A successful operation一例成功的手术：新概念英语第二册自学导读笔记第77课
新概念英语第二册77课
• The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. • B.C.为Before Christ（ 公元前）的缩写 • A.D.表示anno Domini (=in the year of the Lord 或 since Christ was born),即“公元” • A.D.用来与B.C.形成对比，它们都出现在正式 的史书中，平时一般不用。 • A.D. 应该写在年数之前, B.C. 应该写在年数之 后 • 由公元前三百年到公元四百年 • from 300 B.C. to A.D. 400
• They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. • wax-apple
• This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. • The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. • They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation. • cut open 切开 • fall to pieces =go to pieces 碎成碎片，散掉 • 在暴风雨中，这座老房子散架子了。 • During the storm, the old house fell to pieces.
新概念二册 第77课A successful operation(共28张PPT)
• • • •
Operation have an operation (on sb) 动手术 他鼻子动了手术 He had an operation on his nose.
• be in operation • 这条规定生效了吗？ • Is this rule in operation yet? • come into operation 实施;生效 • 这项计划什么时候实施？ • When will the plan come into operation?
Qs to the text
What has happened to the mummy of an Egyptian woman recently? Why did the doctor decided to operate on this mummy? What did the doctor find during the operation? Did the mummy survive the operation?
New Concept English
2
Lesson 77 A Successful Operation
Vocabulary
Verb –
现代式 take try find operate last prove cover remove 现代式(单数) takes tries finds operates lasts proves covers removes 过去式 took tried found operated lasted proved covered removed 过去分词 taken tried found operated lasted proved covered removed 现在分词 taking trying finding operating lasting proving covering removing
新概念英语第二册Lesson77 A successful operation
Lesson77 A successful operationEveryday EnglishWhere there is life, there is hope. 有生命必有希望。
Key Structures宾语补足语一、定义：宾语补足语通常紧跟在宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明。
二、句子结构是：主+谓+宾+宾补三、宾语补足语的词语形式有：副词，形容，名词，介词短语，不定式(带to/不带to)，分词（现在分词/过去分词）四、具体说明：（1）副词作宾语补足语如：I found him in yesterday.（2）形容词作宾语补足语如：We must keep our classroom clean.（3）名词作宾语补足语如：We call them mooncakes.（4）介词短语作宾语补足语如：I left my pen on my desk at home.（5）不定式作宾语补足语如：She often asks me to help her.I often see him play football.用不定式作宾语补足语的几种说明：①help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。
如：I often help my mother(to) do some housework.②在使役动词和感官动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。
这些动词有：一感：feel；二听：hear, listen to；三让：let, have, make 四观看：observe, see, watch, look at如：I saw the boy climb the wall（过程）如：The boss makes the boy work day and night.这类动词转为被动语态时，其后不定式符号to要重新加上去(注意have没有被动语态)。
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。
新概念第二册-Lesson 77 A successful operation
TEMPLE
temple /ˈtempl/ n. 庙 E.g. That ancient temple looked well cared for. 那座古庙看来保存得很好. -《简明英汉词典》
MARK
mark /mɑː(r)k/ n. 斑点, 标记, 特征, 符号, 分数 v. 留痕迹(于), 评分, 标志, 纪念, check mark 对勾 question mark 问号 E.g. There were dirty marks on her trousers where she had wiped her hands. 她裤子上抹过手的地方留下了污渍。 E.g. You can tell which puppy is which from the marks (also markings) on their fur. 你可以根据小狗皮毛上的斑纹来区分它们。 E.g. What mark did you get in the biology exam? 你生物考试考了多少分？ A dark carpet won't mark as easily as a light one. 深色地毯不像浅色地毯那么容易留下痕迹。
DISEASE
disease /dɪˈziːz/ n. 疾病 a common/rare disease 常见病／罕见疾病 a contagious/kənˈteɪdʒəs/disease 传染病 E.g. They reported a sudden outbreak of the disease in the south of the country. 他们报告说该国南部地区突然爆发了这种疾病。
EGYPTIAN
Egypt /'i:dʒɪpt/ n. 埃及 Cairo is the capital of Egypt. 开罗是埃及的首都。 -《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》 Egyptian /iˈdʒɪpʃn/ adj. 埃及的
新概念第二册Lesson77-A-successful-operation-一例成
新概念第二册Lesson77-A-successful-opera tion-一例成功的手术Lesson77 A successful operation 一例成功的手术1 mummy ['mʌmi] n.木乃伊2 Egyptian [i'dʒipʃən] a.埃及的3 temple ['tempəl] n.庙4 mark [mɑ:k] n.斑点5plate [pleit] n.(照相)底片6 disease [di'zi:z] n.疾病7 last [lɑ:st] v.持续8 prove [pru:v] v.显示出9 resin ['rezin] n.树脂10 skin [skin] n.皮，皮肤11 section['sekʃən] n.切片12 figure ['figə] n.(人的)体形；人像13 normally ['nɔ:məli] ad.通常地14 survive [sə'vaiv] v.幸免于The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.参考译文死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术。
新概念英语第二册 lesson 77 A Successful Operation
temple
• temple of heaven • 天坛 • After the fire, nothing remained of the magnificent buildings of the temple. • 大火过后，寺院里的哪些雄伟建筑已荡然无存。 • temple faire • 庙会
• 两个词在口语中用法相同，也有一些细微差别： • illness（a disease of the body or mind, or the condition of being ill)指病的 状态，时间的长短，或指身体不好。 • She died after a long illness.她在久病之后去世了。 • He suffers from a serious illness.他病得很厉害。 • Disease (an illness which affects a person, animal, or plant)一般指有医学 名称，与身体的部分有关的疾病，如果是传染性疾病的话会被携带或 传染。 • a kidney/infectious disease 肾病/传染性的疾病 • 一般下列疾病只用illness • mental illness/ terminal illness • 精神疾病/晚期疾病
• 单元妈妈不要老是对彼得在学校取得的一点点进步就过分赞扬，这就
会使他在朋友面前感觉自己像个傻瓜。
Egyptian [ɪ'dʒɪpʃ(ə)n]
• adj. 埃及的，埃及人的 the Egyptian pharaoh['fɛro] 埃及法老1.拉美西斯二世 2.美尼斯 3.胡夫 4.左塞尔 5.阿赫那顿 6.图 坦塔蒙 7.图特摩斯三世 8.阿蒙霍特普三世 9.尼克二世 10.塞提一世 11.图特摩斯四世 12.大流世一世 Egyptian Pyramid 埃及金字塔 n.埃及人，古埃及语 Egypt *ˈiːdʒɪpt] n.埃及
裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记_第77课_单词讲解
a successful operation 一例成功的手术Lesson 774-21-2014 New words and expressionsmummy n木乃伊Egyptian adj埃及的temple n庙mark n斑点plate n（照片）底片disease n疾病last v持续prove v显示出resin n树脂skin n皮，皮肤section n切片figure n（人的）体形，人像normally adv通常地survive v幸免于mummy1n（儿语）妈妈（英语）mummies(复数）mommy (美) 2n木乃伊Egyptian adj埃及的Egypt n埃及（国名）Cairo开罗（埃及首都）Egyptian n埃及人temple n1庙，寺院the Shaolin temple少林寺2（古希腊，罗马，埃及的）神殿a Greek temple希腊神殿3殿堂the temple of art艺术的殿堂4太阳穴mark1n斑点，瑕疵eg He wet feet left marks on the floor. T他湿淋淋的脚在地板上留下印迹。
2记号，符号make a mark做记号make marks on the wall with a chalk 用粉笔在墙上做记号punctuation marks标点符号3分数，得分grade（美）school marks学校的成绩get good marks in English英语的成绩很高gain high marks in maths数学考试取得好成绩eg On your marks! Get set! Go ! (跑步时的口令）各就各位，预备！起（跑）！4v做记号于…, 留下痕迹于…, 弄脏eg She marked the improtant words with a red pencil. 她用红笔把重要的词汇做了标记。
逐句精讲新概念英语第二册第77课 一例成功的手术
逐句精讲新概念英语第二册:第77课一例成功的手术Lesson 77 A successful operation新概念英语2课文内容：The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.新概念英语2句子讲解：1、The murainy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术。
新概念英语文本第二册Lesson77
新概念英语文本第二册Lesson 77Lesson 77A successful operation一例成功的手术First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Did the doctors find out how the woman died？The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy， doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation， which lasted for over four hours， proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show： a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open， but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.New words and expressions 生词和短语mummy n. 木乃伊Egyptian adj. 埃及的temple n. 庙mark n. 斑点plate n. （照相）底片disease n. 疾病last v. 持续prove v. 显示出resin n. 树脂skin n. 皮肤section n. 切片figure n. （人的）体形；人像normally adv. 通常地survive v. 幸免于参考译文死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术。
新概念英语第二册译文
新概念英语第二册译文Lesson53 Hot snake 触电的蛇消防队员们终于扑灭了加利福尼亚的一场森林大火。
从那时起，他们一直试图找出起火的原因。
森林火灾时常由破碎的玻璃或人们随手扔掉的香烟头引起。
昨天，消防队员仔细查看了地面，但未能发现碎玻璃。
他们还十分肯定火灾也不是由烟头引起的。
然而今天上午，一个消防队员偶然发现了起火的原因。
他发现了缠绕在16,000伏高压线上的一条死蛇。
就这样，他解开了起火之谜。
解释很简单，却异乎寻常。
一只鸟把蛇从地上抓起来，然后把它扔到了电线上。
于是蛇就缠住了几根电线。
当它这样做时，把火花送到了地面，这些火花立刻引起了一场大火。
Lesson54 Sticky fingers 粘糊的手指早饭后，我送孩子们上学，然后就去了商店。
我回到家时，时间还早。
孩子们在上学，我丈夫在上班，家里清静得很。
于是我决定做些肉馅饼。
不一会儿我就忙着调拌起了黄油和面粉，很快我的手上就沾满了粘粘的面糊。
恰恰在此时，电话铃响了。
没有什么能比这更烦人了。
我用两个沾满面糊的手指捏起了话筒。
当听出是海伦.贝茨的声音时，非常丧气。
我用了10分钟的时间才说服她过会儿再来电话。
我终于挂上了话筒。
真是糟糕透了！我的手指上、电话机上以及门的把手上，都沾上了面糊。
我刚回到厨房，门铃又响了起来，响声足以把死人唤醒。
这次是邮递员，他要我签收一封挂号信！Lesson55 Not a gold mine 并非金矿最近，找到失踪宝藏的梦想差一点儿变成现实。
一种叫“探宝器”的新机器已经发明出来，并被人们用来探测地下埋藏的金子。
在靠近海边的一个据说过去海盗常在里面藏金子的岩洞里，这种机器被派上了用场。
海盗们过去常把金子埋藏在那个洞里，可后来却没能取走。
一支用这种新机器装备起来的探宝队进入了这个岩洞，希望找到埋藏着的金子。
当这个队的队长正在检查洞口附近的土壤时，那台机器显示出它的下面埋有金子。
队员们异常激动，就地挖了一个两英尺深的坑，但最后找到的是一枚几乎一钱不值的小金币。
新概念英语第二册逐句精讲语言点第77课(2)
新概念英语第二册逐句精讲语言点第77课(2)Lesson 77 A successful operation 一例成功的手术The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have beentrying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show：a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which hasthe head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open,but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.句子讲解：4、The only way to do this was to operate.搞清的办法就是手术。
新概念英语二习题Lesson-77-78
新概念英语2Lesson 77 A Successful Operation 一例成功的手术I。
语法与词汇知识1. The doctors tried to ______ the reason of the woman’s death。
A. look forB. check off C。
find out D。
seek out2。
The operation has lasted ______ three hours.A. for B。
to C。
during D. around3。
The old man died ______ cancer last year。
A。
of B. for C. in D。
from4. They feared that the mummy would ______ to pieces when they cut it open。
A. get B。
fall C。
break D。
crash5. The plane failed to take off ______ a small accident.A。
because of B。
because C。
since D. since thatII。
连词组句：请将下列词重新排序后组成一个句子，每个词只能用一次6. the ，an ，yesterday ，had ，operation ，wounded , solider____________________________________________________________.7. his ，heart , grandpa ，three , died ，of ，years , before ，disease____________________________________________________________。
8. remove , the , out , the ，please , case ，of , way____________________________________________________________!9. we ，to ，have ，how , there , decided ，get____________________________________________________________。
新概念英语第二册第77课-A successful operation
新概念英语第二册第77课:A successful operationLesson 77 A successful operation一例成功的手术First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Did the doctors find out how the woman died?The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.参考译文死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术。
新概念英语第二册Lesson 77 (共79张PPT)
Listening objective
T : Did the doctors find out how the woman died? Answer： No, they didn't.
Comprehension questions
Text the Temple of Thebes
Text
As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
Lesson 77 A successful operation
Introduce the story
T: Today we’ll listen to a story about an operation on an Egyptian mummy.
Understand the situation
die of … 因（患）……而死
Text
The only way to do this was to operate.
Text
The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin.
disease n.
diseases of society 社会弊端
新概念英语 第二册 Lesson 77. 课文讲解docx
Lesson 77 A successful operation一阅读课文The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.二单词解析（一）lastVerb1.（过程、活动、状态）持续，继续Childhood seems to last forever. 童年似乎永不终结。
Lesson77_A_successful_operation新概念英语第二册77课
yet
表达“还，尚，仍”，用于否定句和疑问句中，大多与现 在完成时的动词连用。可放于句末。
Eg: 我还没碰到Eric。 I have not met Eric yet. 你吃午餐了吗？ Have you had your lunch yet ?
Grammar
现在完成时的用法
1）在强调指出动作还未结束，还要继续下去。 I’ve been reading this book for two hours，but I haven't finished it.
Phrase：
die of+内因：死于…（疾病），因…而死 die from+外因：死于… Eg: He died from the accident. die off：相继死亡，种群突然急剧的衰减 Eg: Rabbits were dying off in that town.
die out：灭绝；完全的灭亡
from 300 B.C. to A.D. 400
As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
医生们努力的找，过去就开始找了，现在还在进行找。
Grammar：
There be + n. + 介词短语 一个字表示“有”；四个字表示“客观存在” +介词短语表示：存在的位置，地点，有什么，在哪里
所以翻译就是：“有奇怪的斑点，在X光的底片上”
the X-ray plates taken of the mummy 过去分词作后置定语 whether…引出宾语从句（前面find out是介词短语，后面接宾语，因此是宾从）
Lesson77 A successful operation新概念英语第二册77课
Mark
n. 标志；斑点；符号 vi. 作记号 vt. 标志；做标记于；打分数
sign 普通用词，指公认事物的记号，或某 种情况的征兆。 symbol 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的 特殊事物。 mark 普通用词，指便于辨认而做的标记， 或自然形成的标记斑点。 signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died.
Phrase: yet
remove 表达“还，尚，仍”，用于否定句和疑问句中，大 remove from除掉，移动 remove oneself挪动，走开 多与现在完成时的动词连用。可放于句末。
3 ）有些表示 状态，感情，感觉 的动词如： have ， exist ， like ， hate，hear， know，sound等动词 不能用于现在完成进行时，但 可用于现在完成时。
They've known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。
Exercise
have been There be +trying n. + 介词短语 现在完成进行时 现在完成时： have … done die of+内因：死于 （疾病），因…而死 一个字表示“有”；四个字表示“客观存在” （现在的之前，对现在一直有影响，但做完没做完不确定） die from+外因：死于… +介词短语表示：存在的位置，地点，有什么，在哪里 现在完成进行时 ：have been doing Eg: He died from the accident. 所以翻译就是：“有奇怪的斑点，在 X光的底片上” （属于现在完成时的一部分，强调过去开始做，直到现在还 die off ：相继死亡，种群突然急剧的衰减 在进行 ） Eg: were taken dying off in that town. the Rabbits X-ray plates of the mummy
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A successful operation一例成功的手术：新概念英语第二册自学导读笔记第77课新概念英语第二册第77课课文详注 further notes on the text1．the mummy is that of shepenmut…这是……赛潘姆特的木乃伊。
that用以指代前面的 the mummy，以避免重复。
在指代特指的事物时，尤其是在比较状语从句中，常用that和those指代前面提到的事物：the cost of living here is lower than that in london.这里的生活费用比伦敦的要低。
that of和those of一般用于较正式的文体中：the area of the usa is larger than that of britain.美国的面积比英国的大。
tom's pen is better than that of the other boys.汤姆的笔比其他男孩的要好。
课文中使用that of结构的原因之一是 shepenmut需要后面跟一个补充说明她身份的关系从句。
2．die of,死于……，因……而死（后面跟名词）。
his grandfather died of a bad cold/died of hunger.他爷爷死于重感冒／是饿死的。
3．the operation, which lasted for over four hours, provedto be very difficult…手术持续了4个多小时，非常难做……（1）last表示"持续"、"延续"时为不及物动词，后面通常跟一个表示时间的名词／短语，for可有可无：the war between the two countries lasted (for) over three years/until 1453.这两个国家之间的战争持续了3年多／一直持续到1453年。
（2）prove表示"证明"、"证实"，后面能够跟从句、形容词、名词、不定式等：we've been trying to sell our house, but it's proved to be very difficult.我们一直试图把房子卖掉，不过事实证明这很困难。
you should first prove that you bought these goods here.你应该首先证明这些物品你是从这里买的。
（3）which引导的分句为非限定性关系从句，因为它前后都有逗号。
非限定性关系从句提供补充信息，往往能够略去。
逗号的取舍有时对句子的意思有很大影响：the government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.承诺减税的政府将赢得人心。
（限定性）the government, which promises to cut taxes, will be popular.这个政府承诺减税，它将会赢得人心。
（非限定性）在非限定性关系从句中，指人的关系代词只能用who/whom, 不能用that（限定性从句则能够）；指物的关系代词只能用which,不能用that;带介词的非限定性关系从句中也不能用that：the astronauts, who are said to be very excited, are ex pected to land on the moon shortly.那些宇航员们可望不久登上月球，据说他们很激动。
this garage, which my father built in his lifetime haslasted for a long time.我父亲生前建的这个车库已经有很长时间了。
（which 不可省略）在非限定性关系从句中，which有时可用来代替前面提到的整个分句：she married joe, which(=and this/that) surprised everyone.她嫁给了乔，这使大家都感到意外。
4．the doctors have not yet decided how the woman died.医生们至今还未确定这位妇女的死因。
decide在这里不是指"下决心／决定"，而是指"对……下判决"、"解决（悬案）"等：the police cannot decide yet which of the two men is guilty.警方尚不能确定这两人中哪一个有罪。
5. fall to pieces,散掉，成为碎片（也能够说go to pieces）。
during the storm, the old house fell to pieces.在暴风雨中，那座老房子塌了。
after two years their marriage fell to pieces.两年以后，他们的婚姻破裂了。
6.the mummy successfully survived the operation. 这具木乃伊成功地经受了这次手术。
survive表示"经历（灾难等）之后还活着"：only a young woman and her two baby daughters survived the plane crash.只有一位年轻的妇女和她的两个女婴在那次飞机失事中生还。
新概念英语第二册第77课重点词汇学习 word study1．b.c.与a.d.b.c.为before christ（公元前）的缩写，a.d.表示anno domini (=in the year of the lord或 since christ was born),即"公元"。
a.d.用来与b.c.形成对比，出现在正式的史书中，平时一般不用。
b.c.位于年代之后，a.d.在英国英语中位于年代之前：the mummy of an egyptian woman who died in 800 b.c. has just had an operation.死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术。
the romans invaded england in 55 b.c. 公元前55年罗马人入侵了英格兰。
george i died in a.d. 1727. 乔治一世死于公元1727年。
2．skin,leather与complexionskin可用于指人体的"皮肤"，也能够指某人是什么颜色的皮肤。
用于表示后一种意义时它与complexion（肤色）能够互换：hard resin covered the skin. 皮肤上覆盖着一层硬硬的树脂。
we are wet to the skin. 我们全身湿透了。
he has a dark skin/complexion. 他皮肤黝黑。
leather指"皮革"：shoes made of real leather have become very expensive. 真皮做的鞋子现在非常贵。
this sofa is made from real leather. 这沙发是真皮的。
3．wax与candlewax指各种"蜡"，为不可数名词；candle指"蜡烛"，为可数名词：inside every mummy there is a small wax figure. 每个木乃伊体内都有一个蜡制的小塑像。
all the figures in this shop are made of wax. 这个店里所有的塑像都是蜡制的。
i keep a candle by my bed in case the lights go out suddenly. 我床边总放一枝蜡烛，以防突然停电。
新概念英语第二册第77课课后练习答案 key to written exercises1．关键句型练习答案a what happened： died(1.1); died(1.5); lasted(1.6); provedto be(1.7); covered(1.8); moved(1.8); sent (1.9); found(1.9); did not show(1.9); was normally placed (1.10); died (1.11); feared(1.11); cut(1.12); survived (1.12)what has happened： has just had(11.1-2); have not yet decided(1.10)what has been happening： have been trying(1.4)c 1 for 2 ago 3 since4 since5 for6 ago…since7 since 8 ago 9 since10 for2．难点练习答案1 complexion2 leather3 skin4 candle5 b.c.3．多项选择题答案1a 2c 3a 4b 5c 6d7d 8d 9a 10a 11b 12a。