2019年5月22日托福写作答案解析
5月22日托福口语答案解析
5月22日托福口语答案解析Task 1Which of the following is the best way to learn about a city: to join an organized trip; to visit the museums; to take walks in the streets of its cities?重复题目：2015年9月12日中国大陆Task1：Which one of the ways do you think is the best one to learn about a new city? Joining an organized visit; visiting the museum; Walking in the street相似题目：2006年12月1日中国大陆Task2：The best way to visit a city is to visit its landmarks and historical sites. Do you agree or disagree with the above statement? Please state your opinion and reasons.范例If you have enough time, the best way to learn about a city is to explore the streets and alleys yourself on foot or by bike. Before setting off, I would usually get a guidebook or do a lot of research online, studying the maps, browsing comments and journals about the city from experienced backpackers. Some of the tips are really insightful andcan save tons of time and quite some money as well, for instance, always avoid restaurants teaming with expats and follow the locals for the most authentic and fairly-priced food. It makes a lot of sense. Born and raised in the city, the local people are experts better than any museums and any travel agency, they know the history, they speak the language, and their presence is the culture itself. While you would probably find yourself visiting the most touristy or expensive parts the city, if you go to the travel agency to sign up for a trip.Task 2Some people like surprise visits from their friends, others prefer to be informed ahead of the visit. Which one do you prefer?重复题目：2015年1月31日中国大陆Task2:Some people like surprise visits from their friends, others prefer to be informed of such visits. Which one do you prefer?范例Personally speaking, I don’t like surprises, especially a surprise visit. Because, first, it may throw up my schedule. I like following through a plan without interruptions. Making adjustments for the short notice are stressful. And if a friend wants to visit me, I would also need some time to clean up my room and prepare the food or somethingfor a decent meal. Sometimes, A well-intended surprise visit may also end up with embarrassment. Last week, I invited a bunch of friends for my birthday Party at my place except my best friend, well my girl friend, because she had told me about a business trip she had to take weeks before. So, we were having fun drinking and playing games, then some one knocked on the door, it was her with a huge birthday cake, looking jealous.Task1:way do you think is the best to get to know a city? 1. Attend an organized package tour 2. Visit the city’s historyAs a visitor, which museum 3. Take a random walk on its street?I would prefer to attend an organized tour. Coz first, it makes our trip more efficient. People’s lives are hectic nowadays, we have to deal with various workloads, and are always running out of time for deadlines, an organized tour is just a time saver, which covers every aspect of a trip, like the passport, the air ticket and hotel reservation, our life will be so much easier with all those concerns taken care of; second, it would be interesting to go with a bunch of people, also more enjoyable and much safer, we can take care of each other, exchange ideas on the new city, and perhaps make good friends with each other, that would be cool.Task2:If one of your friends is gonna visit you, which way do you prefer? a surprise drop-by or inform you in advance.I would definitely prefer to be informed in advance. Coz even though people may saya surprise visit may give you some pleasant surprises, in fact, in today’s fast-paced modern society, a surprise visit may just be a total day time nightmare; people’s lives are hectic nowadays, we have to deal with various workloads, and are always running out of time for deadlines, a sudden visit may disrupt everything, like should I spend time with my friend coming from afar or continue to finish the urgent task at hand? It is really unpleasant and may even ruin our relationship.Task 3题目change: 学校决定开展给教授进行电脑技术培训的项目P1: 教授可以用电子设施P2: 设立bonus来激励教授参加对话观点：男的赞成R1: 如果老师只talk，学生无法集中注意力，无聊，比如历史课，有照片和视频会吸引学生R2: 教授忙于打分，作业和研究之类的，bonus可以鼓励他们参与到这个项目中去学习新技能Task 4题目名词：Startle Defense定义：动物display bright color或者loud sound来转移predator的注意力从而逃跑例子：和grass颜色很像的grasshoppers，如果鸟来了，它们会展开翅膀露出鲜红色和发生clicking的声音，鸟受到惊吓的瞬间，趁机逃跑。
2019年5月22日托福阅读答案解析
2019年5月22日托福阅读答案解析5月22日托福阅读真题Passage 1 Insect Wings文章解析给了一幅翅膀图，各种专业名词，顿时懵圈。
第一段：引入话题，翅膀化石fossil，引发很多猜测speculation。
第二段：讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用。
第三段：说第一个理论存有问题，protowing需要和身体以某种方式连接hinged，而且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。
其中很多专业名词，但是题目特别简单(问什么导致了insect最终能飞行，定位在最后一句话finally，larger muscler让昆虫飞起来。
)第四段：支持第二个理论，反对第一种理论的证据是化学传感器chemical-sensing organs不在背上，在legs上。
[第二三段中有EXCEPT题，问第一个理论的problems是什么，两段的开头句逐个对应即可。
]第五段：提出第三个理论，protowings来自于水中的一种昆虫insect的腮gill。
问句：翅膀是怎么从水中到飞行的?答案是通过翅膀产生推动力浮在水面上，当muscle越来越强大，滑的越来越快，最后一飞冲天[有事实信息题]。
第六段：讲飞行的作用：虽然上面的理论还有争议，但是wing 的作用是传播dispersal或avoid predator，尤其考虑到predators 的数量，躲避predator才是最重要的目的[有句子简化题，注意转折关系]。
躲避predator的机制是一种预警机制warning system，通过sense wind or vibration[有事实信息题，定位后能看懂wind即可选出。
]解析：第一篇文章相关动物的描写是三篇中最难的，难点在于：1. 很多专业术语和专有名词，处理时采用首字母缩写，化零为整的方法，注重句子整体意思和句间关系;2. 长难句遍布，很多倒装句和修饰成分，处理时找句子的主干，课下多做长难句的分析练习。
2019年TPO22托福口语Task3原文及参考答案
2019年TPO22托福口语Task3原文及参考答案TPO22口语Task3题目：University Announces Change in Campus Tour GuidesTraditionally, staff members from the admissions office have led the campus tours for secondary-school students who are considering attending the university. Beginningnext semester, however, current students will lead these guided walks around the campus instead. “The staff of the admissions office no longer have time to lead the campus tours. We need to focus our resources on our other responsibilities,” explain Christine Tanner, the director of admissions.“Furthermore, we feel that current students will offer unique and valuable insight to our visitors during these campus tours.”ConversationNow listen to two students discussing the article.Man： So, what do you think of this?Woman：Well, I think it’s a good idea, necessary, too.Man： Why is that?Woman：Well, you know, I’ve actually been up to the admissions office a couple of times, like, to pick up some information for a friend, you know, and every time I’ve ever been there, wow, you can tell they’re really busy.Man： Oh, really.Woman： Yeah, those staff members are running around like crazy, on the phone, doing interviews, dealing with tons of paper work, so I can totally believe what they are saying about the time factor, seems like having one less thing to worry about will be a good thing.Man： Sounds like it.Woman： Yep, oh, and about the other point,Man： The, uh, the different perspective thing?Woman： Uh hum, I think people like us will be really good at this. Unlike, you know, I remember when I was first shown around the campus, the guide leading was, well, he was super nice, but there were some questions that he couldn’t really answer from experience.Man： Like what?Woman： Well, practical things, which are the noisier dorms? Or which ones are quietest? Which student cafeteria would he recommend? Stuff he didn't have first-hand knowledge about, I mean, how could he?Man： I see. Our point of view might be more helpful.QuestionThe woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize the plan.Then state her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Key Points1. too busyTPO22口语Task3参考答案(范文模板)：The woman endorses the school’s plan to have the students conduct the student tours instead of the schoo l’s staff members. According to the school, the staff members don’t have time to lead the tours for students anymore and need to worry about other things instead, and the woman reckons it’s true saying that every time she goes to their offices, they’re alw ays running around and doing a bunch of other things so she thinks having one less thing to worry about will be good for them. The school also notes that students will have a better insight about life on campus that they can portray to visitors on the tour and the woman adds that when she took the campus tour, the man running the tour couldn’t answer a lot of her questions about life on campus cos he wasn’t a student.。
2019年5月22日托福独立口语预测及思路解析
2019年5月22日托福独立口语预测及思路解析2019年5月22日托福独立口语预测及思路解析G类----Class：1-3. Your community center now offers classes on the weekends for free. Which of the following class will you choose to take： a financial course to help you manage money, car maintenance and repair, or review of Latin-American music?In terms of those choices, I prefer to have the review of Latin-American music.Firstly, the music may help me to relieve my pressure. The rhythms of Latin-American are fast and happy, the melodies are usually euphonious and exciting, Shakira, for example, she is my favorite singer, listening to her music, I may forget many troubles in my life.And also, this course is beneficial to my study. Actually my major is the music education, by attending this course, I may better review the features of this music, its history,its styles, its representatives and so on. All these may help me better understand this type of music.That’s why I prefer to have the review of Latin-American music.2-3. If you were to choose a class to study for fun, which one would you choose, an art class or a science class?In terms of these two kinds of classes, I prefer the art class.Firstly, the art class may help me to relieve the pressure. In the art class, I may have the chance to listen to different genres of music, such as the Latin music, the classical music, the pop music and so on. The euphonious melodies and the good rhythms may make me feel fabulous and relaxed.And also the art class may help to cultivate my temperament. I am a painting lover, if I paint something in the art class, I may have to sit before the painting boardfor hours, concentrating and thinking how I should paint, which needs me to be patient, then my character may be milder in the future.H类----Jobs：1-1. Which one of the following would you take as a part-time job 一 a position as a lab assistant, campus tour guide, or library clerk and why? Please include specific examples and details in your explanation.In terms of those choices, I’d like to be a campus tour guide.Firstly, being a tour guide may help me lose my weight. Honestly I’m a bit overweight now, if I became a tour guide, I may often show people around the campus, I may have to walk constantly, maybe each time I can walk for around 10 kilometers; this can burn my fat and I might be thinner several months later.And also, this may help me relieve myself. Being a campus tour guide means I may constantly walk in the campus, out in the nature, I may smell the fragrant flowers, feel thesunshine and so on; all these make me feel fabulous and relaxing.That’s why I’d like to be a campus tour guide.I类----Social activities：1-4. A friend of yours has just moved to a new city. Please give some advice to your friend about how to make friends in a new city. Please include specific details and examples in your response.I am now studying in a new city far away from my hometown.I have two suggestions.The first is that he should find a job. When having a job, he may have many workmates, and after work they may do many things together, such as shopping together, watching movies together, having parties together and so on. Then he may find friends with similar interest or hobbies.And also he may join in some clubs that he is fond of.For example, going to the gym, there he may meet people from other industries, such as people doing IT, people engaging in fashion and so on. Then his friends’ circle may also be enlarged.These two suggestions are helpful. Thank you.1-19. What are the benefits of talking to older family members such as your uncles, aunts, or grandparents? Please use examples and reasons to support your answer.To be honest, I like talking to older family members.。
2019年托福阅读考试部分真题答案
2019年托福阅读考试真题答案2019年托福阅读考试真题答案（网友版）1、鸟类是恐龙的后代；2、陨石为什么对地球形成有影响；3、落叶树与长青树；4、讲fish在temperate water和permanent water，然后fun gi在这俩不同环境里对植物的作用，然后为了提高生产农业上的应用；5、一种动物数量减少的三个因素。
人为的物种引进，但是clim ate最显著，让migrate提前；6、讲化学风化和生物风化。
chemistry weathering 跟biolog y weathering，讲rock腐蚀。
有三种过程：水化氧化和碳酸化，化学的有三种：湿度、氧气、钙化物；7、temporary pools，主要说生物在这些pool里的好处，比如说main predator fish没法在那个dry的环境里生存之类的8、碳断代法在北美F考古点的应用。
最初的研究发现人类最早在north American，是F群落，然后研究sample来证明中间出了问题，但是后来reexam的时候证实了，但是后来又discovery了一些spearpoints，发现其实Celvius更早。
是Radio Carbon一个方法分析一个人种的时间，大长段落。
一直以为是很古老的，但是俩人做了research以后发现比它年轻很多，然后有人又做了research证明确实如此；9、在16世纪，欧洲人口增长了大约三分之一。
人口的增长极大地影响了普通欧洲人的生活。
第一阶段的增长有益的，农场的盈余带动了城镇的经济增长。
然而随着人口增多问题也逐渐显现，对政府财政和普通人的生活都造成了严重影响；10、土星pluto’s status；11、蝙蝠定位bats echolocation12、New England农业13、天文，chronites14、动物数量和捕食数量，成功率的关联；15、19世纪美国的文化与艺术。
主要讲美国文学从英国中分离，逐渐演化出国家特色和民族特色，举了很多名人、作家和艺术家的例子；16、一篇讲bat，超声波回声定位，很精准可以捕捉猎物。
5月22日托福写作答案解析
5月22日托福写作答案解析5月22日托福写作真题回顾As the leader of a city, what would you doto ensure the prosperity and success of the city?A. creating job opportunities for theunemployed;B. lowering food price;C. providing affordable housing5月22日托福写作范文及解析题目大意：作为一个城市的领导想要保障城市的繁荣，要做以下三项：为失业人员提供就业机会，降低食物价格，提供经济适用房。
波波建议选择为失业人员提供工作，证明其重要性，然后另外一段将两个选项的不必要性阐述明白。
In a society changing amazingly, that how to gurantee the prosperity and success of a city，the common target of all citizens，has always been brought under the spotlight of the massive media. When talking about which factor plays the most crucial role in ensuring city’s smooth development, among creating job vacancy, lowering food price or adjusting housing price, people’s notion varies from one to another. From my perspective, providing job opportunities for the unemployed is the best choice.In the first instance, offering job vacancies to the laid-offs will not only guarantee the social security and safety but also strengthen the purchasing power of the public. For one thing, given the indisputable fact that the unemployed without any income are likely to commit crimes such as theft of wallets or burglaries due to lack of daily necessities, it is self-evident that the greater the number of laid-offs is, the more unstable our society will become. Therefore, after satisfying their basic needs of life with the income from the job offered by the government, they will no longer be a threat to the stability of the whole society, which is the solid foundation for social progress and prosperity. For another, as long as citizens with jobs have more free disposable money and thus possess stronger purchasing monitory power, the various industries will be stimulated and propelled to a large extent. To be specific, with the accruing wealth, an increasing number of people will purchase a private car to commute to their office, with the result that the whole industry of automobiles will experience a booming period. The same logic can also be true of other industries and fields.Furthermore, there are obvious disadvantages of the other two policies, lowering the food price and making the price of house affordable. Despite the fact that keeping the food price low and providing affordable housing will lessen the financial burden of the dwellers in the city in a short term, these two practices would hinder the future success of the whole society. To illustrate, the low price of food will definitely decrease the income of food producers, especially the farmers who support their family by selling what they plant and raise. As a result, they are likely to have great difficulty in makingtheir ends meet, thus ending up becoming homeless or jobless. Also, in a long run, increasing housing affordability will put a damper on the citizens’passion for creating wealth and thus decrease the dynamics of the whole society. Specifically speaking, when the price is so cheap that nearly everyone can afford it with ease, no one will work hard any more.In a nutshell, I am convinced that the most effective and efficient way to boom a city is to create more job opportunities for the jobless.5月22日托福综合写作阅读：欧洲人大概1520年左右就到了澳大利亚而不是1606年那么晚1，欧洲发现的1550年左右的地图上面就有澳大利亚部分地区的名字，很可能葡萄牙商人早在这个时期就到了澳大利亚2，欧洲一本1593年的书中提到了一种叫Marsupials的袋鼠，由于袋鼠是很典型的澳大利亚动物，所以很可能1606年以前就被欧洲人发现了3，在澳大利亚发现了欧洲的钥匙，土壤分析显示年代可以追溯到1500s听力：只能1606，不能更早1，那些地区名字相同但是形状不同，很可能是绘制地图的人受水手的second handstory的影响2，这种袋鼠不光澳大利亚有，南北美都有，所以书中描述的兴许是美洲的袋鼠3，后来的升级的检测发现那些土壤不能用来推测钥匙掉落的时间。
托福TPO22综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO22综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-30综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可以极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
TPO22 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingEthanol fuel, made from plants such as corn and sugar cane, has been advocated by some people as an alternative to gasoline in the United States. However, many critics argue that ethanol is not a good replacement for gasoline for several reasons.First, the increased use of ethanol fuel would not help to solve one of the biggest environmental problems caused by gasoline use: global warming. Like gasoline, ethanol releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when it is burned for fuel and carbon dioxide is greenhouse gas: it helps trap heat in the atmosphere. Thus, ethanol offers no environmental advantage over gasoline.Second, the production of significant amounts of ethanol would dramatically reduce the amount of plants available for uses other fuel. For example, much of the corn now grown in the United States is used to feed farm animals such as cows and chickens. It is estimated that if ethanol were used to satisfy just 10 percent of the fuel needs in theUnited States, more than 60 percent of the corn currently grown in the united stated would have to be used to produce ethanol. If most of the corn were used to produce ethanol, a substantial source of food for animals would disappear.Third, ethanol fuel will never be able to compete with gasoline on price. Although the prices of ethanol and gasoline for the consumer are currently about the same, this is only because of the help in the form of tax subsidies given to ethanol producers by the United States government. These tax subsidies have cost the United States government over $11 billion in the past 30 years. If the United States government were to stop helping producers in this way, the price of ethanol would increase greatly.ListeningEthanol actually is a good alternative to gasoline, although you just read three reasons why it’s not a good alternative, not one of these three reasons is convincing.First, the increased use of Ethanol fuel will not add to global warming. It’s true that, when Ethanol is burned, it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, but as you read, Ethanol is often made from plants such as corn. Well, the process of growing the plants counteracts this release of carbon dioxide. Let me explain. Every growing plant absorbs carbon dioxide from the air as part of its nutrition. So growing plants for Ethanol production actually removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.Second, large scale production of Ethanol doesn’t have to reduce the sources of food for animals. That’s because we can produce Ethanol using cellulose, cellulose is the main component of plants’ cell walls, and you’ll find most cellulose in those parts of plants that are not eaten by animals. So, since we can produce Ethanol from the plant parts that aren’t eaten, the amount of animal feed that is available will not be reduced.Third, in the future, Ethanol will be able to compete with gasoline in terms of price.It’s true that government subsidies make Ethanol cheaper than it would normally be, but this sup port won’t always be needed. Once enough people start buying Ethanol, Ethanol producers will increase their production of Ethanol. Generally, increased production of products leads to a drop in its price. So the price of Ethanol will go down as more of it becomes available. Studies show that, if Ethanol production could be three times greater than it is now, the cost of producing a unit of Ethanol will drop by forty percent.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。
2019托福阅读考试试卷真题和答案(10页)
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencinga severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’spotential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves ofcoal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat.By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’spotential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling incircles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763：Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The useof powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helpediron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting ofpig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 inthe 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the Britishiron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production wasonly 17：000 tons, but by 1844： with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, ithadincreased to 3,000：000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexportedto other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually becameinsufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT：A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inv entionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy： its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendouslyimp ortant. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed withiron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appe tite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
2019年5月22日托福写作小范围预测
2019年5月22日托福写作小范围预测2019年5月22日托福写作小范围预测1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to attract good students, a university should spend a lot of money funding social activities.Brainstorming：Agree：Participating in social activities gives students an opportunity to pick up social skills, which is helpful to students’ careers but cannot be learnt from books, such as communication ability and team spirit. So, good students tend to expect to join in social activities to increase their competitiveness and they will be attracted to universities which attach importance to these activities.Combining the theory with practice during socialactivities can help students learn more about professional knowledge for the reason that practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. This awareness is accepted by most students and they will appreciate the school if it provides chances to join in social activities.Funding social activities increases the universi ty’s visibility in the society. Holding social events may attract news reporters to broadcast it, then the university and relative persons would appear on newspapers or television programs. That is a good way to increase awareness of a school. With more applicants, the school would have more chances to choose great students.Disagree：There are many other aspects need investment, such as library and laboratory. Students attach more importance to schools’ resources and research equipment other than socia l activities.The core competence of a university is its faculty. So schools should ensure teachers’ welfare to inspire them. In this way, schools can become competitive and attract top students.2. Do you agree or disagree with the following opinion? The most important goal of education is to help people educate themselves?Brainstorming：Agree：As an old going says, people should continue learning even when they are old. But people only go to school to receive education when they are young and after they graduated, they can hardly have chances to be led by a professional teacher. So students must learn to educate themselves.Educating oneself brings more career opportunities. There is countless new knowledge unfamiliar to new employees at workplace. To complete their work perfectly, they have to learn additional skills and improve their ability on their own.With science and technology developing rapidly, what people learn in school might be out of date when theygraduate. If people cannot educate themselves, they would passively wait for others to teach them and lose behind the society's trends.Disagree：There are many other important goals of education, suchas help students form good habits.Most people just do basic jobs without much professional knowledge after graduation. So what is most important is to guide them to establish right values, which makes great contributions to the peace and harmony of the whole society.3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for the government to spend money on new buildings than to preserve historic or traditional buildings and homes.Brainstorming：Agree：First, some historic buildings are so old that theycannot meet the current safety standards. To ensure thesafety of the nearby residents, the government should replace the old buildings with newer and higher-quality ones.Second, new buildings tend to be installed with advanced equipment, which is convenient for daily life. So almost everyone prefers to live in new buildings and the government should satisfy citizens’ requirements.Finally, compared with historic and traditional buildings, new buildings make the city more energetic and trendy. That。
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案.doc
2019 年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within thebody and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nerves ran,essentially,on electricalimpulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in thesmall intestine when food enters the stomach,eventuallychallenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travelsthrough the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulatesthe release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinalcells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the productionof different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought torequire control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starlingshowed that it could occur through chemicals alone.Thisdiscovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer“to to secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaningexcite ”or “to set in motion. ”A hormone is a chemicalproduced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they werecategorized,primarily according to the process by which theyoperated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrine system)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Suchglands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrinesystem consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily fordigestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effectsthat are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track ：They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward achild.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual ’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,soscientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviatingailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At leastone study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heartdisease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major bloodvessels —will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with theirabilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Because ofthe complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of foodand the aging process.Researchers and family physicians tendto agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases inwhich the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervoussystem (C)affect processes in a different part ofthe body (D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expressesthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reaching theireffects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure,but they can affect both people ’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage is closestin meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of studyto shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce moodswings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of thosehormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormonehas on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body isa complex machine,however,and recent studies have calledinto question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren ’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions ：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in thepassage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for waysto decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodilyprocesses far from their points of origin.Hormonereplacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of bloodclots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system ⋯.2)Hormones can affect not only life processes⋯..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ⋯.。
2019年托福阅读试题及答案
2019托福写作模拟试题库及答案：对你所在的城市的喜恶.doc
2019托福写作模拟试题库及答案：对你所在的城市的喜恶A person you know is planning to move to your town or city. What do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your town or city? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.托福写作范文：If my friend Joey wants to move to Beijing, I think even though she might find something she dislikes, she will ultimately like this greatest city in our country. The weather might be one thing that she dislikes. The weather in Beijing is characterized by dry climate and it is much windy and dusty than that of Guangzhou city. Joey is very sensitive about her skin, so she will definitely hate dusty winds in Beijing. Moreover, Beijing’s winter is far too much colder than that of Guangzhou, it might take Joey, as many other people came from the South, a very long time to get accustomed to. Nevertheless, she might well enjoy winter in the North, since she has never seen snowflakes in reality before. I remembered the shining of yearning and eager in her eyes when I once told her what the winter in the North looks like.She might be always irritated by heavy traffic in Beijing, though taxis in Beijing cost much less than in Guangzhou. When I was in Guangzhou, seldom was I trapped by traffic jams. It must ber idiculous for her to have spent more than two hours and still didn’t arrive at the destination which is merely 10 kilometers away. And the most ludicrous thing is, even if you possess a private car, it is more likely to be useless, for parking lots are always crowded, which means more time is to be wasted. Good news for her is that the bus system and that of subway in Beijing are well developed and more convenient, and she won’t have to bear that odor of bromhidrosis owing to burning weather as she once experienced in buses of Guangzhou. What she will definitely love is the cultural ethos of the city. Beijing has a history probably longer than any other big city in China. To visit all historical landscapes in Beijing, she will need at least three years, no kidding!Beijing has the most famous and excellent universities, the largest libraries, the richest museums, yet most important of all, her best friend! Amazingly, in this aged city, people are sometimes more international. Joey is especially fond of art, and Beijing is the right place for her, in which concerts of international singers or other musicians are much frequent, and she will even be able to attend Cui Jian’s casual private concert in a coffee shop on a rainy autumn weekend.。
2019年5月22日托福写作真题
2019年5月22日托福写作真题
5月22日托福独立写作真题回顾
As the leader of a city, what would you doto ensure the prosperity and success of the city?
A. creating job opportunities for theunemployed;
B. lowering food price;
C. providing affordable housing
5月22日托福综合写作真题
阅读：欧洲人大概1520年左右就到了澳大利亚而不是1606年那么晚
1，欧洲发现的1550年左右的地图上面就有澳大利亚部分地区的名字，很可能葡萄牙商人早在这个时期就到了澳大利亚
2，欧洲一本1593年的书中提到了一种叫Marsupials的袋鼠，因为袋
鼠是很典型的澳大利亚动物，所以很可能1606年以前就被欧洲人发现
了
3，在澳大利亚发现了欧洲的钥匙，土壤分析显示年代能够追溯到1500s
听力：只能1606，不能更早
1，那些地区名字相同但是形状不同，很可能是绘制地图的人受水手的second hand story的影响
2，这种袋鼠不光澳大利亚有，南北美都有，所以书中描述的兴许是美洲的袋鼠
3，后来的升级的检测发现那些土壤不能用来推测钥匙掉落的时间。
2019托福阅读考试真题
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析（2）托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century,Britain wasexperiencinga severe shortage of energy.Because ofthe growth of population,most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay.Wood was in ever-shorter supply,yet it remainedtremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material.Processed wood (charcoal)was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron(raw iron).The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous,and by1740the British iron industry was stagnating.Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain.But Russia’spotential for growth was limited too,and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse,Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves ofcoal as an alternative to its vanishing wood.Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat.By1640most homes in London were heated withit,and it also provided heat for making beer,glass,soap,and other products.Coal was notused,however,to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery.It was there thatcoal’s potential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced,mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water.Mechanical pumps,usually powered by hundreds of horses waling incircles atthe surface,had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome.In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages,Thomas Savery in1698and Thomas Newcomen in 1705invented the first primitive steam engines.Both engines were extremely inefficient.Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.However,by theearly 1770s,many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully,though inefficiently,in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early1760s,a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine.Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments.In1763：Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course.After a series of observations,Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser.This splendidinvention,patented in1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine.The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people,at least for awhile,unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain.It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s,contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed.The useof powerful,steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helpediron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal)in the smelting ofpig iron(the process of refining impure iron)after1770inthe1780s,Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace,which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke.Cort also developed heavy-duty,steam-powered rolling mills,whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the Britishiron industry.In1740annual British iron production wasonly17：000tons,but by1844：with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions,it hadincreased to3,000：000tons.This was a truly amazing expansion.Once scarce and expensive,iron became cheap, basic,and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph1aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexportedto other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that,according to paragraph 1,are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century.To obtain credit,you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually becameinsufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word"abundant"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are"beer,glass,soap,and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640,London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after1640,British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph3,all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT：A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word"gifted"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph4,what was James Watt’s major achievement?A.He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word"splendid"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form,and finish iron10.In paragraph6,why does the author compare British iron production in1740withthat of1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inventionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word"indispensable"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage,which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously,Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy：its vastforests.By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.■【A】Because of the growth of population,most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply,yet itremained tremendously important.■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material.■【D】Processed wood(charcoal)was thefuel that was mixed withiron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron(raw iron). The ironindustry’s appetite for wood was enormous,and by 1740the British iron industry wasstagnating.Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron,much ofwhich was exported to Britain.But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too,and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14.Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This questions is worth2points.By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period,both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy,such as steam power,in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production,which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
2019年托福考试口语范文练习题及答案(2)
2019年托福考试口语范文练习题及答案(2)Your friend is going to do a part time job. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of doing a part time job.1.Do you agree or disagree that one of your friends is planning to work part-time while studying on campus?托福口语范文一：Well， there are numerous benefits to hold a part time job. Students can get valuable working experience and real world exposure, thus they can write this on their resume, and employers value this experience, consequently, it gives students a better shot to find a job in the future. However, there are some drags, it will cost students too much time and they will be too stressed out. You know, students havealready been overwhelmed with a lot of assignment, like presentations, group project and sometimes they have to stay up late to cram for exams, and getting a part time job only makes them stressed out.托福口语范文二：Sample answerI personally would agree with his or her action. Thereare several reasons.To start with, working part-time will not only get youbills but also precious experience if you choose a right jobto do. For example, I have a part-time job in my college working in a wood factory and I happened to major in business. During the work, I actually make sense of the currency flowby the theories I learnt back on campus while at the same time I could earn the money that is fairly enough for my food cost and supplement for working out.So as a result, I would definitely support with him or her to work part-time.托福口语范文三：Task 1参考答案：Well I think doing part-time jobs has the following advantages： first, it helps us to enlarge social circle, accumulate social experience and strike a balance between study and work, thus enhance our time management and multi-tasking skills;second, it helps us to become financially independent and be able to share financial burden of our parents. As for its disadvantages, I think safety concerns, and time or energy investment should be taken into consideration.T2： If the following two things overlap with each other, which would you prefer： dinner together with your family or attend your friends’ party on the weekend?TASK 2。
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（1）
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（1）2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（1）【托福】托福阅读原文Protection of Plants by Insects【1】Many plants - one or more species of at least68 different families - can secrete nectar even whenthey have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that producenectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.These plants usually occur where antsare abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeasternNorth America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floralnectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants areknown to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with thesenectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attractinsects that will defend the plant.【2】Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders ofplants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit thisneed by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return thisfavor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might competewith ants for nectar. Many of theseintruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of theplants.【3】Biologists once thought that secretion ofextrafloral nectar has some purely internalphysiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secreteit. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had beendisputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheelercommented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view：that visitations ofthe ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greaternumber would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established whenBarbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many moreobservations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.【4】One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning gloriesagainst attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning gloryfeed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowersindirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or thestigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without theircolorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshoppercan consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetlesaffect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries,where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.【5】Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attractseveral kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, lessthan a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leavelittle doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy forceof grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of sixplants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied byants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, theydrive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they aremuch smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles,disturb females astheylay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1，floral nectar andextrafloral nectar are alike in thatA.they are likely to be produced by the same plants.B.they basically consist of the same chemicalcomponents.C.they attract only insects that will defend the plant.D.they are produced by the same parts of the plant.2.To say that ants are "persistent" defenders of plants means thatA.they defend plants against a wide variety of threats.B.they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatened.C.they are successful defenders of plants.D.they are easily observable defenders of plants.3.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to theextrafloral nectaries?A.They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.B.They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.C.They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.D.They frequently fight among themselves overextrafloral nectar.4.According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the"protectionist" hypothesis?A.Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.B.Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.C.The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plant’s internal functioning.D.Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as they visit plants that do not.5.The word "skeptical" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.curious.B.doubtful.C.open-minded.D.practical.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information jn thehighlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.A.We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.B.Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.C.In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior studies were wrong.D.Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments.7.According to paragraph 4, what effect does the destruction of the corolla have onplants.A.It leaves the seeds exposed and unprotected.B.It prevents the stigma from developing.C.It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.D.It prevents the flower from attracting pollinators.8.The word "devour" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.attack.B.eat.C.damage.D.prefer.9.What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?A.It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.B.It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.C.It explains how insects find sources of nectar.D.It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.10.The word "vulnerable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.numerous.B.harmful.C.open to attack.D.difficult to locate.11.According to paragraph 5, what did Bentley’s comparative study show?A.Many more plants grew in places where ants werepresent than where they were absent.B.The ants preferred plants with low seed production to plants with high seed production.C.The plants occupied by ants produced many more seeds than those that were not occupiedby ants.D.The plants that grew in places without ants were much smaller and weaker than those thatgrew in places where ants were present.12.According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles ineach of the following ways EXCEPT：A.driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping attheir feet.B.catching and eating adult beetles.C.eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits.D.making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate wherethe following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Sometimes they capture theinsects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. ■【A】 Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit thisneed by providing extrafloral nectar thatsupplies ants with abundant energy. ■【B】T oreturn this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intrudinginsects that mightcompete with ants for nectar. ■【C】 Many of these intruders are herbivorous and wouldeatthe leaves of the plants. ■【D】14. Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.Many plants have extrafloral nectaries that produce nectar even during periods inwhich the plant is not flowering.A.Evolutionary history shows that plants that produce extrafloral nectar originated in thetropics.B.Extrafloral nectar has a higher concentration of sugar than floral nectar and is moreattractive to ants and other insects.C.The protectionist hypothesis is that extrafloralnextar attracts ants, and that the ants, inorder to preserve this energy-rich food source, attack insects that might harm the plant.D.Evidence accumulated during the twentieth century proved that ants provide significantbenefits for plants with extrafloral nectaries.E.Research has shown that American morning glory plants that are protected by ants producesignificantly more seeds than morning glory plants that are not protected by ants.F.Ants generally ignore small insects, but they will eat the adults of large insect species aswell as their eggs and larvae.托福阅读答案1.B2.B3.A4.D5.A6.A7.C8.B9.B10.C11.C12.A13.C14.CDE。
2019托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：鸟鸣
2019托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：鸟鸣有些同学担心考托福阅读的时候遇到加试的情况，想要找一些习题热身，下面小编给大家带来2019托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：鸟鸣，望喜欢~托福阅读真题之经典加试题目及答案：鸟鸣版本一：本文主要讨论鸟叫这种本领究竟是先天遗传的还是后天习得的，并为此做了三个实验，得出了不同的结论。
1. 概述：虽然鸟类都会唱歌，但它们唱歌的旋律、调调是各有差异的。
为了研究它们唱歌的技能是a先天遗传(基因)?b还是后天习得(外界因素)的?researchers 做了很多实验。
2. 试验一中研究人员如何对待小chaffinch?Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小chaffinch 带离_，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其他大chaffinch 隔离isolate，不让它听到大鸟唱歌song。
3. 试验一的结果如何?结果显示该chaffinch 还是会唱这种歌，只是调子有方言(variation)、很简单、不连续(disconnected)。
这就证明了chaffinch 先天就有唱歌的本领的。
4. 试验二中white necked crow是否被隔离?Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小white necked crow与其它大鸟隔离，不让它听到大鸟的歌。
5. White necked crow学习唱歌的过程?在刚开始的3 个月，还没有形成自己的歌声前，给小鸟听其它鸟唱歌的磁带recording。
它很快就学会了recording 里的鸟的叫声(dialect)。
6. 试验二的结果是?White necked crow的dialect 不是由基因决定，而是与环境有很大关系。
研究还发现4 个月以后，它都只会唱自己的调调，再给它听别的recording，它也学不会了。
说明后天学习也有时间限制.7. 词汇：unreceptive无法接受的8. 试验三的内容?另一种鸟，F 开头的。
说这种鸟如果不让它们听到自己的声音，它们就只能形成破碎的音节而已，连不成歌。
2019年托福考试写作练习题：工作.doc
2019年托福考试写作练习题：工作Which would you choose: a high-paying job with long hours that would give you little time with family and friends or a lower-paying job with shorter hours that would give you more time with family and friends? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.托福写作范文：I am optimistic that through my studies and continued hard work I will be able to find a job that will provide my future family and me with financial security. We should be able to afford the necessities of life, such as a modest home, enough food to nourish us and keep us in good health, as well as education for our children. Hopefully, I will find myself in the fortunate situation where I can decide between a high-paying job with long hours and a lower-paying job with shorter hours. I would choose the job with the lower salary and greater personal time without hesitation, because my family and friends are the most important things in my life.Time is the greatest investment I can make into the relationships with my wife and my children. A marriage is not just a decision one makes but a promise that one keeps. In order to do so one has to be there for the other person and share moments of joy as well as times of difficulty. Nowadays, too many relationships wither away as thepartners are unable to work out their problems or bond through meaningful experiences. Personal careers become too important and family time becomes a rare occurrence.The absence of one parent, due to professional career or divorce, can have a very negative effect on a child’s development. The child might question his value to father or mother (depending on which one is continually absent) and develop low self-esteem. Without the presence of either or, worse, both parents, the child will be more likely to make bad decisions as he is lacking proper guidance. And there is one point should also be mentioned, i.e. neither expensive toys nor fancy clothes can compensate for this.Lastly, I can derive more pleasure from spending time with my friends than I ever could from driving a sports car or taking luxury vacations. The inner peace and balance that I enjoy from their company are invaluable to me. Also, a million dollars in the bank would be wor th nothing if I didn’t have the time to enjoy these riches with my friends.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2019年5月22日托福写作答案解析
5月22日托福写作真题回顾
As the leader of a city, what would you doto ensure the prosperity and success of the city?
A. creating job opportunities for theunemployed;
B. lowering food price;
C. providing affordable housing
5月22日托福写作范文及解析
题目大意：作为一个城市的领导想要保障城市的繁荣，要做以下
三项：为失业人员提供就业机会，降低食物价格，提供经济适用房。
波波建议选择为失业人员提供工作，证明其重要性，然后另外一段将
两个选项的不必要性阐述明白。
In a society changing amazingly, that how to gurantee
the prosperity and success of a city， the common target of
all citizens，has always been brought under the spotlight of the massive media. When talking about which factor plays the most crucial role in ensuring city's smooth development, among creating job vacancy, lowering food price or adjusting housing price, people’s notion va ries from one to another. From my perspective, providing job opportunities for the unemployed is the best choice.
In the first instance, offering job vacancies to the
laid-offs will not only guarantee the social security and safety but also strengthen the purchasing power of the public. For one thing, given the indisputable fact that the unemployed without any income are likely to commit crimes
such as theft of wallets or burglaries due to lack of daily necessities, it is self-evident that the greater the number of laid-offs is, the more unstable our society will become. Therefore, after satisfying their basic needs of life with the income from the job offered by the government, they will no longer be a threat to the stability of the whole society, which is the solid foundation for social progress and prosperity. For another, as long as citizens with jobs have more free disposable money and thus possess stronger purchasing monitory power, the various industries will be stimulated and propelled to a large extent. To be specific, with the accruing wealth, an increasing number of people will purchase a private car to commute to their office, with the result that the whole industry of automobiles will experience a booming period. The same logic can also be true of other industries and fields.
Furthermore, there are obvious disadvantages of the other two policies, lowering the food price and making the price of house affordable. Despite the fact that keeping the food price low and providing affordable housing will lessen the financial burden of the dwellers in the city in a short term, these two practices would hinder the future success of the whole society. To illustrate, the low price of food will definitely decrease the income of food producers, especially the farmers who support their family by selling what they plant and raise. As a result, they are likely to have great difficulty in making their ends meet, thus ending up becoming homeless or jobless. Also, in a long run, increasing housing affordability wi ll put a damper on the citizens’ passion for creating wealth and thus decrease the dynamics of the whole
society. Specifically speaking, when the price is so cheap that nearly everyone can afford it with ease, no one will work hard any more.
In a nutshell, I am convinced that the most effective and efficient way to boom a city is to create more job opportunities for the jobless.
5月22日托福综合写作
阅读：欧洲人大概1520年左右就到了澳大利亚而不是1606年那么晚
1，欧洲发现的1550年左右的地图上面就有澳大利亚部分地区的名字，很可能葡萄牙商人早在这个时期就到了澳大利亚
2，欧洲一本1593年的书中提到了一种叫Marsupials的袋鼠，因为袋鼠是很典型的澳大利亚动物，所以很可能1606年以前就被欧洲人发现了
3，在澳大利亚发现了欧洲的钥匙，土壤分析显示年代能够追溯到1500s
听力：只能1606，不能更早
1，那些地区名字相同但是形状不同，很可能是绘制地图的人受水手的second hand story的影响
2，这种袋鼠不光澳大利亚有，南北美都有，所以书中描述的兴许是美洲的袋鼠
3，后来的升级的检测发现那些土壤不能用来推测钥匙掉落的时间。
5月22日托福写作范文。