.50.Fan capacitor 风机电容266.51.Strengthening board for chassis 底盘加强板6.52.Supporting board for chassis 底盘下板6.53.Fan wheel support 风轮支架6.54.Louver connecting bar 摇摆连杆6.55.Right support for evaporator 蒸发器右支承6.56.Installation plate for main board 电路板安装座6.57.Installation plate for wire joint 接线座安装板6.58.Bear holder 轴承座6.59.Control board assy 控制面板组件6.60.Protecting plate 防护片6.61.Air cleaner cover 滤清器盖6.62.Right cover for motor 电机右盖板6.63.Fixing clamp for motor 电机固定卡6.64.Right cover for panel frame 面框缺口封板6.65.Wind guide on chassis 底盘导风板6.66.E-parts components 电控部件6.67.Plug 堵塞6.68.Lower clap for panel frame 面框下卡扣6.69.Upper clap for panel frame 面框上卡扣6.70.HEAP filter HEAP滤网6.71.Copper nut, TLM-A01 铜螺母TLM-A016.72.Copper nut, TLM-B02 铜螺母TLM-B026.73.Sponge 海绵6.74.Foam 泡沫6.75.Right joint board of Evaporator 蒸发器右连接板6.76.Right side board of front evaporator前蒸发器右边板6.77.Right side board of rear evaporator后蒸发器右边板287.Floor Standing Unit立柜机7.1.Air out frame assy 出风框部件7.2.Conection bar for horizontal louver横导风条连杆7.3.Sealing foam for air outlet frame出风框边密封泡沫7.4.Display box assy 显示控制盒部件7.5.Control box assy 控制盒底座7.6.Front panel components 前面板部件7.7.Sealing board 密封板7.8.Cover components 盖板部件7.9.Water pan components 接水盘部件7.10.Evaporator 蒸发器7.11.Inlet pipe assy for evaporator 蒸发器输入管组件7.12.Outlet pipe for evaporator 蒸发器输出管组件7.13.PTC eletric heating component PTC电加热部件7.14.Left side board component 左侧板部件7.15.Top cover components 顶盖部件7.16.Chassis components 底盘部件7.17.E-parts box 电器盒7.18.Fan motor capacitor 电机电容7.19.Main control board assy 主控板组件7.20.Electric heating control board assy 电辅热辅助组件7.21.Transformer 变压器7.22.Wire joint, 5p 大五位接线座7.23.Wire clamp 压线板7.24.Right side board components 外箱右侧板部件7.25.Chassis 底盘7.26.Fan motor for indoor unit 室内风扇电机7.27.Drain pipe 排水管7.28.Centrifugal fan 离心风轮307.29.Wind inlet guide 导风圈7.30.Wind inlet grille components 进风格栅部件7.31.Air filter 空气滤尘网7.32.Remote controller 遥控器7.33.Indoor temp sensor 室温传感器7.34.Pipe temp sensor 管温传感器7.35.E-parts box cover 电器盒盖7.36.Scroll case components 涡壳部件7.37.Installation box for main board 电路板安装盒7.38.Anion generator components 负离子发生器部件7.39.Anion generator support 负离子发生器支架7.40.Anion generator box 负离子发生器盒7.41.Anion generator 负离子发生器7.42.Right front board for evaporator蒸发器右侧前挡板7.43.Front panel 前面板7.44.Motor holder 电机座7.45.Electric heater assy 电加热管电加热组件7.46.Lower cover for evaporator 蒸发器下挡板7.47.Rubber underlay for motor 电机减振橡胶垫8.Ceiling Cassette Unit天花机8.1.Water pan components 接水盘部件8.2.Water drain plug 排水塞8.3.Capacitor 电容8.4.E-parts box assy 电控盒组件8.5.E-parts box cover 电控盒盖8.6.Transformer 变压器8.7.Main control board 主控板组件328.8.Wind inlet guide 导风圈8.9.Nut 螺母8.10.Fan clamp 风轮卡片8.11.Fan wheel components 风轮部件8.12.Fan motor for indoor unit 室内风扇电机8.13.Motor gascket 电机钢垫8.14.Evaporator base component 蒸发器底座部件8.15.Chassis 底盘部件8.16.Wire clamp board 压线板8.17.Sealing board for outlet pipe 出管密封板8.18.Installation hanger 安装吊钩8.19.Expansion hanger 膨胀吊钩8.20.Drain pump assy 排水泵组件8.21.Water level sensor assy 液位传感器组件8.22.Pumping pipe clamp 抽水管卡环8.23.Pumping pipe 抽水管8.24.Pumping coupling 抽水接管8.25.Separating board for water pump 水泵挡板8.26.Rubber washerfor water pump 水泵胶垫8.27.Installation support for water pump 水泵安装架8.28.Panel components 面板部件8.29.Installation cover 安装盖板8.30.Cowling 导风板8.31.Filter 滤尘网8.32.Grille switch 格栅开关8.33.Grille switch cover 格栅开关盖8.34.Grille 进风格栅8.35.Panel hanger assy 面板吊钩部件8.36.Control box 控制盒8.37.LED support 灯架348.38.Display board assy 显示板8.39.Control box cover 控制盒盖8.40.Panel 面板8.41.Backup plate for air out 出风口垫板8.42.Fixing hanger for evaporator 蒸发器固定钩8.43.Inlet pipe assy for evaporator 蒸发器输入管组件8.44.Outlet pipe assy for evaporator 蒸发器输出管组件8.45.Evaporator components 蒸发器部件8.46.Fixing board for evaporator 蒸发器固定板8.47.Rubber O-ring for wire crossing 过线胶圈8.48.Pipe temp sensor 管温传感器8.49.Indoor temp sensor assy 室温传感器组件8.50.Remote controller 遥控器8.51.Coupling 联轴器8.52.Bearing 轴承8.53.Bearing holder 轴承座8.54.Axis 连接轴8.55.Electric throttle components 电子节流部件8.56.Warning panel 警示图电器板8.57.Circuit diagram panel 线路图电器板8.58.Small wind inlet guide 小导风圈8.59.E-parts components 电控部件8.60.E-parts box welding assy 电器盒焊接组件8.61.No.3 groove clamp 3号压线扣8.62.PTC transformer PTC变压器8.63.Fan capacitor 风机电容8.64.Terminal of indoor unit 室内端子台8.65.Electronic control board for indoor unit 室内电控板8.66.E-parts box 电器盒8.67.Water pan assy 水盘组件368.68.Auxiliary fixing board for evaporator 蒸发器副固定板8.69.Pre-assembling assy for evaporator main fixing board蒸发器主固定板预装组件8.70.Main fixing board for evaporator 蒸发器主固定板8.71.Evaporator components 蒸发器部件8.72.Evaporator baffle 蒸发器挡板8.73.Evaporator 蒸发器8.74.Installation copper tube for probe 探头铜管8.75.Current dividing assy for evaporator蒸发器分流组件8.76.Current collecting pipe assy for evaporator 蒸发器集流管组件8.77.Insulating tube 保温管8.78.Rubber insulating tube 橡塑保温管8.79.Water pump 水泵8.80.Liquid-level sensor 液位传感器8.81.Water pump motor holder 水泵电机座8.82.Underlay for water pump support 水泵支架垫块8.83.Pre-assembling assy for upper foam 上泡沫预装件8.84.Centrifugal fan 离心风叶8.85.Hanger 挂角8.86.Rear brattice 后围板8.87.Pre-assembling assy for motor 电机预装组件8.88.One-axis indoor motor(YDK-35Q-8P3) 单轴室内电机(YDK-35Q-8P3)8.89.Motor foot underlay 电机脚垫8.90.Chassis assy 底盘组件8.91.Right side board 右侧板8.92.Front brattice 前围板8.93.Drain pipe joint排水管接头8.94.Side maintenance board for water pump水泵侧维修板388.95.Lower pipe clamp 下管夹8.96.Upper pipe clamp 上管夹8.97.Valve panel assy 阀板组件8.98.Wire outlet frame 2 出线护框2 8.99.Valve panel 阀板8.100.Wire board 压线板8.101.Left side board 左侧板8.102.Water outlet pipe 出水管409.Duct Unit风管机9.1.Air-out frame 出风口9.2.Front panel components 前面板部件9.3.Evaporator 蒸发器9.4.Input pipe assy 输入管组件9.5.Output pipe assy 输出管组件9.6.Pipe temp sensor assy of indoor unit 室内管温传感器组件9.7.Panel assy 面板9.8.Air filter 防尘网9.9.Canvas passage 帆布风道9.10.Base board for evaporator 蒸发器下衬板9.11.Water pan components 接水盘部件9.12.Cover for middle beam 横梁上盖组件9.13.Middle beam welding assy 中间横梁焊合件9.14.Chassis components 底盘部件9.15.Left side board assy 左侧板组件9.16.wire-crossing board assy 过线板组件9.17.Cover for right side board 右侧板盖板9.18.Capacitor box 电容盒9.19.Capacitor 电容9.20.E-parts box cover 电控盒盖9.21.Installation support for remote controller 遥控器安装架9.22.Remote controller 遥控器9.23.Electronic control components 电控盒部件9.24.Electric part box 电控盒9.25.Wire joint 接线座9.26.Transfomrer 变压器9.27.Main control board assy 主控板组件9.28.Right upper cover for motor 电机上压盖（右）9.29.Right lower cover for motor 电机下压盖（右）9.30.Motor baffle 电机围板9.31.Right side board assy 右侧板组件9.32.Left upper cover for motor 电机上压盖（左）9.33.Left upper cover for motor 电机下压盖（左）9.34.Fan wheel assy 风轮组件9.35.Fan motor 风扇电机9.36.Left and right wind inlet guide assy 左右导风圈部件9.37.Scroll case welding assy 蜗壳焊合件9.38.Rear board assy 后板部件9.39.Indoor temp sensor 室温传感器组件9.40.Cover assy 顶盖组件9.41.Rear-right side board 右后侧板9.42.Front-right side board 右前侧板429.43.Guiding board for water draining 卸水板9.44.Right fixing clamp for motor axle sleeve 电机轴套右压盖9.45.Left fixing clamp for motor axle sleeve 电机轴套左压盖9.46.Fan assy 风机组件9.47.E-parts box support board 电控盒支撑板9.48.Relay 继电器9.49.Installation support for remote controller 遥控器安装架9.50.Remote controller 遥控器9.51.Tubing support board 配管支撑板9.52.Tubing clamp board 配管压板9.53.E-parts cover 控制盒盖9.54.Display board 显示板组件9.55.Right cover 右盖板9.56.Air inlet channel 回风箱9.57.Left cover 左盖板9.58.Electronic throttle components 电子节流部件9.59.Centrifugal fan wheel 离心风轮10.Floor &Ceiling Unit座吊机10.1.Wind return grille assy 回风格珊组件10.2.Left and right air filter 左右滤尘网10.3.Grille clamp 格栅卡扣10.4.Upper panel assy 上盖板组件10.5.Display board assy 显示板组件10.6.Left cover assy 左盖板组件10.7.Step motor 步进电机10.8.Horizontal louver support 导风条支撑架10.9.Horizontal louver assy 导风条组件4410.10.Air outlet frame assy 出风框组件10.11.Water pan components 接水盘部件10.12.Left scroll case 左涡壳10.13.Right scroll case 右涡壳10.14.Fan wheel 风轮10.15.Baffle for motor 电机围板10.16.Capacitor box 电容盒10.17.Capacitor 电容10.18.Middle beam assy 中间横梁组件10.19.Indoor temp sensor 室温传感器10.20.Pipe temp sensor components 管温传感器部件10.21.Lower installation board assy for evaporator 蒸发器下安装板组件10.22.Evaporator assy 蒸发器组件10.23.E-parts box cover 电器盒盖板10.24.E-parts box assy for indoor unit 室内电控盒组件10.25.wire joint, 6p 六位接线座10.26.wire joint, 8p 八位接线座10.27.Main control board assy for indoor unit 室内主控板组件10.28.Auto restart control board 掉电记忆模块组件10.29.E-parts installation box 电器安装盒10.30.Relay 继电器10.31.Transfomrer 变压器10.32.Left side board components 左侧板部件10.33.Chassis components 底盘部件10.34.Right side board components 右侧板部件10.35.Remote controller installation support 遥控器安装架10.36.Remote controller 遥控器10.37.Upper installation board assy for evaporator 蒸发器上安装板组件4610.38.Motor support 电机支座10.39.Right fixing clamp for motor axle sleeve 电机轴套右压盖10.40.Left fixing clamp for motor axle sleeve 电机轴套左压盖10.41.Asychronous motor 异步电机10.42.Right cover assy 右盖板组件10.43.Installation support 安装支架10.44.Inlet pipe for evaporator assy 蒸发器输入管组件10.45.Outlet pipe for evaporator assy蒸发器输出管组件4811.Electronic Control电控11.1.Transformer 变压器11.2.Film capacitor薄膜电容11.3.Flap motor摆叶电机11.4.Fuse保险丝11.5.Secondary 次级11.6.Primary初级11.7.Super low超低11.8.Receptacle插座11.9.Monophase单相11.10.Power connecting wire电源连接线11.11.Butt plug对接插头11.12.Electric heating tube电加热管11.13.Electric heater assembly电加热器组件11.14.Electromagnetic 4-way valve电磁四通阀11.15.Terminal plate端子座11.16.Electronic relay电子继电器11.17.Resistance value电阻值11.18.Circuit breaker断路器11.19.Diode 二极管11.20.Inductive choke扼流圈11.21.Fan motor风扇电机11.22.Anion generator负离子发生器11.23.Buzzer蜂鸣器11.24.Explosion-proof capacitor防爆电容11.25.Feedback反馈11.26.Reaction反应（反射）11.27.Feedback circuit反馈电路11.28.Overload protection 过载保护11.29.Overload circuit过载电路11.30.Overload protector过载保护器11.31.High-pressure switch高压开关11.32.Fixed capacitor固定电容11.33.Live wire火线11.34.Mutual-inductor互感器11.35.Earth plate 接地牌11.36.To outdoor unit接室外机11.37.To indoor unit接室内机11.38.To signal control wire接信号控制线11.39.To evaporator接蒸发器11.40.Terminal block接线端子座11.41.Auxiliary electric heater辅助电加热器11.42.Null wire零线11.43.Leakage breaker漏电断路器50。
电气工程与自动化专业暖通空调系统中英文资料外文翻译文献
暖通空调系统中英文资料外文翻译文献外文文献：HV AC system optimization––condenser water loop AbstractThis paper presents a model-based optimization strategy for the condenser water loop of centralized heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HV AC) systems. Through analyzing each component characteristics and interactions within and between cooling towers and chillers, the optimization problem is formulated as that of minimizing the total operating cost of all energy consuming devices with mechanical limitations, component interactions, outdoor environment and indoor cooling load demands as constraints. A modified genetic algorithm for this particular problem is proposed to obtain the optimal set points of the process. Simulations and experimentalresults on a centralized HV AC pilot plant show that the operating cost of the condenser water loop can be substantially reduced compared with conventional operation strategies.Keywords: Centralized HV AC system; Condenser water loop; Model-based optimization; Genetic algorithms;Simulations and experiments1. IntroductionA typical centralized heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HV AC) system is comprised of a condenser water loop and chilled water loop that, together with chillers and indoor air loops,provide a comfort environment for the conditioned space. The process of a condenser water loop consists of chiller condensers, pumps, cooling towers and fans [1]. The schematic diagram of a condenser water loop is shown in Fig.1. Chiller condensers transfer the indoor cooling load and the heat generated by the compressors into the condenser water. Pumps provide the energy to circulate water between the chiller condensers and the cooling towers. The heat is rejected to the ambient air through heat transfer and evaporation by the cooling towers.Since the condenser water loop is a main function block of HV AC systems, its energy consumption contributes significantly to the overall operating cost. Efficient operation of individual devices as well as the whole condenser water loop has been intensively studied in recent years. Among many published research results, Cassidy and Stack [2] showed that varying the speed of cooling tower fans can reduce energy consumption at part load conditions. Braun and Doderrich [3] proposed a systematic approach to find a near optimal variable speed drive (VSD) fan speed based on parameters estimated from design data. This method was further extended by Cascia [4] to simplify the component model and provide equations for determining the set points of near optimal control. However, all these methods were based on the assumption that the condenser water flow rate is unchanged. By considering the effects of condenser water flow rate on the performance of the chiller condensers and cooling towers, Shelton and Joyce [5] recommended a fixed condenser water flow rate (1.5 gpm/ton) as a rule of thumb for system operation. Later, Kirsner [6] showed that high condenser water flow rate (3 gpm/ton) has good performance at full loadcondition, while low condenser water flow rate (1.5 gpm/ton) has advantages at part load conditions. Unfortunately, systematic determination of the water flow rate under different out-door environment and cooling loads is still an open question. Another important variable to be considered in condenser water loop optimization is the condenser water supply temperature. Schwedler [7] used several examples to demonstrate that the lowest possible leaving tower water temperature does not always conserve system energy. Nevertheless, his results were not conclusive as only half speed and full speed fan conditions were considered.In this paper, a novel optimization strategy for the condenser water loop is presented. Our objective is to minimize the total energy consumption of the condenser water loop. Based on the mathematical models of related components, the operating characteristics of cooling towers, the effects of different ambient environment and the interactions between chillers and cooling towers,the energy efficiency of the condenser water loop can be maximized by both variable water flow rate and air flow rate. A modified genetic algorithm is used to search for optimal values of the independent variables. Simulation and experimental results on a centralized HV AC pilot plant demonstrate that a significant operating cost can be saved by the proposed method.2. Problem formulationIn the condenser water loop, there are three types of devices which consume energy, namely chillers, pumps and fans. Therefore, the objective function is to minimize thetotal energy consumption of these devices.fan pump chiller total P P P P ++=minThe power consumptions of the chillers, pumps and fans are given, respectively. )()(,,,i adj adji i nom ii cap chiller Temp PLR COP Q P ⋅⋅⋅=∑CWSCHWS CHWS CHWS CHWS CHWS i adj i i cap i i cap i adj T T c T c T c T c T c c Temp Q Q b Q Q b b PLR where52432210,2,2,10,)()(+++++=++=∑∑))()()(())()()((3,,,32,,,2,,,10,,3,,,32,,,2,,,10,,knom a k a k nom a k a k k nom a k a k nom fan fan jnom w j w j nom w j w j nom w j w j nom pump j pump m m e m m e m m e e P P m m d m m d m m d d P P and+++=+++=∑∑ Note that the performance of the condenser water loop is a ffected by several factors, such as the physical limitations of individual components, interactions among them and the outdoor environment. These factors have to be considered in solving the optimization problem. The mathematical formulations and physical explanations of these constraints are given below.2.1. Mechanical constraintsAs P pump and P fan are influenced by m w;j and m a;k monotonically, the physical limitations for m w;j and m a;kare Constraint (1)2.2. Cooling tower constraintThe cooling tower constraint is given as [10]Constraint (3)where K is the total number of operating cooling towers and m w;k is the water flowrate to each cooling tower. Without loss of generality, in analyzing the cooling tower performance, it is assumed that the condenser water is evenly distributed in each cooling towerThere are two factors affecting cooling tower performance in Constraint (3), one is m w;j vs. m a;k and the other is T CWR vs. T w b . To simplify the analysis, it is assumed that T CWR and T w b are constants in discussing the effect of m w;j vs. m a;k . Fig. 2 shows five curves of equal heat rejection rate [11], where the x-axis is percentage of water flow rate at full load and the y-axis is percentage of air flow rate at full load. These curves of equal heat rejection rate are divided into three portions. •Portion (1): the air flow rate is very small and the water flow rate must be very big in order to achieve a given heat rejection rate. In this case, the air flow rate is too small to exchange heat efficiently with the condenser water. The outlet air flow wet bulb temperature is almost the same as that of the inlet water.•Portion (2): the air flow rate is very big, while the water flow rate is very small, the heat ex-change is saturated and the outlet water temperature is nearly equal to the ambient air wet bulb temperature.•Portion (3): the heat rejection rate of the cooling tower increases with either increased air flow rate or increased water flow rate and vice versa.Apparently, the energy efficient operating range must lie inside Portion (3). In this portion, a reduced air flow rate leads to a lower fan power consumption, but the water flow rate has to be increased, resulting in an increased pump power consumption. Similarly, a reduced water flow rate lowers the pump power consumption but results in an increased fan power consumption. Constraint (3) limits the value of m w;j and m a;k due to the cooling tower characteristics.The term T CWR T wb in Constraint (3) reflects the effect of T wb on the cooling tower performance. Assuming the cooling tower heat rejection rate and condenser water supply temperature are kept constant, the optimal operating point of cooling towers changes if T wb changes. Fig. 3 gives an example where the cooling tower heat rejection rate is assumed to be a fixed value for different wet bulb temperatures of ambient air, 20 and 25 LC, respectively. The optimal operating points are labeled as pentagons to indicate the corresponding power consumption of the fans and pumps. While the curves of fan power consumption are the same for different wet bulb temperatures, the condenser water flow rate changes with changing air flow rate andoutdoor environment for a constant cooling tower heat rejection rate.The optimal air flow rate is 85% of the full load at 25 ℃ and 50% at 20 ℃. For an optimal operating point, the power consumption is 12% of the full load at 20 ℃ wet bulb temperature. If the air flow rate is kept at 85% of the full load at 20 ℃ instead of 50%, the combined power consumption of the fan and pump is 19% of the full load. Compared with 12% of the full load at the optimal point, almost 7% of the energy of the full load could be saved with varying the mass flow rates of water and air.2.3. Interaction constraintsThe variable T CWS influences both the chiller power consumption and the cooling tower performance.Constraint (4)This temperature is also restricted by boundaries that are often provided by chiller manufacturers for safe operation of the chillers.It has been generally acknowledged [3,5–7,12–16] that a decreasing T CWS results in an increasing COP and lower energy consumption of the chillers. However, a lower T CWS leads to a smaller T CWR and then higher m a;k and m w;k for fixed Q and T wb. As m a;k and m w;k increase, the fan power and condenser water pump power increase cubically. Fig.4 illustrates the trade-off between the chiller and cooling tower fan power associated with an increasing tower air flow rate [2]. Here, a fixed condenser water flow rate is assumed. As the air flow rate increases, the fan power increases. At the same time, there is a reduction in the condenser water supply temperature, resulting in a lower chiller power consumption.On the other hand, T CWR, in turn, affects the heat exchange efficiencies in the cooling towers. When the condenser water supply temperature decreases, the condenser water return temperature also decreases for the same cooling load. Thisresults in lower efficiencies of the cooling tower under the same ambient wet bulb temperature, as the enthalpy difference between ambient air and condenser water becomes smaller. The optimal operating point occurs at a point where the rate of power increase in the fans and pumps is equal to the rate of power reduction in the chillers.3. Optimization algorithmIn the optimization problem, i, j, k, m a;k and m w;j are independent variables, T wb, T CHWS, T CHWR and m CHW are variables that can be measured and Q, T CWS and T CWR are variables to be deter-mined by constraints.As this optimization problem is a combinatorial optimization problem with non-linear constraints and contains both continuous and discrete variables, conventional gradient based optimization methods cannot be applied directly. An exhaustive search method or an exhaustive search method combined with conventional gradient based methods can be applied to find the optimal solutions, even though it is impractical in real time applications for such a complicated problem due to its time consuming nature. Genetic algorithms for problem solving are not new, but it is only very recently that they are implemented in industry applications [17–20]. The genetic algorithm is more attractive than other optimization algorithms in several aspects:•It can handle problem constraints by simply embedding them into the chromosomeencoding procedure.•It is feasible to solve multi-model, non-differentiable, non-continuous problems etc., since it is independent of the function gradient.•It is very easy to understand and involves very little mathematics.•It has implicit parallel computation features, which make it more efficient than the exhaustive search methods.The implementation of a modified genetic algorithm for this particular problem can be dividedinto four phases: encoding, construction of fitness function, evolution and termination.3.1. EncodingThe first step for a genetic algorithm is encoding. It is a process of transforming a series of problem inputs into a serial of codes that can be easily interpreted and used in evaluating the information it represents by the fitness function. In this application, both discrete variables (i, j, k) and continuous variables (m a;k , m w;j) are converted into binary strings and are connected together to form a chromosome.For the discrete variables, each bit represents the status of each component. For example, ‘‘1’’ stands for either a chiller, a pump or a fan being staged on, while ‘‘0’’ is for off.For the continuous variables, such as the mass flow rates of air and water, the upper and lower bounds of their binary strings stand for minimum and maximum values in Constraint (1). The lengths of the binary strings are determined by the control precision of the corresponding variables: the more precise set point control, the longer binary string.3.2. Construction of fitness functionIn order to fulfill Constraints (2)–(5), penalty functions are commonly used to penalize an in feasible solution. In this step, a penalty function is added if any constraint cannot be fulfilled. The fitness function is expressed in the following equation.where v1, v2and v3are the penalty multipliers, which should be large positive numbers. With this fitness function, the minimal system power consumption without violating any constraints has the maximum fitness value. The fitness values will be used as guides for evolution.3.3. EvolutionThe evolution consists of three major functions: selection, crossover and mutation [17]. These functions are performed for each generation to produce the next generation with improved fitness values.•Selection is the process of determining the number of times that a particular individual is chosen for reproduction. The ‘‘roulette wheel’’ selection method [17] is adopted in the application based on linear scaled fitness values.•Crossover is a basic function to produce new individuals which have some parts of both parents genetic material. A single point crossover method is adopted here and shown by the following example.Parent 1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‘‘crossover at the second bit’’ New individual 1: 11 0 0 0 0 Parent 2: 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) New individual 2: 0 0 1 1 1 1•Mutation is a random process where one bit of a binary string is flipped to produce a new individual. Single bit mutation is used in the example below.Original individual: 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‘‘mutation at the fifth bit’’New individual: 1 1 1 1 0 1The crossover and mutation points are all selected randomly in each generation.The probability of crossover and mutation are selected according to the recommendations in Refs.T he evolution procedure of the modified genetic algorithm is illustrated in Fig. 5. The major differences with the simple genetic algorithm given in Ref. [17] are:1.To restrict the searching space by knowledge from the previous optimization. Thereduced searching space reduces computing time.2.To keep the individual with the best fitness value in each generation. This operation prevents the optimal results from being lost in the subsequent evolutions.The parameter settings in the modified genetic algorithm are listed as follows: •Number of individuals in a generation: 100;•Maximum number of generations: 500;•Precision of each continuous variable: 28;•Generation gap: 0.9;•Probability of crossover: 0.7;•Probability of mutation: 0.01.3.4. TerminationThe computation of the genetic algorithm is terminated when the following criteria are reached.•The maximum number of generations is reached;•The fitness value of the best individual converges to a certain asymptote.Each new optimal result is compared with the current operating set points before being put into force. This is a safety measure to prevent uncertainties of the genetic algorithm due to insufficient evolution time. If such a condition occurs, the system will operate at the present set points without any changes until the next sampling period.中文译文：暖通空调系统的优化––冷却水循环摘要本文提出了一种基于模型的集中加热、通风和空调（HVAC）系统的冷却水循环的优化策略。
外文资料及翻译
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
控制系统中英文对照
Burner Management System燃烧管理系统CCR:Center control room中控室ER:Engineering room工程师室FRR:Field Rack Room现场仪表机柜室（控制室分站）DCS:Distributed control system集散控制系统ESD:Emergency shut-down system紧急停车系统FAT:Factory Acceptance Test工厂验收测试HMIHuman Machine Interface (operator station)人机接口（操作员站）I/O:Input/Output输入/输出MCCMotor Control Center马达控制中心MMS:Machinery Monitoring System机械监测系统MOV:Motor Operated Valve电动阀P&ID:Piping and Instrument Diagrams管道仪表流程图PFD:Process Flow Diagram工艺流程图PLC:Programmable Logic Controller可编程逻辑控制器PU:Package Unit成套设备SAT:Site Acceptance Test现场认可测试SOE:Sequence Of Events事件序列记录SIL:Safety Integrity Level安全完整性等级SIS:Safety Instrumented System安全仪表系统TMR:Triple Modular Redundant三重模块冗余Quadruple Modular Redundant (dual redundant system) 四重模块冗余（双重冗余系统）UPSUninterruptible Power Supply不间断电源1oo2One out of two, likewise: 2oo32选1，同样地3选2Aabort 中断,停止abnormal 异常abrader 研磨,磨石,研磨工具absence 失去Absence of brush 无(碳)刷Absolute ABS 绝对的Absolute atmosphere ATA 绝对大气压AC Lub oil pump 交流润滑油泵absorptance 吸收比,吸收率acceleration 加速accelerator 加速器accept 接受access 存取accomplish 完成,达到accumulator 蓄电池,累加器Accumulator battery 蓄电池组accuracy 准确,精确acid 酸性,酸的Acid washing 酸洗acknowledge 确认,响应acquisition 发现,取得action 动作Active power 有功功率actuator 执行机构address 地址adequate 适当的，充分的adjust 调整，校正Admission mode 进汽方式Aerial line 天线after 以后air 风，空气Air compressor 空压机Air duct pressure 风管压力Air ejector 抽气器Air exhaust fan 排气扇Air heater 空气加热器Air preheater 空气预热器Air receiver 空气罐Alarm 报警algorithm 算法alphanumeric 字母数字Alternating current 交流电Altitude 高度，海拔Ambient 周围的，环境的Ambient temp 环境温度ammeter 电流表，安培计Ammonia tank 氨水箱Ampere 安培amplifier 放大器Analog 模拟Analog input 模拟输入Analog-to-digital A/D 模拟转换Analysis 分析Angle 角度Angle valve 角伐Angle of lag 滞后角Angle of lead 超前角anthracite 无烟煤Anion 阴离子Anionic exchanger 阴离子交换器Anode 阳极，正极announce 通知，宣布Annual 年的，年报Annual energy output 年发电量anticipate 预期，期望Aph slow motion motor 空预器低速马达Application program 应用程序approach 近似值，接近Arc 电弧，弧光architecture 建筑物结构Area 面积，区域armature 电枢，转子衔铁Arrester 避雷器Ash 灰烬，废墟Ash handling 除灰Ash settling pond 沉渣池Ash slurry pump 灰浆泵assemble 安装，组装Assume 假定,采取,担任Asynchronous motor 异步马达atmosphere 大气，大气压Atomizing 雾化Attempt 企图Attemperater 减温器，调温器Attention 注意Attenuation 衰減,减少,降低Auto reclose 自动重合闸Auto transfer 自动转移Autoformer 自耦变压器Automatic AUTO 自动Automatic voltage regulator 自动调压器Auxiliary AUX 辅助的Auxiliary power 厂用电Available 有效的,可用的Avoid 避免,回避Avometer 万用表,安伏欧表计Axial 轴向的Axis 轴,轴线Axis disp protection 轴向位移，保护Axle 轴，车轴，心捧BBack 背后，反向的Back pressure 背压Back wash 反冲洗Back up 支持，备用Back ward 向后Baffle 隔板Bag filter 除尘布袋Balance 平衡Ball 球Ball valve 球阀Bar 巴，条杆Bar screen material classifier 栅形滤网base 基础、根据Base load 基本负荷Base mode 基本方式Batch processing unit 批处理单元Battery 电池Bearing BRG 轴承before 在…之前bell 铃Belt 带，皮带Bend 挠度，弯曲BLAS 偏置，偏压Binary 二进制，双Black 黑色Black out 大停电，全厂停电blade 叶片Bleed 放气，放水Blocking signal 闭锁信号Blow 吹Blow down 排污Blowlamp 喷灯blue 蓝色Bms watchdog Bms看门狗，bms监视器boiler BLR 锅炉Boiler feedwater pump BFP 锅炉给水泵Boil-off 蒸发汽化bolt 螺栓bore 孔，腔boost BST 增压，提高Boost centrifugal pump BST CEP 凝升泵Boost pump BP 升压泵Boot strap 模拟线路，辅助程序bottom 底部Bowl mill 碗式磨brash 脆性，易脆的bracket 支架，托架，括号breadth 宽度break 断开，断路breaker 断路器，隔离开关Breaker coil 跳闸线路breeze 微风，煤粉Brens-chluss 熄火，燃烧终结bridge 电桥，跨接，桥形网络brigade 班，组，队，大队broadcast 广播brownout 节约用电brush 电刷，刷子Brush rocker 电刷摇环Brown coal 褐煤Buchholtz protecter 瓦斯保护bucket 斗，吊斗Buffer tank 缓冲箱built 建立bulletin 公告，公报bunker 煤仓burner 燃烧器Burner management system 燃烧器管理系统Bus section 母线段busbar 母线Busbar frame 母线支架buscouple 母联button 按钮Bypass/by pass BYP 旁路Bypass valve 旁路阀学习一下，2楼的怎么没有下文了！很吊胃口！我也稍微提供一些，仅供交流参考！也希望2楼的继续有下文阿！仪表功能被测变量温度温差压力或真空压差流量液位或料位变送TT TDT PT PDT FT LT指示TI TDI PI PDI FI LI指示、变送TIT TDIT PIT PDIT FIT LIT指示、调节TIC TDIC PIC PDIC FIC LIC指示、报警TIA TDIA PIA PDIA FIA LIA指示、联锁、报警TISA TDSIA PISA PDSIA FISA LISA指示、积算FIQ指示、自动手动操作TIK TDIK PIK PDIK FIK LIK记录TR TDR PR PDR FR LR记录、调节TRC TDRC PRC PDRC FRC LRC记录、报警TRA TDRA PRA PDRA FRA LRA记录、联锁、报警TRSA TDRSA PRSA PDSRA FRSA LRSA 记录、积算PDRQ FRQ调节TC TDC PC PDC FC LC调节、变送TCT报警TA联锁、报警TSA TDSA PSA PDSA FSA LSA积算、报警FQA火焰报警BA电导率指示CI电导率指示、报警CIA时间或时间程序指示KI时间程序指示控制KIC作者: xqc130******** 时间: 2009-5-4 22:25DCS分散控制系统中英文对照DCS-----------------------------分散控制系统RUNBACK-------------------------自动快速减负荷RUNRP---------------------------强增负荷RUNDOWN-------------------------强减负荷FCB-----------------------------快速甩负荷MFT-----------------------------锅炉主燃料跳闸TSI-----------------------------汽轮机监测系统ETS-----------------------------汽轮机紧急跳机系统TAS-----------------------------汽轮机自启动系统AGC-----------------------------自动发电控制ADS-----------------------------调度自动化系统CCS-----------------------------单元机组协调控制系统FSSS----------------------------锅炉炉膛安全监控系统BMS-----------------------------燃烧管理系统SCS-----------------------------顺序控制系统MCC-----------------------------调节控制系统DAS-----------------------------数椐采集系统DEH-----------------------------数字电液调节系统MEH-----------------------------给水泵汽轮机数字电液调节系统BPS-----------------------------旁路控制系统DIS-----------------------------数字显示站MCS-----------------------------管理指令系统BM------------------------------锅炉主控TM------------------------------汽轮机主控DEB-----------------------------协调控制原理ULD-----------------------------机组负荷指令ABTC----------------------------CCS的主控系统MLS-----------------------------手动负荷设定器BCS-----------------------------燃烧器控制系统PLC-----------------------------可编程控制器UAM-----------------------------自动管理系统MTBF----------------------------平均故障间隔时间MTTR----------------------------平均故障修复时间SPC-----------------------------定值控制系统OPC-----------------------------超数保护控制系统ATC-----------------------------自动汽轮机控制ETS-----------------------------汽轮机危急遮断系统AST-----------------------------自动危急遮断控制IMP------------------------------调节级压力VP------------------------------阀位指令FA------------------------------全周进汽PA------------------------------部分进汽LVDT----------------------------线性位移差动转换器UMS-----------------------------机组主控顺序BMS-----------------------------炉主控顺序BFPT----------------------------给水泵汽轮机PID-----------------------------比例积分微分调节器BATCHDATA-----------------------批数椐节STEPSUBOUTINE-------------------步子程序节FUNCTIONSUBOUTINE—-------------功能子程序节MONITORSUBOUTINE----------------监视子程序节MCR-----------------------------最大连续出力ASP-----------------------------自动停导阀LOB-----------------------------润滑油压低LP------------------------------调速油压低LV------------------------------真空低OS------------------------------超速PU------------------------------发送器RP------------------------------转子位置TB------------------------------轴向位移DPU-----------------------------分散控制单元MIS-----------------------------自动化管理信息系统DEL-----------------------------数据换码符DTE-----------------------------数据终端设备DCE-----------------------------数据通信设备RTU-----------------------------远程终端TXD-----------------------------发送数据RXD-----------------------------接收数据RTS-----------------------------请求发送CTS-----------------------------结束发送DSR-----------------------------数据装置准备好DTR-----------------------------数据终端准备好WORKSTATION---------------------工作站DATAHIGHWAYS--------------------数据高速公路DATANETWORK---------------------数据网络OIS-----------------------------操作员站EWS-----------------------------工程师站MMI-----------------------------人机接口DHC-----------------------------数据高速公路控制器FP------------------------------功能处理器MFC-----------------------------多功能处理器NMRR----------------------------差模抑制比CMRR----------------------------共模抑制比OIU-----------------------------操作员接口MMU-----------------------------端子安装单元CIU-----------------------------计算机接口单元COM-----------------------------控制器模件LMM-----------------------------逻辑主模件BIM-----------------------------总线接口模件AMM-----------------------------模拟主模件DSM-----------------------------数字子模件DLS-----------------------------数字逻辑站ASM-----------------------------模拟子模件DIS-----------------------------数字指示站CTS-----------------------------控制I/O子模件TPL-----------------------------通信回路端子单元TDI/IDO-------------------------数字输入/输出端子单元TAI/TAO-------------------------模拟输入/输出端子单元TLS-----------------------------逻辑站端子单元TCS-----------------------------控制器站端子单元CTM-----------------------------组态调整单元MBD-----------------------------控制板LOG-----------------------------记录器站ENG-----------------------------工程师控制站HSR-----------------------------历史数据存储及检索站OPE-----------------------------操作员/报警控制台CALC----------------------------记算机站TV------------------------------高压主汽阀GV------------------------------高压调节阀RV------------------------------中压主汽阀IV------------------------------中压调节阀PPS-----------------------------汽轮机防进水保护系统AS------------------------------自动同步BOP-----------------------------轴承润滑油泵EOP-----------------------------紧急事故油泵SOB-----------------------------高压备用密封油泵CCBF----------------------------协调控制锅炉跟随方式CCTF----------------------------协调控制汽轮机跟随方式CRT-----------------------------阴极射线管GC------------------------------高压调节阀控制IC------------------------------中压调节阀控制TC------------------------------高压主汽阀控制LDC-----------------------------负荷指令计算机OA------------------------------操作员自动控制PCV-----------------------------压力控制阀门RD------------------------------快速降负荷RSV-----------------------------中压主汽阀TSI-----------------------------汽轮机监控仪表TPC-----------------------------汽轮机压力控制UPS-----------------------------不间断电源HONEYWELL PKS 术语缩写AI Analog Input 模拟量输入AO Analog Output 模拟量输出ACS Automation Control System 自动控制系统CM Control Module 控制模块CNI ControlNet Interface ControlNet接口CPM Control Processor Module 控制处理器模块CR Control Room Area 控制室DI Digital Input 数字量输入DO Digital Output 数字量输出ES Experion Server Experion服务器ESD Emergency Shutdown System 紧急停车系统FB Function Block 功能块FGS-ENG Fire & Gas System Engineering Station 消防和燃气系统工程站FTE Fault Tolerant Ethernet 容错以太网HAI HART Analog Input 带HART协议的模拟量输入IO Input Output 输入输出LAN Local Area Network 局域网MAC Media Access Control 媒体访问控制NIC Network Interface Card 网络接口卡OI Override Interlock 覆写联锁OP Output 输出PCS Process Control System 过程控制系统P-LAN Process LAN 过程局域网P-LAN-A P-LAN A 过程局域网AP-LAN-B P-LAN B 过程局域网BPRN Printer 打印机PRSV Printer Server 打印服务器RCP Redundant Chassis Pair 冗余机架对RM Redundancy Module 冗余模块RTU Remote Terminal Unit 远程终端单元SCM Sequence Control Module 顺控模块SDS Shutdown System 停车系统SI Safety Interlock 安全连锁SP Set Point 设定值STN Experion Station Exrerion站UPS Un-interruptible Power Supply 不间断电源TS Terminal Server 终端服务器MICC（Main Instrument&Control Contractor)主要仪表和控制承包商MAV （Main Automation Vendor）主要自动化供应商MIV（Main Instrument Vendor）主要仪表供应商作者：张强。
空调系统设计外文文献
空调系统设计外文文献Title: Enhancing Human Comfort and Energy Efficiency through Advanced Air Conditioning System DesignAbstract:The design of air conditioning systems plays a crucial role in improving human comfort and energy efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in air conditioning system design, with a focus on enhancing the overall performance and user experience. By considering the specific needs and preferences of users, designers can create systems that not only provide optimal thermal comfort but also minimize energy consumption. This article aims to provide insights into the key aspects of air conditioning system design that contribute to improved human comfort and energy efficiency.1. IntroductionAir conditioning systems have become an integral part of modern living, providing thermal comfort in various indoor environments. However, the traditional approach to air conditioning design often fails to consider the individual preferences and needs of users, leading to suboptimal performance and energy wastage. This review highlights the importance of user-centric design principles inachieving enhanced comfort and energy efficiency.2. User-Centric Design ApproachTo ensure optimal comfort, it is essential to understand the specific requirements of users. Factors such as age, gender, activity levels, and personal preferences should be taken into account during the design process. By incorporating user feedback and conducting thorough user studies, designers can create systems that cater to individual needs, resulting in higher satisfaction levels and reduced energy consumption.3. Thermal Comfort OptimizationAchieving thermal comfort is a primary objective of air conditioning system design. By utilizing advanced control algorithms and sensors, designers can maintain a comfortable indoor environment while minimizing energy usage. The integration of adaptive control strategies, such as predictive modeling and occupancy-based control, allows for personalized comfort settings and further energy savings.4. Energy Efficiency EnhancementEnergy efficiency is a critical aspect of air conditioning system design due to environmental concerns and escalating energy costs. This section explores various energy-saving techniques, including advanced heat exchangers, variable speed compressors, and energyrecovery systems. By optimizing the system's components and incorporating intelligent control strategies, significant energy savings can be achieved without compromising comfort.5. Indoor Air Quality ConsiderationsBesides thermal comfort, indoor air quality greatly impacts occupant well-being. This section discusses the importance of proper ventilation, filtration, and contaminant control in air conditioning system design. By incorporating efficient air purification technologies and implementing effective ventilation strategies, designers can ensure a healthy and comfortable indoor environment.6. System Integration and Smart Building TechnologiesThe integration of air conditioning systems with smart building technologies offers unprecedented opportunities for improved comfort and energy efficiency. This section explores the potential benefits of integrating air conditioning systems with building automation systems, IoT devices, and data analytics. By leveraging real-time data and advanced control algorithms, designers can create smart systems that dynamically adapt to changing environmental conditions and user requirements.7. ConclusionThis article highlights the significance of user-centric designprinciples in air conditioning system design. By considering the specific needs and preferences of users, designers can create systems that enhance human comfort while minimizing energy consumption. The integration of advanced control strategies, energy-efficient components, and smart building technologies holds immense potential for achieving optimal comfort and sustainability in air conditioning systems.Keywords: air conditioning system design, thermal comfort, energy efficiency, user-centric design, smart building technologies, indoor air quality.。
空调空气调节外文翻译文献
空调空气调节外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:空气调节空调是保证室内舒适的空气环境而不受环境影响的一门学科。
一般说来，通风是输送可能加热了的空气，而空调则是加热或冷却空气并对空气的湿度进行调节。
通常，适宜的天气状况为：冬季室温18—20度，夏季室温为21—24度，相对湿度为40%—60%，且空气洁净度高。
这要根据地区气候、纬度、季节不同，分别对待。
例如，格兰气温区：冬季空调应提供净化过的热空气。
由于加热降低了相对湿度，因此，一般采用某种加热装置，如喷水器，蒸汽喷雾器，同时也用预热器和主加热器来控制湿度。
夏季空调应提供净化了的冷空气。
由于冷却提高了相对湿度，必须装备某种去湿装置。
是空气接触冷表面或冷水喷淋来进行去湿，因此多余的水分被冷凝并使空气在低温下处于饱和状态。
然后应提高空气的温度，利用加热或与未被冷却的空气相混合的方法来得到更适宜的相对湿度。
空气通过某种吸湿物质可以去湿。
因此，在实验室中，容器内如放入一个装有强硫酸或氯化钙的器皿，由于它们吸水力强，该容器可以保持干燥。
空气调节的应用必须考虑下列不同环境：1.人群聚集的地方，如餐厅、影院、剧院等等；2.工作不得不在有限的区间进行，这些工作既紧张，又要求精度高，如手术室、仪表装配车间等地方；3.必须排除空气中灰尘的地方；4.只有严格地控制温度和湿度值，才能够完成工艺流程的地方；5.建筑物的外型和用途促成相当多的热量的地方。
如装有大面积玻璃易受阳光照射的多层办公大楼，而且包括能产生热量的办公用的机器，计算机，密集的电力照明等；6.在各类大型会议室、演讲厅、实验室以及动物饲养房；7.进深很大的现代化建筑物的中心区域，那里的房间设施远离自然通风和窗户，并因受居住者及照明等影响，使室内获得热量。
在热带或亚热带国家，为降低室内高温使人的工作和生活条件好些，主要采用空气调节。
不列颠群岛海洋性气候和世界类似的地区中，一般不会长期酷热。
然而，现代化的建筑物及当代生活和工作方式造成的某些情况，使得为了提供可以接受的舒适环境，采用空调乃是最佳方案。
yga中央空调文献带翻译1
The effect of heat-pipe air-handling coil on energy consumptionin central air-conditioning systemJ.W.Wan a,*,J.L.Zhang a,W.M.Zhang ba College of Civil Engineering,Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,510006Chinab EME Design&Consultant Company,USAReceived31July2006;received in revised form5October2006;accepted20October2006AbstractA study was carried out to investigate the effect of heat-pipe air-handling coil on energy consumption in a central air-conditioning system with return air.Taking an office building as an example,the study shows that compared with conventional central air-conditioning system with return air, the heat-pipe air-conditioning system can save cooling and reheating energy.In the usual range of22–268C indoor design temperature and50% relative humidity,the RES(rate of energy saving)in this office building investigated is23.5–25.7%for cooling load and38.1–40.9%for total energy consumption.The RES of the heat-pipe air-conditioning system increases with the increase of indoor design temperature and the decrease of indoor relative humidity.The influence of indoor relative humidity on RES is much greater than the influence of the indoor design temperature. The study indicates that a central air-conditioning system can significantly reduce its energy consumption and improve both the indoor thermal comfort and air quality when a heat-pipe air-handling coil is employed in the air-conditioning process.#2006Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Heat-pipe air-handling coil;Rate of energy saving;Central air-conditioning system with return air;Heat recovery1.IntroductionWith the rapid development of the economics and the improvement on living standard of ordinary people in China, the use of air-conditioning equipment has been increasing quickly in recent years.The effect of air-conditioning demand makes the energy consumption has been increasing quickly. The investigation reported in[1]shows that of the total energy consumption in buildings in Shanghai,China,the energy amount used by air-conditioning system is:46.1%in restaurant building,40.5%in commercial building,49.7%in office building,and30.3%in hospital building.The ever increasing energy requirement puts a great burden on the further economical development as China is poor in energy resources. How to reduce the energy consumption by using new energy-saving technologies and equipments is an important tusk nowadays.In order to reduce the energy consumption in air-conditioning building,apparatus dew-point air supply is usually used in air-conditioning systems.But as the moist air leaving the cooling coil is usually too high in relative humidity(about95%Rh)and too low in temperature to be used in occupied spaces directly,people usually feel uncomfortable.Besides,if the relative humidity in occupied spaces and low-velocity ducts and plenums exceeds 70%,fungal contamination such as mold,mildew,etc.,can occur and threatens public health.Therefore,from the requirement of keeping good indoor thermal comfort and air quality,and of reducing the risk of catching disease(say the Legionella disease), it is a strong recommendation to keep the supply air humidity below70%.This means that relative humidity control in the air supply is important aspect.But if conventional cooling coils are used to improve the indoor thermal comfort and air quality, external energy will be used to reheat the air stream from the apparatus dew-point to the required air supply state.To solve this problem,a heat-pipe air-handling coil can be employed to recover heat from warm outside air to reheat the apparatus dew-point state air and therefore to save reheat energy.The study reported by Wu et al.[2]indicates that in the range of air inlet temperature from24.5to288C,the recovered energy can meet the reheating requirements for most industrial and commercial air-conditioning applications.Besides,the evaporator of the heat-pipe air-handling coil can work as a pre-cooler to the warm/locate/enbuildEnergy and Buildings39(2007)1035–1040*Corresponding author.Tel.:+862039366955;fax:+862039366955.E-mail address:wanjianwu@(J.W.Wan).0378-7788/$–see front matter#2006Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.10.013outdoor air before it reaches the cooling coil,enhancing the dehumidification capability of the cooling coils and reducing the peak cooling load.Compared with other heat recovery equipments,heat pipe has been taken a great interested by people [2,3]as it is a passive heat transfer device with a high effective thermal conductivity,has no mechanical components,works by temperature difference,and needs no energy or mechanical parts which can reduce the maintenance and demand charges.This article will discuss the energy consumption of a central air-conditioning system with return air under different indoor design temperatures and relative humidity when a heat-pipe air-handling coil is employed in the air-handling processes.In this study,a loop heat-pipe was added to the air-handling unit by circuiting heat pipes in sections before and after the cooling coil as shown in Fig.1.The heat pipe consists of a closed container which contains a two-phase working fluid,such as refrigerant.When the warm air flows across the evaporating section,the heat is absorbed by the liquid refrigerant and at the same time,the liquid refrigerant boils into refrigerant vapor and then travels at high speed to the cooler section (condensing section)of the pipe.The pre-cooled airpasses through the cooling coil.After being further cooled and dehumidified,the moist air with lower temperature and humidity ratio passes through the condensing section of heat pipe,where the air is reheated to the supply air state by using the free reheat recovered from the warm incoming air at the evaporating section.At the same time,the refrigerant vapor is condensed into liquid refrigerant by giving up heat and returns to the evaporating section by gravity or by capillary action.By means of the heat pipe action,less sensible cooling is required by the cooling coil so that the cooling coil can provide more latent capacity andsuperior dehumidification ability,and lower relative humidity supply air is obtained,which can improve the indoor air quality and thermal comfort.Besides,the peak cooling load is reduced by using heat pipe to pre-cool outside air,which results in the reduction of the equipment size such as chiller,chilled water pump,etc.2.Energy consumption analysis of air-conditioning processThe air-conditioning processes on the psychrometric chart are plotted in Fig.2,in which W is the outdoor air state of design conditions in summer,N is the indoor air state of design conditions,C is the mixing point of indoor and outdoor air,L is the apparatus dew-point,O is the supply air state point,and e is the condition line.In Fig.2,the air-conditioning process in a central air-conditioning system with return air is plotted as two cases,the one using solid line is a conventional central air-conditioning system with return air and the one drawn with dash line is a central air-conditioning system with return air employing heat-pipe air-handling coil as shown in Fig.1.From Fig.2,the air-conditioning process in a conventional central air-conditioning system with return air isThe cooling load required in this air-handling process is Q 0¼G ði C Ài L Þ(1)where Q 0is the cooling load (kW),G the mass flow of supply air (kg/s),i C the enthalpy of moist air at mixing state point C (kJ/kg (dry air)),and i L is the enthalpy of moist air at apparatus dew-point L (kJ/kg (dry air)).The reheating energy required is Q 1¼G ði O Ài L Þ(2)where Q 1is the reheat rate (kW)and i O is the enthalpy of moist air at supply air state O (kJ/kg (dryair)).Fig.2.Air-conditioning process of central air-conditioning system with returnair.In a conventional central air-conditioning system with return air,some cooling energy is wasted since the air-handling approach needs to reheat the supply air from apparatus dew-point L to supply air state O,in which external heat is used to offset part of the cooling energy originally used in the cooling process of the supply air.This situation can be improved by adding a loop heat pipe around the cooling coil in the air-conditioning unit as show in Fig.1.From Fig.1the air-conditioning process using heat-pipe air-handling coil becomesIf it is assumed that the heat recovered by heat pipe can meet the requirement of reheating the supply air [2],the energy consumption required for the air-handing process is only the cooling load required for cooling and dehumidifying the supply air,i.e.:Q 00¼G ði C 0Ài L Þ(3)where Q 00is the cooling load in the air-handing process in the heat-pipe air-conditioning system (kW)and i C 0is the enthalpy of moist air at the mixing state C (kJ/kg (dry air)).The cooling energy saved in this approach is D Q 0¼Q 0ÀQ 00¼G ði C Ài C 0Þ¼G W ði W Ài W 0Þ(4)where G W is the outdoor air required for indoor air quality in an air-conditioning system (kg/s).The reheating energy saved in this approach is equal to the heat recovered from the warm outside air by heat-pipe,and is given by Eq.(2).3.The effect of indoor design temperature on energy consumptionAs we know,the cooling load in an air-conditioning system depends upon the values of the indoor design temperatures.In order to compare the effect of heat-pipe air-handing coil on the energy saving at a fixed indoor design temperature,a three-story office building with the area of 2673m 2in Guangzhou,China,was chosen for a quantitative investigation.There are 188people works in the office building.The outdoor air is takenabout 30m 3/(h person)in this office building.The calculated indoor cooling load and energy consumptions are listed in Tables 1and 2for the air-conditioning system with and without heat-pipe air-handing coil,respectively.The calculation conditions are:the temperatures difference of supply air is 68C,and the indoor design relative humidity is 50%.Based on the calculated results above,the comparison of cooling energy and total energy consumption in the air-condition-ing system with and without heat-pipe air-handing coil is givenin Figs.3and 4,respectively.It can be seen from these figures that in the air-conditioning system using heat-pipe air-handing coil,the energy consumption at a fixed temperature is less than that in the air-conditioning system without using heat-pipe air-handing coil.The energy saved in total energy consumption is more than that saved in cooling energy.This is because the heat recovered from warm outside air is used for the reheat air-handling process in the heat-pipe air-conditioning system.In order to know the efficiency of energy saving between the air-conditioning systems with and without using heat-pipe air-handing coil at a fixed temperature,an index a ,called rate of energy saving (RES for short),is used to indicate the effect of energy saving in this study.The RES is defined as a ¼Q 0ÀQ 00Q 0Â100%(6)where Q 0is the cooling load or the total energy consumption in a conventional central air-conditioning system with return air at a fixed indoor design temperature (kW)and Q 00is the cooling load or the total energy consumption in a central air-condition-ing system with return air with heat-pipe air-handing coil at a fixed indoor design temperature (kW).Fig.5shows the rate of energy saving calculated.It can be seen from the results that in the range of 22–268C of indoor design temperature,the rate of energy saving in this office building is 23.5–25.7%for cooling load and 38.1–40.9%for total energy consumption.The rate of energy saving is very high in every indoor design temperature,and increases with theTable 1The energy consumption of heat-pipe central air-conditioning system with return air at different indoor design temperatures Indoor temperature (8C)Indoor cooling load (kW)Cooling load (kW)Reheat (kW)Total energy consumption (kW)21113.6244.40.0244.422109.6235.70.0235.723105.6226.90.0226.924101.6217.90.0217.92597.6208.80.0208.82693.6199.40.0199.42789.6189.80.0189.82885.6180.00.0180.02981.5170.10.0170.1increase of indoor design temperature.The results show that the heat-pipe air-handling coil is a very useful device for reducing energy consumption in a central air-conditioning system.4.The effect of indoor design relative humidity on energy consumptionAs we know,the energy consumption in an air-conditioning system is not only related to indoor temperature,but also related to indoor relative humidity.To understand the influence of the indoor design relative humidity on energy consumption in a central air-conditioning system with return air by employing heat-pipe air-handing coil,the energy consumption was calculated for the cooling load and the total energy consumption (including the energy used in both cooling process and reheating process)for the cases of relative humidity of 40,50,and 60%.Fig.6is the cooling energy saved in the heat-pipe central air-conditioning system at different indoor design temperature forTable 2The energy consumption of conventional central air-conditioning system with return air at different indoor design temperatures Indoor temperature (8C)Indoor cooling load (kW)Cooling load (kW)Reheat (kW)Total energy consumption (kW)21113.6318.974.5393.422109.6308.172.4380.523105.6298.171.5370.424101.6288.070.1358.12597.6278.769.9348.32693.6268.368.9337.22789.6256.266.4322.62885.6243.863.8307.62981.5231.161.0292.0Fig.3.The cooling load of conventional air-conditioning system versus heat-pipe air-conditioning system at different indoortemperatures.Fig.4.The total energy consumption of conventional air-conditioning system versus heat-pipe air-conditioning system at different indoortemperatures.Fig.5.RES of the cooling and total energy consumption in heat-pipe central air-conditioning system with returnair.Fig.6.The cooling energy saved in the heat-pipe central air-conditioning system with different indoor relative humidity.J.W.Wan et al./Energy and Buildings 39(2007)1035–10401038indoor relative humidity of 40,50,and 60%.Fig.7is the total energy saved in the heat-pipe central air-conditioning system at different indoor design temperature for indoor relative humidity of 40,50,and 60%.From these results we can see that (1)at a fixed indoor design temperature,the amount of energy saved in both cooling load and total energy consumption increases with the decrease of indoor relative humidity.The energy saved in total energy is greater than that saved in cooling energy as the reheat is supplied by the recovered heat in the heat-pipe air-conditioning system;(2)the influence of indoor relative humidity on energy consumption is greater than the influence of the indoor design temperature on energy consumption.The lower the indoor relative humidity is,the more the energy saved is;(3)the amount of energy saving of the heat-pipe air-conditioning system decreases with the increase of indoor design temperature.Fig.8is the RES of cooling energy saved in the heat-pipe central air-conditioning system at different indoor design temperature for indoor relative humidity of 40,50,and 60%.Fig.9is the RES of total energy saved in the heat-pipe central air-conditioning system at different indoor design temperaturefor indoor relative humidity of 40,50,and 60%.From these results we can see that (1)at a fixed temperature,the RES of both cooling load and total energy consumption increases with the decrease of indoor relative humidity.The RES of total energy is larger than the RES of cooling energy;(2)the influence of indoor relative humidity on RES is much greater than the influence of the indoor design temperature;(3)the RES slowly increases with the increase of indoor design tempera-ture.It can be noted from the definition of the RES for cooling load that the RES also represents the percentage of the peak cooling load reduced.At a fixed temperature,the rate of peak cooling load reduction increases with the decrease of indoor relative humidity.In the usually range of 22–268C of indoor design temperature,the reduction rate of peak cooling load is 35–35.6%for 40%Rh,23.5–25.7%for 50%Rh,and 12.5–13.2%for 60%.This means that the equipment size such as chiller,chilled water pump,etc.can be reduced in a heat-pipe air-conditioning system,which results in a reduction of initial and operating cost of the equipment.5.ConclusionsIn this paper,a study was carried out to investigate the effect of heat-pipe air-handling coil on energy consumption in a central air-conditioning system with return air.From this study,the following conclusions can be drawn:(1)Under the condition of same indoor design temperature,the energy consumption in a central air-conditioning system using heat-pipe air-handling coil is much less than a conventional central air-conditioning system.For a fixed relative humidity,say 50%Rh,in the usual range of 22–268C of indoor design temperature,the RES in the calculated office building is 23.5–25.7%for cooling load and 38.1–40.9%for total energy consumption,showing a significant energy saving capability.(2)The amount of energy saving in both cooling and total energy consumption increases with the decrease ofindoorFig.7.The total energy saved in the heat-pipe central air-conditioning system with different indoor relativehumidity.Fig.8.The RES of cooling energy versus indoor design temperature for the indoor relative humidity of 40,50,and60%.Fig.9.The RES of total energy versus indoor design temperature for the indoor relative humidity of 40,50,and 60%.J.W.Wan et al./Energy and Buildings 39(2007)1035–10401039relative humidity.The energy saved in total energy is greater than that saved in cooling energy.(3)The influence of indoor relative humidity on energyconsumption is greater than the influence of the indoor design temperature on energy consumption.The lower the indoor relative humidity is,the more the energy saved is.The amount of energy saving decreases with the increase of indoor design temperature.(4)The RES for both cooling and total energy consumption inthe heat-pipe central air-conditioning system increases with the decrease of indoor relative humidity and with the increase of indoor design temperature.But the influence of indoor relative humidity on RES is greater than the influence of the indoor design temperature.(5)The peak cooling load can be reduced by using a heat-pipecentral air-conditioning system.The reduction rate of peak cooling load increases with the decrease of indoor relative humidity and the increase of indoor temperature.Therefore,a lower initial and operating cost of theequipment is required in a heat-pipe central air-condition-ing system.AcknowledgementThe authors would like to thank thefinancial support from the Construction Committee of Guangzhou Municipality through a research grant.Reference[1]L.Yang,Measurement and analysis of energy consumption of air-con-ditioning system in a typical commercial building in Changsha,Master Thesis,Hunan University,China,2002(in Chinese).[2]X.P.Wu,P.Johnson, A.Akbarzadeh,Application of heat pipe heatexchangers to humidity control in air-conditioning systems,Applied Ther-mal Engineering17(6)(1997)561–568.[3]F.J.R.Martinez,et al.,Design and experimental study of a mixed energyrecovery system,heat pipes and indirect evaporative equipment for air conditioning,Energy and Buildings35(2003)1021–1030.J.W.Wan et al./Energy and Buildings39(2007)1035–1040 1040。
控制系统介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Introductions to Control SystemsAutomatic control has played a vital role in the advancement of engineering and science. In addition to its extreme importance in space-vehicle, missile-guidance, and aircraft-piloting systems, etc, automatic control has become an important and integral part of modern manufacturing and industrial processes. For example, automatic control is essential in such industrial operations as controlling pressure, temperature, humidity, viscosity, and flow in the process industries; tooling, handling, and assembling mechanical parts in the manufacturing industries, among many others.Since advances in the theory and practice of automatic control provide means for attaining optimal performance of dynamic systems, improve the quality and lower the cost of production, expand the production rate, relieve the drudgery of many routine, repetitive manual operations etc, most engineers and scientists must now have a good understanding of this field.The first significant work in automatic control was James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam engine in the eighteenth century. Other significant works in the early stages of development of control theory were due to Minorsky, Hazen, and Nyquist, among many others. In 1922 Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships and showed how stability could be determined by the differential equations describing the system. In 1934 Hazen, who introduced the term “ervomechanisms”for position control systems, discussed design of relay servomechanisms capable of closely following a changing input.During the decade of the 1940’s, frequency-response methods made it possible for engineers to design linear feedback control systems that satisfied performance requirements. From the end of the 1940’s to early 1950’s, the root-locus method in control system design was fully developed.The frequency-response and the root-locus methods, which are the core of classical theory, lead to systems that are stable and satisfy a set of more or less arbitrary performance requirements. Such systems are, ingeneral, not optimal in any meaningful sense. Since the late 1950’s, the emphasis on control design problems has been shifted from the design of one of many systems that can work to the design of one optimal system in some meaningful sense.As modern plants with many inputs and outputs become more and more complex, the description of a modern control system requires a large number of equations. Classical control theory, which deals only with single-input-single-output systems, becomes entirely powerless for multiple-input-multiple-output systems. Since about 1960, modern control theory has been developed to cope with the increased complexity of modern plants and the stringent requirements on accuracy, weight, and industrial applications.Because of the readily available electronic analog, digital, and hybrid computers for use in complex computations, the use of computers in the design of control systems and the use of on-line computers in the operation of control systems are now becoming common practice.The most recent developments in modern control theory may be said to be in the direction of the optimal control of both deterministic and stochastic systems as well as the adaptive and learning control of complex systems. Applications of modern control theory to such nonengineering fields as biology, economics, medicine, and sociology are now under way, and interesting and significant results can be expected in the near future.Next we shall introduce the terminology necessary to describe control systems.Plants. A plant is a piece of equipment, perhaps just a set of machine parts functioning together, the purpose of which is to perform a particular operation. Here we shall call any physical object to be controlled (such as a heating furnace, a chemical reactor, or a spacecraft) a plant.Processes. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a process to be a natural, progressively continuing operation or development marked by a series of gradual changes that succeed one another in a relatively fixed way and lead toward a particular result or end; or an artificial or voluntary, progressively continuing operation that consists of a series of controlledactions or movements systematically directed toward a particular result or end.Here we shall call any operation to be controlled a process. Examples are chemical, economic, and biological process.Systems. A system is a combination of components that act together and perform a certain objective. A system is not limited to abstract, dynamic phenomena such as those encountered in economics. The word “system” should, therefore, be interpreted to imply physical, biological, economic, etc., system.Disturbances. A disturbance is a signal which tends to adversely affect the value of the output of a system. If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called internal, while an external disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input.Feedback control.Feedback control is an operation which, in the presence of disturbances, tends to reduce the difference between the output of a system and the reference input (or an arbitrarily varied, desired state) and which does so on the basis of this difference. Here, only unpredictable disturbance (i.e., those unknown beforehand) are designated for as such, since with predictable or known disturbances, it is always possible to include compensation with the system so that measurements are unnecessary.Feedback control systems. A feedback control system is one which tends to maintain a prescribed relationship between the output and the reference input by comparing these and using the difference as a means of control.Note that feedback control systems are not limited to the field of engineering but can be found in various nonengineering fields such as economics and biology. For example, the human organism, in one aspect, is analogous to an intricate chemical plant with an enormous variety of unit operations.The process control of this transport and chemical-reaction network involves a variety of control loops. In fact, human organism is an extremely complex feedback control system.Servomechanisms. A servomechanism is a feedback control system in which the output is some mechanical position, velocity, or acceleration. Therefore, the terms servomechanism and position- (or velocity- oracceleration-) control system are synonymous. Servomechanisms are extensively used in modern industry. For example, the completely automatic operation of machine tools, together with programmed instruction, may be accomplished by use of servomechanisms.Automatic regulating systems. An automatic regulating system is a feedback control system in which the reference input or the desired output is either constant or slowly varying with time and in which the primary task is to maintain the actual output at the desired value in the presence of disturbances.A home heating system in which a thermostat is the controller is an example of an automatic regulating system. In this system, the thermostat setting (the desired temperature) is compared with the actual room temperature. A change in the desired room temperature is a disturbance in this system. The objective is to maintain the desired room temperature despite changes in outdoor temperature. There are many other examples of automatic regulating systems, some of which are the automatic control of pressure and of electric quantities such as voltage, current and frequency.Process control systems. An automatic regulating system in which the output is a variable such as temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level, or pH is called a process control system.Process control is widely applied in industry. Programmed controls such as the temperature control of heating furnaces in which the furnace temperature is controlled according to a preset program are often used in such systems. For example, a preset program may be such that the furnace temperature is raised to a given temperature in a given time interval and then lowered to another given temperature in some other given time interval. In such program control the set point is varied according to the preset time schedule. The controller then functions to maintain the furnace temperature close to the varying set point. It should be noted that most process control systems include servomechanisms as an integral part.控制系统介绍自动控制在工程学和科学的推进扮演一个重要角色。
空调、制冷词汇中英文对照表(改)
QJGD-A空调制冷词汇中英文对照表（新）空调、制冷词汇中英文对照表1主题内容与适用范围本标准适用于本公司的所有空调产品及技术文件所使用的名词、术语。
本标准提供一套标准的，统一的制冷、空调名词，术语的中英文对照表，用作产品说明书，图样及有关技术文件的用词规范。
22.1温度湿度压力pressure干空气dryair湿空气moistair大气压力atmosphericpressure饱和空气saturatedair干球温度drybulbtemperature 湿球温度wetbulbtemperature 露点温度dewpointtemperature 机器露点apparatusdewpoint 绝对湿度absolutehumidity蒸发冷凝过冷过热过程压缩膨胀节流throttling灌注量refrigerantcharge制冷剂refrigerant氟利昂22freon22润滑油lubricantoil吸气端suctionend排气端dischargeend低压侧lowpressureside高压侧highpressureside蒸发压力evaporatingpressure冰堵脏堵油堵液击结霜frostformation除霜defrosting自动除霜automaticdefrosting 定时除霜timedefrosting空气净化aircleaning空气除臭airdeodorization 空气离子化airionization 循环风量airflowvolume制热量heatingcapacity噪声noise消声产品图纸尺寸长度宽度超薄系列保护装置protectiondevices 纠正correct(correction) 更改modification(modify) 编制compile标准化standardize校对lookthrough工艺technology(workmanship) 审核check审定examineandapprove批准approve签名日期组件零件结构厂商附录方案起动电流startingcurrent运转电流runningcurrent泄漏电流leakagecurrent耐压试验high-voltagetest安全试验securitytest温升试验temperture-raisetest溢水试验waterover-flowtest(raintest) 潮态试验humidity-statetest把手handle功率power电流开路断路短路附加绝缘supplementaryinsulation加强绝缘reinforcedinsulation对重绝缘doubleinsulation额定电压ratedvoltage额定电压范围ratedvoltagerange工作电压workingvoltage额定输入功率ratedinput额定电流ratedcurrent额定频率ratedfrequency额定频率范围ratedfrequencyrangeXYZI特点(数据性能考数specsifications诊断diagnostic高度height直径diameter公差tolerance用户手册owner’smanual产品说明节productinstructionmanual 包装箱packagecarton装箱单packinglist铭牌nameplate型号商标项目外形尺寸outlinesanddimensions控制系统controllingsystems功能function液晶显示1iquidcrystolindicate加工工艺machineworkmanshiop装饰decoration装配质量assemblyquality 抗干扰immunity机械制图mechanicdrawing 标准件stardardparts总装检汛防潮序号代号名称description规格standards页数pageno.备注remarks格力电器GREEelectric幅面size工艺文件technologicaldocumentation 工艺路线processroute工艺设计processdesign工艺要素processfactor工件半成品semifinishedproduct成品finalproduct合格品conformingproduct不合格品non-conformingproduct废品scrap焊接welding热处理heattreatment表面处理surfacetreatment机械加工machining装配assembly工序安装基准夹具弯管扩口缩口除锈rustremoval清洗cleaning2.2机器词汇部分房间空调器roomairconditioner单元式空调机unitaryairconditioner窗式空调机window-typeairconditioner分体式空调器split-typeairconditioner室内机indoorunit室外机outdoorunit蒸发器evaporator(回转气缸U吊顶式ceilingsuspended吸顶式ceilingcassettes(ceilingconcealed) 壁挂式wallmounted落地式floorstanding光管plaincopperpipe内螺纹管innergroovecopperpipe翅片管finnedtube四通换向阀4—wayreversingvalve单向阀checkvalve轴流风机axialflowfan(propellerfan)底盘(前(后侧板边板网罩扫风电机swingmotor(louvermotor)步进电机stepmotor(vanemotor)进风格栅airintakegrill步进电机座vanecrank继电器引线relayassylead电器安装板electricalsupportingplate盖板coverplate(topplate)电容capacitor电容夹capacitorclamp胶圈o-gasket波纹软管 corrugatedpipe四芯(六芯)控制线signalcablewith4(6)cores 电热管heaterelement扫风叶片支架louversupport左右端盖 sidebox(L,R)电源线powercord控制器controller红外遥控器remotecontroller 继电器relay主令开关 mainswitch螺钉螺栓螺母垫圈插片插孔PTC控制面膜 controllingpanel脚轮castor固定螺丝 setscrew底板underplate水位开关 water-levelswitch触摸开关 touchswitch热断路thermalcut-out限温器temperaturelimiter 电脑芯片 IC集成电路 integratedcircuit插座插头蜗壳水箱扫风叶片 swinglouver支撑条supportbar导风叶片 lowerlouver出风格栅 frontgrill出水管drainageduct出水槽outletforwater模具mould灯箱lightbox机壳body感温包temp.sensor2.3温度计thermometer水银温度计mercurialthermometer 电阻温度计resistancethermometer 热敏电阻 thermistor热电偶thermocouple热电偶温度计thermocouplethermometor 量热计calorimeter表压gaugepressure绝对压力 absolutepressure压力计pressuregauge真空喷嘴机械风速仪mechanicalanemometer数字风速仪digitalanemometer热线风速仪hot-wireanemometer声级计soundlevelmeter工具tool测量放大器measurementamplifier电容传声器condensermicrophone绝缘电阻表insolationresistancemeter耐压测试仪high_voltagereliabilitymeter接地电阻测试台 testingstationofearthingresistance板子3.0附录二按汉语拼音字母顺序排列的词表附加说明：附录一按英文字母顺序排列的词汇表空气调节 airconditioning空调工况 airconditioningcondition大气压力 atmosphericpressure机器露点 apparatusdewpoint绝对湿度 absolutehumidity空气循环 aircirculation自动除霜 automaticdefrosting批准附录装配工艺孔auxiliaryhole实除排量 actualdisplacemant轴流风机 axialflowfan(propellerfan) 进风格栅 airintakegrill交流接触器ACcontactor过滤网airfilter绝对压力 absolutepressure风速仪anemometer制冷系统故障breakdownoftherefrigerationsystem 基本绝缘 basicinsulation螺栓机壳冷凝压缩纠正编制审核check组件components电流current开路circuit-open断路circuit-break短路circuit-short爬电距离 creepagedistance电气间隙 clearanceI类器具classIappliance气候类别 climatetype代号清洗气缸贯流风机 cross-flowfan(linefrowfan) 截止阀cut-offvalve(ballvalve)底盘(底板) chassis(lowerpanel)盖板coverplate(topplate)电容capacitor电容夹capacitorclamp线路图circuitdiagram连接管堵头connectionpipecap 波纹软管 corrugatedpipe控制器controller脚轮除霜defrosting图纸drawing尺寸dimension日期date对重绝缘 doubleinsulation数据data诊断diagnostic直径diameter装饰decoration电气强度 dielectricstrength名称基准蒸发evaporation膨胀expansion蒸发压力 evaporatingpressure蒸发温度 evaporatingtemperature 审定examineandapprove接地方式 earthingmethods蒸发器evaporator边板endplate(endpanel)电器安装板electricalsupportingplate 电气原理图electricalprinciplediagram脏堵结霜特点(功能成品扩口落地式floorstanding翅片管finnedtube风扇电机 fanmotor保险丝fuse过滤栅filtergrille出风格栅 frontgrill风叶护网 fanguard测量计flowrator喷嘴flownozzle油堵greasyblockage总装垫圈表压湿度把手高度热处理heattreatment热交换器 heatexchanger电热管heaterelement高压保护 highpressureswitch 湿度计hygrometer热线风速仪hot-wireanemometer耐压测试仪high-voltagereliabilitymeter 卤素检漏仪halogenleakdetector温度传感器humiditysensor冰堵iceplug项目序号插片插孔集成电路 integratedcircuit绝缘电阻表insolationresistancemeter夹具jigsandfixtures润滑油lubricantoil低压侧lowpressureside长度length校对lookthrough泄漏电流 leakagecurrent堵转试验 lockedtest液晶显示 liquidcrystolindicate 检汛灯箱更改厂商型号model型号标识 modelmark加工工艺 machineworkmanship机械制图 mechanicdrawing防潮moistureresistance可加工性 machinability工艺设备 manufacturingequipment 机械加工 machining加工精度 machiningaccuracy电机支架 motorsupport模具噪声铭牌缩口necking螺母nut用户手册owner’smanual外形尺寸 outlinesanddimensions 喇叭口outletwithflare工序operation室外机outdoorunit胶圈o-gasket油分离器 oilseparator出水槽outletforwater压力过程产品零件方案功率包箱生产过程 productionprocess 工艺过程 process页数pageno工艺路线 processroute工艺设计 processdesign工艺要素 processfactor工艺规范 processspecification工艺参数 processparameter工艺准备 processpreparationofproduction工艺纲领 productionprogram弯管光管网罩PTC插头蜗壳真空计vauucngauge合格证qualitycertificate制冷refrigeration制冷量refrigeratingcapacity(coolingcapacity) 相对湿度 relativehumidity制冷系统 refrigerationsystem制冷循环 refrigerationcycle灌注量refrigerantcharge制冷剂refrigerant运转电流 runningcurrent备注除锈转子式压缩机rotarycompressor 继电器引线relayassylead无线遥控器remotecontroller继电器relay电机固定圈rubbermount电阻温度计resistancethermometer 标准工况 standardcondition标准制冷量standardrating饱和空气 saturatedair含湿量specifichumidity过冷过热液击消声系列签名结构起动电流 startingcurrent安全试验 securitytest起动试验 startingtest附加绝缘 supplementaryinsulation 电源引线 supplyleads流线型streamline性能考数 specsifications汇总表specificationslist自制件self-makingpart标准件stardardparts规格幅面废品安装侧板扫风电机 swingmotor(louvermotor)步进电机 stepmotor(vanemotor)吸气管suctionpipe四芯(六芯)控制线signalcablewith4(6)cores 左右端盖 sidebox(L.R)螺钉screw固定螺丝 setscrew插座socket扫风叶片 swinglouver支撑条supportbar温度节流工艺XYZ连接typeZattachment公差tolerance商标trademark工艺性technologiculefficiency工艺文件technologicaldocumentation 生产类型 typeofproduction理论排量 theoreticaldisplacement管路系统 tubingsystems保温管thermalinsulationpipe温控器thermostat变压器transformer工具扩口器tube-outletexpamder接地电阻测试台 testingstationofearthingresistance泄漏电流测试装置testingequipmentofleakingcurrent灼热丝试验装置 testingequipmentforscorching漏电起痕试验装置testingequipmentofscrapwithleakingcurrent弯管器tubebender超簿ultra-thin标题栏underline单元式空调机unitaryairconditioner U形管U-shapetube底板真空宽度工件焊接壁挂式wallmounted接线板TerminalBoard水位开关 water-levelswitch水箱watertank壁挂机安装板wallframe湿球温度计wetbulbthermometer板子wrench四通换向阀4-wayreversingvalve附录二按汉语拼音字母顺序排列的词汇表安全试验 securitytest安装把手包箱备注壁挂式wallmounted壁挂机安装板wallframe边板endplate(endpanel)编制compile变压器transformer标准工况 standardcondition标准制冷量standardrating标准化standardize标题栏underline标准件standardparts表压冰堵侧板插片插座产品产品说明书productinstructionmanual 厂商manufacturer超薄ultra-thin潮态试验 humidity–statetest成品finalproduct尺寸dimension尺寸链dimensionchain翅片管finnedtube冲击钻electricdrivenrotaryhammer 出风格栅 frontgrill出水管drainageduct除霜除锈代号灯箱底盘(底板) chassis(lowerpanel)底板underplate垫圈gasket电流current电气间隙 clearance电源软线 powersupplycord电源引线 supplyleads电气强度 dielectricstrength电机支架 motorsupport电器安装板electricalsupportingplate 电容电阻温度计resistancethermometer电容传声器condensermicrophone电子检漏仪electricalleakdetector 吊顶式ceilingsuspended吊顶机风扇窝壳 casingset定时除霜 timedefrosting 堵转实验 lockedtest短路circurt-short断路circuit-break对重绝缘 doubleinsulation方案防潮废品风扇电机 fanmotor风叶护网 fanguard风速仪anemometer幅面size氟时昂22 freon22辅助材料 auxiliarymatial附录attachment附加绝缘 supplementaryinsulation盖板coverplate(topplate)干空气dryair高度更改工艺工艺过程 process工艺文件 technologicaldocumentation 工艺路线 processroute工艺设计 processdesign工艺要素 processfactor工艺规范 processspecification工艺参数 processparameter工艺准备 processpreparationofproduction 工艺设备 manufacturingequipment工件workpiece工序工具功率功能公差光管规格过冷subcooling过热superheat过程process过滤器strainer过滤网airfilter过滤栅filtergrille含湿量specifichumidity焊接welding合格证qualitycertificate 合格品conformingproduct基准机壳技术文件 technicalfile技术要求 technicalrequirement 继电器引线relayassylead继电器relay夹具jigsandfixtures加强绝缘 reinforcedinsulation加工工艺 machineworkmanshiop加工精度 machiningaccuracy检汛leakagetest胶圈o-gasket脚轮节流结霜结构纠正绝缘电阻 insulationresistance绝对压力 absolutepressure绝缘电阻表insolationresistancemeter 开路circuit-open抗干扰immunity可加工性 machinability可控硅controlledsilicon空气调节 airconditioning空调工况 airconditioningcondition 空气循环 aircirculation宽度扩口冷凝冷凝温度 condensingtemperature冷凝器condenser离心风机 centrifugalfan(siroccofan) 理论排量 theoreticaldisplacement连接管堵头connectionpipecap量热计calorimeter零件parts流线型streamline流量计flowrator漏电起痕试验装置testingequipmentofscrapwithleakingcurrent螺钉螺栓螺母铭牌名称模具内螺纹管 innergroovecopperpipe爬电距离 creepagedistance排气端dischargeend排气压力 dischargepressure排气温度 dischargetemperature排气阀dischargevalve排气管dischargepipe排水管drainagepipe喷嘴flownozzle膨胀expansion批准气缸签名前(后清洗热断路thermalcut-out热敏电阻 thermistor热电偶thermocouple热电偶温度计thermocouplethermometor 热线风速仪hot-wireanemometer认证资料 approvedinformation润滑油lubricantoil扫风电机 swingmotor(louvermotor) 扫风叶片支架loueversupport扫风叶片 swinglouver商标审核审定湿度湿空气moistair湿球温度 wetbulbtemperature湿球温度计wetbulbthermometer 湿度计hygrometer湿度传感器humiditysensor。
空调工作过程和节能技术毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述英文：How Air Conditioners Work and energy conservationtechnology researchAbstract：An air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner.Keywords：water towers 、weather-resistant、compressor、energy conservation When the temperature outside begins to climb, many people seek the cool comfort of indoor air conditioning. Like water towers and power lines, air conditioners are one of those things that we see every day but seldom pay much attention to. Wouldn't it be nice to know how these indispensable machines work their magic? In this article, we will examine air conditioners -- from small to huge -- so you know more about what you're seeing!The Many Faces of CoolAir conditioners come in various sizes, cooling capacities and prices. One type that we see all the time is the window air conditioner.Window air conditioners are an easy and economical way to cool a small area. Most people who live in suburban areas usually have one of these in their backyard: If you live in an apartment complex, this is probably a familiar sight: Most businesses and office buildings have condensing units on their roofs, and as you fly into any airport you notice that warehouses and malls may have 10 or 20 condensingunits hidden on their roofs:And then if you go around back at many hospitals, universities and office complexes, you find large cooling towers that are connected to the air conditioning system:Even though each of these machines has a pretty distinct look, they all work on the same principles. Let's take a closer look.The Basic IdeaAn air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various nonflammable fluorocarbons used as refrigerants and as propellants for aerosols."This is how the evaporation cycle in an air conditioner works (See How Refrigerators Work for complete details on this cycle):1.The compressor compresses cool Freon gas, causing it to become hot,high-pressure Freon gas (red in the diagram above).2.This hot gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat, and it condenses into a liquid.3.The Freon liquid runs through an expansion valve, and in the process it evaporates to become cold, low-pressure Freon gas (light blue in the diagram above).4.This cold gas runs through a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool down the air inside the building.Mixed in with the Freon is a small amount of a light weight oil. This oil lubricates the compressor.Window UnitsA window air conditioner unit implements a complete air conditioner in a smallspace. The units are made small enough to fit into a standard window frame. You close the window down on the unit, plug the unit in and turn it on to get cool air. If you take the cover off of an unplugged window unit, you will find that it contains:A compressorAn expansion valveA hot coil (on the outside)A chilled coil (on the inside)A control unitThe fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the outside air) and cold (to the room being cooled).BTU and EERMost air conditioners have their capacity rated in British thermal units (BTU). Generally speaking, a BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound (0.45 kg) of water 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degrees Celsius). Specifically, 1 BTU equals 1,055 joules. In heating and cooling terms, 1 "ton" equals 12,000 BTU.A typical window air conditioner might be rated at 10,000 BTU. For comparison, a typical 2,000-square-foot (185.8 m2) house might have a 5-ton (60,000-BTU) air conditioning system, implying that you might need perhaps 30 BTU per square foot. (Keep in mind that these are rough estimates. To size an air conditioner for your specific needs, contact an HV AC contractor.)The energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner is its BTU rating over its wattage. For example, if a 10,000-BTU air conditioner consumes 1,200 watts, its EER is 8.3 (10,000 BTU/1,200 watts). Obviously, you would like the EER to be as high as possible, but normally a higher EER is accompanied by a higher price.Is the higher EER is worth it?Let's say that you have a choice between two 10,000-BTU units. One has an EER of 8.3 and consumes 1,200 watts, and the other has an EER of 10 and consumes1,000 watts. Let's also say that the price difference is $100. To understand what the payback period is on the more expensive unit, you need to know:1.Approximately how many hours per year you will be operating the unit2.How much a kilowatt-hour (kWh) costs in your areaLet's say that you plan to use the air conditioner in the summer (four months a year) and it will be operating about six hours a day. Let's also imagine that the cost in your area is $0.10/kWh. The difference in energy consumption between the two units is 200 watts, which means that every five hours the less expensive unit will consume 1 additional kWh (and therefore $0.10 more) than the more expensive unit.Assuming that there are 30 days in a month, you find that during the summer you are operating the air conditioner:Since the more expensive unit costs $100 more that means that it will take about seven years for the more expensive unit to break even.See this page for a great explanation of seasonal energy efficiency rating (SEER).Split-system UnitsA split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the cold side of the system。
空调节能技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照资文翻译空调节能技术的研究1、引言节能可以说是楼宇自动控制系统的出发点和归宿。
众所周知，在智能建筑中HV AC (采暖、通风和空调)系统所耗费的能量要占到大楼消耗的总能量的极大部分比例，大致在50%~60%左右。
特别是冷冻机织、冷却塔、循环水泵和空调机组、新风机组，都是耗能大户。
所以实有必要发展一种有效的空调系统节能方法，尤其用是在改善现有大楼空调系统自动化上方面。
DDC(Dircctdigitalcontrol)直接数字化控制，是一项构造简单操作容易的控制设备，它可借由接口转接设各随负荷变化作系统控制，如空调冷水循环系统、空调箱变频自动风量调整及冷却水塔散热风扇的变频操控等，可以让空调系统更有效率的运转，这样不仅为物业管理带来很大的经济效益，而且还可使系统在较佳的工况下运行，从而延长设备的使用寿命以及达到提供舒适的空调环境和节能之目的。
一般大楼常用的空调系统有CA V、V A V、VWV等，各有不同操控方式，都可以用DDC控制。
（1）定风量系统(CA V)定风量系统(ConstantAirV olume，简称CA V)定风量系统为空调机吹出的风量一定，以提供空调区域所需要的冷(暖)气。
当空调区域负荷变动时，则以改变送风温度应付室内负荷，并达到维持室内温度度于舒适区的要求。
常用的中央空调系统为AHU(空调机)与冷水管系统(FCU系统)。
这两者一般均以定风量(CA V)来供应空调区，为了应付室内部分负荷的变动，在AHU定风量系统以空调机的变温送风来处理，在一般FCU系统则以冷水阀ON/OFF控制来调节送风温度。
（2）变风量系统(V A V)变风量系统(VarlableAirV olume，简称V A V)即是空调机(AHU或FCU)可以调变风量。
常用的中央空调系统为AHU(空调机)与冷水管系统FCL系统。
这两者一般均以定风量(CA V)来供应空调区，为了应付室内部分负荷的变动，在AHU定风量系统以空调机的变温送风来处理，在一般FCU系统则以冷水阀ON/OFF控制来调节送风温度。
空调和制冷中英文对照外文翻译文献
中文资料翻译India HVAC&R Goes GlobalThe total market size in 2008 for the HVAC&R industry in India was approximately $2.5 billion. That year, India produced roughly 5 million refrigerators, 2.5 million room air conditioners, packaged air conditioners of various capacities, and packaged chillers of reciprocating, scroll, screw and absorption types.Other HVAC&R products manufactured in India include air-handling units, fan-coil units, refrigeration systems for cold rooms and freezer rooms; low-temperature brine chillers for industry; and commercial refrigeration equipment for food stores and supermarkets. The following stories describe some Indian companies that are making their mark internationally.Heat Pumps in DenmarkThermax absorption heat pumps and chillers are finding increasing acceptance with European and U.S. clients that want energy-efficient equipment. Businesses are demanding systems that can reduce carbon emissions and help cope with global warming.Over the last decade, Thermax has worked in optimizing energy use in Denmark by installing absorption heat pumps for centralized heating, which is a reverse application of centralized cooling with absorption chillers. Hot water from a central generation facility is used for space heating in town buildings. The heating companies reduce the energy intensity at generating centers by tapping low-grade heat from other sources such as geothermal heat from sandstone aquifers or waste heat from townincinerators.Since its first installation in 1999, Thermax absorption heat pumps are operating in several district heating installations. Recently, the company is fulfilling an order for a 3.4 MW steam absorption chiller to be installed in downtown Copenhagen as part of a district cooling project. The total capacity of the plant is 15 MW, which uses the output of the Thermax chiller, free cooling using seawater and ammonia chillers. The plant will save approximately 2,500 tons (2268 Mg) of carbon dioxide per year.In Spain, Thermax has commissioned chillers in hotels and office buildings that run on water heated by solar panels. Clients elsewhere in Europe also use Thermax chillers that work on exhaust gas from fuel cells or excess steam from old boilers that use wood waste.In the United Kingdom, large retailer Tesco has installed Thermax chillers at two stores as part of a plan to reduce its carbon footprint through various measures, including using energy-saving devices. The chillers use water from the cogeneration system that Tesco has installed for generating power.In the United States, a 1,100 kW test engine installed at a plant of a leading plastics manufacturer in Ohio generated a great deal of waste heat. Thermax harnessed this waste heat to drive an absorption chiller. Waste heat is converted to energy savings as chilled water from this system is used for process cooling in the plant. More than 150 business customers in the United States are gaining from energy profits and green reputations by installing Thermax chillers. Recently, the University at Albany-State University of New York，replaced its old, inefficient cooling system with a 1,400 ton (4924 kW) chiller that works on hot water. The university has gained 35% energy efficiency with substantial savings in operating and maintenance costs. The Henry Ford Museum in Detroit and Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colo., also have Thermax chillers.Under a recent strategic agreement, Trane, a leading global indoor comfort systems and service provider for the North American market, will source and distribute Thermax chillers.Heat Wheels in AustraliaWhat do a hospital in Australia, a university in Florida, a high-tech commercial building in Dubai, a church in Brazil, the Olympic stadium and airport in Beijing and an indoor swimming pool in Tasmania have in common? The indoor air quality provided by DRI, Desiccant Rotors International, is a heat wheel manufacturer inDelhi. A flagship company of the Pahwa Enterprises, it is the largest privately held HVAC group in India.King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEM) in Perth, Australia, is a renowned, state-owned health-care provider for women,with more than 400 beds and a large staff of specialists. KEM is geared to provide the highest standards of health care and patient servicing, where indoor air quality plays a vital role. The original HVAC installation carried out 30 years ago was ahead of its time. It incorporated heat recovery wheels (HRW) to save energy and provide better indoor air quality. The wheels were imported from the United States and the aluminum substrate was supplied in 20 segments. With the passage of time, the substrate disintegrated and fell off in all four wheels. As a result, the wheels became non-operational and KEM Hospital and the authorities had a tough time finding a supplier that could supply new wheels in sections that could pass through the doorways without breaking down the walls of the AHU room. They also had difficulty finding an installer who could dismantle the old steel frames, also in sections, so the building could remain intact.Fortunately, DRI, through its Australian agent agreed to custom manufacture a five-segment wheel in its factory, ship it to the site, install and commission the new wheel, all under the supervision of a local consultant. With the completion of the retrofit project, KEM Hospital’s indoor air quality improved. Among other projects DRI has done are the Beijing Olympics; Pacific Controls, which is Dubai’s first green building; and the second tallest building in China, which is the 450 m (1,476 ft) tall Nanjing Green Land Square, which are all equipped with Ecofresh wheels produced in Delhi.Other DRI facts:• Largest global producer of enthalpy wheels;• World’s only AHRI and Eurovent certified rotors manufacturer;• Integrated rotor manufacturing facility;• Wo rld-class rotor (enthalpy as well as desiccant) test facility;• Sales network spread over India, U.S., Brazil, Europe, UAE,Turkey, Africa, China, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, Korea and Australia; and• Awarded AHRI certification performance award for ac hieving a 100% success rate for seven consecutive years.Heat Pumps in EuropeBlue Star began exporting drinking water coolers to the Gulf countries in theMiddle East as early as 1974. The large stainless steel storage tank design of the coolers was suitable for India and the Gulf countries where city water supply was intermittent. Although local buyers initially resisted buying Blue Star coolers, with improved quality and timely deliveries the company’s sky-blue water coolers became visible at every mosque and school in Dubai and Kuwait.In the early 1990s, Blue Star made large investments in new plant, machinery, technology and R&D for HVAC&R products to handle the growing market within the country. In 1999, the company started exporting ducted air conditioners of up to 7.5 ton (26 kW) capacity, as well as window and split room ACs. A substantial part of these products were specially designed for an American company; prototypes were built and tested in India and the U.S., to suit the needs of the U.S. manufacturer for the Middle East market. Labeled with the U.S. brand name, but with the words “Made in India,” customers no longer hesitated to buy such products. As many as 170,000 unitary products were sold within a few years.Buoyed by this success in the Middle East, the American company decided to enter the European market with its brand and once again chose Blue Star to design ductable heat pumps for this market, using R-407C refrigerant (instead of R-22 in the Middle East) with a sleek appearance, compact footprint, stringent safety and noise requirements. Eleven thousand units have been shipped to Europe.With $500,000 in exports in 1999, today the company has nearly $25 million in exports and ships drinking water coolers, ducted split ACs and heat pumps, and air-handling units, fan coil units, scroll chillers, screw chillers, close control packaged ACs, as well as special units for the telecom market. A large number of distributors and business partners help the company to cater to the growing market in various neighboring countries. With an increased R&D spending, Blue Star plans to ship more products to the international market.Coolers in EuropeAir-cooled fluid coolers (ACFC) are as the radiator in your car, helping to keep the engine cool, by circulating cooling water through the engine jacket and the radiator. They are larger in cooling capacity and are used in captive power plants to cool the diesel engines or gas turbines that drive the electric generators.With scarcity of water and shortage of electric power in most parts of the developing world, International Coil Ltd (ICL) of Delhi has developed ACFCs to cool the jackets of diesel engines or gas turbines running generators in 8 MW power plantsor larger capacity with multiples of 8 MW, used by industry to run their plants, instead of cooling towers, which consume large amounts of water.With hundreds of installations of ACFCs in India, millions of cubic meters of water are being saved, proving them to be a good environment-friendly solution. Certified by AHRI, these ACFCs can also be supplied with Heresite coating to reduce corrosion in saline atmospheres. Internationally reputable manufacturers of power plants running on diesel engines or gas turbines including Rolls Royce of England, MAN of Germany, Wartsila of Finland and Cummins of the U.S., have signed OEM agreements with ICL to use ACFCs on their supplies of generators to most parts of the developing world.MEP Contracting in Middle EastIn the early 1970s, the Middle East embarked on ambitious plans of modernization and building construction.With a small domestic population, the region depended heavily on construction labor from the Indian subcontinent, which is only a few hours away by air. Arab and European companies with offices in the Gulf lured experienced Indian HVAC engineers with salaries three to four times higher than salaries prevailing in India, free company cars, petrol cheaper than water and no income tax. Voltas, being one of the largest HVAC companies, suffered crippling manpower losses that took time to replenish with the help of freshly graduated engineers.In a way, these events turned out to be a blessing in disguise, because Arab employers were so impressed with Indian engineering skills that many of them started doing business with Voltas in joint ventures, which took on large HVAC contracts initially and then went in for complete electro-mechanical projects, including electrical and plumbing.HVAC for Queen Mary IIThe experience gained from work in the Gulf States and contacts established with international suppliers all over the world of equipment and accessories, including piping, sheet metal, and insulation, led to Voltas’s ambition to take on the world.So, Voltas bid and won contracts in 30 countries and three continents, including the HVAC contract for Hong Kong Airport and the largest luxury liner ever built, Queen Mary II, while it was under construction in a French port.The company is part of the $62.5 billion Tata Group and is the number two air-conditioner brand in the country. The firm manufactured the first room airconditioner in 1954. It has overseas offices in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, Bahrain, Singapore and Hong Kong.Author：Hiru M. JhangianiNationality：IndiaOriginate from：Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal of 24 (2004) 55-60印度暖通空调与冰箱工业走向世界2008年，印度的暖通空调与冰箱工业的市场总量为25亿美元。
中央空调监控系统中温、湿度控制的相关问题分析外文翻译
中央空调监控系统中温、湿度控制的相关问题分析外文翻译附录一中央空调监控系统中温、湿度控制的相关问题分析中央空调系统是楼宇自动化系统节能的重点,因此对中央空调系统控制模式的研究非常重要。
文章对中央空调系统中温、湿度控制的相关问题从控制策略角度作了比较详细的分析。
l引言楼字自动化系统是智能建筑的一个重要组成部分。
楼宇自动化系统的功能就是对大厦内的各种机电没施,包括中央空调、给排水、变配电、照明、电梯、消防、安全防范等进行全面的计算机监控管理。
其中,中央空调的能耗占整个建筑能耗的50%以上,是楼宇自动化系统节能的重点。
由于中央空调系统十分庞大,反应速度较慢,滞后现象较为严重,现阶段中央空调监控系统几乎都采用传统的控制技术,对于工况及环境变化的适应性差,控制惯性较大,节能效果不理想。
传统控制技术存在的问题主要是难以解决各种不确定性因素对空调系统温湿度影响及控制品质不够理想。
而智能控制特别适用于对那些具有复杂性、不充全性、模糊性、不确定性、不存在已知算法和变动性大的系统的控制。
“绿色建筑”主要强调的是:环保、节能、资源和材料的有效利用,特别是对空气的温度、湿度、通风及洁净度的要求.因此,空调系统的应用越来越广泛。
空调控制系统涉及面广,而要实现的任务比较复杂.需要有冷、热源的支持。
空调机组内有大功率的风机,但它的能耗很大。
在满足用户对空气环境要求的前提下,只有采用先进的控制策略对空凋系统进行控制,才能达到节约能源和降低运行费用的目的。
以下将从控制策略角度对与监控系统有关的问题作简要讨论。
2空调系统的基本结构及工作原理空调系统结构组成一般包括下几部分:1新风部分空调系统在运行过程中必须采集部分室外的新鲜空气即新风,这部分新风必须满足室内工作人员所需要的最小新鲜空气量,因此空调系统的新风取入量决定于空调系统的服务用途和卫生要求。
新风的导入口一般设在周围不受污染影响的地方。
这些新风的导入口和空调系统的新风管道以及新风的滤尘装置新风空气过滤器、新风预热器又称为空调系统的一次加热器共同组成了空调系统的新风系统。
中央空调控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于PLC的中央空调控制系统1引言在PLC被开发出来的三十年里，它经过不断地发展，已经能结合模拟I/O，网络通信以及采用新的编程标准如IEC 61131-3。
然而，工程师们只需利用数字I/O和少量的模拟I/O数以及简单的编程技巧就可开发出80%的工业应用。
PLC已经广泛的应用在所有的工业部门。
据“美国市场信息”的世界PLC以及软件市场报告称，1995年全球PLC及其软件的市场经济规模约50亿美元[5]。
随着电子技术和计算机技术的发展，PLC的功能得到大大的增强。
由于采用传统的工具可以解决80%的工业应用，这样就强烈地需要有低成本简单的PLC；从而促进了低成本微型PLC的增长，它带有用梯形逻辑编程的数字I/O。
然而，这也在控制技术上造成了不连续性，一方面80%的应用需要使用简单的低成本控制器，而另一方面其它的20%应用则超出了传统控制系统所能提供的功能。
工程师在开发这些20%的应用需要有更高的循环速率，高级控制算法，更多模拟功能以及能更好地和企业网络集成。
在八十和九十年代，那些要开发“20%应用”的工程师们已考虑在工业控制中使用PC。
PC所提供的软件功能可以执行高级任务，提供丰富的图形化编程和用户环境，并且PC的COTS部件使控制工程师能把不断发展的技术用于其它应用。
这些技术包括浮点处理器；高速I/O总线，如PCI和以太网；固定数据存储器；图形化软件开发工具。
而且PC还能提供无比的灵活性，高效的软件以及高级的低成本硬件。
冰蓄冷中央空调是将电网夜间谷荷多余电力以冰的冷量形式储存起来，在白天用电高峰时将冰融化提供空调服务。
由于我国大部分地区夜间电价比白天低得多，所以采用冰储冷中央空调能大大减少用户的运行费用。
冰蓄冷中央空调系统配置的设备比常规空调系统要增加一些，自动化程度要求较高，但它能自动实现在满足建筑物全天空调要求的条件下将每天所蓄的能量全部用完，最大限度地节省运行费用。
空调、制冷词汇中英文对照表最新版
QJGD10.01.001-A 空调制冷词汇中英文对照表（新）空调、制冷词汇中英文对照表1主题内容与适用范围本标准适用于本公司的所有空调产品及技术文件所使用的名［词、木语。
本标准提供一套标准的，统一的制冷、空调名词，术语的中英文对照表，用作产品说明书，图样及有关技术文件的用词规范。
2词汇中英文对照表2.1通用词汇部分refrigerati on空气调节air con diti oning环境条件en vir onmen tal con diti ons标准工况sta ndard con diti on空调工况air con diti oning con diti on制冷量refrigerat ing capacity(cooli ng capacity)标准制冷量standard rati ng性能系数coefficie nt of performa nee温度temperature湿度humidity压力pressure干空气dry air湿空气moist air大气压力atmospheric pressure 饱和空气saturated air干球温度dry bulb temperature 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 露点温度dew point temperature 机器露点apparatus dew point 绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity含湿量specific humidity空气循环air circulatio n制冷系统refrigeration system制冷循环refrigeration cycle制热循环heati ng cycle蒸发evaporati on冷凝conden sati on过冷subcooli ng过热superheat过程process压缩compressi on膨胀expa nsion节流throttli ng灌注量refrigera nt charge制冷剂refrigera nt氟利昂22 freon22润滑油lubrica nt oil吸气端sucti on end排气端discharge end低压侧low pressure side高压侧high pressure side蒸发压力evaporat ing pressure冷凝压力con dess ing pressure吸气压力sucti on pressure排气压力discharge pressure蒸发温度evaporat ing temperature冷凝温度condensing temperature吸气温度sucti on temperature排气温度discharge temperature压缩比compressi on ratio制冷系统故障breakdown of the refrigeration system 冰堵ice plug 脏堵filth blockage油堵greasy blockage液击sluggi ng结霜frost formatio n除霜defrosti ng自动除霜automatic defrosti ng定时除霜time defrost ing空气净化air clea ning空气除臭air deodorizati on空气离子化air ioni zati on循环风量air flow volume制热量heat ing capacity噪声no ise空气动力性噪声air power noise机械噪声mmecha ni cal no ise 消声sound atte nu ati on声强级sound inten sity level产品product图纸draw ing技术文件tech nical file尺寸dime nsion技术要求tech ni cal requireme nt 长度1en gth宽度width超薄ultra —thin系列series保护装置protecti on devices纠正correct(correctio n) 更改modificatio n(modify) 编制compile标准化sta ndardize校对look through工艺tech no logy(workma nship)审核check审定exam ine and approve 批准approve签名sig nature(sig n)日期date爆炸图assembly draw ing组件comp onents零件parts结构structure厂商manu facturer认证资料approved in formati on 附录attachme nt方案procedure标题栏un derl ine明细栏specification list绝缘电阻in sulati on resista nee 起动电流starti ng current运转电流running curre nt泄漏电流leakage curre nt耐压试验high-voltage test安全试验security test温升试验temperture-raise test溢水试验water over-flow test(rain test)潮态试验humidity-state test把手han dle功率power电流curre nt起动试验starti ng test非正常运行abno rmal operati on堵转试验locked test机械强度试验mecha ni cal stre ngth test 接地方式earthi ng methods开路circuit-ope n断路circuit-break短路circuit-short接线端子wiring terminal(terminal bed)爬电距离creepage dista nee电气间隙cleara nee基本绝缘basic in sulati on附加绝缘suppleme ntary in sulatio n加强绝缘rei nforced in sulatio n对重绝缘double in sulati on额定电压rated voltage额定电压范围rated voltage range工作电压work ing voltage额定输入功率rated in put额定电流rated curre nt额定频率rated freque ncy额定频率范围rated freque ncy range 电源软线power supply cordX连接type X attachme nt丫连接type 丫 attachme ntZ连接type Z attachme nt电源引线supply leadsI类器具class I applia nee正常负截no rmal load气候类别climate type塑料件plastic parts内部结构in ternal structure流线型streamli ne特点（性）features数据data性能考数specsificatio ns诊断diag no stic、k 1 、<height咼度直径diameter公差tolera nee用户手册owner' s manual产品说明节product in structi on manual 包装箱package cart on装箱单pack ing list铭牌n ameplate型号model型号标识model mark图样目录in dex文件目录in dex of files7匚总表specifications list自制件self-mak ing part外协件cooperati on part外购件purchased part商标trademark合格证quality certificate保修卡guara ntee card用户档案files of con sumer项目item外形尺寸outli nes and dime nsions控制系统con trolli ng systems功能fun cti on液晶显示liquid crystol in dicate加工工艺machi ne workma nshiop装饰decoratio n装配质量assembly quality抗干扰immu nity机械制图mecha nic draw ing标准件stardard parts总装gen eral assembly工艺总结sunmary of tech no logical work喇叭口outlet with flare检汛leakage test防潮moisture resista nee电气强度dielectric stre ngth工艺性tech nol ogicul efficie ncy工艺性审查review of tech no logical efficie ncy 可加工性machi nability生产过程producti on process工艺过程process序号item no代号code no名称descripti on规格sta ndards页数page no.备注remarks格力电器GREE electric幅面size工艺文件tech no logical docume ntati on 工艺路线process route工艺设计process desig n工艺要素process factor工艺规范process specificati on工艺参数process parameter工艺准备process preparati on of producti on工艺设备manu facturi ng equipme nt 生产纲领producti on program生产类型type of producti on生产批量producti on batch生产周期producti on cycle原材料raw material主要材料primary material ，辅助材料auxiliary material工件workpiece在制品work-i n-process半成品semifi ni shed product成品final product合格品conforming product不合格品non-conforming product 废品scrap焊接weldi ng热处理heat treatme nt表面处理surface treatme nt机械加工machi ning装配assembly工序operatio n安装set up基准datum工艺孔auxiliary hole工艺尺寸process dime nsi on尺寸链dime nsion cha in力口工精度machi ning accuracy表面粗糙度surface rough ness夹具jigs and fixtures弯管pipe bending扩口flari ng缩口n eck ing去毛刺deburri ng除锈rust removal清洗clea ning2.2机器词汇部分房间空调器room air con diti oner单元式空调机un itary air con diti oner窗式空调机win dow-type air con diti oner分体式空调器split-type air con diti oner室内机in door un it室外机outdoor unit蒸发器evaporator冷凝器condenser毛细管capillary tube压缩机compressor往复式压缩机reciprocat ing compressor（回转）转子式压缩机rotary compressor 涡旋式压缩机scroll compressor气缸cyli nder吸气阀sucti on valve排气阀discharge valve理论排量theoretical displaceme nt实除排量actual displaceme nt热交换器heat exchangerU形管U-shape tube吊顶式ceili ng suspe nded吸顶式ceili ng cassettes(ceili ng con cealed)壁挂式wall moun ted落地式floor sta nding光管pla in copper pipe内螺纹管inner groove copper pipe翅片管finned tube四通换向阀 4 —way revers ing valve单向阀check valve轴流风机axial flow fan( propeller fan)离心风机cen trifugal fan( sirocco fan)贯流风机cross flow fan (1i nefrow fan)截止阀cut-off valve(ball valve)过滤器strai ner底盘（底板）chassis(lower pan el)安装板in stallati on sheet前（后）面板panel fron t(rear)侧板side plate(side pan el)边板end plate (end pan el)风扇电机fan motor电机支架motor support中间隔板mid . isolation sheet(separator support plate)网罩protecti on grill n ets扫风电机swi ng motor(louver motor)步进电机step motor (va ne motor)进风格栅air in take grill步进电机座vane crank继电器引线relay assy lead电器安装板electrical support ing plate 盖板cover plate(top plate) 电容capacitor电容夹capacitor clamp胶圈o-gasket管路系统tub ing systems排气管discharge pipe吸气管sucti on pipe电气原理图electrical prin ciple diagram 电气接线图electrical wring diagram线路图circuit diagram保温管thermal in sulati on pipe连接管堵头conn ecti on pipe cap电器安装盒electrical box汽液分离器liquid-gas separator接线板Term inal Board交流接触器AC con tactor贮液器liquid accumlator波纹软管corrugated pipe四芯(六芯)控制线sig nal cable with 4(6)cores 电热管heater eleme nt扫风叶片支架louver support左右端盖side box (L,R)电源线power cord控制器con troller红外遥控器remote con troller继电器relay主令开关mai n switch温控器thermostat螺钉screw螺栓bolt螺母nut垫圈gasket排水管drain age pipe油分离器oil separator插片in set block插孔in set bolt电机保护器motor protector保险丝fusePTC发热兀件P TC electrical heater变压器tran sformer控制面膜con trolli ng panel 脚轮castor固定螺丝set screw底板un der plate水位开关water-level switch触摸开关touch switch热断路thermal cut-out限温器temperature limiter电脑芯片IC集成电路in tegrated circuit可控硅con trolled silic on蜂鸣器buzzer插座socket插头plug过滤网air filter过滤栅filter grille蜗壳propeller hous ing水箱water tank水箱盖tank cover上隔板upper inner cover下隔板lower inner cover上卡板top cover下卡板bottom cover扫风叶片swing louver支撑条support bar导风叶片lower louver出风格栅front grill出水管drain age duct出水槽outlet for water模具mould灯箱light box机壳body感温包temp.se nsor电磁阀sole noid valve电磁线圈sole noid coil压缩机过载保护thermal switch咼压保护high pressure switch低压保护low pressure switch吊顶机风扇蜗壳casi ng set集水盘drain pan安装螺钉盖screw cover(screw cap) 壁挂机安装板wall frame电机固定件motor holder电机固定圈rubber mount风叶护网fan guard2.3仪器,仪表词汇部分温度计thermometer水银温度计mercurial thermometer电阻温度计resista nee thermometer热敏电阻thermistor热电偶thermocouple热电偶温度计thermocouple thermometor 量热计calorimeter表压gauge pressure绝对压力absolute pressure压力计pressure gauge真空vacuum真空计pressure gauge真空压力计compo und gauge干球温度计dry bulb thermometer温球温度计wet bulb thermometer温度计hygrometer干湿球温度计dry-wet bulb hygrometer流量计flowrator喷嘴flow no zzle质量流量计mass flowmeter温度传感器temperature sen sor湿度传感器humidity sen sor风速仪an emometer机械风速仪meeha ni eal an emometer数字风速仪digital an emometer热线风速仪hot-wire an emometer声级计sound level meter工具tool测量放大器measureme nt amplifier电容传声器conden ser mieroph one绝缘电阻表in solatio n resista nee meter耐压测试仪high_voltage reliability meter接地电阻测试台testi ng stati on of earthi ng resista nee泄漏电流测试装置test ing equipme nt of leak ing eurre nt直流电阻电桥electric bridge of DC resista nee灼热丝试验装置test ing equipme nt for seorehi ng漏电起痕试验装置testi ng equipme nt of serap with leak ing eurre nt球压装置ball-pressure apparatus扩口器rube-outlet expamder弯管器rube ben der卤素检漏仪haloge n leak deteetor电子检漏仪eleetrieal leak deteetor板子wrench冲击钻eleetrie drive n rotary hammer3.0附录附录一按英文字母顺序排列的词汇表附录二按汉语拼音字母顺序排列的词表附加说明：附录一按英文字母顺序排列的词汇表空气调节air conditioning空调工况air conditioning condition大气压力atmospheric pressure机器露点apparatus dew point绝对湿度absolute humidity空气循环air circulation自动除霜automatic defrosting空气净化air cleaning空气除臭air deodorization空气离子化air ioni zati on循环风量air flow volume空气动力性噪声air power noise批准approve爆炸图assembly draw ing认证资料approved information附录attachme nt非正常运行abno rmal operati on装配质量assembly quality辅助材料auxiliary material装配assembly工艺孑L auxiliary hole实除排量actual displacemant车由流风机axial flow fan (propeller fan)进风格栅air in take grill交流接触器AC con tactor过滤网air filter绝对压力absolute pressure风速仪an emometer制冷系统故障breakdow n of the refrigerati on system 基本绝缘basic insulation螺栓bolt蜂鸣器buzzer下卡板bottom cover机壳body球压装置ball-pressure apparatus性能系数coefficient of performanee冷凝conden sati on压缩compressi on冷凝压力condensing pressure冷凝温度condensing temperature压缩比compressi on ratio纠正correct (correcti on)编制compile审核check组件comp onents电流curre nt开路circuit-ope n断路circuit-break短路circuit-short爬电距离creepage distanee电气间隙clearaneeI 类器具class I applianee气候类别climate type夕卜协件cooperati on part控制系统controlling systems代号code no合格品con formi ng product清洗clea ning冷凝器conden ser毛细管capillary tube压缩机compressor气缸cylinder吊顶式ceili ng suspe nded吸顶式ceili ng cassettes (ceili ng con cealed) 单向阀check valve离心风机centrifugal fan (sirocco fan) 贯流风机cross-flow fan (linefrowfan) 截止阀cut-off valve (ball valve) 底盘(底板)chassis(lower pan el) 盖板cover plate(top plate) 电容capacitor 电容夹capacitor clamp 线路图circuit diagram 连接管堵头conn ecti on pipe cap波纹软管corrugated pipe 控制器con troller 控制面膜controlling panel 脚轮castor 可控硅con trolled silic on吊顶机风扇蜗壳casing set 量热计calorimeter 真空压力计compo und gauge电容传声器conden ser micropho ne干空气dry air干球温度dry bulb temperature 露点温度dew point temperature 排气端discharge end 排气压力discharge pressure排气温度discharge temperature除霜defrosti ng图纸draw ing尺寸dime nsion日期date对重绝缘double insulation数据data诊断diag no stic直径diameter装饰decorati on电气强度dielectric strength名称descripti on基准datum尺寸链dime nsion cha in去毛刺deburri ng排气阀discharge valve排气管discharge pipe排水管drain age pipe出水管drain age duct集水盘drain pan干球温度计dry bulb thermometer干湿球温度计dry-wet bulb hygrometer 数字风速仪digital an emometer环境条件environmentai conditions蒸发evaporati on膨胀expa nsion蒸发压力evaporating pressure蒸发温度evaporating temperature审定exam ine and approve接地方式earthing methods蒸发器evaporator边板end plate(e nd pan el)电器安装板electrical support ing plate 电气原理图electrical prin ciple diagram电气接线图electrical wring diagram电器安装盒electrical box电子检漏仪electrical leak detector直流电阻电桥electric bridge of DC rdsista nee 冲击钻electric drive n rotary hammer氟时昂22 freon22脏堵filth blockage结霜frost formatio n特点(性)features用户档案files of consumer功能fun cti on成品final product扩口flari ng落地式floor sta nding翅片管finned tube风扇电机 fan motor保险丝fuse过滤栅filter grille出风格栅 front grill风叶护网 fan guard测量计flowrator喷嘴flow no zzle油堵greasy blockage保修卡guara ntee card总装gen eral assembly 格力电器GREE electric 垫圈gasket表压gauge pressure 湿度humidity制热循环heati ng cycle高压侧high pressure side制热量heat ing capacity耐压试验 high-voltage test潮态试验humidity-state test把手han dle高度height热处理heat treatme nt热交换器heat exchanger 电热管heater eleme nt 高压保护high pressure switch 湿度计hygrometer 热线风速仪hot-wire an emometer耐压测试仪high-voltage reliability meter 卤素检漏仪haloge n leak detector温度传感器humidity sen sor冰堵ice plug绝缘电阻in sulati on resista nee内部结构internal structure图样目录index文件目录index of files项目item抗干扰immu nity序号item no室内机in door unit内螺纹管inner groove copper pipe安装板in stallati on sheet插片in set block插孔in set bolt电脑芯片IC集成电路integrated circuit绝缘电阻表in solatio n resista nee meter 夹具jigs and fixtures润滑油lubriea nt oil低压侧low pressure side长度len gth校对look through泄漏电流leakage current堵转试验locked test液晶显示liquid crystol indicate检汛leakage test汽液分离器liquid-gas separator贮液器liquid accumlator扫风叶片支架louver support下隔板lower inner cover导风叶片lower louver灯箱light box低压保护low pressure switch湿空气moist air机械噪声mechanical noise更改modificati on (modify)厂商manu facturer机械强度试验mecha ni cal stren gth test 型号model型号标识model mark力口工工艺machine workmanship机械制图mechanic drawing防潮moisture resista nee可加工性mach in ability工艺设备manufacturing equipment机械加工machining力口工精度machining accuracy电机支架motor support中间隔板mid isolation sheet(separator support plate) 主令开关ma in switch电机保护器motor protector模具mould电机固定件motor holder水银温度计mercurial thermometer质量流量计mass flowmeter机械风速仪mecha ni cal an emometer测量放大器measureme nt amplifier噪声no ise正常负截normal load铭牌n ameplate不合格品non-conforming product缩口n eck ing螺母nut用户手册owner' smanual夕卜形尺寸outlines and dimensions喇叭口outlet with flare工序operatio n室外机out door un it胶圈o-gasket油分离器oil separator出水槽outlet for water压力pressure过程process产品product保护装置protection devices零件parts方案procedure功率power电源软线power supply cord塑料件plastic parts产品说明书product in structi on manual 包箱package cart on装箱单pack ing list夕卜购件purchased part生产过程production process工艺过程process页数page no工艺路线process route工艺设计process design工艺要素process factor工艺规范process specification工艺参数process parameter工艺准备process preparation of production工艺纲领production program工艺批量production batch生产周期production cycle主要材料primary material工艺尺寸process dimension弯管pipe bending光管pla in copper pipe前（后）面板panel front （rear）网罩protecti on grill n ets电源线power cordPTC发热元件PTC electrical heater插头plug蜗壳propeller hous ing压力计pressure gauge真空计vauuc n gauge合格证quality certificate制冷refrigeration制冷量refrigerati ng capacity (cooli ng capacity) 相对湿度relative humidity制冷系统refrigeration system制冷循环refrigeration cycle灌注量refrigera nt charge制冷齐【J refrigera nt运转电流running current加强绝缘reinforced insulation额定电压rated voltage额定电压范围rated voltage range额定输入功率rated in put额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency额定频率范围rated freque ncy range工艺性审查review of tech no logical efficie ncy 备注remarks原材料raw material除锈rust removal房间空调器room air con diti oner往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor转子式压缩机rotary compressor继电器引线relay assy lead无线遥控器remote con troller继电器relay电机固定圈rubber mount电阻温度计resista nee thermometer标准工况standard condition 标准制冷量standard rati ng饱和空气saturated air 含湿量specific humidity 过冷subcooli ng 过热superheat 吸气端sucti on end吸气压力suction pressure 吸气温度suction temperature 液击sluggi ng 丫肖声sound atte nu ati on 声强级sou nd intensity level系列series标准化sta ndardize 签名sig nature(sig n) 结构structure明细栏specificati on list起动电流starting current安全试验security test起动试验starting test附加绝缘supplementary insulation电源引线supply leads流线型streamli ne性能考数specsifications7 匚总表specificati ons list自制件self-mak ing part标准件stardard parts工艺总结summary of tech no logical work规格sta ndards幅面size半成品semifi ni shed product废品scrap表面处理surface treatment安装set up表面粗糙度surface rough ness分体式空调器split-type air con diti oner涡旋式压缩机scroll compressor吸气阀sucti on valve过滤器strai ner侧板side plate (side pan el)扫风电机swing motor (louver motor)步进电机step motor(vane motor)吸气管sucti on pipe四芯(六芯)控制线sig nal cable with 4(6) cores 左右端盖side box(L.R)螺钉screw固定螺丝set screw插座socket扫风叶片swing louver支撑条support bar电磁阀sole noid valve电磁线圈solenoid coil安装螺钉盖screw cover (screw cap)声级计sound level meter温度temperature节流throttli ng定时除霜time defrosting技术文件technical file技术要求technical requirement工艺tech no logy (workma nship)温升试验temperture-raise testX 连接type X attachmentY连接type Y attachmentZ 连接type Z attachment公差toleranee 商标trademark工艺性tech no logicul efficie ncy工艺文件tech no logical docume ntati on 生产类型type of producti on理论排量theoretical displacement管路系统tubing systems保温管thermal in sulati on pipe温控器thermostat变压器tran sformer触摸开关touch switch热断路thermal cut-out限温器temperature limiter水箱盖tank cover上卡板top cover感温包temp. sen sor压缩机过载保护thermal switch温度计thermometer热敏电阻thermistor热电偶thermocouple热电偶温度计thermocouple thermometor 温度传感器temperature sen sorleak ing工具 tool扩口器 tube-outlet expamder接地电阻测试台 testi ng stati on of earthi ng resista nee 泄漏电流测试装置 test ing equipme nt of leak ing eurre nt灼热丝试验装置 testing equipment for seorehing 漏电起痕试验装置testi ng equipme nt of scrap with eurre nt弯管器 tube ben der超簿 ultra-thin标题栏 un derl ine单元式空调机un itary air con diti oner U 形管 U-shape tube底板 un derplate上隔板 upper inner eover步进电机座 vane crank真空 vaeuum湿球温度 wet bulb temperature宽度 width溢水试验 water over-flow test (rain test)接线端子 wiring terminal (terminal bed)工作电压 working voltage工件 workpieee在制品 work-i n-process焊接weldi ng窗式空调机win dow-type air con diti oner壁挂式wall moun ted接线板Termi nal Board水位开关water-level switch水箱water tank壁挂机安装板wall frame湿球温度计wet bulb thermometer板子wrench四通换向阀4-way revers ing valve附录二按汉语拼音字母顺序排列的词汇表安全试验security test安装set up安装板in stallati on sheet安装螺钉盖screw cover (screw cap)把手handle 板子wrench半成品semifi ni shed product包箱package cart on保护装置protection devices保修卡guara ntee card保温管thermal in sulati on pipe保险丝fuse饱和空气saturated air爆炸图assembly draw ing备注remarks壁挂式wall moun ted壁挂机安装板wall frame 边板end plate (end pan el) 编制compile变压器tran sformer标准工况standard condition 标准制冷量standard rati ng标准化sta ndardize标题栏un derl ine标准件sta ndard parts表面处理surface treatment 表面粗糙度surface rough ness表压gauge pressure 冰堵ice plug波纹软管corrugated pipe不合格品non-conforming product 步进电机step motor(vane motor) 步进电机座vane crank 侧板side plate(side pan el) 测量放大器measureme nt amplifier插片in set block 插孔in set bolt插座socket 插头plug产品product 长度len gth产品说明书product in structi on manual厂商manufacturer 超薄ultra-thin潮态试验humidity - state test成品final product尺寸dime nsion尺寸链dime nsion cha in翅片管finned tube冲击钻electric drive n rotary hammer出风格栅front grill出水管drain age duct出水槽outlet for water除霜defrosti ng除锈rust removal触摸开关touch switch窗式空调机win dow-type air con diti oner大气压力atmospheric pressure代号code no单元式空调机un itary air con diti oner 单向阀check valve导风叶片lower louver灯箱light box低压侧low pressure side 低压保护low pressure switch 底盘(底板)chassis(lower pan el) 底板un derplate 垫圈gasket 电流curre nt 电气间隙clearanee 电源软线power supply cord 电源引线supply leads 电气强度dielectric strength 电机支架motor support电器安装板electrical supporting plate 电容capacitor 电容夹c apacitor clamp电气原理图electrical prin ciple diagram电气接线图electrical wring diagram电器安装盒electrical box电热管heater eleme nt电源线power cord电机保护器motor protector电脑芯片IC 电磁阀sole noid valve电磁线圈solenoid coil电机固定件motor holder电机固定圈rubber mount电阻温度计resista nee thermometer电容传声器conden ser mieropho ne电子检漏仪electrical leak detector吊顶式ceili ng suspe nded吊顶机风扇窝壳casing set 定时除霜time defrosting 堵转实验locked test 短路circurt-short 断路circuit-break 对重绝缘double insulation 额定电压rated voltage 额定电压范围r ated voltage range额定输入功率rated in put额定电流rated current 额定频率rated frequency 额定频率范围rated freque ncy range方案procedure 房间空调器room air con diti oner防潮moisture resista nee 非正常运行abno rmal operati on废品scrap分体式空调器split-type air con diti oner蜂鸣器buzzer风扇电机fan motor风叶护网fan guard风速仪an emometer幅面size氟时昂22 freon22辅助材料auxiliary matial附录attachme nt附加绝缘supplementary insulation盖板cover plate (top plate)干空气dry air干球温度dry bulb temperature干湿球温度计dry bulb thermometer感温包temp.se nsor高压侧high pressure side高度height高压保护high pressure switch格力电器GREE electric更改modificatio n(modify)工艺tech no logy (workma nship) 工作电压working voltage工艺总结sunmary of tech no logical work工艺性tech no logicul efficie ncy工艺性审查review of tech no logical efficie ncy工艺过程process工艺文件tech no logical docume ntati on工艺路线process route工艺设计process design工艺要素process factor工艺规范process specification工艺参数process parameter工艺准备process preparation of production 工艺设备manufacturing equipment工件workpiece工序operatio n工艺孑L auxiliary hole工艺尺寸process dimension工具tool功率power功能fun cti on公差tolera nee固定螺丝set screw管路系统tubing systems灌注量refrigera nt charge贯流风机cross-flow fan(linefrow fan)光管pla in copper pipe规格sta ndards过冷subcooli ng过热superheat过程process过滤器strai ner过滤网air filter过滤栅filter grille含湿量specific humidity焊接weldi ng合格证quality certificate合格品con formi ng product环境条件environmental condition7 匚总表specificati ons list基本绝缘basic insulation基准datum机器露点apparatus dew point机械噪声mechanical noise机械强度试验mecha ni cal stre ngth test 机械制图mechanic drawing机械加工machining机壳body机械风速仪mecha ni cal an emometer集成电路integrated circuit集水盘drain pan技术文件technical file技术要求technical requirement继电器引线relay assy lead继电器relay夹具jigs and fixtures加强绝缘reinforced insulation力口工工艺machine workmanshiop力口工精度machining accuracy检汛leakage test胶圈o-gasket交流接触器AC con tactor脚轮castor接地方式earthing methods接线端子wiring terminal (terminal bed)接线板wiri ng termi nal (termi nal bed)接地电阻测试台testi ng stati on of earthi ng resista nee 截止阀cut-off valve(ball valve)节流throttli ng结霜frost formatio n结构structure进风格栅air in take grill纠正correct (correcti on)绝对湿度absolute humidity绝缘电阻in sulati on resista nee绝对压力absolute pressure绝缘电阻表in solatio n resista nee meter 开路circuit-ope n抗干扰immu nity可加工性mach in ability可控硅con trolled silic on空气调节air conditioning空调工况air conditioning condition空气循环air circulation空气净化air cleaning空气除臭air deodorization空气离子化air ioni zati on空气动力性噪声air power noise控制系统controlling systems控制器con troller控制面膜controlling panel宽度width扩口flari ng扩口器tube-outlet expamder喇叭口outlet with flare冷凝conden sati on冷凝压力con dess ing pressure冷凝温度condensing temperatureleak ing冷凝器 conden ser离心风机 centrifugal fan(sirocco fan)理论排量 theoretical displacement连接管堵头 conn ecti on pipe cap量热计 calorimeter零件 parts流线型 streamli ne流量计 flowrator漏电起痕试验装置testi ng equipme nt of scrap with curre nt卤素检漏仪 haloge n leak detector露点温度 dew point temperature螺钉 screw螺栓 bolt螺母 nut落地式 floor sta nding毛细管 capillary tube明细栏 specificati on list铭牌 n ameplate名称 mould模具 high-voltage test耐压测试仪 high-voltage reliability meter内部结构 internal structure内螺纹管inner groove copper pipe 爬电距离creepage distanee排气端discharge end排气压力discharge pressure排气温度discharge temperature 排气阀discharge valve排气管discharge pipe排水管drain age pipe喷嘴flow no zzle膨胀expa nsion批准approve起动电流starting current起动试验starting test气候类别climate type气缸cylinder汽液分离器liquid-gas separator 签名sig nature(sig n)前(后)面板panel front (rear)清洗clea ning球压装置ball-pressure apparatus 去毛刺deburri ng热处理heat treatme nt热交换器heat exchanger热断路thermal cut-out热敏电阻thermistor热电偶thermocouple热电偶温度计thermocouple thermometor 热线风速仪hot-wire an emometer认证资料approved information润滑油lubrica nt oil扫风电机swing motor(louver motor)扫风叶片支架louever support扫风叶片swing louver商标trademark上隔板upper inner cover上卡板top cover审核check审定exam ine and approve声强级sou nd intensity level声级计sound level meter生产过程production process生产纲领production program生产类型type of production。
空调系统外文翻译
Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years, from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings. In 1970, 36% of residences in the U.S. were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling (Blue, et al., 1979). By 1997, this number had more than doubled to 77%, and that year also marked the first time that over half (50.9%) of residences in the U.S. had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). An estimated 83% of all newhomes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings. From 1970 to 1995, the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73% (Jackson and Johnson, 1978, and DOE, 1998).Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment. In most applications, the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building. Air conditioning systems are also used in other applications, such as automobiles, trucks, aircraft, ships, and industrial facilities. However, the description of equipment in this chapter is limited to those commonly used in commercial and residential buildings.Commercial buildings range from large high-rise office buildings to the corner convenience store. Because of the range in size and types of buildings in the commercial sector, there is a wide variety of equipment applied in these buildings. For larger buildings, the air conditioning equipment is part of a total system design that includes items such as a piping system, air distribution system, and cooling tower. Proper design of these systems requires a qualified engineer. The residential building sector is dominatedby single family homes and low-rise apartments/condominiums. The cooling equipment applied in these buildings comes in standard “packages” that are often both sized and installed by the air conditioning contractor.The chapter starts with a general discussion of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle then moves to refrigerants and their selection, followed by packaged Chilled Water Systems。
外文翻译---中央空调监控系统中温、湿度控制的相关问题分析
附录附录A 外文翻译The Analysis on Related Problems of Temperaure-humidity Control for Monitoring System of Central Air-condition1 Introduction"Green building" focus on environmental protection, energy saving, efficient use of resources and materials, especially focus on requirements for air temperature, humidity, ventilation and cleanliness. Therefore, the use of air conditioning system is more widely. Air-conditioning control system involves many aspects, but more complex tasks to be achieved. It needs support of cold and heat. There are high-power air conditioning unit fan, but it's a great energy. Under the premise of meeting the requirements of users to air environment, only the use of advanced control strategies to control air-conditioning system, can achieve energy conservation and reduce cost of operation. The following will make a brief discussion about perspective problems with the monitoring system from control strategy.2 system's basic structure and working principleStructure and composition of air-conditioning system generally include the sections:(1) Part of the new wind Air-conditioning system during operation to capture part of the outdoor fresh air (ie fresh air), this part of the fresh air to meet indoor staff required minimum fresh air volume, so air conditioning system of fresh air taken into the amount determined by air-conditioning system service uses and hygiene requirements. The new wind into the general population in the surrounding areas from pollution. These new wind into port and air conditioning systems and new air ducts installation of new wind Dust (new style air filter), new air heaters (also known as air-conditioning system in a heater) came together to form a new air system air conditioning system.(2) Part of air purification Air-conditioning system according to their differentuses, purification of air in different ways. Therefore, in the air purification system has set an initial effect of a simple air filter cleaning system, but also set an initial effective air filter and air filter efficiency level of the general purification system, in addition to setting an initial efficiency air filters, one in the efficiency of air filters anda HEPA filter for three high-purification system filter.(3) Part of the air heat, wet Air heating, humidification and cooling, dehumidification, will combine the process, known as the air conditioning system, heat, wet part. In the air to heat, wet processing, surface-air heat exchanger. Setting a new air intakes in the system, a return air as the air before the air heater in a heater; set before cooling dehumidification air heater, known as the secondary air heater; set in air-conditioned room before sending outlet air heater, known as the three air heaters. Three air-conditioned room heater to regulate the main role of the temperature, the thermal coal used for the hot water or electric heating. The surface heat exchanger in cold water or a refrigerant through the low-temperature water-cooled surface, called the direct evaporative cooler or cooler surface, but also by spraying cold water or hot water washer, There are also direct water spray of steam approach to achieve the air hot and wet processing.(4) The section of air transportation and distribution and control Fans and air conditioning systems to send, return air pipe as part of air transport. Duct in the regulation of air valve, butterfly valve, damper, boot valve and air outlet such as points, control section. Air-conditioning system according to the different air resistance, set the number of fans are different, if the air conditioning system for a wind turbine set, the fans not only from the air role, the role was underway as a single return air fan system; if the air conditioning system set two fans, one for the blower, another fan for the back, then called the two-fan system.(5). cold and heat source of air conditioning system, Air conditioning systems used in the cold cold source is generally divided into natural and artificial sources of cold source. Natural cooling source generally refers to ground water from deep wells, artificial cold source generally refers to the use of artificial refrigeration means available, which includes the vapor compression refrigeration, absorption refrigeration, and steam jet refrigeration, and other means. Modern large-scale buildings are often used for central air conditioning systemIts working principle is when the ambient temperature is too high, the air conditioning system, through re-circulated to the indoor heat away so that the indoortemperature is maintained at a certain value. When the circulation of air through the fan coil, the high-temperature air through the cooling coil of aluminum metal prior to heat exchange coil of aluminum absorbs heat from the air, the air temperature decreases, and then the cycle of freezing air given away after Indoor. Chilled water cooling coil provided by the cooling machine, cooler by the compressor, condenser and evaporator component. Compressor to compress refrigerant, refrigerant compressed into the condenser, cooled by cooling water into the liquid, precipitation heat from the cooling water, and drained the cooling tower air. Liquid refrigerant from the condenser into the evaporator, evaporation, so that chilled water cooling, and then into the water-cooled chilled water fan coil heat absorption in the air, again and again, cycle continuously, the indoor heat away. When the ambient temperature is too low, the need for hot water into the fan coil, and the above-mentioned principles, as given away heated indoor air. After air cooling, water analysis of the air relative humidity decreased, become dry, so need to increase humidity, it is necessary to install humidifiers, water spray or spray to steam air humidification treatment, the use of such wet air to supplement inadequate amount of indoor water vapor.3.central air conditioning system control problems3.1 The characteristics of the controlled objectAir-conditioning system control objects are mostly thermal objects, from the perspective of control, has the following characteristics:(1)more disruptive For example, incoming solar radiation through windows, heat is a function of time, subject to weather conditions; outdoor air temperature, room temperature through the envelope on impact; through doors, windows, building cracks penetrated the outdoor air temperature impact; to change gas (or maintain a certain positive pressure room) adopted a new style, its temperature changes have a direct impact on the room temperature. In addition, the electric heater (air heater) power supply voltage fluctuations and hot water heater hot water pressure, temperature, steam pressure fluctuations, will affect the room temperature.So much interference, so that air conditioning load in the larger context of change, and their location into the system, form, size and frequency of such magnitude, both with the construction of the structure (building thermal performance), use of different and different, even with air conditioning technology itself. Should be considered in the design of air conditioning systems to minimize interference with or taking anti-jamming measures. Therefore, we can say that air conditioning project isbased on building thermal, air-conditioning technology and automation technology based on a comprehensive engineering.(2) Multi-condition Air conditioning technology in the treatment process is highly seasonal. Year, at least into the winter season and summer transition.In recent years, distributed systems in the air conditioning system, air conditioning for multiple applications to create conditions favorable conditions. As the air conditioning system, diversification, operational management and control devices to become complicated. Therefore require operators to be in strict accordance with the energy-efficient design requirements, including technical measures to operate, and maintain, not free to change run Cheng Xu, and Zhong'sShebeiChaigai system.(3) temperature, humidity correlation Describe the state of the two main parameters of air temperature and humidity as they are not completely independent of the two variables.Whenthe relative humidity changes will cause humidification (or dehumidification) action, the results will lead to temperature fluctuations; and temperature changes, so indoor air vapor saturation pressure, the absolute moisture content in the same situation, directly change the relative humidity (relative humidity to reduce the temperature increased, the temperature increase reduces relative humidity). Associated with the parameters such as relative parameters. Clearly, in the temperature and humidity of the air-conditioning systems required to form the automatic control system should pay attention to this feature.3.2 Control ProblemsSuch as central air conditioning system for large, complex process (or object) of the control implementation, usually by some kind of guidelines, the lower its decomposition into a number of subsystems to exercise control, co-ordination in the top performance among the various subsystems, making integration After the system is in some sense the optimal state. Problems in control mainly in:(1) uncertainty Traditional(2) highly nonlinear(3) semi-structured and unstructured(4) system complexity(5)Reliability4. the selection of control strategyThe uncertainty of complex systems, since the controlled object (process) is difficult to use the characteristics of the mathematical model accurately described.The traditional PID control theory based on classical control and state space representation based on modern control theory methods to achieve high dynamic and static charged object quality control is very difficult, usually with black-box method, that method of input and output description control system analysis and design, a large number of energy and the introduction of human wisdom, experience and skills. Controller is based on mathematical models and the combination of broad knowledge of systems design model, that of the control of the uncertainty of complex systems generally use the intelligent control strategy. Such control system has the following basic features:(1) has enough on people's control strategy charged objects and the environment with the knowledge and using the knowledge of the "wisdom";(2)isknowledge that can begeneralized mathematical model and the non-mathematical description that the mixing process, using open loop control and the combination of qualitative and quantitative control of the multi-mode control;(3) with variable structure features, can be generally self-optimizing, self-adaptive, self-organization, self-learning and self-coordination;(4) with compensation and self-healing capabilities, determine decision-making capacity and high reliability. Highlight the advantages of intelligent control strategy is to take full advantage of human control performance, information acquisition, transmission, processing performance results and psychological, physical test data, the establishment of control by a "people" aspects of the model to be controlled object with a machine models complement each other, man-machine system design, providing flexibility for the system analysis and design. For example, when creating the object model is very difficult to control when the controller model can be established, such as establishing control expert model, design expert controller; when the controller model is difficult to establish when the controlled object model can be established; the design of charged object model has difficulties, but also a "control person of a controlled object" of the joint model, the cybernetic system model, such as "people person" cybernetic systems game theory model. As the transformation of modern sensing detection technology and the development of computer hardware-related technologies have basically solved Kongzhi system properly in the hardware problems, difficulty is that the information in the information processing Hu Liu's control, so the control objectives and control Gongneng of Wan Cheng All software is often used method. Different control strategy to construct the algorithmfor its complexity, robustness, decoupling performance, etc. vary widely, in the technical realization of the cost of hardware and software resources are also different, people look forward to is the lowest cost control strategy, in this aspects of human intelligent control strategy has its unique advantages. Simulated intelligent control is a summary, imitate human control experience and behavior, to describe the production rules in control of the inspired and intuitive reasoning behavior is to mimic the basic features of the control of behavior control specialists, control algorithm is a multi-modal and multi-mode control alternating between the use of, and has good decoupling performance and robustness. From a complex system control engineering practice experience, select the simulated intelligent control strategy is a wise move. In addition to simulation intelligent control strategies, as well as fuzzy control, expert system control strategies.5ConclusionSince central air-conditioning system in the energy-saving building automation systems occupy a special position, shown on the central air conditioning system control the pattern of significance. In this paper, the system temperature and humidity control for a more detailed analysis, and describes the main advantages of intelligent control strategy for the design of similar systems provide useful help.From:Air Conditioning Control and Management中央空调监控系统中温、湿度控制的相关问题分析1引言“绿色建筑”主要强调的是环保，节能，资源和材料的有效利用，特别是对空气的温度、湿度、通风及洁净度的要求。
外文翻译----PLC在冰蓄冷中央空调系统控制中的应用
PLC in the ice storage central air-conditioning system of control1 IntroductionIn PLC in 30 years which developed, it passes through develops unceasingly, already could unify simulates I/O, the network corresponds as well as uses new programming standard like IEC 61131-3. However, engineers only must use digital I/O and few simulations I/O number as well as simple programming skill on potential 80% industrial application.PLC has been widely used in all industrial sectors. According to "The United States market information" World PLC and software market report, in 1995 the global software PLC and its economies of scale of about 5 billion US dollars [5]. As electronic technology and the development of computer technology,Because uses traditional the tool to be possible to solve 80% industrial application, like this intensely needs to have low cost simple PLC; Thus promoted the low cost miniature PLC growth, it has the useful trapezoidal logical programming digital I/O. However, this has also created the discontinuity in the control technology, on the one hand 80% application need to use the simple low cost controller, but on the other hand other 20% application then have surpassed the function which the tradition control system can provide. Engineer is developing these 20% application to need to have the higher circulation speed, the senior control algorithm, the more simulations function as well as can well and the enterprise network integration.In 80 and the 90's, these must develop "20% application" engineers had considered uses PC in the industry control. PC provides the software function may carry out the senior task, provides the rich programming and the user environment, and the PC COTS part enables control engineer the technology which develops unceasingly to use in other applications. These technologies including floating point processor; High speed I/O main line, like PCI and ethernet; Fixed data memory; software development kit. Moreover PC also can provide the incomparable flexibility, highly effective software as well as senior low cost hardware.Ice thermal storage air conditioning is the central power grid could be redundant-night ice electricity in the form of cold storage, in the daytime peak hoursof electricity to provide air-conditioning services melting ice. As most parts of our country at night than during the day much lower price, using ice cold storage central air-conditioning can greatly reduce user operating costs.Ice storage central air-conditioning system configuration of equipment than conventional air conditioning system to increase some, require a higher degree of automation, but it automatically to meet the requirements of the air-conditioned buildings all day every day under the conditions of the energy he has exhausted all, the biggest limits to save operating costs.the PLC functions are greatly enhanced, with the following characteristics:(1) high reliability. PLC benefited from the high-reliability hardware and software on a series of anti-jamming measures and the cycle of its special scanning methods of work.(2) with rich I / O interface module. PLC for different industrial field signal and the corresponding I / O modules and industrial devices or equipment at the scene of a direct connection. In addition to improving performance, it also has a variety of man-machine dialogue interface modules to the industrial composition of local area networks, it also multiple communications network interface module.(3) modular structure. To meet the needs of various industrial control, in addition to a small PLC unit, the vast majority of PLC are modular structure. PLC various components, including the CPU, power supply, I / O, etc. is modular in design from the rack and cables will connect each module, the system's size and function in accordance with the needs of users of its own portfolio.(4) easy to learn programming. Most of the PLC programming relay control circuit similar to the ladder diagram form, the user, do not have computer expertise, it is easy to general engineering and technical personnel understand and master.(5) Installation is simple and easy maintenance. PLC does not require specialized equipment room in a variety of industrial environments can be directly run. Various modules are run and fault indication devices, user-friendly understanding of the operation and find fault. The modular structure, so any failure of a module, users can replace the module, allowing the system to rapidly resume operation.Second, the characteristics and Application of industrial PC2 control systemThe control system consists of the crew (Floor Control Workstation) and PC (central management workstation), with the crew using programmable logic controller (PLC) with the touch screen, PC using industrial-grade computers and printers, system configuration necessary if the annex communications equipment interfaces, network interface cards, modems and so on, to achieve the parameters of the storage system and intelligent automatic operation.Under the crew at the scene and touch-screen systems can control, parameter settings and data. PC remote management and print, it contains the crew and all of the features touch screen. Following the system as a whole crew of industrial programmable logic controller as the core, to achieve automatic control. Control equipment and devices including: detection sensor components, electric valves, converter, etc..Under the 2.1-Systems (Regional workstations)2.1.1 TP21 touch screenTP27 used as a color touch-screen operator panel, completely replace conventional button, lights device, the control cabinet interviewed more tidy. Moreover, TP27 touch screen at the scene showed that the state can be realized, system settings, mode selection, parameter setting, fault recording, record load, time-of-day, real-time data, load curve and reporting statistics, and other functions, Chinese intuitive and friendly user interface.2.1.2 SIEMENS PLCSIMATIC S7-300 Series PLC applied to all walks of life, all kinds of occasions in the detection, monitoring and control automation, its powerful features to both operate independently, or linked to a network able to achieve complex control functions.The product features photoelectric isolation, and high electromagnetic compatibility; high industrial applicability, allowing the ambient temperature of 60 ℃; has a strong anti-jamming and anti-vibration and impact resistance, in the harsh environment of the work has been widely applications.I also means freedom of communications S7-300 PLC, a very uniquefeatures, it makes S7-300 PLC with any communication protocol can open other equipment, communications controller, or PLC S7-300 can be defined by the users themselves communications protocols (for example ASCII protocol), baud rate of 1.5 Mbit / s (adjustable). Thus the scope of the communications can be greatly increased, the control system configuration more flexible and convenient. Any serial interface with peripherals, such as: printer or bar code readers, the drive, a modem (Modem), the upper PC can be connected to the machine. Users can program to develop communication protocol to exchange data (such as: ASCII character code), RS232 interface with the equipment available PC / PPI free cable linking communications communication.Chip and Chip Holderslntegrated Circuis are usually called Ics or chips. Thay are complex circuits, which have benn etched onto tiny chips of semiconductor(silicon). The chip is packaged in a plastic holder with pins spaced on a 0.1(2.54mm)grid, which will fit the holes on stipboard. Very fine wires inisde the package link the chip to the pins.1)Pin numbersThe pins are numbered anti-clockwise around the IC(chip) starting near the notch or dot. It shows the numbering for 8-pin and 14-pin Ics, but the principle is the same for all sizes.2)Chip holders(DIL sockets)ICs(chip)are easily damageded by heat when soldering and their short pins cannot be protected with a heat sink. Instead we use a chip holder, strictly calleda DIL socket(DIL=Dual In-Line), which can be safely soldered onto the circuitboard. The chip is pushed into the holder when all solding is complete.Chip holders are only nedded when solding so they are not used on breaboards.Commercially produced circuit boards often have chips soldered directly to the board without a chip holder ,usually this is done by a machine which is able to work very quickly .Please donnot attemp to do this yourself because you are likely to destory the chip and it will be different to remove without damage by de-soldering.3)Removing a chip from its holder4)If you need to remove a chip it can be gently prized out of the holderwith a small flat-blade screwdriver. Carefully lever up each end by inserting the screwdriver blade between the chip and its holder and gently twisting the screwdrive. Take care to statre lifting at both ends before you attempt to remove the chip,otherwise you will bend and possibly break the pins.5）Bipolar Integrated Circuits MOS Integrated CircuitsHistorically, bipolar Integrated Circuits used to be much more popular than MOS Integrated Circuits,particularly for small-sace logic Circuits. There were two major reasons for this: first, bipolar-junction transistors originally could be manufactured more reliably than MOS transistors,and second , they were faster, As the reliabitity of MOS transistors improved, and as integrated Circuits became more complex , which made the lower power and small size of MOS logic more important, the popularity of BJT logic decreased, however, BJT technology is still popular for the highest frequency logic circuits.When the PC offline, under the control of the next crew, the entire system can operate normally.PC System 2.2 (central management workstation)PC 2.2.1PC that is by control centre, mainly by the PC and laser printer components, SIMATIC WINCC software platform used by the entire Chinese user interface, friendly man-machine dialogue. Management and operation, can be observed by PC-display all kinds of information to understand the current and previous controlled the entire ice storage system and the operation of all parameters, and equipment through the mouse print management and the implementation of tasks.2.2.2 WINCC software platformWINCC software in the field of automation can be used for all operator control and monitoring tasks. Process control can be in the events clearly show, can show that the current state records in accordance with the order, all the recorded data can be displayed or select summary form, or may be required for editing, and output print statements and trends .WINCC able to control the process of the critical early stages of the report, and the signal can be displayed on the screen, and can also use voice demonstrated. It support the use of on-line help and operational guidelines to eliminate fault. WINCC a specialized workstations can be used to control the process so that the important process information is not shielded. - Aided software strategy assurance process is not illegal access, and provide for the industrial environment no wrong in the operation.WINCC is MICRSOFT WINDOWS98 or WINDOWS NT4.0 operating system, running on a PC object-oriented class 32 applications, through Windows OLE and ODBC standard mechanism, as an ideal communications partners to enter WINDOWS world, and therefore can be easily WINCC to integrate a company-wide data processing system.3 ice storage system control3.1 control objectives, scope and mainly controlled equipmentStorage Control System control purposes: Through the refrigeration host, ice storage devices, plate heat exchanger, the system pumps, cooling towers, piping system regulating valve control, ice storage system adjustment of the status of the operation mode, in the most economical circumstances to the terminal to provide a stable water supply temperature. At the same time, improve the level of automation, improve the management efficiency and reduce labor intensity management.Control of the ice storage system, including the entire state of the parameters, equipment status and control, the main control equipment: duplex status console, electric valves, cooling towers, cooling water pumps, ice storage devices, the primary glycol pump, plate heat exchanger , sub-glycol pumps.3.2 controlControl functions include the ice storage system stability, and economic operation of the required functions.3.2.1 status of the conversion functionDepending on the season and machinery operation, automatic control system with the following conditions conversion functions:A) duplex host ice conditions at the same time cooling mode; b) duplex status of a separate ice-making mainframe model; c) ice-storage devices and host jointcooling mode; d) of ice-melting separate cooling mode; e) for the console alone Cold model.3.2.2 The status of the start-up and shutdown, display and alarm functions FaultControl system according to the chronological layout with load forecasting software, mainframe and external control refrigeration equipment start-up and shutdown of the surveillance equipment and the number of working conditions and operating parameters, such as:-- Commitment refrigeration console, status and fault alarm - refrigeration mainframe operating parameters - the protection of water cooling host - host for refrigeration / return water temperature, pressure telemetry and display; - Commitment chilled water pumps, status and fault alarm -- glycol pump start-up and shutdown, status and fault alarm - start-up and shutdown cooling pumps, status and fault alarm - bypass pipe pressure measurement and display of pressure - the cooling tower fan Commitment, status and fault alarm;-- For the cooling tower / backwater temperature control and display; - for / return water temperature, pressure telemetry control and display - the import and export side of plate heat exchanger temperature control and display; - ice storage devices import and export control and telemetry temperature display; - chilled water backwater flow control and display; - electric valve switch valve position adjustment and control and display; - outdoor temperature and humidity control and telemetry showed - ice storage and display of measurement - the end of cold load control.3.2.3 Data recording and printing functionsControl system for the monitoring of the needs of the trends point to the entire record, the control system can be the load throughout the year (including the maximum daily load and the load throughout the day) and equipment uptime as tables and charts record for users . All monitoring points and the calculated data can be automatically print regularly.3.2.4 manual / automatic conversion functionFlexible control system configuration manual / automatic conversion function.3.2.5 optimized control functionAccording to outdoor temperature, weather, weather trends, the historical record, such as mainframe data automatically select the priority or ice-melting priority. In the end load to meet under the premise of the daily use of the cold storage End, as far as possible to run mainframe. Give full play to ice cold storage system advantages, saving operating costs.3.2.6 automatic functionalityFrom the PC system can work, in accordance with timetable for the automatic ice-making and control system operation, the conversion status of the system for automatic fault diagnosis, and remote alarm. Touch screen display systems operations, processes, each node parameters and operating records, the police records.3.2.7 holidays function setAccording to the timetable system can be run automatically, but also to pre-set holidays, and ice control certificates and certificates of ice time, the system does not require the holidays when the supply of cooling air-conditioned places to stop.3.2.8 operating under the crew functionLower-color touch-screen operator interface Figure 1.Under the crew operating functions are as follows:A) human-computer dialogue. Operation can be carried out through the touch panel interactive, user interface completely in the culture, with tips, help, parameter settings, key settings, fault enquiries, history and so on.B) system settings. Including operation password settings, run setup, operation of the timetable set record overflow processing, automatic / manual / test selection, holiday settings, the system parameter settings (including the junction temperature, pressure, the media flow, reservoir ice, ice rate, the ice-melting rate of valve opening, the terminal load.)C) fault records, running records, historical records.Remote Control 3.3Control system through the telephone line or broadband network, and expert system connectivity, the system operation control, parameter changes, such as dataacquisition, allowing the system to constantly improve and upgrade version of the software, allows users to get a better service. The purpose of the Remote Control users can PSTN (Public Switched Transport Network) on the remote frozen station at the remote monitoring. It may be remote debugging, remote monitoring and timely online maintenance, and so on, thus greatly mitigate the intensity of the work, lower cost of the project.3.4 control system expansionControl System Design friendly interface, PLC and touch screen can be extended, the content can be extended, parameters can be modified through the 485 communication interface or communications protocol BAS cold storage and ice-controlled system integration, savings investments, facilitate management. Centralized control system, reducing the dynamic counter area, and also allows the dynamic counter models reunification, the same style, same size. Extended control system are as follows:A) sewage pump control; b) wind, ventilation control; c) live pump regulator control; d) regular-pump operation, detection, alarm; e) leaching pump regulator control; f) construction of contour night lighting control ; g) measurement with low switching state detection, alarm.4 ConclusionPLC through ice storage air-conditioning systems in the promotion of the use of PLC verify the reliability of the system features to ensure the safe operation of the system and effective energy-saving, but also for building control equipment selection system controller provides a new way of thinking. I believe in the near future, a growing number of PLC systems in the ice storage air-conditioning systems in the use of the increasingly mature, in buildings and plant control systems will also play an active role.PLC在冰蓄冷中央空调系统控制中的应用1 引言在PLC被开发出来的三十年里，它经过不断地发展，已经能结合模拟I/O，网络通信以及采用新的编程标准如IEC 61131-3。
中央空调安装调试难点分析及处理措施中英文对照
中央空调安装调试难点分析及处理措施中英文对照Analysis and treatment measures of difficult installation of central air-conditioning engineering随着经济建设的不断发展和人们生活水平的不断提高，中央空调系统已经成为大型建筑和办公环境不可缺少的重要设施。
中央空调的效果如何？能否满足所需？除设计和施工外，关键的一环，在于安装调试工作的质量，它将直接影响空气调节的使用效果。
本文就中央空调工程安装调试过程中的难点进行分析，并根据问题原因提出一些处理措施，以便进一步提高中央空调工程安装调试质量，发挥中央空调应有的效能。
With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standard, the central air-conditioning system has become an indispensable important facilities of large buildings and office environment. How the central air conditioning effect? To meet the need? In addition to the design and construction, key ring, lies in the installation and debugging work quality, it will directly affect the air-conditioning effect. Difficulties in central air-conditioning engineering installation process are analyzed, and puts forward some measures according to the problems, in order to further improve the quality of installation of central air-conditioning engineering, play a central air conditioning effectiveness.1.空调系统结露空调系统在运行中发生结露，导致出现风管及吊架结露、风口滴水、天花滴水、墙面渗水发霉、墙面涂料脱落等现象，虽然不会造成太大的事故，但已经影响到了观感和使用功能，给用户使用和大楼物业管理带来许多不便，并造成了一定的经济损失。
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中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于PLC的中央空调控制系统1引言在PLC被开发出来的三十年里，它经过不断地发展，已经能结合模拟I/O，网络通信以及采用新的编程标准如IEC 61131-3。
然而，工程师们只需利用数字I/O和少量的模拟I/O数以及简单的编程技巧就可开发出80%的工业应用。
PLC已经广泛的应用在所有的工业部门。
据“美国市场信息”的世界PLC以及软件市场报告称，1995年全球PLC及其软件的市场经济规模约50亿美元[5]。
随着电子技术和计算机技术的发展，PLC的功能得到大大的增强。
由于采用传统的工具可以解决80%的工业应用，这样就强烈地需要有低成本简单的PLC；从而促进了低成本微型PLC的增长，它带有用梯形逻辑编程的数字I/O。
然而，这也在控制技术上造成了不连续性，一方面80%的应用需要使用简单的低成本控制器，而另一方面其它的20%应用则超出了传统控制系统所能提供的功能。
工程师在开发这些20%的应用需要有更高的循环速率，高级控制算法，更多模拟功能以及能更好地和企业网络集成。
在八十和九十年代，那些要开发“20%应用”的工程师们已考虑在工业控制中使用PC。
PC所提供的软件功能可以执行高级任务，提供丰富的图形化编程和用户环境，并且PC的COTS部件使控制工程师能把不断发展的技术用于其它应用。
这些技术包括浮点处理器；高速I/O总线，如PCI和以太网；固定数据存储器；图形化软件开发工具。
而且PC还能提供无比的灵活性，高效的软件以及高级的低成本硬件。
冰蓄冷中央空调是将电网夜间谷荷多余电力以冰的冷量形式储存起来，在白天用电高峰时将冰融化提供空调服务。
由于我国大部分地区夜间电价比白天低得多，所以采用冰储冷中央空调能大大减少用户的运行费用。
冰蓄冷中央空调系统配置的设备比常规空调系统要增加一些，自动化程度要求较高，但它能自动实现在满足建筑物全天空调要求的条件下将每天所蓄的能量全部用完，最大限度地节省运行费用。
具有以下特点：(1)可靠性高。
PLC的高可靠性得益于软、硬件上一系列的抗干扰措施和它特殊的周期循环扫描工作方式。
(2)具有丰富的I/O接口模块。
PLC针对不同的工业现场信号，有相应的I/O模块与工业现场的器件或设备直接连接。
另外为了提高操作性能，它还有多种人机对话的接口模块；为了组成工业局部网络，它还有多种通讯联网的接口模块。
(3)采用模块化结构。
为了适应各种工业控制需要，除了单元式的小型PLC以外，绝大多数PLC均采用模块化结构。
PLC的各个部件，包括CPU、电源、I/O等均采用模块化设计，由机架及电缆将各模块连接起来，系统的规模和功能可根据用户的需要自行组合。
(4)编程简单易学。
PLC的编程大多采用类似于继电器控制线路的梯形图形式，对使用者来说，不需要具备计算机的专门知识，因此很容易被一般工程技术人员所理解和掌握。
(5)安装简单，维修方便。
PLC不需要专门的机房，可以在各种工业环境下直接运行。
各种模块上均有运行和故障指示装置，便于用户了解运行情况和查找故障。
由于采用模块化结构，因此一旦某模块发生故障，用户可以通过更换模块的方法，使系统迅速恢复运行。
2 控制系统结构控制系统由下位机（现场控制工作站）与上位机（中央管理工作站）组成，下位机采用可编程序控制器（PLC）与触摸屏，上位机采用工业级计算机与打印机，系统配置必要的附件如通信设备接口、网卡、调制解调器等，实现蓄冷系统的参数化与全自动智能化运行。
下位机和触摸屏在现场可以进行系统控制、参数设置和数据显示。
上位机进行远程管理和打印，它包含下位机和触摸屏的所有功能。
整个系统以下位机的工业级可编程序控制器为核心，实现自动化控制。
控制设备与器件包括：传感检测元件、电动阀、变频器等。
2.1 下位机系统（区域工作站）2.1.1 TP21触摸屏采用TP27彩色触摸屏作为操作面板，完全取代常规的开关按钮、指示灯等器件，使控制柜面谈得更整洁。
并且，TP27触摸屏在现场可实现状态显示、系统设置、模式选择、参数设置、故障记录、负荷记录、时间日期、实时数据显示、负荷曲线与报表统计等功能，中文操作界面直观友好。
2.1.2 SIEMENS可编程序控制器SIMATIC S7-200系列PLC适用于各行各业、各种场合中的检测、监测及控制的自动化，其强大功能使其无论在独立运行中，或相连成网络皆能实现复杂控制功能。
该产品具有光电隔离，高电磁兼容；具有很高的工业适用性，允许的环境温度达60℃；具有很强的抗干扰、抗振动与抗冲击性能，因此在严酷的工作环境中得到了广泛的应用。
自由通讯口方式也是S7-200型PLC的一个很有特色的功能，它使S7-200型PLC可以与任何通讯协议公开的其它设备、控制器进行通讯，即S7- 200型PLC可以由用户自己定义通讯协议（例ASCII协议），波特率为1.5Mbit/s（可调整）。
因此使可通讯的范围大大增加，使控制系统配置更加灵活、方便。
任何具有串行接口的外设，例如：打印机或条形码阅读器、变频器、调制解调器（Modem）、上位PC机等都可连接使用。
用户可通过编程来编制通讯协议、交换数据（例如：ASCII码字符），具有RS232接口的设备也可用PC/PPI电缆连接起来进行自由通讯方式通讯。
芯片和芯片插座集成电路是把复杂电路刻蚀到微小的半导体硅芯片上，故常称做芯片，双列直插式芯片是用塑料封装且两侧带有间隔为0 ．1英寸的引脚，这些引脚可以插在焊接电路板上或面包板上，封装内部有很细的线把这些引脚与芯片连接。
1引脚的数目引脚是用数字从一个缺口或一个圆孔开始逆时针编号的，如一个8脚和一个14脚的芯片的引脚编号，对所有的尺寸芯片都是这样编号的。
2芯片插座芯片焊接时受热容易坏掉，它们短短的引脚也不能用散热片保护，我们用新片插座来保护，严格上应该称为双列直插插座，可以先把插座焊接到电路板上，再把芯片插入插座。
只有当需要焊接时才用芯片插座，用面包板搭电路时不用插座。
实际产品的电路中通常不用插座而是把芯片直接焊接在电路板上的，因为实际产品是用机器焊接的，焊接速度很快（不会损坏芯片）。
你不要这样做，因为可能会损坏芯片，而且在调试时要移去芯片，而焊住的芯片要取下且不损坏芯片是很难的。
3从插座上拔出芯片如果你要取下一个芯片，你可以用一个小平口螺丝刀轻轻地把芯片从插座中拔出。
仔细地在两端把平口螺丝刀插入芯片与插座之间，轻轻地翘起芯片，注意要分别在两端口起翘，否则会把引脚弄弯甚至折断。
2.2 上位机系统（中央管理工作站）2.2.1 上位机上位机即图文控制中心，主要由PC机和激光打印机组成，采用SIMATIC WINCC软件平台，采用全中文操作界面，人机对话友好。
管理人员和操作者，可以通过观察PC 机所显示的各种信息来了解当前和以往整个冰蓄冷自控系统的运行情况和所有参数，并且通过鼠标进行设备管理和执行打印任务。
2.2.2 WINCC软件平台WINCC软件在自动化领域中可用于所有的操作员控制和监控任务。
可将过程控制中发生的事件清楚地显示出来，可显示当前状态并按顺序记录，所记录的数据可以全部显示或选择简要形式显示，可连续或按要求编辑，并可输出打印报表和趋势图。
WINCC 能够在控制过程中危急情况的初发阶段进行报告，发出的信号既可以在屏幕上显示出来，也可以用声音表现出来。
它支持用在线帮助和操作指南来消除故障。
某一WINCC工作站可专门用于过程控制以使那些重要的过程信息不被屏蔽。
软件辅助操作策略保证过程不被非法访问，并提供用于工业环境中的无错操作。
WINCC 是MICRSOFT WINDOWS98或WINDOWS NT4.0操作系统下，在PC机上运行的面向对象的一流32位应用软件，通过OLE和ODBC视窗标准机制，作为理想的通讯伙伴进入WINDOWS世界，因此WINCC可容易地结合到全公司的数据处理系统中。
3 冰蓄冷系统的控制3.1 控制目的、范围及主要受控设备蓄冷控制系统控制目的：通过对制冷主机、储冰装置、板式热交换器、系统水泵、冷却塔、系统管路调节阀进行控制，调整储冰系统各应用工况的运行模式，在最经济的情况下给末端提供一稳定的供水温度。
同时，提高系统的自动化水平，提高系统的管理效率和降低管理劳动强度。
控制范围包括整个冰蓄冷系统的参数状态显示、设备状态及控制，主要控制设备有：双工况主机、电动阀、冷却塔、冷却水泵、蓄冰装置、初级乙二醇泵、板式换热器、次级乙二醇泵等。
3.2 控制功能控制功能包括整个冰蓄冷系统稳定、经济运行所需的功能。
根据季节和机器运行情况，自控系统具备以下工况转换功能：a）双工况主机制冰同时供冷模式；b）双工况主机单独制冰模式；c）主机与蓄冰装置联合供冷模式；d）融冰单独供冷模式；e）主机单独供冷模式。
3.2.2 工况的启停、显示和故障报警功能控制系统按编排的时间顺序，结合负荷预测软件，控制制冷主机及外围设备的启停数量及监视各设备之工作状况与运行参数，如：制冷主机启停、状态及故障报警；-制冷主机运行参数；-制冷主机缺水保护；-制冷主机供/回水温度、压力遥测和显示；-冷冻水泵启停、状态及故障报警；- 乙二醇泵启停、状态及故障报警；-冷却水泵启停、状态及故障报警；-压差旁通管的压差测量与显示；-冷却塔风机启停、状态及故障报警；冷却塔供/回水温度控制与显示；-供/回水温度、压差遥测控制与显示；-板式换热器侧进出口温度控制与显示；-蓄冰装置进、出口温度遥测控制与显示；-冷冻水回水流量控制与显示；-电动阀开关、调节与阀位控制与显示；-室外温湿度遥测控制与显示；-蓄冰量测量与显示；-末端冷负荷控制。
3.2.3 数据的记录和打印功能控制系统对一些需要的监测点进行整年趋势记录，控制系统可将整年的负荷情况（包括每天的最大负荷和全日总负荷）和设备运转时间以表格和图表记录下来，供使用者使用。
所有监测点和计算的数据均能自动定时打印。
3.2.4 手动/自动转换功能控制系统配置灵活的手动/自动转换功能。
3.2.5 优化控制功能根据室外温度、天气预报、天气走势、历史记录等数据自动选择主机优先或融冰优先。
在满足末端负荷的前提下，每天使用完储存的冷量，尽量少地运行主机。
充分发挥冰储冷系统优势，节约运行费用。
3.2.6 全自动运行功能系统可脱离上位机工作，根据时间表自动进行制冰和控制系统运行、工况转换、对系统故障进行自动诊断，并向远方报警。
触摸屏显示系统运行状态、流程、各节点参数、运行记录、报警记录等。
3.2.7 节假日设定功能系统可根据时间表自动运行，同时也可预先设置节假日，控制储冰量和储冰时间，使系统在节假日时对不需要供应空调的场所停止供冷。
下位机彩色触摸屏操作界面见图1.下位机操作功能如下：a）人机对话。
操作人员可通过触摸面板进行人机对话，操作界面完全中文化，具有提示、帮助、参数设置、密匙设置、故障查询、历史记录等功能。