SPE外文翻译
英译汉佳作欣赏
英译汉：佳译赏析巧选主语成妙译（1）原文】饱经沧桑的20世纪仅剩下几个春秋，人类即将跨入充满希望的21世纪。
【译文】I n a few years’ time, mankind will bid farewell to the 20th c entury, a century full of vic issitudes, and enter into the 21s t c entury, a c entury full of hopes.【赏析】1995年，联合国举办纪念成立50周年庆祝活动，江主席出席并发表演说。
原文是该篇演说的第一句，是地道的汉语。
翻译此句时，一般译者往往会亦步亦趋地将原文译为两个分句，分别以“饱经沧桑的20世纪”和“人类”作主语。
但高明的译者吃透了原文的精神，选择mankind为主语统领全句，以准确而地道的英语译出，确实是一则难得的佳译，值得翻译爱好者认真体会。
英译汉：佳译赏析之“肚里的墨水”（2）【原文】T heir family had more money, more hors es, more slaves than any one els e in the Country, b ut the boys had less grammar than mos t of their poor C racker neighbors.【译文】他们家里的钱比人家多，马比人家多，奴隶比人家多，都要算全区第一，所缺少的只是他哥儿俩肚里的墨水，少得也是首屈一指的。
【赏析】原文选自Gone With the Wind。
译文忠实且流畅，算得上好译文，特别值得一提的是译者对grammar的处理，如果照搬字典自然难于翻译，但译者吃透了原句精神，译为“肚里的墨水”，真是再妥帖不过了。
英译汉：佳译赏析之“思前想后”（3）【原文】A nd in these meditations he fell asleep.【译文】他这么思前想后，就睡着了。
外文翻译 - 英文
The smart gridSmart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advancedcontrol method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently.The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow.China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power.Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communicationtechnology, computing technology, automationand intelligent control technology and physical grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid, it can realize the observable (all the state of the equipment can monitor grid), can be controlled (able to control the power grid all the state of the equipment), fully automated (adaptive and self-healing) and system integrated optimization balance (power generation, transmission and distribution, and the optimization of the balance between electricity), so that the power system is more clean, efficient, safe and reliable.American electric power research institute: IntelliGrid is a composed of numerous automation system of power transmission and distribution power system, in a coordinated, effective and reliable way to achieve all of the power grid operation: have self-healing function;Rapid response to the electric power market and enterprise business requirements;Intelligent communication architecture, realizes the real-time, security, and flexible information flow, to provide users with reliable, economic power services. State grid electric power research institute, China: on the basis of the physical power grid (China's smart grid is based on high voltage network backbone network frame, different grid voltage level based on the coordinated development of strong power grid), the modern advanced sensor measurement technology, communication technology, information technology, computer technology and control technology and the physical power grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid.It to fully meet user demand for electricity and optimize the allocation of resources, guarantee the safety, reliability and economy of power supply, meet environmental constraints, ens ure the quality of electric energy, to adapt to the development of power market, for the purpose of implementing the user reliable, economic, clean and interactive power supply and value-added services.BackgroundStrong smart grid development in the wor ld is still in its infancy, without a common precisely defined, its technology can be roughly divided into four areas: advanced Measurement system, advanced distribution operation, advanced transmission operation and advanced asset management.Advanced meas urement system main function is authorized to the user, make the system to establish a connection with load, enabling users to support the operationof the power grid;Advanced core distribution operation is an online real-time decision command, goal is to disaster prevention and control, realizing large cascading failure prevention;Advanced transmission operation main role is to emphasize congestion ma nagement and reduce the risk of the large-scale railway;Advanced asset management is installed in the system can provide the system parameters and equipments (assets) "health" condition of advanced sensor, and thereal-time information collected by integrat ion and resource management, modeling and simulation process, improve the operation and efficiency of power grid.The smart grid is an important application of Internet of things, and published in the journal of computer smart grid information system archit ecture research is carried on the detailed discussion on this, and the architecture of the smart grid information system are analyzed.The market shareThe establishment of the smart grid is a huge historical works.At present many complicated smart grid project is underway, but the gap is still great.For the provider of the smart grid technology, promote the development of facing the challenges of the distribution network system i s upgrading, automation and power distribution substation transportation, smart grid network and intelligent instruments.According to the latest report of parker investigators, smart grid technology market will increase from $2012 in 33 billion to $2020 in 73 billion, eight years, the market accumulated up to $494 billion.China smart grid industry market foresight and investment forward-looking strategic planning analysis, points out that in our country will be built during the "twelfth five-year""three vertical and three horizontal and one ring" of uhv ac lines, and 11 back to u hv dc transmission project construction, investment of 300 billion yuan.Although during the period of "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" investment slowed slightly, the investment is 250 billion yuan.By 2015, a wide range of national power grid, long distance transmission capacity will reach 250 million kilowatts, power transmission of 1.15 trillion KWH per year, to support the new 145 million kilowatts of clean energy generation given and sent out, can satisfy the demand of morethan 1 million electric cars, a grid resource configuration optimization ability, economic efficiency, safety and intelligent levels will be fully promoted.The abroad application of analysisIn terms of power grid development foundation, national electricity dema nd tends to be saturated, the grid after years of rapid development, architecture tends to be stable, mature, have a more abundant supply of electric power transmission and distribution capacity.Germany has "E - Energy plan, a total investment of 140 million euros, from 2009 to 2012, four years, six sites across the country to the smart grid demonstration experiment.At the same time also for wind power and electric car empirical experiments, testing and management of power consumption of the Internet.Big companies such as Germany's Siemens, SAP and Swiss ABB are involved in this plan.To smart grid Siemens 2014 annual market scale will reach 30 billion euros, and plans to take a 20% market share, make sure order for 6 billion euros a year.The advanced nat ureCompared with the existing grid, smart grid, reflects the power flow, information flow and business flow marked characteristics of highly integration, its advancement and advantage mainly displays in:(1) has a strong foundation of grid system and te chnical support system, able to withstand all kinds of external disturbance and attacks, can adapt to large-scale clean energy and renewable energy access, strong sex of grid reinforced and ascend.(2) the information technology, sensor technology, automatic control technology organic combination with power grid infrastructure, a panoramic view of available power grid information, timely detection, foresee the possibility of failure.Fault occurs, the grid can be quickly isolate fault,realize self recovery,to avoid the occurrence of blackouts.(3) flexible ac/dc transmission, mesh factory coordination, intelligent scheduling, power storage, and distribution automation technology widespread application, makes the control of power grid operation more flexibl e,economic, and can adapt to a large number of distributed power supply, power grid and electric vehicle charging and discharging facility access.(4) communication, information, and the integrated use of modern management technology, will greatly improve the efficiency of power equipment, and reduce the loss of electrical power, making the operation of power grid is more economic and efficient.(5) the height of the real-time and non real-time information integration, sharing and utilization, to run the show management comprehensive, complete and fine grid operation state diagram, at the same time can provide decision support, control scheme and the corresponding response plans.(6) to establish a two-way interactive service mode, users can real-time understand the status of the power supply ability, power quality, price and power outage information, reasonable arrangement of electric equipment use;The electric power enterprise can obtain the user's electricity information in detail, to provide more value-added services.developmentaltrend"Twelfth five-year" period, the state grid will invest 500 billion yuan to build the connection of large ene rgy base and center of the "three horizontal three longitudinal" main load of ultra high voltage backbone network frame and 13 back to long branch, engineering, to form the core of the world first-class strong smart grid."Strong smart grid technology standards promulgated by the state grid system planning", has been clear about the strong smart grid technology standards roadmap, is the world's first used to guide the development of smart grid technology guiding standards.SGC planning is to built 2015 basic information, automation, interaction characteristics of strong smart grid, formed in north China, central China, east China, for the end to the northwest and northeast power grid for sending the three synchronous power grid, the grid resource allocati on ability, economic efficiency and safety level, technology level and improve intelligent level.(1) the smart grid is the inevitable developing trend ofpower grid technology.Such as communication, computer, automation technology has extensive applicati on in the power grid, and organic combination with traditional electric power technology, and greatly improve the intelligent level of the power grid.Sensor technology and information technology application in the power grid, the system state analysis and auxiliary decision provides the technical support, make it possible to grid self-healing.Scheduling technology, automation technology and the mature development of flexible transmission technology, for the development and utilization of renewable energy an d distributed power supply provides the basic guarantee.The improvement of the communication network and the popularization and application of user information collection technology, promote the two-way interaction with users of the grid.With the further development of various new technologies, application and highly integrated with the physical power grid, smart grid arises at the historic moment.(2) the development of smart grid is the inevitable choice of social and economic development.In order to ach ieve the development of clean energy, transport and given power grid must increase its flexibility and compatibility.To withstand the increasingly frequent natural disasters and interference, intelligent power grid must rely on means to improve its securit y defense andself-healing ability.In order to reduce operating costs, promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, power grid operation must be more economic and efficient, at the same time must to intelligent control of electric equipment, reduce electricity consumption as much as possible.Distributed generation and energy storage technology and the rapid development of electric cars, has changed the traditional mode of power supply, led power flow, information flow, business flow constantly fusion, in order to satisfy the demands of increasingly diverse users.PlanJapan plans to all the popularity of smart grid in 2030, officer of the people at the same time to promote the construction of overseas integrated smart grid.In the field of battery, Japanese firms' global market share goal is to strive to reach 50%, with about 10 trillion yen in the market.Japan's trade ministry has set up a "about the next generation of energy systems international standardizationresearch institute", the japan-american established in Okinawa and Hawaii for smart grid experimental project [6].Learns in the itu, in 2020 China will be built in high power grid with north China, east China, China as the center, northeast, northwest 750 kv uhv power grid as the sending, connecting each big coal base, large hydropower bases, big base for nuclear power, renewable energy base, the coordinated development of various grid strong smart grid.In north China, east China, China high voltage synchronous ZhuWangJia six "five longitudi nal and transverse" grid formation.The direction ofIn the green energy saving consciousness, driven by the smart grid to become the world's countries to develop a focus areas.The smart grid is the electric power network, is a self-healing, let consum ers to actively participate in, can recover from attacks and natural disasters in time, to accommodate all power generation and energy storage, can accept the new product, service and market, optimize asset utilization and operation efficiency, provide qua lity of power supply for digital economy.Smart grid based on integrated, high-speed bidirectional communication network foundation, aims to use advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipment, technology and advanced control methods, and adv anced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly, and the use of safe run efficiently.Its development is a gradual progressive evolution, is a radical change, is the product of the coordinated development of new and existing technologies, in ad dition to the network and smart meters also included the wider range.Grid construction in high voltage network backbone network frame, all levels of the coordinated development, informatization, automation, interaction into the characteristics of strong smart grid, improve network security, economy, adaptability and interactivity, strength is the foundation, intelligence is the key.meaningIts significance is embodied in the foll owing aspects:(1) has the strong ability of resources optimization allocation.After the completion of the smart grid in China, will implement the big water and electricity, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency, regional power exchange capacity improved significantly.(2) have a higher level of safe and stable operation.Grid stability and power supply reliability will be improved, the safety of the power grid close coord ination between all levels of line, have theability to against sudden events and serious fault, can effectively avoid the happening of a wide range of chain failure, improve power supply reliability, reduce the power loss.(3) to adapt and promote the dev elopment of clean energy.Grid will have wind turbines power prediction and dynamic modeling, low voltage across, and active reactive power control and regular units quickly adjust control mechanism, combined with the application of large capacity storage technology, the operation control of the clean energy interconnection capacity will significantly increased, and make clean energy the more economical, efficient and reliable way of energy supply.(4)implementing highly intelligent power grid scheduling.Co mpleted vertical integration, horizontal well versed in the smart grid scheduling technology support system, realize the grid online intelligent analysis, early warning and decision-making, and all kinds of new transmission technology and equipment of effi cient control and lean control of ac/dc hybrid power grid.(5)can satisfy the demands of electric cars and other new type electric power user services.Would be a perfect electric vehicle charging and discharging supporting infrastructure network, can meet the needs of the development of the electric car industry, to meet the needs of users, realize high interaction of electric vehicles and power grid.(6) realize high utilization and whole grid assets life cycle management.Can realize electric grid system of the whole life cycle management plan.Through smart grid scheduling and demand side management, power grid assets utilization hours, power grid assets efficiency improvedsignificantly.(7) to realize power convenient interaction between the user and the grid.Will form a smart electricity interactive platform, improving the demand side management, to provide users with high-quality electric power service.At the same time, the comprehensive utilization of the grid can be distributed power supply, intelli gent watt-hour meter, time-sharing electricity price policy and the electric vehicle charging and discharging mechanism, effectively balance electric load, reduce the peak valley load difference, reduce the power grid and power construction costs.(8)grid management informatization and the lean.Covering power grid will each link of communication network system, realize the power grid operation maintenance integrated regulation, data management, information grid spatial information services, and production and scheduling application integration, and other functions, to realize all-sided management informatization and the lean.(9) grid infrastructure of value-added service potential into full play.In power at the same time, the national strategy of "triple play" of services, to provide users with community advertising, network television, voice and other integrated services, such as water supply, heating, gas industry informatization, interactive platform support, expand the range of value-added services and improve the grid infrastructure and capacity, vigorously promote the development of smart city.(10)Gridto promote the rapid development of related industries.Electric power industry belongsto the capital-intensive and technology-intensive industry, has the characteristics of huge investment, long industrial chain.Construction of smart grid, which is beneficial to promote equipment manufacturing information and communication industry technology upgrade, for our country to occupy the high ground to lay the foundation in the field of electric power equipment manufacturing.Important significanceLife is convenientThe construction of strong smart grid, will promote the development of intelligent community, smart city, improve people's quality of life.(1) to make life more convenient.Home intelligent power system can not onlyrealize the real-time control of intelligent home appliances such as air conditioning, water heater and remote control;And can provide telecommunication network, Internet, radio and television network access services;Through intelligent watt-hour meter will also be able to achieve au tomatic meter reading and automatic transfer fee, and other functions.(2) to make life more low carbon.Smart grid can access to the small family unit such as wind power and photovoltaic roof, pushing forward the large-scale application of electric cars, so as to raise the proportion of clean energy consumption, reduce the pollution of the city.(3) to make life more economical.The smart grid can promote power user role transformation, both electricity and sell electricity twofold properties;To build a family for the user electricity integrated services platform, to help users choose the way of electricity, save energy, reduce the energy expense.Produce benefitThe development of a strong smart grid, the grid function gradually extended to promote the optim al allocation of energy resources, guarantee the safe and stable operation of power system, providing multiple open power service, promote the development of strategic emerging industries, and many other aspects.As China's important energy delivery and configuration platform, strong and smart grid from the investment construction to the operation of production process will be for the national economic development, energy production and use, environmental protection bring great benefits.(1)in power system.Can save system effective capacity;Reducing the system total power generation fuel cost;Improving the efficiency of grid equipment, reduce construction investment;Ascension grid transmission efficiency, reduce the line loss.(2)in terms of power customers.Can realize the bidirectional interaction, to provide convenient services;Improving terminal energy efficiency, save power consumption;To improve power supply reliability, and improve power quality.(3) in the aspect of energy saving and environment.Can improve the efficiency of energy utilization, energy conservation and emissions reduction benefit.To promote clean energy development, realize the alternative reductionbenefits;Promote the overall utilization of land resources, saving land usage.(4) other aspects.Can promote the economic development, jobs;To ensure the safety of energy supply;Coal for power transmission and improve the efficiency of energy conversion, reducing the transportation pressure.Propulsion system(1) can effectively improve t he security of power system and power supply e of strong smart grid "self-healing" function, can accurately and quickly isolate the fault components, and in the case of less manual intervention make the system quickly returned to normal, so as to improve the security and reliability of power supply system.(2) the power grid to realize the sustainable development.Strong smart grid technology innovation can promote the power grid construction, implementation technology, equipment, operation an d management of all aspects of ascension, to adapt to the electric power market demand, promote the scientific and sustainable development of power grid.(3) reduce the effective ing the power load characteristics in different regions of the ch aracteristics of big differences through the unification of the intelligent dispatching, the peakand peak shaving, such as networking benefit;At the same time through the time-sharing electricity price mechanism, and guide customers low power, reduce the peak load, so as to reduce the effective capacity.(4) to reduce the system power generation fuel costs.Construction of strong smart grid, which can meet the intensive development of coal base, optimization of power distribution in our country, thereby red ucing fuel transportation cost;At the same time, by reducing the peak valley load difference, can improve the efficiency of thermal power unit, reduce the coal consumption, reduce the cost.(5)improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment.First of all, by improving the power load curve, reduce the peak valley is poor, improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment;Second, by self diagnosis, extend the life of the grid infrastructure.(6) reduce the line loss.On the important basis of uhv transmission technology of strong smart grid, will greatly reduce the loss rate in the electric power transmission;Intelligent scheduling system, flexible transmission technology and real-time two-way interaction with customers, can optimize the tide distribut ion, reducing line loss;At the same time, the construction and application of distributed power supply, also reduce the network loss of power transmission over a long distance.Allocation of resourcesEnergy resources and energy demand in the reverse distribution in our country, more than 80% of the coal, water power and wind power resource distribution in the west, north, and more than 75% of the energy demand is concentrated in the eastern and central regions.Energy resources and energy demand unbalance d distribution of basic national conditions, demand of energy needs to be implemented nationwide resource optimizing configuration.The construction of strong smart grid, for optimal allocation of energy resources provides a good platform.Strong smart grid is completed, will form a strong structure and sending by the end of the power grid power grid, power capacity significantly strengthened, and the formation of the intensity, stiffness of uhv power transmission network, realize the big water and electricit y, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency transport capacity significantly increased power a wide range of energy resources optimization.Energy developmentThe development and utilization of clean energy such as wind power and solar energy to produce electricity is given priority to, in the form of the construction of strong smart grid can significantly improve the grid's ability to access, given and adjust clean energy, vigorously promote the development of clean energy.(1) smart grid, the application of advanced control technology and energy storage technology, perfect the grid-connected clean energy technology standards, improve the clean energy acceptance ability.Clean energy base, (2) the smart grid, rational planning of large-scale space truss structure and sending the power structure, application of uhv, flexible transmission technology, meet the requirements of the large-scale clean energy electricitytransmission.(3) the smart grid for large-scale intermittent clean energy to carry on the reasonable and economic operation, improve the operation performance of clean energy production.(4) intelligent with electric equipment, can achieve acceptance and coordinated cont rol of distributed energy, realize the friendly interaction with the user, the user to enjoy the advantages of new energy power.Energy conservation and emissions reductionStrong smart grid construction to promote energy conservation and emissions reduc tion,development of low carbon economy is of great significance: (1) to support large-scale clean energy unit net, accelerate the development of clean energy, promote our country the optimization of energy structure adjustment;(2) to guide users reasonable arrangement of electricity, reducing peak load, stable thermal power unit output, reduce power generation coal consumption;(3) promote ultra-high voltage, flexible transmission, promotion and application of advanced technology such as economic operation, reduce the transmission loss, improve power grid operation efficiency;(4) to realize the power grid to interact with users effectively, promote intelligent power technology, improve the efficiency of electricity;(5) to promote the electric car of large-scale application, promote the development of low-carbon economy, achieve emission reduction benefits.There are three milestones of the concept of smart grid development:The first is 2006, the United States "smart grid" put forward by the IBM solution.IBM smart grid is mainly to solve, improve reliability and safety of power grid from its release in China, the construction of the smart grid operations management innovation - the new train of thought on the development of China's power "the white paper can be seen that the scheme provides a larger framework, through to the electric power production, transmission, the optimization of all aspects of retail management, for the relevant enterprises to improve operation efficiency and reliability, reduce cost dep icts a blueprint.IBM is a marketing strategy.The second is the energy plan put forward by the Obama took office, in addition to the published plan, the United States will also focus on cost $120 billion a year circuit。
Spring相关的外文文献和翻译(毕设论文必备)
附录1 外文原文Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe Spring Framework: a popular open source application framework that addresses many of the issues outlined in this book. This chapter will introduce the basic ideas of Spring and dis-cuss the central “bean factory”lightweight Inversion-of-Control (IoC) container in detail.Spring makes it particularly easy to implement lightweight, yet extensible, J2EE archi-tectures. It provides an out-of-the-box implementation of the fundamental architectural building blocks we recommend. Spring provides a consistent way of structuring your applications, and provides numerous middle tier features that can make J2EE development significantly easier and more flexible than in traditional approaches.The basic motivations for Spring are:To address areas not well served by other frameworks. There are numerous good solutions to specific areas of J2EE infrastructure: web frameworks, persistence solutions, remoting tools, and so on. However, integrating these tools into a comprehensive architecture can involve significant effort, and can become a burden. Spring aims to provide an end-to-end solution, integrating spe-cialized frameworks into a coherent overall infrastructure. Spring also addresses some areas that other frameworks don’t. For example, few frameworks address generic transaction management, data access object implementation, and gluing all those things together into an application, while still allowing for best-of-breed choice in each area. Hence we term Spring an application framework, rather than a web framework, IoC or AOP framework, or even middle tier framework.To allow for easy adoption. A framework should be cleanly layered, allowing the use of indi-vidual features without imposing a whole world view on the application. Many Spring features, such as the JDBC abstraction layer or Hibernate integration, can be used in a library style or as part of the Spring end-to-end solution.To deliver ease of use. As we’ve noted, J2EE out of the box is relatively hard to use to solve many common problems. A good infrastructure framework should make simple tasks simple to achieve, without forcing tradeoffs for future complex requirements (like distributed transactions) on the application developer. It should allow developers to leverage J2EE services such as JTA where appropriate, but to avoid dependence on them in cases when they are unnecessarily complex.To make it easier to apply best practices. Spring aims to reduce the cost of adhering to best practices such as programming to interfaces, rather than classes, almost to zero. However, it leaves the choice of architectural style to the developer.Non-invasiveness. Application objects should have minimal dependence on the framework. If leveraging a specific Spring feature, an object should depend only on that particular feature, whether by implementing a callback interface or using the framework as a class library. IoC and AOP are the key enabling technologies for avoiding framework dependence.Consistent configuration. A good infrastructure framework should keep application configuration flexible and consistent, avoiding the need for custom singletons and factories. A single style should be applicable to all configuration needs, from the middle tier to web controllers.Ease of testing. Testing either whole applications or individual application classes in unit tests should be as easy as possible. Replacing resources or application objects with mock objects should be straightforward.To allow for extensibility. Because Spring is itself based on interfaces, rather than classes, it is easy to extend or customize it. Many Spring components use strategy interfaces, allowing easy customization.A Layered Application FrameworkChapter 6 introduced the Spring Framework as a lightweight container, competing with IoC containers such as PicoContainer. While the Spring lightweight container for JavaBeans is a core concept, this is just the foundation for a solution forall middleware layers.Basic Building Blockspring is a full-featured application framework that can be leveraged at many levels. It consists of multi-ple sub-frameworks that are fairly independent but still integrate closely into a one-stop shop, if desired. The key areas are:Bean factory. The Spring lightweight IoC container, capable of configuring and wiring up Java-Beans and most plain Java objects, removing the need for custom singletons and ad hoc configura-tion. Various out-of-the-box implementations include an XML-based bean factory. The lightweight IoC container and its Dependency Injection capabilities will be the main focus of this chapter.Application context. A Spring application context extends the bean factory concept by adding support for message sources and resource loading, and providing hooks into existing environ-ments. Various out-of-the-box implementations include standalone application contexts and an XML-based web application context.AOP framework. The Spring AOP framework provides AOP support for method interception on any class managed by a Spring lightweight container. It supports easy proxying of beans in a bean factory, seamlessly weaving in interceptors and other advice at runtime. Chapter 8 dis-cusses the Spring AOP framework in detail. The main use of the Spring AOP framework is to provide declarative enterprise services for POJOs.Auto-proxying. Spring provides a higher level of abstraction over the AOP framework and low-level services, which offers similar ease-of-use to .NET within a J2EE context. In particular, the provision of declarative enterprise services can be driven by source-level metadata.Transaction management. Spring provides a generic transaction management infrastructure, with pluggable transaction strategies (such as JTA and JDBC) and various means for demarcat-ing transactions in applications. Chapter 9 discusses its rationale and the power and flexibility that it offers.DAO abstraction. Spring defines a set of generic data access exceptions that canbe used for cre-ating generic DAO interfaces that throw meaningful exceptions independent of the underlying persistence mechanism. Chapter 10 illustrates the Spring support for DAOs in more detail, examining JDBC, JDO, and Hibernate as implementation strategies.JDBC support. Spring offers two levels of JDBC abstraction that significantly ease the effort of writing JDBC-based DAOs: the org.springframework.jdbc.core package (a template/callback approach) and the org.springframework.jdbc.object package (modeling RDBMS operations as reusable objects). Using the Spring JDBC packages can deliver much greater pro-ductivity and eliminate the potential for common errors such as leaked connections, compared with direct use of JDBC. The Spring JDBC abstraction integrates with the transaction and DAO abstractions.Integration with O/R mapping tools. Spring provides support classes for O/R Mapping tools like Hibernate, JDO, and iBATIS Database Layer to simplify resource setup, acquisition, and release, and to integrate with the overall transaction and DAO abstractions. These integration packages allow applications to dispense with custom ThreadLocal sessions and native transac-tion handling, regardless of the underlyingO/R mapping approach they work with.Web MVC framework. Spring provides a clean implementation of web MVC, consistent with the JavaBean configuration approach. The Spring web framework enables web controllers to be configured within an IoC container, eliminating the need to write any custom code to access business layer services. It provides a generic DispatcherServlet and out-of-the-box controller classes for command and form handling. Request-to-controller mapping, view resolution, locale resolution and other important services are all pluggable, making the framework highly extensi-ble. The web framework is designed to work not only with JSP, but with any view technology, such as Velocity—without the need for additional bridges. Chapter 13 discusses web tier design and the Spring web MVC framework in detail.Remoting support. Spring provides a thin abstraction layer for accessing remoteservices without hard-coded lookups, and for exposing Spring-managed application beans as remote services. Out-of-the-box support is included for RMI, Caucho’s Hessian and Burlap web service protocols, and WSDL Web Services via JAX-RPC. Chapter 11 discusses lightweight remoting.While Spring addresses areas as diverse as transaction management and web MVC, it uses a consistent approach everywhere. Once you have learned the basic configuration style, you will be able to apply it in many areas. Resources, middle tier objects, and web components are all set up using the same bean configuration mechanism. You can combine your entire configuration in one single bean definition file or split it by application modules or layers; the choice is up to you as the application developer. There is no need for diverse configuration files in a variety of formats, spread out across the application.Spring on J2EEAlthough many parts of Spring can be used in any kind of Java environment, it is primarily a J2EE application framework. For example, there are convenience classes for linking JNDI resources into a bean factory, such as JDBC DataSources and EJBs, and integration with JTA for distributed transaction management. In most cases, application objects do not need to work with J2EE APIs directly, improving reusability and meaning that there is no need to write verbose, hard-to-test, JNDI lookups.Thus Spring allows application code to seamlessly integrate into a J2EE environment without being unnecessarily tied to it. You can build upon J2EE services where it makes sense for your application, and choose lighter-weight solutions if there are no complex requirements. For example, you need to use JTA as transaction strategy only if you face distributed transaction requirements. For a single database, there are alternative strategies that do not depend on a J2EE container. Switching between those transac-tion strategies is merely a matter of configuration; Spring’s consistent abstraction avoids any need to change application code.Spring offers support for accessing EJBs. This is an important feature (andrelevant even in a book on “J2EE without EJB”) because the use of dynamic proxies as codeless client-side business delegates means that Spring can make using a local stateless session EJB an implementation-level, rather than a fundamen-tal architectural, choice. Thus if you want to use EJB, you can within a consistent architecture; however, you do not need to make EJB the cornerstone of your architecture. This Spring feature can make devel-oping EJB applications significantly faster, because there is no need to write custom code in service loca-tors or business delegates. Testing EJB client code is also much easier, because it only depends on the EJB’s Business Methods interface (which is not EJB-specific), not on JNDI or the EJB API.Spring also provides support for implementing EJBs, in the form of convenience superclasses for EJB implementation classes, which load a Spring lightweight container based on an environment variable specified in the ejb-jar.xml deployment descriptor. This is a powerful and convenient way of imple-menting SLSBs or MDBs that are facades for fine-grained POJOs: a best practice if you do choose to implement an EJB application. Using this Spring feature does not conflict with EJB in any way—it merely simplifies following good practice.Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe main aim of Spring is to make J2EE easier to use and promote good programming practice. It does not reinvent the wheel; thus you’ll find no logging packages in Spring, no connection pools, no distributed transaction coordinator. All these features are provided by other open source projects—such as Jakarta Commons Logging (which Spring uses for all its log output), Jakarta Commons DBCP (which can be used as local DataSource), and ObjectWeb JOTM (which can be used as transaction manager)—or by your J2EE application server. For the same reason, Spring doesn’t provide an O/R mapping layer: There are good solutions for this problem area, such as Hibernate and JDO.Spring does aim to make existing technologies easier to use. For example, although Spring is not in the business of low-level transaction coordination, it does provide an abstraction layer over JTA or any other transaction strategy. Spring is alsopopular as middle tier infrastructure for Hibernate, because it provides solutions to many common issues like SessionFactory setup, ThreadLocal sessions, and exception handling. With the Spring HibernateTemplate class, implementation methods of Hibernate DAOs can be reduced to one-liners while properly participating in transactions.The Spring Framework does not aim to replace J2EE middle tier services as a whole. It is an application framework that makes accessing low-level J2EE container ser-vices easier. Furthermore, it offers lightweight alternatives for certain J2EE services in some scenarios, such as a JDBC-based transaction strategy instead of JTA when just working with a single database. Essentially, Spring enables you to write appli-cations that scale down as well as up.Spring for Web ApplicationsA typical usage of Spring in a J2EE environment is to serve as backbone for the logical middle tier of a J2EE web application. Spring provides a web application context concept, a powerful lightweight IoC container that seamlessly adapts to a web environment: It can be accessed from any kind of web tier, whether Struts, WebWork, Tapestry, JSF, Spring web MVC, or a custom solution.The following code shows a typical example of such a web application context. In a typical Spring web app, an applicationContext.xml file will reside in theWEB-INF directory, containing bean defini-tions according to the “spring-beans”DTD. In such a bean definition XML file, business objects and resources are defined, for example, a “myDataSource”bean, a “myInventoryManager”bean, and a “myProductManager”bean. Spring takes care of their configuration, their wiring up, and their lifecycle.<beans><bean id=”myDataSource”class=”org.springframework.jdbc. datasource.DriverManagerDataSource”><property name=”driverClassName”> <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</value></property> <property name=”url”><value>jdbc:mysql:myds</value></property></bean><bean id=”myInventoryManager”class=”ebusiness.DefaultInventoryManager”> <property name=”dataSource”><ref bean=”myDataSource”/> </property></bean><bean id=”myProductManager”class=”ebusiness.DefaultProductManager”><property name=”inventoryManager”><ref bean=”myInventoryManager”/> </property><property name=”retrieveCurrentStock”> <value>true</value></property></bean></beans>By default, all such beans have “singleton”scope: one instance per context. The “myInventoryManager”bean will automatically be wired up with the defined DataSource, while “myProductManager”will in turn receive a reference to the “myInventoryManager”bean. Those objects (traditionally called “beans”in Spring terminology) need to expose only the corresponding bean properties or constructor arguments (as you’ll see later in this chapter); they do not have to perform any custom lookups.A root web application context will be loaded by a ContextLoaderListener that is defined in web.xml as follows:<web-app><listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </listener-class></listener>...</web-app>After initialization of the web app, the root web application context will beavailable as a ServletContext attribute to the whole web application, in the usual manner. It can be retrieved from there easily via fetching the corresponding attribute, or via a convenience method in org.springframework.web.context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils. This means that the application context will be available in any web resource with access to the ServletContext, like a Servlet, Filter, JSP, or Struts Action, as follows:WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(servletContext);The Spring web MVC framework allows web controllers to be defined as JavaBeans in child application contexts, one per dispatcher servlet. Such controllers can express dependencies on beans in the root application context via simple bean references. Therefore, typical Spring web MVC applications never need to perform a manual lookup of an application context or bean factory, or do any other form of lookup.Neither do other client objects that are managed by an application context themselves: They can receive collaborating objects as bean references.The Core Bean FactoryIn the previous section, we have seen a typical usage of the Spring IoC container in a web environment: The provided convenience classes allow for seamless integration without having to worry about low-level container details. Nevertheless, it does help to look at the inner workings to understand how Spring manages the container. Therefore, we will now look at the Spring bean container in more detail, starting at the lowest building block: the bean factory. Later, we’ll continue with resource setup and details on the application context concept.One of the main incentives for a lightweight container is to dispense with the multitude of custom facto-ries and singletons often found in J2EE applications. The Spring bean factory provides one consistent way to set up any number of application objects, whether coarse-grained components or fine-grained busi-ness objects. Applying reflection and Dependency Injection, the bean factory can host components that do not need to be aware of Spring at all. Hence we call Spring a non-invasiveapplication framework.Fundamental InterfacesThe fundamental lightweight container interface isorg.springframework.beans.factory.Bean Factory. This is a simple interface, which is easy to implement directly in the unlikely case that none of the implementations provided with Spring suffices. The BeanFactory interface offers two getBean() methods for looking up bean instances by String name, with the option to check for a required type (and throw an exception if there is a type mismatch).public interface BeanFactory {Object getBean(String name) throws BeansException;Object getBean(String name, Class requiredType) throws BeansException;boolean containsBean(String name);boolean isSingleton(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;String[] getAliases(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;}The isSingleton() method allows calling code to check whether the specified name represents a sin-gleton or prototype bean definition. In the case of a singleton bean, all calls to the getBean() method will return the same object instance. In the case of a prototype bean, each call to getBean() returns an inde-pendent object instance, configured identically.The getAliases() method will return alias names defined for the given bean name, if any. This mecha-nism is used to provide more descriptive alternative names for beans than are permitted in certain bean factory storage representations, such as XML id attributes.The methods in most BeanFactory implementations are aware of a hierarchy that the implementation may be part of. If a bean is not found in the current factory, the parent factory will be asked, up until the root factory. From the point of view of a caller, all factories in such a hierarchy will appear to be merged into one. Bean definitions in ancestor contexts are visible to descendant contexts, but not the reverse.All exceptions thrown by the BeanFactory interface and sub-interfaces extend org.springframework. beans.BeansException, and are unchecked. This reflects the fact that low-level configuration prob-lems are not usually recoverable: Hence, application developers can choose to write code to recover from such failures if they wish to, but should not be forced to write code in the majority of cases where config-uration failure is fatal.Most implementations of the BeanFactory interface do not merely provide a registry of objects by name; they provide rich support for configuring those objects using IoC. For example, they manage dependen-cies between managed objects, as well as simple properties. In the next section, we’ll look at how such configuration can be expressed in a simple and intuitive XML structure.The sub-interface org.springframework.beans.factory.ListableBeanFactory supports listing beans in a factory. It provides methods to retrieve the number of beans defined, the names of all beans, and the names of beans that are instances of a given type:public interface ListableBeanFactory extends BeanFactory {int getBeanDefinitionCount();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames(Class type);boolean containsBeanDefinition(String name);Map getBeansOfType(Class type, boolean includePrototypes,boolean includeFactoryBeans) throws BeansException}The ability to obtain such information about the objects managed by a ListableBeanFactory can be used to implement objects that work with a set of other objects known only at runtime.In contrast to the BeanFactory interface, the methods in ListableBeanFactory apply to the current factory instance and do not take account of a hierarchy that the factory may be part of. The org.spring framework.beans.factory.BeanFactoryUtils class provides analogous methods that traverse an entire factory hierarchy.There are various ways to leverage a Spring bean factory, ranging from simple bean configuration to J2EE resource integration and AOP proxy generation. The bean factory is the central, consistent way of setting up any kind of application objects in Spring, whether DAOs, business objects, or web controllers. Note that application objects seldom need to work with the BeanFactory interface directly, but are usu-ally configured and wired by a factory without the need for any Spring-specific code.For standalone usage, the Spring distribution provides a tiny spring-core.jar file that can be embed-ded in any kind of application. Its only third-party dependency beyond J2SE 1.3 (plus JAXP for XML parsing) is the Jakarta Commons Logging API.The bean factory is the core of Spring and the foundation for many other services that the framework offers. Nevertheless, the bean factory can easily be usedstan-dalone if no other Spring services are required.附录2 中文译文Spring框架介绍Spring框架：这是一个流行的开源应用框架，它可以解决很多问题。
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面.
1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t of the dig it al com pu te r an d th e in te gr at ed c i rc ui t arg ua bl y t h e tow m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e tow type s of arch it ec tu re are foun d in sin g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. Som e empl oy the spli t prog ra m/da ta me mo ry of the H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fig.3-5A -1, oth ers fo ll ow the p h il os op hy , wi del y ada pt ed for gen er al -p ur po se com pu te rs and m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng no log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m and dat a me mo ry as in the Pr in ce to n arch ite c tu re , show n i n Fig.3-5A-2.In gen er al ter ms a sin gl e -chi p mic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a sin gl e d ev i ce , as sho wn inFi g3-5A -3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM.R OM is usua ll y for the pe rm an ent,n o n-vo la ti le stor a ge of an app lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs and m are inte nd e d for high -v ol um e ap pl ic at ions a n d he nc e t h e eco n om ic al man uf act u re of th e de vic e s re qu ir es t h at t he cont en t s o f t he prog ra m me m or y be co mm it t ed perm a ne ntly d u ri ng the man ufa c tu re of ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, thi s im pl ie s a r i go ro us app ro ach to ROM cod e deve l op me nt sin ce cha ng es can not b e mad e afte r manu f a c tu re .Th is dev e lo pm en t proc ess may invo lv e e m ul at io n us in g aso ph is ti ca te d de ve lo pm en t sy ste m wit h a h a rd wa re emu la tio n cap ab il it y as w el l as the use o f po we rf ul s o ft wa re too ls.So me man uf act u re rs pro vi de add it io na l RO M opt i on s by i n cl ud in g in their ra n ge dev ic es wit h (or int en de d fo r use wit h u s er pro gr am ma ble me mo ry. Th e sim p le st of th es e is usu al ly d e vi ce whi ch can op er at e in a micro p ro ce ssor mod e by usi ng som e o f the inp ut /outp u t li ne s as an ad dr es s an d da ta b us fora c ce ss in g ex te rna l mem or y. Thi s t y pe of de vi ce can beh av ef u nc ti on al ly as th e sing le chip mi cr oc om pu te r from whi ch it is d e ri ve d al be it wit h re st ri ct ed I/O and a mod if ied ex te rn al c i rc ui t. The use of thes e d ev ic es is com mo n eve n in prod uc ti on c i rc ui ts wher e t he vo lu me does no tj us ti f y t h e d ev el o pm en t c osts o f c us to m o n -ch i p R OM [2];t he re c a n s ti ll bea s ignif i ca nt saving i n I /O and o th er c h ip s com pa re d to a conv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es sor b a se d ci rc ui t. Mor e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be o b ta in ed in th e fo rm of va ri an ts w it h 'p ig gy -b ack 'E P RO M(Er as ab le pro gr am ma bl e ROM s oc ke ts or dev ic e s with EPROM i n st ea d o f RO M 。
文化语境顺应与成语翻译
成语是语言中经过长期使用 而提炼出来 的 语境的变化而变化的。语境是一种符号结构 ， 是产 固定词组 、 短语或短句。不管是英语成语还是汉语 生所构成文化的符号系统的意义聚集体 。这是一 成语， 一般具有结构严谨 、 简练、 形式 寓义深刻 、 形 种逐步把语境看成动态变化的观 。这一符号结 象鲜明、 表达生动的特点 ， 易懂易记。但是成ｉ－ 构包括三个因素 ： ￣Ｅ ．ｔ 语场， 即语言所能描写的整个事 蕴含着丰富的文化信息，具有生动的形象和哲理 件 ， 讲话者有意图的活动 、 话题等； 语旨， 指话语活 性的比喻 ， 带有鲜明的民族特色、 地域色彩和表达 动 的参与者的相互关系及讲话者 的讲话意图等； 形式 。而成语的翻译要同时处理语言和文化的矛 语式， 即话语交际的媒介。 胡壮麟先生将语境分为 盾， 这就势必要考虑到文化的因素在里面。 而要理 “ 上下文”“ 、情景语境” 文化语境” 和“ 。刘宓庆认为 解英汉成语所赖以生存的语言文化语境是对其正 语境“ 可以小至词语搭配 ， 大至社会文化和历史背 确理解和翻译的前提。 正如翻译家尤金 ・ 奈达所指 景 ，由此形成了—个语境的梯级概念（ｒｄ ｔｎ ， ｇａａｉ ） ｏ 出的：对于真正成功的翻译而言 ，熟悉两种文化 即： “ 搭配 、 上下文（ｏ ｔ ｔ ｃｎｅ 语句 ）句段 、 ｘ 、 文本（ ｘ） ｔｔ ｅ 甚 至 比掌 握两 种语 言更 为重 要 ，因为 词 语只有 在 以及文化历史背景” 。赵毅衡从符号学的角度把语 其作用的文化背景中才有意义。” 境分为： 历史语境、 文化语境、 场合语境 以及意图 １理 论依据 语境和接受者的心理语境。翻泽活动的语境可以 １ 顺应论 。Ｖ ｒｃｕｒｎ１９ ） ． １ ｅｓｈ ｅｅ （９ ９ 在他 的新著 是文化语境 ， 即语篇外 的文化背景 ； 情景语境 ， 即 《 语用学新 解》 中提 出了 “ 应论 ”Ｔ ｅ ｙｏ 原语读者和 目的与读者作为共享 的语境知识 ； 顺 （ ｈｏ ｆ ｒ 文 Ａ ａｔｎ 。他认为语言的使用过程就是语言选择 本语境 ， 语篇内的信息内容。 ｄ ｐｉ ） ｏ 即 语用学 中的关联理 的过程。 他提倡的语用学综观论 ， 认为使用语言就 论提出了不同于传统意义的语境观。在关联理论 是 选择 语言 ， 即语言 的使 用是 “ 个不 断 地选 择语 中 ， 境被 统称 为 “ — 语 语境 假设 ”在 交 际过 程 中双 方 ， 言的过程，不管这种选择是有意识的还是无意识 互 明的共 知 语境 被 称为 “ 相互 认 知 语 境 ”不 仅包 ， 的，也不管它出于语言内部的原因还是出于语言 括上下文、 即时的物质环境等具体的语境因素 ， 也 外 部 的原因 ”Ｖ ｒ ｈ ｅｅ，９ ９５— ６。他 还指 包括个人知识因素 ， 已知的全部事实 、 （ ｅｓ ｕｒｎ １９ ：５ ５ ） ｃ 如 假设、 信 出，语言使用者之所以在语言的使用 中作出种种 念和认知能力等。 概括起来 ， 认知语境包括语言使 恰 当的选择 ， 是因为语言具备以下三个特性 ： 变异 用涉及的情景知识、语言上下文知识 和背景知识 性 （ａｉ ｉｔ）商 讨 性 （ｅｏ ａｉｔ） ｖｒｂｌｙ， ａ ｉ ｎ ｇｔ ｌｙ 和顺 应 性 三个语用范畴。主要可以划分为语言知识和文化 ｉ ｉ ｂ （ｄｐａｉｔ） ａａｔ ｌｙ。语言 的变异 性是 指 “ ｂ ｉ 语言 具有 一 系 背景知识。关联理论认为成功的译文应该使译文 列可供选择的可能性” ； 语言的商计 陛指“ 所有 的 读者与原文作者最大限度地共享 “ 互认知语 相 选择 都 不是 机 械地 ，或 严格按 照形 式 —功 能关 系 境”其中最大的困难就是消除文化方面 的认知诰 ， 作 出 ，而 是在 高度灵 活 的原则 和策 略 的基 础上 完 境障碍。Ｖ ｒ ｈ ｅｅ ｆ 论把语境分为语言语 ｅｓ ｕ ｒｎ的Ｊ ｃ 赃 成 ”语言 的顺 应 性 则指 “ ； 能够 进语 言使 用 者 从 可 境和交际语境 ， 且语境不是静态存在的， 而 而是一 供选择的项目中作灵活的变通 ，从而满足交际需 个动态生成的概念。语境△Ｊ应着交际过程的发 顷 要 ” 陛（ ｅｓｈｅｅ ，９ ９５ — １ｏ正 是语 言 展开 断更新 ，同时强调了交际者在言语交际中的 的特 Ｖ ｒ ｕ ｒｎ１ ９ ：９ ６ ｃ 使用中的 顺应性特征使我们得 以从下面四个方面 能动作用。 然而翻译涉及原文作者、 译者以及译文 去完成语用描写和语用解释 ： 语境关系顺应 、 结构 读者不同的语系与社会、 文化背景， 以及不同的 认 客 体 顺 应 、动 态 顺 应 和 顺 应 过 程 特 性 。 Ｖ ｒ 知环境与认知能力等差异。这就要求ｈ＿ ｅ— ｘ － ￣不仅要 ｓｈ ｅｅ ｃｕｒｎ的顺 应理论 为 理解 和诠 释语 言 的使用提 有双 语能 力 ， 而且 还要有 丰 富的 文化 知识 ， 特别 是 供 了一 全新 的视 角 。 对两种语言的民族心理意识 、 历史风俗 、 宗教文化 ｌ ２语圳 ｌ应＿的文化翻译。 哽 卜 传统的语境概念 争 一 系列文化有一定的了解 ， 只有这样， 译者才能 是个包罗万象的范畴。 英国的人类学家， 人类学功 顺应地并以符合译文读者的文化背景和满足他们 能学 派 的代 表人 物 马林 诺 夫 斯丛 于 １２ 年 提 出 的阅读 期待 为 目的 ， 出最佳 语境 效果 的翻 译。 ３ ９ 做 “ 境 ” 术语 。他 和 弗斯 的语 境理 论 认 为语境 语 这个 ２成 语翻 泽 只包 括“ １文 ” 情景语 境 ” 上 和“ 。继弗斯之 后 ， 礼 韩 成语翻译是翻译中的一个 重要组成部分。它 德更 加重 视语 言和社 会 的联 系 ，他认 为语 苦是 随 涉及不同国家的文化背景，因此具有跨文化传递
论文翻译成英文
论文翻译成英文The Translation of the PaperWith the development of the world and rapid advancement of science and technology, the importance of communication among different countries has become increasingly prominent. This has led to a surge in demand for translation services, making translation an essential and indispensable profession.Translation is the act of conveying the meaning of a text from one language to another. It involves not only the transfer of the words, but also the ability to accurately capture the cultural nuances and context of the original text. A skilled translator must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as a broad knowledge of various subject areas.The translation process can be divided into several stages. First, the translator needs to carefully read and comprehend the source text to fully grasp its meaning. Then, they must accurately transfer the message, while considering the characteristics and conventions of the target language. Next, the translator needs to revise and edit the translation to ensure accuracy and clarity. Finally, the completed translation should undergo rigorous proofreading to eliminate any errors or omissions.Translation plays a crucial role in numerous fields. In the business world, accurate translation of documents such as contracts, proposals, and marketing materials is essential for successful international transactions and collaborations. In the academic field, translation allows for the exchange and dissemination ofknowledge among researchers from different countries, enabling cross-cultural understanding and cooperation. In the legal field, translation of legal documents ensures that individuals from different linguistic backgrounds have equal access to justice. In the entertainment industry, translation allows for the enjoyment of foreign films, TV shows, and literature.However, translation is not as simple as replacing words from one language with their equivalents in another. Translators often face linguistic and cultural challenges that require them to make difficult decisions. They need to find equivalent expressions, idiomatic phrases, and appropriate terminology that reflect the intended meaning and cultural connotations of the original text. Additionally, the translator needs to be aware of the target audience and adapt the translation accordingly, ensuring that it is easily understood and culturally appropriate.Advancements in technology have greatly impacted the translation profession. Computer-assisted translation tools, such as translation memory software, have made the translation process more efficient and consistent. Machine translation, although still in its early stages, has shown potential for aiding human translators by providing initial drafts that can be refined. However, human translators are still irreplaceable due to their ability to understand the subtleties of language and capture the essence of a text.In conclusion, translation is a complex and multifaceted profession that plays a crucial role in facilitating communication and understanding among different cultures. It requires not only linguistic proficiency, but also cultural awareness and subjectknowledge. As the world continues to grow more interconnected, the demand for skilled translators will only continue to rise, making translation an essential skill in an increasingly globalized world.。
能源专业外文翻译--燃料电池及其发展前景1
外文原文：Fuel Cells and Their ProspectsA fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device. It produces electricity fromfuel (on the anode side) and an oxidant (on the cathode side), which react in the presence of an electrolyte. The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained.Fuel cells are different from electrochemical cell batteries in that they consume reactant from an external source, which must be replenished--a thermodynamically open system. By contrast batteries store electrical energy chemically and hence represent a thermodynamically closed system.Many combinations of fuel and oxidant are possible. A hydrogen cell uses hydrogen as fuel and oxygen (usually from air) as oxidant. Other fuels include hydrocarbons and alcohols. Other oxidants include chlorine and chlorine dioxide.Fuel cell designA fuel cell works by catalysis, separating the component electrons and protonsof the reactant fuel, and forcing the electrons to travel though a circuit, hence converting them to electrical power. The catalyst typically comprises a platinum group metal or alloy. Another catalytic process takes the electrons back in, combining them with the protons and oxidant to form waste products (typically simple compounds like water and carbon dioxide).A typical fuel cell produces a voltage from 0.6 V to 0.7 V at full rated load.Voltage decreases as current increases, due to several factors:•Activation loss•Ohmic loss (voltage drop due to resistance of the cell components and interconnects)•Mass transport loss (depletion of reactants at catalyst sites under high loads, causing rapid loss of voltage)To deliver the desired amount of energy, the fuel cells can be combined in series and parallel circuits, where series yield higher voltage, and parallel allows a stronger current to be drawn. Such a design is called a fuel cell stack. Further, the cell surface area can be increased, to allow stronger current from each cell.Proton exchange fuel cellsIn the archetypal hydrogen–oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) design, a proton-conducting polymer membrane, (the electrolyte), separates the anode and cathode sides. This was called a "solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell" (SPEFC) in the early 1970s, before the proton exchange mechanism was well-understood. (Notice that "polymer electrolyte membrane" and "proton exchange mechanism" result in the same acronym.)On the anode side, hydrogen diffuses to the anode catalyst where it later dissociates into protons and electrons. These protons often react with oxidants causing them to become what is commonly referred to as multi-facilitated proton membranes (MFPM). The protons are conducted through the membrane to the cathode, but the electrons are forced to travel in an external circuit (supplying power) because the membrane is electrically insulating. On the cathode catalyst, oxygen molecules react with the electrons (which have traveled through the external circuit) and protons to form water — in this example, the only waste product, either liquid or vapor.In addition to this pure hydrogen type, there are hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells, including diesel, methanol (see: direct-methanol fuel cells and indirect methanol fuel cells) and chemical hydrides. The waste products with these types of fuel are carbon dioxide and water.The materials used in fuel cells differ by type. In a typical membrane electrode assembly (MEA), the electrode–bipolar plates are usually made of metal, nickel or carbon nanotubes, and are coated with a catalyst (like platinum, nano iron powders or palladium) for higher efficiency. Carbon paper separates them from the electrolyte. The electrolyte could be ceramic or a membrane.Oxygen ion exchange fuel cellsIn a solid oxide fuel cell design, the anode and cathode are separated by an electrolyte that is conductive to oxygen ions but non-conductive to electrons. The electrolyte is typically made from zirconia doped with yttria.On the cathode side, oxygen catalytically reacts with a supply of electrons to become oxygen ions, which diffuse through the electrolyte to the anode side. On the anode side, the oxygen ions react with hydrogen to form water and free electrons. A load connected externally between the anode and cathode completes the electrical circuit.Fuel cell design issuesCostsIn 2002, typical cells had a catalyst content of US$1000 per-kilowatt of electric power output. In 2008 UTC Power has 400kw Fuel cells for $1,000,000 per 400kW installed costs. The goal is to reduce the cost in order to compete with current market technologies including gasoline internal combustion engines. Many companies are working on techniques to reduce cost in a variety of ways including reducing the amount of platinum needed in each individual cell. Ballard Power Systems have experiments with a catalyst enhanced with carbon silk which allows a 30% reduction (1 mg/cm2 to 0.7 mg/cm2) in platinum usage without reduction in performance.The production costs of the PEM (proton exchange membrane). The Nafion membrane currently costs €400/m². In 2005 Ballard Power Systems announced that its fuel cells will use Solupor, a porous polyethylene film patented by DSM.Water and air management (in PEMFC). In this type of fuel cell, the membrane must be hydrated, requiring water to be evaporated at precisely the same rate that it is produced. If water is evaporated too quickly, the membrane dries, resistance across it increases, and eventually it will crack, creating a gas "short circuit" where hydrogen and oxygen combine directly, generating heat that will damage the fuel cell. If the water is evaporated too slowly, the electrodes will flood, preventing the reactants from reaching the catalyst and stopping the reaction. Methods to manage water in cells are being developed like electroosmotic pumps focusing on flow control. Just as in a combustion engine, a steady ratio between the reactant and oxygen is necessary to keep the fuel cell operating efficiently.Temperature managementThe same temperature must be maintained throughout the cell in order to prevent destruction of the cell through thermal loading. This is particularly challenging as the 2H2 + O2 =2H2O reaction is highly exothermic, so a large quantity of heat is generated within the fuel cell.Durability, service life, and special requirements for some type of cells Stationary fuel cell applications typically require more than 40,000 hours of reliable operation at a temperature of -35°C to40°C, while automotive fuel cells require a 5,000 hour lifespan (the equivalent of 150,000 miles) under extreme temperatures. Automotive engines must also be able to start reliably at -30 °C and have a high power to volume ratio (typically 2.5 kW per liter).HistoryThe principle of the fuel cell was discovered by German scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838 and published in one of the scientific magazines of thetime. Based on this work, the first fuel cell was demonstrated by Welsh scientist Sir William Robert Grove in the February 1839 edition of the Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, and later sketched, in 1842, in the same journal. The fuel cell he made used similar materials to today's phosphoric-acid fuel cell.In 1955, W. Thomas Grubb, a chemist working for the General Electric Company (GE), further modified the original fuel cell design by using a sulphonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte. Three years later another GE chemist, Leonard Niedrach, devised a way of depositing platinum onto the membrane, which served as catalyst for the necessary hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions. This became known as the“Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell”. GE went on to develop this technology with NASA and McDonnell Aircraft, leading to its use during Project Gemini. This was the first commercial use of a fuel cell. It wasn't until 1959 that British engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully developed a 5 kW stationary fuel cell. In 1959, a team led by Harry Ihrig built a 15 kW fuel cell tractor for Allis-Chalmers which was demonstrated across the US at state fairs. This system used potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte and compressed hydrogen and oxygen as the reactants. Later in 1959, Bacon and his colleagues demonstrated a practical five-kilowatt unit capable of powering a welding machine. In the 1960s, Pratt and Whitney licensed Bacon's U.S. patents for use in the U.S. space program to supply electricity and drinking water (hydrogen and oxygen being readily available from the spacecraft tanks).United Technologies Corporation's UTC Power subsidiary was the first company to manufacture and commercialize a large, stationary fuel cell system for use as a co-generation power plant in hospitals, universities and large office buildings. UTC Power continues to market this fuel cell as the PureCell 200, a 200 kW system (although soon to be replaced by a 400 kW version, expected for sale in late 2009). UTC Power continues to be the sole supplier of fuel cells to NASA for use in space vehicles, having supplied the Apollo missions, and currently the Space Shuttle program, and is developing fuel cells for automobiles, buses, and cell phone towers; the company has demonstrated the first fuel cell capable of starting under freezing conditions with its proton exchange membrane automotive fuel cell.Fuel cell efficiencyThe efficiency of a fuel cell is dependent on the amount of power drawn from it. Drawing more power means drawing more current, which increases the losses in the fuel cell. As a general rule, the more power (current) drawn, the lower the efficiency.Most losses manifest themselves as a voltage drop in the cell, so the efficiency of a cell is almost proportional to its voltage. For this reason, it is common to show graphs of voltage versus current (so-called polarization curves) for fuel cells. A typical cell running at 0.7 V has an efficiency of about 50%, meaning that 50% of the energy content of the hydrogen is converted into electrical energy; the remaining 50% will be converted into heat. (Depending on the fuel cell system design, some fuel might leave the system unreacted, constituting an additional loss.)For a hydrogen cell operating at standard conditions with no reactant leaks, the efficiency is equal to the cell voltage divided by 1.48 V, based on the enthalpy, or heating value, of the reaction. For the same cell, the second law efficiency is equal to cell voltage divided by 1.23 V. (This voltage varies with fuel used, and quality and temperature of the cell.) The difference between these numbers represents the difference between the reaction's enthalpy and Gibbs free energy. This difference always appears as heat, along with any losses in electrical conversion efficiency.Fuel cells do not operate on a thermal cycle. As such, they are not constrained, as combustion engines are, in the same way by thermodynamic limits, such as Carnot cycle efficiency. At times this is misrepresented by saying that fuel cells are exempt from the laws of thermodynamics, because most people think of thermodynamics in terms of combustion processes (enthalpy of formation). The laws of thermodynamics also hold for chemical processes (Gibbs free energy) like fuel cells, but the maximum theoretical efficiency is higher (83% efficient at 298K) than the Otto cycle thermal efficiency (60% for compression ratio of 10 and specific heat ratio of 1.4). Comparing limits imposed by thermodynamics is not a good predictor of practically achievable efficiencies. Also, if propulsion is the goal, electrical output of the fuel cell has to still be converted into mechanical power with the corresponding inefficiency. In reference to the exemption claim, the correct claim is that the "limitations imposed by the second law of thermodynamics on the operation of fuel cells are much less severe than the limitations imposed on conventional energy conversion systems". Consequently, they can have very high efficiencies in converting chemical energy to electrical energy, especially when they are operated at low power density, and using pure hydrogen and oxygen as reactants.In practice, for a fuel cell operating on air (rather than bottled oxygen), losses due to the air supply system must also be taken into account. This refers to the pressurization of the air and dehumidifying it. This reduces the efficiency significantlyand brings it near to that of a compression ignition engine. Furthermore fuel cell efficiency decreases as load increases.The tank-to-wheel efficiency of a fuel cell vehicle is about 45% at low loads and shows average values of about 36% when a driving cycle like the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) is used as test procedure. The comparable NEDC value for a Diesel vehicle is 22%. In 2008 Honda released a car with fuel stack claiming a 60% tank-to-wheel efficiency.Fuel cells cannot store energy like a battery, but in some applications, such as stand-alone power plants based on discontinuous sources such as solar or wind power, they are combined with electrolyzers and storage systems to form an energy storage system. The overall efficiency (electricity to hydrogen and back to electricity) of such plants (known as round-trip efficiency) is between 30 and 50%, depending on conditions. While a much cheaper lead-acid battery might return about 90%, the electrolyzer/fuel cell system can store indefinite quantities of hydrogen, and is therefore better suited for long-term storage.中文译文：燃料电池及其发展前景燃料电池是一种电化学转换装置。
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英文求职信范文带翻译3篇(最新篇)
英文求职信范文带翻译3篇英文求职信范文带翻译3篇英文求职信范文带翻译篇一：Dear Sir,In repl to our advertisement in toda s nespaper regarding a vXXn in our offie, I ish to appl for the position of senior lerk, hih ou have speified.I feel onfident that I an meet our speial requirements indiating that the andidate must have a high mand of English, for I graduated from the English Language Department of _____ Universit three ears ago.In addition to m stud of English hile in the Universit, I have orked for three ears as seretar in the firm of ABC Trading Co. Ltd.The main reason for hanging m emploment is to gain more experiene ith a superior trading pan like ours. I believethat m eduation and experiene ill prove useful for ork in our offie.I am enlosing m personal histor, ertifiate of graduation and letter of remendation from the president of the Universit, I shall be obliged if ou ill give me a personal intervie atour onveniene.Ver trul ours,敬启者：顷阅今日XX报，得悉贵公司招聘职员，本人符合报载所列条件，拟参加应征。
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快递物流网络优化研究外文文献翻译1
文献出处 : Humble M . The study of ex press log i stics netw ork opt imizat ion [ J ] . Operations R esearch Perspect ives, 2016, 6 (3):106 -115 .原文The st udy of ex press log ist ics netw ork optim izationHumble MA bst ractEx press indust ry as an important part of m odern log ist ics indust ry to become one of the fast est g row ing indust ries in recent y ears. The rapid development of ex press indust ry lead to a lot of capit al inflow ex press delivery m arket, thus express companies, t here are many sizes for g rab market resources,the com petit ion bet w een ent erprises is becoming more and fiercer.Ex cessive com petit ion caused a lot of w ast e of resources, reduce the ut ilizat ion of resources, and increase the cost of log i stics.In order to solve t hese problems need to int eg ra te the expres s industry resources, increase the concent rat ion of indust ry level.A nd C ourier companies merg ers and reorg anization is the int eg ration betw een the express industry resources,ex press delivery indust ry compet it iveness effect ive w a y. Express log i stics net w ork in t he ex press indust ry i s reg arded as ex press the l ifeblood of ent erprises, of w hich the end of the service net w ork (hereinaft er referred to as end nodes), the dist ribution cent er,the urban reg ional hub ( hereinaft er referred to as the reg ional hub) and the num ber of spatial lay out direct ly det ermines the operation m ode of delivery a nd quality of operat ions. Therefore, under the merg er rest ruct uring ent erprises express log i stics net w ork optim ization int eg ration to ex press the development of the ent erprise aft er the m erg er and reorg anizat ion play s a decisive role.Key w ords:M erg ers and reorg a nization;Netw ork opt imizat ion int eg ra t ion; End node;Dist ribution center1 Int roductionLog is t ics net w ork t heory is the inevit able out come of the development of log ist ics manag ement research Gum constantly, is a st andardized, sy st emat ic and scientific research important w a y of m odern log ist ics, i t ex panded the log i stics netw ork operations research new tra in of t houg ht, provides a t heoretical basis for the log i st ics netw ork opt im izat ion. DJ B ow ers ( 2007 ) put forw ard the theory of supply chain log istics int eg ra tion,and based on log istics, w a rehouse locat ion,t ransport ation cost, invent ory cost, e t c , int eg ra t ing advanced the t heory of int eg rationa rchitect ure. M S R am m . ( 2009 ) int eg ra ted log i stics net w ork i s a c losed loop int eg rated forw ard/re verse log i stics net w ork,including production/re covery,m ix ed distribution,custom e rs, collect ing and processing cent er, etc., first used to det ermine the m ix ed integ er linear prog ram m ing model for log i stics netw ork int eg ration, and t hen in uncertain scenarios using the mix ed integ er l inear prog ram ming model, the model can avoid suboptimal result s caused by separat ion and continuous. M a ria B oiler mud ( 2013 ) in a nonlinear integ er model to solve the dy namic integ ra ted forw ard and reverse dist ribution netw ork desig n model double H st andards to minim ize t ransport cost s a nd tim e; Int eg ra t ed log i st ics netw ork facilit y locat ion problem to improve the efficiency of forw ard and reverse log istics,mainly i s the det erm ination of three ty pes of facilit ies, w arehouse ( log i stics), collection cent ers ( reverse log i stics) and mix ed facilities ( forw ard and reverse log ist ics).2Ex press log ist ics net w ork1 S ummary of log i st ics netw orkDonald j . B ow er and David i ts loss in the book of the process of log i st ics m anag ement, supply chain int eg rat ion point s out t hat the w hole log i stics netw ork desig n has a direct impact on the log i st ics efficiency, to provide cust omer service capabilit ies and cost mainly by num ber of log i stics facilities,the influence of the pract ical fact ors such as scale;Essential part of netw ork la y out desig n i s to det erm ine the num ber of every k ind of facilit ies,locat ion and job,et c.; In the constantly chang ing compet it ive environment,the ty pes of product s,cust omer dema nd chang es a t the mom ent,so perfecting the infrast ructure net w ork to adapt to the chang e of supply and demand i s very import ant.R onald h. B a l loon ( 2010 ) arg ues that the essence of the net w ork st ruct ure problem i s to det ermine from to the cust omer's net w ork st ructure,including the facilit y ty pe, num ber, locat ion and each facilit y betw een the determ inat ion of amount of product s and cust om ers; In his book "log istics manag ement", l ist s the data needed for log i stics netw ork int eg rat ion, and put forw ard the evaluation and the evaluat ion of ent erprise log istics net w ork in the g eneral audit criteria. L og i st ics net w ork has the follow ing charact eristics: log i stics net w ork has the charact eristics of hig h efficiency. The g oal of log i stics netw ork is the low est cost for a shorter t ime w ould be delivered g oods in g ood condition of t he demand s ide, the max imum com bination of log i stics and inform a tion flow,cash flow to achieve "zero invent ory, a short period of t ime,no interm i tt ent t ransmission" i s the ideal state.The openness of the log i s t ics i s net w ork. Openness i sthe foundat ion of log i stics nodes can be t hroug h the public netw ork, a ll nodes connect ed directly or indirectly. L og i stics netw ork openness enables each node and ot her nodes ex chang e information quickly,processing business. Pilot log i s t ics netw ork inform a t ion.W idespread use of mechanizat ion and aut omat ion equipment can g reatly improve the level of inform a tion of log i stics netw ork, but the collection,manag ement,analy sis and m ining equipm e nt in the process of log i stics informat ion i s more import ant.The informat ion in the log istics net w ork t hroug hout the log istics activit y a lw a y s , to the operat ion of log ist ics netw ork as a w hole have the funct ion of the g uidance and int eg ra tion.Log ist ics net w ork has the s ize advant ag e . S cale i s the important a ims of log i st ics net w ork. Dispersion formed in the fie ld of log i stics, log i stics netw ork nodes and the charact eristic of manag ement, w i l l hig hlig ht i ts scale advant ag e . Throug h la rg e-scale joint operation of log istics nodes can fully improve the effic iency of the w hole operat ion of the log i st ics net w ork, reduce the cost of the overall operation,reliance on a sing le node of log i stics netw ork is a l so s ig nificant ly reduced; C an't w ork normally even if t here i s a node, ot her nodes can quickly m ak e up for i t, resist risk abilit y.2 The charact erist ics of the ex press log ist ics netw orkEx press log i st ics netw ork m a inly includes t hree part s, main t ransport netw orks,and distribution net w orks, from end off. Every part of the netw ork composit ion and the exercise of the funct ions of each are not identical. B ackbone t ransport net w ork i s ma inly betw een reg ional hub and reg ional hub and dist ribut ion center of the net w ork, i t i s ma inly long dist ance transportation, mainly by car and a i r t ransport w a y. Distribut ion net w ork is mainly bet w een dist ribut ion center and end node netw ork, g oods dist ribut ion t hroug h the distribution cent ers, arrived a t the end of the subordinat e branches. From end off net w ork composed of cust omers and end node, i t i s the first l ink i s the final l ink of express delivery business, is a lso an im port ant part of the cust omer experience.The different met hods of delivery of g oods produced tw o ty pes of net w orks: shaft ty pe and the ent ire company g eneral form ula ex press log i stics netw ork. A m ong t hem, the major st ructure of the radiation i s the hub of part ition netw ork charact erist ics, in each partit ion can have one or more of the hub, the hub node can not only send and receive the g oods w i t hin the reg ion but a l so can connect ot her areas of the hub node, t ransit and sorting is a l so i ts funct ion. In the ax i s of t he ty pe express log i stics netw ork, transport of g oods need to transport to the hub node, t hroug h sortingt ransit hub node before handing out again. Fully connect ed netw ork i s any node is ex chang ed bet w een, should have the shipping l ine directly connect ed. The connect ed net w ork can realize g oods direct ty pe dist ribution bet w een any nodes on the net w ork,but t his w a y of dist ribut ion w i l l be an additional shipping cost. B ecause of the dispersed dist ribution and sm a l l feat ures express C ourier companies i s the main dist ribution object,so ax ia l radial express m ore t han log ist ics net w ork a l l over a long w i th the netw ork helps to improve log ist ics resources int eg ra t ion, log istics resource ut ilizat ion,to reduce log i st ics cost,shaft f ty pe ex press log i stics netw ork more in l ine w i th the act ual sit uation of delivery operat ion.3The com p osition of ex press log i s t ics netw ork3 .1 Delivery terminal net w orkDelivery a t the end of the node is the beg inning of the express log i stics netw ork point and end point,its main function i s to Posting and expresses m a i l delivery.End point s a re m a inly distributed in express business covered a rea, i t i s a hub betw een cust omers and express log istics net w ork, i t i s the m ost closely relat ionship w ith the cust omer.2 Ex press t ransit cent erFedEx t ransit node is mainly to ex press log istics net w ork of ex press dist ribution and transport. In the ex press indust ry g enerally call forw a r ding nodes distribution center.Dist ribution cent er is t hat i t i s import ant to ex press the import ance of sorting and dist ributing node,a l t houg h it i s not eng ag ed in com m o dit y concret e product ion,but i t carried from ot her outlet s to express according to the act ual sit uation of t heir concent rat ion,distribution and t ransport,so as to realize ex press process from scatt ered to cent ralized and decent ralized. La r g e ex p ress t ransit cent er a l s o know n as the reg ional hub, i s mainly responsible for an area of ex press distribution processing w ork. R eg ional hub locat ion and capacit y of the ent ire net w ork t ransit t ime and produce a g reat impact on the t ransport capacit y. Ex press delivery reg ional hub of the dist ribution cent er,unified handling aft er i t s focus to send to other reg i onal hub or sent to the affilia t e dist ribut ion cent ers.FedExt ransit cent er location,quantit y,and the det erminat ion of posit ion,usually to com prehensively consider the g oods cat eg ory, quant it y,flow,traffic condit ions,g eog r aphical location,t imeliness, urban planning and policy, a nd other t ransit cent er connect ing relat ions, operat ion efficiency and ot her fact ors.3 Ex press log i stics operation netw orkEx press operation of the net w ork i s m a inly composed of backbone t ransport netw ork, distribution netw ork and term inal to send t hree part s. A mong t hem , the backbone t ransport net w ork i s m a inly composed of reg ional hub and distribut ion cent er,dist ribut ion netw ork mainly distribution cent er and end node; from end off the net w ork by t he end of branches and cust omer focus point.U sually express log i st ics net w ork, the net w ork backbone netw ork st ruct ure for shaft ty pe netw ork, most ly adopt m ore hub shaft radial net w ork; From dist ribution net w ork and end off net w ork mainly based on the principle of reg ional scope of radiation distance and w i th the m ethod of part ition manag em ent. The ex press log istics net w ork is t he core part of the backbone transport net w ork; it is t he a ssurance of delivery tim eliness.B ackbone net w ork process i s conducted w i thin the ent erprise, the opt imizat ion of the backbone net w ork mainly from the perspect ive of the cost or e xpense. From end off netw ork because of c lose cont act w i th cust omers, i s express ent erprise and cust omer direct int eraction betw een the nodes, not only consider the cost on i ts optim izat ion int eg ra tion problems, should t hink more cust om ers w i th bet ter service ex perience for the m a in purpose, pay a ttention to the m ining of cust omer dem and information, optim ized and int eg rat ed send l ink.Delivery of the ent ire process is as follow s : w hen the c l ient needs to send a , can t hroug h the phone, the w ebsit e of C ourier company or to t he end node, send a request, a fter receiving member w i l l charg e customers express according to the s i t uat ion; R eceipt a t the end of the class member t ake the ex press m a i l delivery to the end node, w i l l ex press, document s and other inform a tion w i th the st aff of the t erm inal branch t ransfer processing , t hus completes a w a rehousing operat ions; Outlet s w arehouse controller according to the local dist ribut ion cent er a t the end of the t ransit fl ig hts w i l l express mail sent to the local dist ribut ion centers, i t i s called the sender homew ork; Express mail a rrived a t the dist ribut ion cent er, sorting , a l l ex press direct ion as conditions aft er sorting to a rrang e transportation a fter a brief st orag e ( depending on the sit uation on the mode of t ransport at ion to choose tra ins, cars, planes, et c.).A ft er the ex press arrival a t the reg ional hub of the c i ty, according to express the dest inat ion address ag a in point s to the dist ribut ion cent er, and t hen, t hroug h the dist ribution net w ork to send the g oods to the t erminal outlet s;译文快递物流网络优化研究Humble M摘要快递业作为现代物流业的重要组成部分成为最近几年发展最快的行业之一。
SPE 122783-MS中文翻译
X-射线的CAT扫描仪通过一个二维切片的X-射线传输的数据进行收集和重新构建，在这种情况下可以形成横截面图像（ CT图像）并且不干扰相关区域的叠置对象。 CT图像代表逐点切片中的线性衰减系数，这依赖于具有物理密度的物质（溶剂，油和混合物）的有效原子序数的材料研究和X-射线束的能量。具有低原子序数的物质能吸收较少的X射线放射。 CT图像视野开阔的试验片与其他区域的结构之间有小的密度差异（<1％ ）并且是高度敏感的（李2004年）。CAT的图像在每个像素中都能测量线性衰减系数μ ，这个定律被定义为比尔定律（vinegar，1986年）
溶剂/重油系统只是满足第三个条件（这里研究的系统）但有些情况下沥青质发生沉积，那么无法达到上述任何一条件。 罗等人2009。
尽管溶剂/重油系统不能被视为具有恒定的扩散系数，但是大多数是文献还是接受了这个结果（富和菲利普斯1979 Denoyelle和1983年博达罗哈斯和1988年法鲁克·阿里;格罗根等人，1988; Das和巴特勒1996年， 1997年阮，张等人， 1998年，2000年至2001年，唐吉万和拉斯姆森2002年， 2006年; Tharanivasan等人， 2004年， 2006年; Creux等人，2005年，杨和顾2005年，2006年，2006年b ，谢赫等人， 2005年，2006A ，2006年b ） 。
1、气体注入油层所需要的量和流速。
2、重油和沥青需要承受的粘度降低的程度。
3、油藏粘度降低和可移动性升高到期望程度所花费的时间。
4、新采出原油的生产速率。
尽管扩散系数非常重要，但是包含溶剂/重油和沥青数据的文献从数量上说还很难与其它普通的工业生产方法相比。这可能是由于在实验技术上的困难。大部分的技术是非常费时的，这是因为沥青的扩散系数非常小。
【机械类文献翻译】SPE175F右箱盖加工工艺及第一道机加工夹具设计
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：机械工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Fundamental Geometrical(用外文写)Principles附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：此翻译文章较详细地介绍了机械加工几何原理，阐述了从工况分析入手，对数控加工各方面作了详细的解释，用词基本准确，文笔也较为通顺，具备一定的英语阅读、理解、翻译能力。
签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文几何原理基础1.1 工件点描述1.1.1 工件坐标系为了使机床和系统可以按照给定的位置加工，这些参数必须在一基准系统中给定，它们与加工轴溜板的运行方向相一致。
为此可以使用 X、Y和 Z为坐标轴的坐标系。
根据DIN66217标准，机床中使用右旋、直角坐标系。
工件零点（W）是工件坐标系的起始点。
有些情况下必须使用反方向位置的参数。
因此在零点左边的位置就具有负号。
1.1.2 确定工件位置在坐标轴上仅可以采用一种比例尺寸。
在坐标系中每个点均可以通过方向（X、Y和 Z）和数值明确定义。
工件零点始终为坐标 X0、Y0和 Z0。
在车床中仅一个平面就可以定义工件轮廓。
在铣削加工中还必须给出进给深度。
因此我们也必须给第三个坐标赋值（在此情况下为Z坐标）。
1.1.3 极坐标在之前我们所说明的坐标均在直角坐标系中，我们称之为“直角坐标系”。
但是另外还有一种坐标系可以使用，也就是“极坐标系”。
如果一个工件或者工件中的一部分是用半径和角度标注尺寸，则使用极坐标非常方便。
标注尺寸的原点就是“极点”。
1.1.4 绝对尺寸使用绝对尺寸，所有位置参数均以当前有效的零点为基准。
考虑刀具的运动，绝对尺寸表示刀具将要运行的位置。
1.1.5 相对尺寸在生产过程中经常有一些图纸，其尺寸不是以零点为基准，而是以另外一个工件点为基准。
为了避免不必要的尺寸换算，可以使用相对尺寸系统。
相对尺寸系统中，输入的尺寸均以在此之前的位置为基准。
【机械类文献翻译】SPE175左箱体缸头结合面圆盘铣夹具设计
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Digital system in the horizontal grinderapplication of the status quo and developmenttrend附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文数控系统在平面磨床上应用现状与发展趋势现代工业生产中，中、小批量零件的生产占产品数量的比例越来越高，零件的复杂性和精度要求迅速提高，传统的普通机床已经越来越难以适应现代化生产的要求，而数控机床具有高精度、高效率、一机多用，可以完成复杂型面加工的特点，特别是计算机技术的迅猛发展并广泛应用于数控系统中，数控装置的主要功能几乎全由软件来实现，硬件几乎能通用，从而使其更具加工柔性，功能更加强大。
前言：制造业的竞争已从早期降低劳动力成本、产品成本，提高企业整体效率和质量的竞争，发展到全面满足顾客要求、积极开发新产品的竞争，将面临知识--技术--产品的更新周期越来越短，产品批量越来越小，而对质量、性能的要求更高，同时社会对环境保护、绿色制造的意识不断加强。
因此敏捷先进的制造技术将成为企业赢得竞争和生存、发展的主要手段。
计算机信息技术和制造自动化技术的结合越来越紧密，作为自动化柔性生产重要基础的数控机床在生产机床中所占比例将越来越多。
一、数控平面磨现状及主要数控系统平面磨床相对于车床、铣床等采用数控系统较晚，因为它对数控系统的特殊要求。
近十几年来，借助CNC技术，磨床上砂轮的连续修整，自动补偿，自动交换砂轮，多工作台，自动传送和装夹工件等操作功能得以实现，数控技术在平面磨床上逐步普及。
在近年汉诺威、东京、芝加哥、及国内等大型机床展览会上，CNC磨床在整个磨床展品中已占大多数，如德国BLOHM公司，ELB公司等著名磨床制造厂已经不再生产普通磨床，日本的冈本、日兴等公司也成批生产全功能CNC平磨，在开发高档数控平磨的同时，积极发展中、低档数控平磨。
关于单片机,PLC翻译外文和外文资料
微处理器微处理器是在单芯片上制造的完整的运算引擎。
首片微处理器是1971年出现的Intel4004。
4004的功能不强，它仅可以完成加法和减法，而且一次只能处理4 比特数据。
但是它的惊人之处在于所有的功能都位于一片芯片上。
在4004 出现之前，工程师要用一组芯片或者分立元件构建计算机。
4004 推动了便携式电子计算器的发展。
首片用于家用计算机的微处理器是Intel8080。
8080是1974年出现的单片8位计算机上。
首片在市场上引起轰动的微处理器是1979年出现并用于IBM PC机中的Intel8088。
PC市场从8088，80286，80386，80486发展到奔腾I、奔腾II、奔腾III、和奔腾IV。
这些微处理器全是由英特尔公司制造的，而且全都是在8088设计的基础上改进得来的。
奔腾IV可以执行任何一段曾在8088上运行的代码，但运行速度要快约5000倍。
下表展示了多年来英特从上表可以看出：在时钟速度和MIPS之间一般都存在着某种联系。
最高时钟速度是由生产工艺和片内延迟（两个因素）决定的。
在（片内）晶体管数量和MIPS之间也存在着某种关系。
例如：时钟频率为5MHZ的8088的运行速度只有0.033MIPS（大约每15个时钟周期执行一条指令），现代处理器常见的运行速度为每个时钟周期运行2条指令。
运行速度的提高和片内的晶体管数量有直接的关系。
微处理器内部结构微处理器执行一组机器指令。
这些指令告诉微处理器去做什么。
根据这些指令，微处理器能够完成如下三项基本任务。
1.微处理器使用其ALU（算术/逻辑单元）可以完成如加、减、乘、除等数学运算。
现代微处理包含完整的浮点处理器。
（这些处理器）可以对大量的浮点数据进行极其复杂的运算。
2.微处理器可以将数据从存储器的一个位置搬移到另一个位置。
3.微处理器可以做出判断，并根据这些判断跳转到一组新的指令。
一个微处理器可以做非常复杂的工作，但上述三项是最基本的。
下图展示了一个能够完成上述三项工作的最简单的微处理器。
外研版八年级上册英语 M 1 UNIT1 Let's try to speak English as
12. 每天早晨大声读英语是一个好主意。
____________________________toreadEnglish It'sagoodidea
aloudeverymorning.
13. 请用单词的正确形式完成句子。
Please_________the_________withthecorrect completesentences
3 excellent
8 B 13 complete; sentences
4 match
9 C 14 keywords; mainidea
5 pairs
10 B 15 asmuchaspossible
快乐做阅读
16 G
21 A
17 E
22 B
18 D
23 C
19 B 20 A
24 A 25 D
答案呈现
ractise don’tbeshy. Second, don’tbeafraidofmakingmistakes.
orget
一、听Activity2, 完成句子。
1. Damingdidn’tunderstandtheword “_________”. spring
2. Linglingmadeamistakein_________.
Spellandpronouncenewwords
ng always speak E5.n_g_l_i_s_h__i_n__2e.veryday. ________.
Readin Read English 3.
The good ways to learn English
Write to Englishp4en._fr_ie_n_d_s __ Writing
MEKC血样中药物,外文翻译
MEKC血样中药物.第1页原始文件沃尔夫冈·BuchbergerÆ马蒂亚斯Ferdig鲁道夫·索默Æ翠THANH VO 雷帕霉素在人体血液中的微量分析胶束电动色谱收稿日期：2004年3月16日/日期：11 2004/5月接受日期：2004年5月18号/发表时间：2004年7月20日Ó施普林格出版社2004年摘要毛细管电泳法与UV检测波长为278 nm的分析已经开发在人类的免疫抑制剂雷帕霉素（西罗莫司）血微克每升的水平低。
分离有在酸性载体电解质含有已取得十二烷基硫酸钠和30％（体积/体积）腈。
为样品净化和富集，离线固固相萃取的步骤中使用的基于二氧化硅的反相材料和毛细管聚焦技术采用。
后者允许注射增加扩大样本量，而不会过度带。
虽然这种新方法是不敏感，比现有的质谱联用液相色谱程序法，它是完全适合常规分析的RA-pamycin血液中这种药物治疗的患者。
最后，但并非最不重要的，低的成本使一个有吸引力的建立的方法替代。
关键词雷帕霉素Æ胶束电动血色谱Æ分析介绍雷帕霉素（西罗莫司）是三烯大环内酯类抗生素具有抗真菌，消炎，抗肿瘤和这是目前使用的免疫抑制特性用于预防器官移植排斥反应的反式种植园。
雷帕霉素的结构图给出。
1。
雷怕霉素已被证明是阻止T 细胞活化和扩散以及激活P70 S6文FK-506结合激酶，表现出很强的结合蛋白质。
它也抑制活性的蛋白质哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）的，该功能蒸发散在促进肿瘤生长的信号转导通路。
雷帕霉素结合到受体蛋白质（FKBP12），和的rapamycin/FKBP12复杂的结合mTOR的并阻止mTOR的互动与目标蛋白质在这一信号通路。
对于栽种的器官的患者是必不可少的监测雷帕霉素在他们的血液中的水平。
决定雷帕霉素在血液中的中断可以确定迄今已完成高效液相色谱紫外检测器[1-4]，最近由高效液相色谱法，连字符和质谱（MS）[5-8]。
存货管理【外文翻译】
外文翻译1 n V ent o ry man a g em e nt"In ventory" to many $ ma I 1 bus in c s s o wne r s is oneb e wel 1 managed in order to max i mize pr 0 f il s . I n f acl» ma n y small businescan n ot absorb the t yp c s of 1 0 S S esa r i $ i ng from poor i nv e nto r y mana gUnless invenlor i c s are c o ntroll c d ,they are un r eliabl c » i n eff i cient an c r e a sing i nventor y turnover — but not s a crif i cin g the Ser vice levo I : Keepingith obsol c te i tern $。
The degree o f sue c ess i n a d dress i ng the s e cone c rns S ome tha n for o ther s , F o r e x ample, comput i ng th c in v entory t u r nove r ra t i o is a $ imple m c asure of manager i al pe r fo r m a nc c . This valu c g ive $ a rough guideli n c by which ma n a g c rs can se t g o a Is and eval u at c p c rforniance» but it m u st be realized that the tu r nover rate varies w i th the function o I in v e n to r y , t he typMa t erial Source: spr i n g link Author: F 1 0yd Hedr i cki ble and t a n g i b le aspects of doing bu $ ine $ s 。
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在低渗透砂岩层气藏中现场预测克林肯伯格渗透率的新方法Mehdi Tadayoni ，National Iranian Oil Company and Mina Valadkhani ，Sepah Bank摘要油藏的沉积作用和成岩作用使得低渗透性气藏趋于不均质状态，这给地质研究员的分析研究带来了很大困难。
对于静态和动态的储量模型来说，岩石的物理特性是非常重要的。
本文是一篇关于借用人工神经网络的方法、综合的测井曲线和岩心分析数据的方法，来预测位于美国西部一个盆地的克林肯伯格渗透率。
克林肯伯格模型是一个关于气相渗透率和平均岩心压力倒数的近似线性关系式。
克林肯伯格方法是一个与正在开发的以单根数据点为基础的计算岩心样本的渗透率方法相一致的基础方法。
在低渗透性气藏中，随着天然气滑脱现象（克林肯伯格效应）的不断增加导致了孔隙喉管的减小和渗透性参数逐渐降低。
有一些方法可以测定现场的克林肯伯格渗透率——通过测量常规的空气渗透率和克林肯伯格参数，例如在1997年和2003年伯恩的计算，但是这些方法侧重于以岩心的渗透率为计算核心，这就需要很多的岩心塞，所以我们不得不在这方面花很多的时间和费用。
这项研究的目的是，通过使用总纲发展蓝图的方法和反传播的方法(人工神经网络)来描述在三个不同的阶段(培训，确认，应用)的三个不同的井，用适当的岩心校准现场的克林肯伯格渗透率，来研究关于岩心克林肯伯格渗透率和综合测井曲线 (伽玛射线，密度，中子，地层电阻率等等)的关系。
为了两口井能在这里进行非常好的岩心校准，在培训和应用过程中，第二口井（R2）的半径要超过0.7。
非均质性低渗透性强的气藏评价的重要的一项是通过应用人工神经网络和常规的测井曲线来实现的。
这将花费更少的费用和时间，而且最终可获得更精确的克林肯伯格渗透率。
绪论低渗透气藏被定义为底层的渗透率要少于0.1毫达西。
在致密储集层中的油气储量在天然气资源中占有一个非常重要的百分数。
低渗透气藏常常展现出异常的特性，这需要对低渗透气藏有更多的研究。
可靠地油藏描述和这种低渗透率的致密性气藏的评价需要可靠地实验室的渗透率数据。
气体滑脱是一个在多孔介质中与非层流气体流动相互联系的非达西效应。
这个效应的显示是当岩石孔隙吼道半径接近这所谓的气体摩尔自由半径，因此导致自由气体摩尔的速度增加和滑脱当接触到岩石的表面。
这种现象对于低渗透气体砂岩有特殊的意义特别是对于非常细微的喉道孔隙，在这个进程中，气层的速度与坚固的岩石的毛细管或者多孔有直接密切的关联，他的数值不是0 。
在多孔介质样本中有气体流动率增加的例子：是第一个研究并记录气体滑脱效应在多孔介质中的影响，观察到气体渗透率和平均压力是函数关系，更进一步的他观察到气体渗透率在无限大的平均压力下将接近临界值，这个临界渗透率值有时候通过公式1被参考为等效的液体渗透率或者是克林肯伯格校正后的渗透率。
通过电脑模拟线性截取平均压力渗透率通过互换平均压力值。
他的方程形式，线性形式的定义为()bp=1（1）∝kk+方程1也与克林肯伯格提及的相互关联，p是平均压力，k在平均压力下观察到的表面气体渗透率，K是真实的渗透率或者是克林肯伯格在无限大的平均压力下的渗透率。
b 是气体滑脱因子，他的系数取决于特别气体的平均自由半径和多孔介质的平均孔隙半径。
正如下面给出的方程式（2）r=（2）b/4λpc其中λ是自由行程的气体摩尔数，他是通过速度梯度垂直传导给井的,并且c是比值因子，其中r是毛细管的半径或者孔隙半径。
理想化的多孔介质是这样的全部的数值在这些原料中是同一横截面和横向是随机的通过坚固的原料。
方程2表明气体滑脱效应对于低渗透的孔隙岩样有重大的意义由于他的极其小的孔隙值。
人工神经网络（ANN）是克林肯伯格效应预测的一种方法。
利用人工网络神经可以除去一些关于成本和发展模型预测渗透率贡献的问题。
人工网络神经是一个数字进程系统有能力学习和了解投入和产出的复杂关系通过使用联通的智能神经元。
人工网络神经有学习的能力，因为他能认知，分类和归纳。
人工网络神经的自主学习可以被管理，在这种情况下，投入和产出模式被要求或者自主的方式，这仅仅需要输入模式。
图表1展示了人工神经网络的。
神经网络的反传播的方法在有价值的网络中在广泛的不同的问题中由于它的能力而被设计，训练和归纳（预测），这样而被选中的(Oyerokun, 2002)。
一个反传播方法的网络是多层网络而不是未发现的地层。
他的有效输入向前传播是当错误的向后传播去适应这个链接体系是为了提高他的可预测能力。
这种持续性是知道需要的最小量错误被获得时才停止。
图表1：伴有隐藏层的神经网络示意图图表2：伴有3个隐藏层的反传播网络的结构反传播算法的学习图表3：:总纲发展蓝图网络的的一个视图每层是由几个神经元组成，并且这些层是通过一系列的相关重量相互联通的。
这些神经元是来自最初的输入或者是互连来接收输入，或者是通过用一个适当的非线性传递函数来换算生产输出。
不同的传递函数被应用于多层的前馈神经网络结构中，这些结构有相切的双曲线，逻辑的S 型并且线性传递函数是最重要的传递。
这些传递函数有方程3-6给出了，分别是：()n n e e n f a 2211--+-== （3） ()()kn n f a -+==exp 11（4）()n n a == （5）其中 n 是：b p W n +*= （6）在以上的方程式中，a ，p ，W ，b ，还有k 分别是输出的传递函数，输入向量，权向量，偏置，和一个常量参数。
在这篇论文中，a ，p ，W ，b ，k 中的每个函数变量是在培训过程中不同的层和结构中被检查的 目的就是为了发现预测的人工神经网络。
英国BP 石油公司，是由鲁梅哈特，欣顿和威廉姆斯开发的，在人工网络神经在管理学习模型中是最流行的。
标准的反向传播方法是一个梯度下降的算法，它的网络砝码向性能作用相反的方向转变。
在英国BP 石油公司的学习过程中，相互连接的砝码使用一个错误的收敛技术来获得一个给定输入的期望的输出，这一直在被调整中。
()221K K A T k E -=∑ （7） 上方程式中Tk 和Ak 分别代表的是输出神经的真实值和预测值，并且k 是输出神经。
根据梯度偏差，梯度下降的算法适合这个砝码，下式子以给出：ij W E ij W ∂∂⨯-=∆η （8）其中η代表学习率，Wij E ∂∂ 的一般的形式是通过下面的形式表达出来：1-∂∂∙-=n i n j W EA ij δ （9）替代方程(10)到方程(9)，我们有梯度误差由于:1-∙∙=∆n i n j ij A W δη （10）1-n i A 是接头层相关的输出值到相互连接砝码ij W 。
n j δ是误差信号，它是根据是否神经元j 是一个输出层来计算，如果神经元j 是输出神经元的一个，然后：()()j j j j j Y Y Y T -∙∙-=1δ （11）如果神经元j 是隐藏层的神经：()[]()h hj hy j j H W j -∙∙=∑1δδ （12） h H 是隐藏层的值。
最后，相互连接的神经元是砝码的值可以由以下来描述： 111---∙∙+=∆+=n i n j m ij m ij m ij m ij A W W W W δη （13） 在学习步骤中，为了加快误差的收敛，在方程中，α是雅各动量期限和动量收益。
111---∙∙+∆∙+=nj n j m ij m ij m ij A W W W δηα （14）其中α的值介于0和1之间t 和a 分别代表目标产量和预测产量，n 是网络训练或检查的使用的数据。
由于每次运行，网络砝码数据和训练数据，检查数据 都是被随机的选择，这一点是非常有必要的，在每一次的运行中来自不同的运行会有不同的结果，正因为如此，每一个被使用的网络操作10次，并且它们的结果被认为是同网络结果相同。
在网络训练阶段为了防止过度符合，600以后对网络施加训练数据停止。
英国BP公司的人工神经网络的预测在这项研究中的目的是，通过使用总纲发展蓝图的方法和反传播的方法(人工神经网络)来描述三个不同的井在三个不同的阶段(培训，确认，应用)用适当的岩心校准原处克林肯伯格的渗透率，来研究关于岩心克林肯伯格渗透率和综合测井曲线 (伽玛射线，密度，中子，地层电阻率等等)的关系。
（图表4和图表11）图表4：英国BP公司英人工神经网络的结构在输入层中有4个神经元，在因隐藏层中有10个神经元，在输出层中有1个神经元图表5：在3个阶段的学习过程中使用数据的结构，确认和应用或者是推广这里有两口井的很好的岩心渗透率，并且在学习和应用过程中井的半径的平方大于0.7。
图表6：在学习阶段井1的岩心数据和人工神经网络数据的校正图表7：英国BP公司的模拟的人工网络神经和岩心的克林肯伯格渗透率的校正系数图表8：在确认阶段的井2的岩心数据和人工神经网络数据的校正图表9：第二口井的英国BP公司的模拟的人工网络神经和岩心的克林肯伯格渗透率的校正系数图表10：在应用阶段的第三口井的岩心数据和人工神经网络数据的校正图表11：第:三口井的英国BP公司的模拟的人工网络神经和岩心的克林肯伯格渗透率的校正系数最后，克林肯伯格渗透率是在第四口井（图表12）中通过网络神经被确认的。
并且接下来的结果也已获得。
英国BP公司的模拟的人工网络神经的克林肯伯格渗透率和用技术软件算出的克林肯伯格渗透率的校正系数是满意的。
图表12：在推广阶段第四口井的岩心数据和人工神经网络数据的校正高的非均质性的低渗透性气藏的评价的重要性是，它可以使用人工神经网络和常规的测井曲线。
这将花费更少的资产或者是时间，并且最终获得可靠的在原处的克林肯伯格渗透率。
结论本文旨在讲述通过使用人工网络神经的方法来预测克林肯伯格渗透率。
因为无法利用岩心，所以要用综合的测井方法，例如利用伽玛射线、密度、中子、地层电阻的测井方法，总纲发展蓝图的方法和反传播的方法。
一个合适的数学方法，就是通过人工神经网络预测克林肯伯格渗透率的方法或者是观察岩心的克林肯伯格渗透率的方法。
人工神经网络，是一个多次波的非线性系统或者说是一个不太精确的系统，利用人工神经网络的方法更倾向于回归分析。
在一个储集层的模拟模型中，在测量克林肯伯格渗透率时是使用已有的经验来减少误差的，并且得到储集层更好的物理特性。
这增加了克林肯伯格的准确率，在做更大的储集层开发过程中将会起到作用。
准确的人工神经网络的预测，高质量的测井数据和岩心可林肯伯格渗透率是非常有必要的。
在本文中，通过使用总纲发展蓝图的方法和反传播的方法来描述在三个不同的阶段(培训，确认，应用)的三个不同的井用适当的岩心校准现场的克林肯伯格的渗透率。
因而，在学习和应用过程中对于两口井要有适当的岩心匹配并且井的半径的平方要介于0.6和0.7 之间。