研究生学术综合英语test阅读答案及翻译
研究生学术综合英语补充课文的原文翻译和习题答案
研究生学术综合英语补充课文的原文翻译和习题答案Lesson One Spell of the Rising Moon I. READING COMPREHENSION A. Answer the following questions or complete the following statements. 1. D (But it is the drama of the moonrise that I come to see. For that restores in me a quiet and clarity that the city spends too freely.)2. D ( There have been broad, confident harvest moons in autumn; shy, misty moons in spring; lonely, white winter moons rising into the utter silence of an ink-black sky and smoke-smudged orange moons over the dry fields of summer. Each, like fine music, excited my heart and then calmed my soul.)3. C (To prehistoric hunters the moon overhead was as unerring as heartbeat. They knewthat every 29 days it became full-bellied and brilliant, then sickened and died, and then was reborn. They knew the waxing moon appeared larger and higher overhead after each succeeding sunset. They knew the waning moon rose later each night until it vanished in the sunrise.) 4. B (Still, it tugs at our minds. If we unexpectedly encounter the full moon, huge and yellow over the horizon, we are helpless but to stare back at its commanding presence.) 5. B (I learned about its gifts one July evening in the mountains. My car had mysteriously stalled, and I was stranded and alone.) 6. B (To watch the moon move inexorably higher is to find an unusual stillness within ourselves.)7. D (On that July night, I watched the moon for an hour or two, and then got back into the car, turned the key in the ignition and heard the engine start, just asmysteriously as it had stalled a few hours earlier.) 8. A (I return often to the rising moon. I am drawn especially when events crowd ease and clarity of vision into a small corner of my life.) 9. A (Of Beethoven’s \Lorenzo declaims in The Merchant of Venice, //How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank! / Here will we sit and let the sounds of music/Creep in our ears.\I wonder if their verse and music, like the music of crickets, are in some way voices of the moon.) 10.A (The whole passage.) B．Global understanding and logical structures Complete the following notes with the information, from the text: 1. The author often climbs the hill near his home at night to watch the drama of the moonrise because it can restore in him a quiet and clarity that the city spends too freely. 1 2. To the author the different mood and color of the moonare: A. In autumn: broad, confident harvest B. In spring: shy, misty C. In winter: lonely, white D. In summer: smoke-smudged orange 3. A. To prehistoric hunters the moon overhead was as unerring as heartbeat. B. To contemporary people live indoors few can say what time the moon will rise tonight.C. But if we unexpectedly encounter the full moon, we are helpless but to stare back at its commanding presence. 4. The moon has gifts to bestow upon those who watch it: Example: One July evening in the mountains, the author’s car mysteriously stalled, and he was stranded and alone. He took the advantage to watch the moonrise for an hour or two. When he got back into the car, the engine started just as mysteriously as it had stalled a few hours earlier. 5. Later on the author often returns to the rising moon when events crowd ease an clarity ofvision into a small corner of my life. He listens to the sound of owls and crickets and thinks the beautiful music and poems about the moon. 6. At moonrise, people open the vents of feeling and exercise parts of our minds that reason locks away by day. II. VOCABULARY A. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences. 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D5. A6. B7. A8. C9. A 10. BB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.1. swoop2. cricket3. smudged4. Stalled5. tugs at6. stay clear of7. slipped into8. crowded into9. loom up10. stranded III. CLOZE 1. just as 2. permanent 3. depend on 4. phase 5. shadow 6. Resembling 7. lunar 8. closer 9. illuminated10. waning IV. TRANSLATION Put the following parts into Chinese. V. ORAL PRACTICE AND DISCUSSION 1. How does the author describe the moonrise? Is it the same as you see it? The sun had set, and I was watching what seemed to be the bright-orange glow of a forest fire beyond a ridge to the east. Suddenly, the ridge itself seemed to burst into flame. Then, the rising moon, huge and red 2 and grotesquely misshapen by the dust and sweat of the summer atmosphere, loomed up out of the woods. Distorted thus by the hot breath of earth, the moon seemed ill-tempered and imperfect??But as the moon lifted off the ridge it gathered firmness and authority. Its complexion changed from red, to orange, to gold, to impassive yellow. It seemed to draw light out of the darkening earth, for as it rose, the hills and valleys below grew dimmer.By the time the moon stood clear of the horizon, full chested and round and the color of ivory, the valleys were deep shadows in the landscape?? The drama took an hour. Moonrise is slow and serried with subtleties。
学术综合英语参考答案9
学术综合英语参考答案9一、词汇题1. The word "innovative" is closest in meaning to "creative."2. "Conversely" is used to indicate the opposite of what has just been mentioned.3. "Eradicate" means to completely eliminate something.4. "Catalyst" refers to something that causes a change or action.5. "Intrinsic" is synonymous with "inherent."6. "Substantiate" means to provide evidence or proof for something.7. "Mitigate" is to make something less severe or intense.8. "Pioneer" is a person who is among the first to explore or develop a new field of study or activity.9. "Resilient" describes something that can recover quickly from difficulties.10. "Ephemeral" means lasting for a very short time.二、阅读理解A. 阅读理解选择题1. B) The main purpose of the article is to discuss the importance of innovation in education.2. C) According to the article, traditional teaching methods may not be sufficient to prepare students for the future.3. A) The author suggests that incorporating technology inthe classroom can enhance learning experiences.4. D) The article implies that students need to develop critical thinking skills to succeed in the modern world.5. E) The author argues that educators should be open to new ideas and methods to improve teaching effectiveness.B. 阅读理解简答题1. The article highlights the need for a shift in educational paradigms to better prepare students for the challenges of the 21st century.2. The author believes that technology can play a significant role in making learning more interactive and engaging.3. The article suggests that fostering creativity and problem-solving skills is crucial for students to thrive in a rapidly changing world.4. The author emphasizes the importance of lifelong learning and adaptability in the face of new technologies and job market demands.5. The article concludes that educators must embrace innovation and continuous professional development to stay relevant in their field.三、完形填空1. A) Despite2. B) opportunities3. C) Consequently4. D) innovative5. E) challenge6. F) significantly7. G) However8. H) crucial9. I) approach10. J) ultimately四、翻译1. 原文：随着科技的快速发展，我们的生活方式正在发生翻天覆地的变化。
研究生综合英语答案及翻译
Unit One An Image or a MirageIII. VocabularyA.1. unassuming2. stemmed from3. infallible4. had taken to5. prospect6. flabby7. More often than not8.devious9. tipped the scales in her favor 10. rapportB.1. instinctual2.immediate3. deposit4. frail5. seedy6. magnetic7. extroverted8. book9. unwarranted 10. refinedC.1. D2.C3. B4. A5. A6. C7. C8.B9. D 10.BIV. Cloze1. which2. run3. concerned4. familiar5. evident6. even7.what8.Consequently 9 knowing 10.By 11. one 12. how 13. Once 14. obtainable 15. yourself 16. mind 17. from 18. never 19. pays 20. consideredV. TranslationA.从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。
他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。
这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。
就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。
我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。
再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。
然而，一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。
学术综合英语课后答案1-8单元
U1Text A(1) Contrary to what they predicted,the disease broke out and killed thousands of people.与他们的预测相反，病情爆发并且夺去了数千人的生命。
(2) Without receiving her reply as scheduled he regarded it as implicit acceptance.没有如期收到她的回复，他认为她已经默认了。
(3) He repeated his assertion that he was not guilty in front of the jury in court.法庭之上，他在陪审团面前重申了他无罪的声明。
(4) Using the Internet,he was able to look up information on a terrible disease torturing his wife.他可以运用互联网查找一种折磨他妻子的可怕疾病的信息。
(5) The young man adapted well to the city life and his new environment.这个年轻人非常适应城市生活和新环境。
(6) There is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to sustain plant life.月球大气中没有足够的氧气来维持植物的生命。
7) What you prepare for your speech,be sure to cite unbiased qualified sources.当你在准备演讲时，一定要引用不偏不倚并且得到允许的信息源。
(8) In the course of children’s language acquisition,adults should pay attention to grammar. 在儿童学习语言的过程中，大人们应该注意语法。
学术综合英语参考答案unit3
学术综合英语参考答案unit3学术综合英语参考答案Unit 3Part I: Vocabulary and Structure1. The correct answer is "innovative," which means introducing new ideas or methods.2. "Catalyst" refers to a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.3. The term "paradigm" is used to describe a set of concepts or principles that form a theoretical framework of a branch of knowledge.4. "Ecosystem" denotes a community of living and non-living components that interact with each other in a particular environment.5. "Ethical" concerns moral principles that dictate right and wrong behavior.6. "Sustainable" refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.7. "Biodiversity" is the variety of life on Earth, encompassing all plants, animals, and microorganisms, their genetic variations, and the ecosystems they form.8. "Pollutant" is a substance that contaminates the environment, making it harmful or impure.9. "Conservation" is the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife.10. "Renewable" describes resources that can be replenished naturally and sustainably over time.Part II: Reading ComprehensionA. True or False Questions1. True. The passage states that the use of renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels.2. False. The text mentions that while renewable energy can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it does not completely eliminate them.3. True. The passage highlights the importance of researchand development in advancing renewable energy technologies.4. False. The text indicates that while renewable energy is abundant, it can be inconsistent, requiring storage solutions.5. True. The passage discusses the potential for renewable energy to create jobs and stimulate economic growth.B. Multiple Choice Questions1. C. The passage mentions that solar power is a clean and inexhaustible source of energy.2. B. The text explains that wind turbines convert windenergy into electricity.3. A. The passage states that hydroelectric power isgenerated by the movement of water.4. D. The text describes bioenergy as energy derived from organic material.5. E. The passage mentions that geothermal energy is heatfrom the Earth's interior.C. Fill in the Blanks1. photovoltaic cells2. carbon footprint3. intermittency4. energy storage5. grid integrationPart III: Cloze Test1. sustainable2. innovative3. paradigm4. ecosystem5. pollutants6. ethical7. biodiversity8. renewable9. conservation10. catalystPart IV: Writing TaskIn this section, you are asked to write an essay on the topic of "The Importance of Renewable Energy in the 21st Century." Your essay should cover the following points:- The increasing demand for energy and the challenges of relying on fossil fuels.- The benefits of renewable energy sources, such as solar,wind, and hydroelectric power.- The role of technology in advancing renewable energy solutions.- The economic and environmental implications of a transition to renewable energy.- The need for policy support and public awareness to promote the adoption of renewable energy.Sample Essay:The 21st century has ushered in an era of unprecedented energy demand, driven by global population growth and industrialization. Traditional fossil fuels, while abundant, present significant challenges, including environmental degradation and the potential for resource depletion. In contrast, renewable energy sources offer a sustainable alternative that can help mitigate these issues.Renewable energy, derived from the sun, wind, and water, among other sources, is inexhaustible and clean. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, wind turbines harness the power of the wind, and hydroelectric dams utilize the force of flowing water. These technologies not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also decrease our dependence on finite resources.Advancements in technology have made renewable energy more efficient and cost-effective. Innovations in energy storage and grid integration are addressing the intermittency of renewable sources, making them more reliable and accessible. Furthermore, the transition to renewable energy is aneconomic opportunity, with the potential to create new jobs and stimulate growth in the clean energy sector.However, the shift to renewable energy requires robust policy support and public awareness. Governments must enact incentives for renewable energy development and implement regulations that reduce the environmental impact oftraditional energy sources. Public education campaigns can also play a crucial role in fostering a societal understanding of the benefits of renewable energy and encouraging its adoption.In conclusion, the importance of renewable energy in the 21st century cannot be overstated. As we face the dual challenges of energy scarcity and environmental sustainability, renewable energy offers a promising path forward. With continued innovation, policy support, and public engagement, we can harness the power of the sun, wind, and water to build a cleaner。
研究生英语综合教程(上册)课后答案课文翻译
《研究生英语综合教程上》1-6单元练习参考答案Unit OnePlanning Your Future CareerReading Focus Traits of the Key PlayersText ExplorationTask 2 1. B 2. A 3. D4. B5. D6. B7. C8. B9. B 10. BVocabulary in ActionTask 1 1. A 2. C 3. B4. C5. D6. D7. D8. C9. A 10. D 11. A 12. BTask 2 1. public <c> 2. discipline <b>3. strength <a>4. reference<a>5. strength <d>6. public <a>7. demonstrated <b> 8. discipline<c>9. reference <c> 10. personality<a>11. disciplining <d> 12. demonstrates <a> 13. public <d> 14. reference <b>15. personality <c>Task 3 1. employment 2. paid3. adjust4. setting5. discouraged6. credit7. cite 8. demonstrate 9. teamwork10. rulesTranslation PracticeParagraph One"一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,生意始终在进行。
这意味着一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,竞争也同样在进行。
"豪特说,"公司取胜的方法之一,就是要更快到达‘目的地’！这就是说,你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来,而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
研究生学术英语答案Test 2
Part 1 Watching & Testing Yourself
Clip 2 Clarisse comes to Mia’s home and meets her mother, Helen. (3'40")
Part 1 Watching & Testing Yourself
Word & Testing Yourself
Clip 1 Mia Thermopolis is a fifteen-year-old student who lives with her mother Helen. Shortly before Mia’s 16th birthday, she learns her grandmother is visiting from Genovia, a small European country. Mia meets her grandmother, Clarisse, at the Genovian consulate for the first time in her life. (3'14")
Mia is a fifteen-year-old high school outcast who is content with her ability to remain invisible to the world. Her life, however, takes an unexpected turn when her grandmother arrives with some shocking news; her father’s recent death has left Mia as the sole heir to the throne of Genovia, a small country in Europe. Mia is shocked to learn that she is a princess and at first rejects the whole idea. Nevertheless, Mia’s mother and grandmother convince her to attend “princess lessons” with her grandma. Faced with the great change in life, Mia is not doing well. She even hurts her best friends’ feelings and disappoints her grandmother after the disastrous beach party. Thus, she desperately thinks of giving up the throne and running away, but her father’s letter helps her change her mind. Finally as expected, this shy San Francisco teenager actually lives up to her family name and accepts the responsibilities that come with being a princess.
研究生综合英语课文译文及课后练习答案(3)
研究生综合英语课文译文及课后练习答案第一课Text A 自由落体[1] 直到动身的那一天，我才感到告别和真正离家对我所产生的影响，这使我比闹钟预定的时间提前一小时醒来。
那时，我那金色的爱犬米西最后一次用力地舔了我一下表示问候。
以前她那么做时，我厌烦得要命，不过那天，我张开双臂把她搂在怀里，深情地慢慢抚摸着她。
此时，她那悲伤的眼神与我四目相对，她那绸缎般的皮毛摸上去比平常更加柔滑。
当然直到告别那天，我才注意到爱犬的这些特点，这令我更加难舍难离。
[2] 一整天都是这样：我突然感到自己将会怀念许多人和事。
我变得多愁善感起来，因为要与那些我早已习以为常的人说再见——那些常我工作的饭馆里的顾客，那些我好像从来都找不到时间和他们说话的人。
我不得不离开我所有的朋友，还有我总想“某天去认识”的同学。
最重要的是，我将被迫与生我养我的人分别。
[3] 突然间，我那些渴望独立和自由的豪言壮语变成了可怕的现实。
我曾经说过我了不起，就要上一所名校，现在我开始感到了这些大话的压力。
没什么了不起。
我曾经是那么急不可待地盼望这一天的到来，而现在，这一天终于到来了，我却感到自己好像并不想走了，我想那可能是因为我要到一所离家有6小时车程的大学去上学的缘故。
[4] 事实上，在我决定要离家的时候，我所有的个人问题仿佛都烟消云散了，我才不在乎呢，反正我要走了。
我要向每个人表明我想走————而且，上帝作证，我整装待发。
然而，这一天到来了，我不知道自己是否真正做好了出发的准备。
[5] 老爸和继母要送我去学校，不过，我要首先和妈妈告别。
谁都知道离婚不是件容易的事。
那天早上我和妈妈一起吃了饭，她当时立刻就谈起我过去的一些经历来，还谈到了她第一年离家上大学的一些事情，比如零乱的宿舍、腼腆的室友、一些艺术史课。
她说得那么详细，那么热情，以至于我清楚地感到大学生活会给人留下多么深刻的印象。
后来，我们又谈到了我到学校后可能会发生的事情————与我同住一层的家伙会是什么样，我多么希望教室不会在校园的另一侧，我是否会因为吃食堂的饭而发胖。
研究生综合英语阅读教程译文及答案
Lesson Two Profiting from Friendships at Work参考译文工作友谊出效率[1] 研究表明，工作中的友谊可以提高员工对公司的责任感。
在美国进行的一次最新的研究系盖勒普组织的Q12工作场所评估。
[2] 对美国人的一次随机抽样调查发现，干活时有个最好的朋友会使一般性投入工作的人（“投入”在这里作“充分涉入”解）成为高度地投入工作的人。
[3] 在被调查的18岁以上的美国员工中，认同“干活时我有个最好的朋友”这一说法的人中有51%对工作很投入，而不认同的人中只有10%的人如此。
当然，对工作很投入的人，其工作成果要远远大于后一类。
[4] 此外，干活时有最好的朋友的人中，有75% 计划仍要在公司至少再干一年，相对没有最好朋友的人中，比例是51%。
[5] 友谊当然不是提高对公司责任感的唯一动力，但在工作时，它的作用胜过一些可能被视为更显而易见的刺激因素——工资和福利。
盖勒普资深研究主任詹姆斯·哈特纳说，纵观各个公司，盈利和忠于顾客是与工作单位中挚友的高出现率相关的。
[6] 别的调查也反映出这一规律。
（宾州大学）沃顿商学院的卡轮·耶恩教授1997年对《哈佛商业评论》杂志说，虽然一起干活的朋友们聊些和工作无关的事，但“他们的相互影响会更好地促进与工作有关的相互交流”。
[7] 为了证明这一点，耶恩和明尼阿波利斯德卡尔森管理学院的普瑞·普拉汉·沙阿助理教授设计了一项实验：设26个三人朋友小组和27个三人相识者小组，要求他们按具体指令建造模型。
结果，朋友小组平均完成9个模型，而相识者小组为2.45个。
耶恩说，朋友间能相互以一种建设性的方式对对方的想法提出异议。
但是相识者小组里，人们几乎都太客气了。
[8] 英国职业顾问萨莉·戴维斯指出，在我们快节奏的人生工作阶段，我们在越来越多地建立持久的友谊，甚至在办公室交上终生的朋友。
她的同伴彭纳、桑德斯和悉尼所作的研究表明，因为双职工家庭成为一种定式，传统的社会关系网瓦解，我们采取的是一种更以自我为中心的城市生活方式，所以，建立工作场所友谊关系的潜力在人才争夺战中是一件新式武器。
研究生英语习题答案与参考译文
目录第一部分课文参考译文第一单元课文：如何应对恭维补充阅读：用幽默化解难题第二单元课文：形象还是表象补充阅读：成功孕育成功第三单元课文：乔治兄弟补充阅读：教堂司事福尔曼第四单元课文：安乐死有时合情合理补充阅读：危急关头，她拒绝实施安乐死的请求第五单元课文：从业场所犹如猎偶战场补充阅读：你们男人还想兼而得之！第六单元课文：永存的美补充阅读：该是结束谣言的时候了第七单元课文：令人烦恼的二十年岁补充阅读：可预测的成年危机第八单元课文：异化社会里的工作补充阅读：论工作第九单元课文：究竟还有无隐私？补充阅读：隐私与媒体：神圣何在？第十单元课文：隐形说客补充阅读：新的说客（依旧隐形）第二部分练习参考答案第一单元如何应对恭维H·艾伦·史密斯尽管我确信蓄胡子会使我更加气度不凡，走在大街上会使女性发笑，但我从不留胡子，原因是我不敢冒险，因为哪怕蓄一点点胡子也很危险，它会招来别人的恭维。
例如，如果一位女士走到我跟前，说道：“你的胡子最迷人，”我会无所适从，不知怎样回答才好。
我可能会惊慌得脱口而出：“我也喜欢您的胡子。
”在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。
闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。
例如，有人对我们说上一句动听、赞美的话，我们就慌得说不出话来，膝盖开始瑟瑟发抖。
如果别人称赞不是真正属于我自己的东西时，我根本无法欣然接受。
我家住在一个小山上，俯瞰山下一片宽广的谷地。
来访者惊叹道：“天哪！你这儿的景色太美了！”整个山谷原本就在那里，不是我造的，也不属于我。
然而我傻乎乎地笑着说：“噢，没什么——无非是过去留下的一片土地而已。
”我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是“嗯，我们喜欢。
”采用这种答话必须得小心谨慎。
就某样东西说“我们喜欢”，言外之意就是，还有许多其他人都认为它很令人讨厌。
不久前，我和一批人在一起时，其中有位来自澳大利亚的地球物理学家在滔滔不绝地谈论宇宙中的奇观。
研究生综合英语翻译答案
Unit 11. Through language we can share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture.1. 通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识和传承文化。
2. Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common.2. 暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些共同之处的事物联系在一起。
3. In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one.3. 实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。
4. To be more effective, though, the examples you cite for your speech should be vivid and richly textured.4. 为了使表达更加富有效果，你演说中的举例应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。
5. Extended examples — often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes — are longer and more detailed.5. 扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。
6. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience.6. 虚拟性的例子描述想像中的情形，能够十分有效地将演说者的思想传达给听众。
研究生英语阅读教程翻译及课后练习答案U9_Text A1
Financial crisis leads to the rethinking of careers.
A new map of talent flow is presented.
Text Study
Audio
Para. 1
1 In the Depression, smart college students flocked into civil engineering to design the highway, bቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱidge and dam-building projects of those days. In the Sputnik era, students poured into the sciences as America bet on technology to combat the cold war Communist challenge. Yes, the jobs beckoned and the pay was good. But those careers, in their day, had other perks: respect and self-esteem.
keep/leave your options open avoid making a decision now so that one still has a choice later 暂不作决定; 留有选择余地: Don’t take the job now. Keep your options open until you leave university. 先别接受这份工作--暂 时保留选择权, 到离开这所大学再说.
Reading—Text A
Main Idea & Structure Text Study
研究生学术综合英语test阅读答案及翻译
研究生学术综合英语test阅读答案及翻译Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy 51. Which of the following is true about Olson?关于Olson，以下哪项是正确的He taught economics at the University of Maryland.他在马里兰大学教授经济学。
52. Which of the following represents Olson's point of view?以下哪项代表奥尔森的观点？Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.保护个人财产权可以促进财富的积累。
53. What does Olson think about mass production?奥尔森如何看待批量生产？It's property intensive.这是财产密集型54. What is the basis for the banking system?银行体系的基础是什么？A contract system that can be enforced.可以强制执行的合同系统。
55. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?奥尔森认为，第三世界国家经济欠佳的原因是什么？Lack of secure individual property rights.缺乏安全的个人财产权。
56. What is the other economists' opinion about the poor economies of the Third World?其他经济学家对第三世界的贫困经济有何看法？A free market is not let to determine the prices and quantities of goods.自由市场不允许确定商品的价格和数量。
研究生学术综合英语课后翻译答案
Outlines are essential to effective speeches. By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches—the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub-points using a consistent pattern, the speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster you memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline, keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.演讲要有效，提纲很重要。
新编研究生英语综合教程课后翻译及答案,潘海英
Advanced English for Graduate Students: General Skills & Academic Literacy
Unit Two Language
Text A Learn By Touch
Overview
Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication. Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood. But some people may suffer from speech
honors from Radcliffe College in 1904.
3. Cultural Background Information
Helen Keller was dedicated to helping the handicapped, raising funds and lobbying for the blind. Helen Keller received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and many honorary degrees. Winston Churchill considered her as ―the greatest woman of our age.‖ Mark Twain said ―Helen Keller is fellow to Caesar, Alexander, Napoleon, Homer, Shakespeare, and the rest of the immortals ... she will be as famous a thousand years from now as she is today.‖ Her other books include The World I Live In (1908), Midstream: My Later Life (1929), Helen Keller’s Journal (1938), and Let us Have
硕士综合英语教程翻译及详细答案
硕士综合英语教程1参考译文Unit 1创建低碳经济1.对于主要由人类活动而迅速积累的温室气体引发了全球变暖这一事实，没有人再持有异议。
除非我们协同一致，快速转向低碳经济，否则全球变暖的趋势将会愈演愈烈。
这一危机日益彰显逼近。
正如获得2007年诺贝尔和平奖的联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）主席拉金德拉·帕乔里所声称的：“如果在2012年之前我们还没有采取行动，那就为时已晚了。
我们在未来两到三年中的所作所为将决定我们的未来。
这是决定性的时刻。
”2.同工业化前的水平相比，地球平均温度已经上升了0.8摄氏度（1.4华氏度左右），速度为自1975年以来每十年增加0.2摄氏度；如果我们仍然一意孤行，那么温度还会继续发生永久性的变化。
这种温度变化听起来似乎不大，但事实并非如此。
最后一个冰河时代时的全球平均气温不过比现今低约5.4摄氏度（9.7华氏度）。
3.很多权威的气候学家们都曾发出过这样的警告：如果我们现在的温度超过工业化前2摄氏度（3.6华氏度）的话，我们将会迈进一个危险的未知国度。
没有人能知道到底全球变暖具体达到多少度会变得无法控制，并且造成像干旱、洪水、飓风以及热浪等自然灾害的逐渐恶化，造成诸如格陵兰岛或西南极洲大冰原坍塌以及伴随的全球海平面上升等意外的灾难性变化。
但是我们还依然在我们唯一的家园上不断做着危险而又不受约束的尝试，这也是为什么越来越多的年轻人开始将气候变化视为他们这一代人的一项挑战。
4.《华盛顿邮报》4月刊报导到：“对于许多儿童和青年而言，全球气候变暖无异于当今的原子弹。
对于环境危机的担忧正影响着这一代人，正如经济大萧条、第二次世界大战、越南战争和冷战等等挥之不去的‘战争游戏’影响了20世纪的灵魂一样。
”5.有些可怕的预测可能并不会发生，但考虑到那些最优秀的科学家们发出的警告，如果我们再冒险尝试将是极不负责任的做法。
科学家告诉我们，如果我们不尽快采取行动，想要避免全球变暖引发的最严重恶果则为时晚矣。
研究生学术综合英语补充课文的原文翻译和习题答案
Lesson OneSpell of the Rising MoonI. READING COMPREHENSIONA. Answer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. D <But it is the drama of the moonrise that I come to see. For thatrestores in me aquiet and clarity that the city spends too freely.> 2. D < There have been broad, confident harvest moons in autumn; shy,misty moons in spring; lonely, white winter moons rising into the utter silence of an ink-black skyand smoke-smudged orange moons over the dry fields of summer. Each, like fine music, excited my heart and then calmed my soul.>3. C <To prehistoric hunters the moon overhead was as unerring asheartbeat. Theyknew that every 29 days it became full-bellied and brilliant, then sickened and died,and then was reborn. They knew the waxing moon appeared larger and higher overhead after each succeeding sunset. They knew the waning moon rose later each nightuntil it vanished in the sunrise.>4. B <Still, it tugs at our minds. If we unexpectedly encounter thefull moon, huge andyellow over the horizon, we are helpless but to stare back at its commanding presence.>5. B <I learned about its gifts one July evening in the mountains.My car had mysteriously stalled, and I was stranded and alone.> 6. B <To watch the moon move inexorably higher is to find an unusualstillness withinourselves.>7. D <On that July night, I watched the moon for an hour or two, andthen got backinto the car, turned the key in the ignition and heard the engine start, just as mysteriously as it had stalled a few hours earlier.>8. A <I return often to the rising moon. I am drawn especially whenevents crowd easeand clarity of vision into a small corner of my life.>9. A <Of Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" and of Shakespeare, whoseLorenzo declaims in The Merchant of Venice, //How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon thisbank! / Here will we sit and let the sounds of music/Creep in our ears." I wonder iftheir verse and music, like the music of crickets, are in some way voices of the moon.>10.A<The whole passage.>B．Global understanding and logical structuresComplete the following notes with the information, from the text:1. The author often climbs the hill near his home at night to watchthe drama of themoonrise because it can restore in him a quiet and clarity that the city spends toofreely.2. To the author the different mood and color of the moon are:A. In autumn: broad, confident harvestB. In spring: shy, mistyC. In winter: lonely, whiteD. In summer: smoke-smudged orange3. A. To prehistoric hunters the moon overhead was as unerring asheartbeat.B. To contemporary people live indoors few can say what time themoon willrise tonight.C. But if we unexpectedly encounter the full moon, we are helplessbut to stareback at its commanding presence.4. The moon has gifts to bestow upon those who watch it:Example: One July evening in the mountains, the author's car mysteriouslystalled, and he was stranded and alone.He took the advantage to watch the moonrise for an hour or two.When he got back into the car, the engine started just as mysteriously as it hadstalled a few hours earlier.5. Later on the author often returns to the rising moon when eventscrowd ease anclarity of vision into a small corner of my life.He listens to the sound of owls and cricketsand thinks the beautiful music and poems about the moon.6. At moonrise, people open the vents of feeling and exercise partsof our minds thatreason locks away by day.II. VOCABULARYA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. B2. C3. A4. D5. A6. B7. A8. C9. A 10. BB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each wordor expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.1. swoop2. cricket3. smudged4. Stalled5. tugs at6. stay clear of7. slipped into8. crowded into9. loom up 10. stranded III. CLOZE1. just as2. permanent3. depend on4. phase5. shadow6. Resembling7. lunar8. closer9. illuminated 10. waningIV. TRANSLATIONPut the following parts into Chinese.V. ORAL PRACTICE AND DISCUSSION1. How does the author describe the moonrise? Is it the same as you see it?The sun had set, and I was watching what seemed to be the bright-orange glowof a forest fire beyond a ridge to the east. Suddenly, the ridge itself seemed to burstinto flame. Then, the rising moon, huge and red and grotesquely misshapen by thedust and sweat of the summer atmosphere,loomed up out of the woods.Distorted thus by the hot breath of earth, the moon seemed ill-tempered and imperfect……But as the moon lifted off the ridge it gathered firmness and authority. Its complexion changed from red, to orange, to gold, to impassive yellow. It seemed to drawlight out of the darkening earth, for as it rose, the hills and valleys below grew dimmer. By the time the moon stood clear of the horizon, full chested and round andthe color of ivory, the valleys were deep shadows in the landscape……The drama took an hour. Moonrise is slow and serried with subtleties.2. Moonrise is a natural phenomenon. The main part of this essay is the description ofit full of the author's emotions and thoughts associated with it. Pick out the author'smost beautiful descriptions with similes, metaphors and personification.From this hill I have watched many moons rise. Each one had its own mood.There have been broad, confident harvest moons in autumn, shy, misty moons inspring; lonely, white winter moons rising into the utter silence of an ink-black skyand smoke-smudged orange moons over the dry fields of summer. Each, like fine music, excited my heart and then calmed my soul.<And others referring to the first question.>3. One July evening in the mountains, the author's car mysteriously stalled, and he wasstranded and alone, but after watching the moonrise for an hour or two the enginestarted mysteriously again. Do you think it was the spell of the rising moon？Open.4. We Chinese often associated the full moon with family reunion, our hometown andour motherland if we are abroad. Can you tell what people do when we Chinese celebrate the festivals associated with the moon such as the Lantern Festival and theMid-Autumn Festival? And why?Open.5. Find out the famous Chinese poems about the moon, and try to translate the following poem into English.李白诗一首床前明月光, Before my bedThere is bright moonlight疑是地上霜． So that it seemsLike frost on the ground.举头望明月, Lifting my headI watch the bright moon,低头思故乡. Lowering my headI dream that I'm home.Another poem for reference:李白词一首秋风清,秋月明The autumn wind is lightThe autumn moon is bright;落叶聚还散 Fallen leaves gather but then disperse,寒鸦栖复惊 A cold crow roosts but again he stirs;相思相见知何日 I think of you, and wonder when I'll see you again? 此时此夜难为情 At such an hour,on such a night,cruel is love's pain. Translation of the Text月亮升起来彼得·斯坦哈特我家附近有座小山.晚上,我常爬上山去.此时,城市的喧嚣成了遥远的低语.在这黑夜的静谧中,我可以尽情分享蟋蟀的欢乐,感受猫头鹰的自信.可我上山是来看月出的,因为这可以让我重新得到在城市中失去的宁静与清新.在这座山上,我已欣赏过许多次月亮升起的景象.每一次月的姿容脾性都有所不同.秋天,满月如轮,充满自信；春天,月亮灰蒙蒙,羞羞答答；冬天,银白的月亮挂在漆黑的、悄无声息的夜空中,显得那般孤寂；夏天,橘黄的月似被烟尘笼罩,俯瞰干燥的田野.每一种月亮,都像美妙的音乐,震动我的心灵,令我的灵魂平静.观月自古有之.在远古的猎人眼里,月亮如同心跳一样准确无误.他们知道每29天,月亮都要变得明亮饱满,然后萎缩、消失,然后又再复活；他们知道,月盈期间,每经一次日落,头顶的月亮就会显得更高更大；他们还知道月亏期间,月亮每晚都要迟迟升起,待到日出才落.他们竟能从经验中了解到月亮的行踪变化,真可谓心深意广.但我们这些人却因深居室内,与月亮失去了联系.城市炫目的街灯、污浊的烟尘掩盖了夜晚的天空.虽然人类已在月亮上行走过,但月亮对于我们却更加陌生了.有几人能说得出今晚月亮会几时升起.但无论怎样,月亮依旧牵动我们的心灵.倘若我们偶尔遇见一轮黄灿灿的满月高悬中天,谁都会禁不住停下来凝神仰望她尊贵的姿容.而月亮也向注视她的人赐予厚礼.我了解到她的馈赠是在山间七月的一个夜晚.我的车突然熄火,将我孤身一人网在山中.太阳已经西沉,我看见东边山头涌出一团橘红色的明光,好像森林起火一般,俄而山头自己也似乎迸出火焰,一会儿,大大的月亮涨红着脸,从密林中鬼魅似地钻了出来,夏天空气中弥漫的尘雾与汗气把它变得丑陋不堪.大地灼热的呼吸扭曲了它,它变得格外暴噪,不再完美.附近农舍的狗紧X地狂吠起来,以为这团奇怪的光亮叫醒了野草中的魔鬼.然而当月亮缓缓升起,离开山头,它变得坚定、威严；它的面孔也由红变成了橘红,又变成金色,最后是平静的明黄色.它似乎从渐暗的大地中吸取了光明,因为随着它的升起,下面的丘陵山谷愈来愈黯淡朦胧.待到皓月当空,满月如盘,闪烁着象牙般乳白的清辉,山谷便成了风景中一片片幽深的阴影.那些狗明白了那团光原是它们熟悉的月亮,也安定下来,停止了吼叫.霎时间,我也觉得信心倍增,心情舒畅,近乎笑了起来.这奇特的景观持续了一个小时.月出是缓慢的,充满神奇.观看月出,我们得回到过去那种对时间的耐心中去.观看月亮不可阻挡地升到空中就能让我们内心安宁,我们的神思能让我们看到宇宙的广漠和大地的宽阔,能让我们忘掉自己.我们觉得自身渺小,却又深感大自然的厚待.月色下,我们看不到生活中坚硬的棱角.山坡在月光下如同笼上了柔和的轻纱,一片银白；海水在月光下碧蓝而静谧；我们在月光下也不再像白日那般精于算计,而是沉醉于自然的情感中.这个时候,奇特的事发生了.在那个七月的夜晚,我看了一两个小时的月景后,回到车中,转动钥匙点火,发动机居然响了起来,就像几个小时前熄火那般突然而神秘.我驱车沿着山路回家,肩上披着明月,心灵一片宁静.后来我常回到山上观月,尤其是在接踵而来的事使我身心疲惫、头晕眼花时.这种境况经常发生在秋天,这时我就登上那座小山,守候猎人的月亮出现,等着那金色的圆月俯照大地,为黑夜带来光明.一只猫头鹰自山头俯冲下来,静悄悄地如一团火焰闪过,一只蟋蟀在草丛长鸣.我想起了诗人和音乐家,想起了贝多芬的"月光奏鸣曲〞和莎士比亚笔下《威尼斯商人》中洛伦佐的话："月光沉睡在这岸边多么轻柔!／我们要坐在这里让音乐之声／潜入我们的耳内.〞我不知道他们的诗篇与音乐,连同蟋蟀的歌声,是否都可算作月的声音.想到这些,我那些城市化的昏乱心绪也融化在了夜的幽静之中.恋人和诗人在夜里能找到生活更深刻的意义.其实我们都爱问一些深刻的问题——我们的祖先是什么？我们的命运在哪里？我们不喜欢那些统治着白天世界的刻板的几何教科书,都愿意沉溺于永远找不到答案的谜团中.在夜里,我们都成了哲人和神秘主义者.月出之时,当我们放慢自己的思想,让它跟随天围的脚步,一种心醉神迷的感觉就会流遍全身.我们会打开情感的窗口,会让白天被理智锁住的那部分思绪尽情奔涌.我们有越过遥远的时空,听见远古猎人的低语,再次看到很久以前的恋人与诗人眼中的世界.Lesson TwoEthics and CompetitivenessPreparing to ReadTips for the teacherThe text is about ethics in business; hence the purpose of this exercise is tolet the studentsunderstand how important ethics is in doing business. The teacher can adopt several steps achievingthe aim. First, let the students talk about the various businesses that involve ethics. Second, let thestudents understand the dangers of illegal business practices in American or Chinese corporations,so that the students' interest in the text will be aroused.Background Information1. Introduction to the author and the text: John F. Akers, born on 28 Dec. 1934 chairman and CEOof IBM 1985-1993.A graduate of Yale, Mr. Akers joined IBM in 1960 as a sales trainee in San Franciscofollowing active duty as a Navy carrier pilot. After various marketing assignments, he was namedpresident of the Data Processing Division, then IBM's largest domestic marketing unit, in 1974at age 39. He became a vice president in 1976, a senior vice president in 1982 and president in1983. This article "Ethics andcompetitiveness - putting first things first" was first published in1989 in Sloan Management Review, winter, 69-71.2. American Education System:Most Americans attend twelve years of primary and secondaryschool. With a secondary school "'high school"> diploma or certificate, a student can enter college,university, vocational <job training> school, secretarial school, and other professional schools.Primary and Secondary School: Begins around age six for U.S. children. They attend five orsix years of primary school. Next they go to secondary school, which consists of either two three-year programs or a three-year and a four-year program. These are called "middle school" or "juniorhigh school" and "senior high school" <often just called "high school">. Americans call thesetwelve years of primary and secondary school the first through twelfth "grades."Higher Education: After finishing high school <twelfth grade>, U.S. students may go on tocollege or university. College or university study is known as"higher education." You shouldfind out which level of education in your country corresponds to the twelfth grade in the U.S.A.You also should ask your educational advisor or guidance counselor whether you must spend anextra year or two preparing for U.S. admission. In some countries, employers and the governmentdo not recognize a U.S. education if a student entered a U.S. college or university before he orshe could enter university at home.3. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow <1807-1882>:American poet, one of the mostpopular andcelebrated poets of his time. Born in Portland, Maine<then in Massachusetts>, Longfellow waseducated at Bowdoin College. After graduating in 1825 he traveled in Europe in preparationfor a teaching career. He taught modern languages at Bowdoin from 1829 to 1835. In late 1835,during a second trip to Europe, Longfellow's wife, Mary Storer Potter, died in Rotterdam, theNetherlands. Longfellow returned to the United States in 1836 and began teaching at HarvardUniversity.In 1843 he remarried, to Fanny Appleton. After retiring from Harvard in 1854,Longfellow devoted himself exclusively to writing. He was devastated when in 1861 his secondwife was burned to death in a household accident. He commemorated her shortly before his owndeath with the sonnet "The Cross of Snow" <1879>. In 1884 a bust of Longfellow was placed inthe Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey in London; he was the first American to be thus honored.《人生颂》——年青人的心对歌者说的话朗费罗不要在哀伤的诗句里告诉我："人生不过是一场幻梦！〞灵魂睡着了,就等于死了,事物的真相与外表不同.人生是真切的！人生是实在的！它的归宿决不是荒坟；"你本是尘土,必归于尘土〞, 这是指躯壳,不是指灵魂.我们命定的目标和道路不是享乐,也不是受苦；而是行动,在每个明天都超越今天,跨出新步.智艺无穷,时光飞逝；这颗心,纵然勇敢坚强,也只如鼙鼓,闷声敲动着,一下又一下,向坟地送丧.世界是一片辽阔的战场,人生是到处扎寨安营；莫学那听人驱策的哑畜,做一个威武善战的英雄！别指望将来,不管它多可爱！把已逝的过去永久掩埋！行动吧-趁着活生生的现在！心中有赤心,头上有真宰！伟人的生平启示我们：我们能够生活得高尚,而当告别人世的时候,留下脚印在时间的沙上；也许我们有一个兄弟航行在庄严的人生大海,遇险沉了船,绝望的时刻,会看到这脚印而振作起来.那么,让我们起来干吧,对任何命运要敢于担戴；不断地进取,不断地追求,要善于劳动,善于等待.A Psalm of LifeHenry Wadsworth LongfellowTell me not, in mournful numbers, "Life is but an empty dream!" For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; "Dust thou art,to dust returnest," Was not spoken of the soul.Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,Is our destined end or way;But to act, that each to-morrow Find us farther than to-day.Art is long, and Time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave,Still, like muffled drums, are beatingFuneral marches to the grave.In the world's broad field of battle,In the bivouac of life,Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife!Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act, - act in the living Present! Heart within, and God o'evhead! Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us. Footprints on the sand of time.; Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing o'er life's solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again. Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any fate;Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait.NotesKey to ExercisesI. Reading Comprehension1. The issue Akers discusses is the relationship between ethics and competitiveness.2. When they think of competitiveness, they should think not just of seeking their own selfish advantage, but of striving to improve living standards for all. When they think of ethics, they should think not just as managers focusing on business ethics, but as citizens of a larger society.3. Ethics and competitiveness are inseparable because we compete as a society.4.The greater the measure of mutual trust and confidence in the ethics of a society, the greater its economic strength.5. First, we should fortify the practical ethical buttresses; second, ethical instruction must include ademanding study of history and literature; and above all we should keep our priorities straight.6.They are role modelsthe honor system, and codes of conduct.7. We should start with a clear-cut study of the past, because our ethical standards come out of the past.8.What bothers Akers is that they have missed the humane lessons in individual ethical conduct,which can be found in the annals of world history, the biographies of great men and women and works of literature.9. He thinks that the good of an entire society counts more than that of any single corporation.10. We remember him because he did not see winning or self-advancement or even life itself as the only thing. He saw his newly born nation greater than himself.II. Structure of the text1. Introduction<Paras.1-5>A central subject in international business competition is ethics. We are urged to look atethics and competitiveness with a wide angle of vision.Ethics and competitiveness are inseparable, they are important not only in running acompany. but also in running and managing a country. 2. Body <Paras.6-23>1> Ethical buttressesA. We should fortify the practical ethical buttresses that help allof us know and understand and do exactly what is required of us.The simplest and most powerful buttress is the role model.B. There are other ethical buttresses such as the institutionalbuttresses honor system.C. There are professional standards and business codes of conduct.2> Ethics teachingA. Ethical instruction is important in a business school or anywhereelse in the universities, but to take ethical examination ofworkplace safety, consumer protection environmental safeguards,and the rights of the individual employee within the organizationis equally important.B. We should start from kindergarten to twelfth grade with a clear-cutstudy of the past because our ethical standards come out of thepast-out of ourinheritances as a people: religious, philosophical, historical.C. The more we know of the history of US, the more sure-footedly wecan inculcate ethical conduct in the future.3> Putting first things first: keep our sense of order straight3. Conclusion<Paras.24>By taking advice of the three suggestions, we shall go far toward discharging our responsibilities asmanagers and as human beings.V. VocabularyA.l. ludicrous2. endowed 3. consequences 4. conflicting 5. safety6.count7. falsified8. fortified9. inculcate10. vexingB.1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. C7. D8. A9. B10. BVI. Cloze1. devoted2. Concern3. Threatens4. Perhaps5. respectable6. address7. Defined8. Occupation9. Which10. Behind11. perfectly12. Refer13. Benefit14. Personal15. assess16. commit 17. Being18. Lower19. Prosecute20. Summon道德和竞争力John. F. Akers1 我想谈谈国际经济竞争中的一个核心问题：道德.在一开始我想奉劝我们所有的管理层人员应该以宽阔的视野来看待这两个词,即道德和竞争力.在我们想到竞争力的时候,我们不应该只想到像美国人,欧洲人或日本人那样追求我们自己的利益,贪得无厌；而是应该像管理者们那样在日益相互依存的世界里心中怀有提高全人类的生活水平的大志,努力工作,争取成功.而在我们想到道德的时候,我们不该像那些只是把重点放在自己的狭窄领地即商业道德上的管理者,而是应该像一个宽广社会里的公民.2 道德和竞争力是不可分的.我们处在一个竞争的社会中.没有哪一个社会的竞争会因为下列情形而长久和成功的：人们彼此背后相互使坏；互相偷窃；由于缺乏诚信而事事公证；一点争吵就会诉诸法律；或政府为了保证诚实的商业运行而制定很多各种各样束缚手脚的法规.3 这不仅仅会成为公司经营中令人头痛的事情,也会让国家成为一个浪费、低效和缺乏竞争力的国家.一个不可逃避的事实是：在一个道德社会中人们之间相互信任和忠诚度越高,它的经济力量就越强.4 我并不是说我们美国这里天要塌下来.我不认为在我们过去美好的时光中道德水准已经很高了而我们现在是道德滑坡.当然,我们确实存在道德和竞争力的问题,这一点无可质疑.我们一直都看到关于不道德行为的报导：教会领导层聚会时发生偷窃；华尔街上靠内部##消息发财的掮客；各种政客和权利贩子；剽窃的法学专业的学生；篡改研究数据的医学教授；贩卖##情报的国防部雇员.但我们大多数人都同意托马斯·杰弗逊关于所有人都生来具有道德意识的观点——个整日耕作的普通农民可以和一个大学教授一样具有道德意识.如杰弗逊一样,我们可以相信大街上的入,不论这大街是在阿蒙克,在旧金山,或者牛津,伦敦,巴黎或东京.5 这种道德意识不是凭空而来的,也不会自动永远存在下去.每一代人都要让它保存并发扬光大.为此,我们每个人都要想出些策略.下面是三个建议.道德基础6 首先,我们要加强日常生活中的道德基础的培养,让我们从孩提时代起就明白并理解,继而按照要求行事.最简单也是最有用的道德基石就是榜样：父母或其他人言传身教为我们树立榜样,使我们明白是非好坏.在我一生所有的榜样中,我认为起作用时间最长的就是我的祖父了,一个坚强的新英格兰地区中学校长.我的房间里挂着他的肖像.直到今天,每当我走过他的肖像前我都会挺直腰板,还要检查一下我的领带是否打好了.7 还有许多其它方面的道德基础.有些尽管有一点傲慢和世俗但却是简单的信条："童子军是可信的,忠诚的,助人的,友好的,礼貌的,善良的,听话的,快乐的,节俭的,勇敢的,整洁的和虔诚的〞；或者"军校生不会说谎,欺骗或偷盗或容忍其他人欺骗和说谎与偷盗.〞有些道德行为已经形成制度化,如诚信制度.大学里的学生依照诚信制度来约束自己,保证不剽窃和考试作弊.我觉得好笑的是,甚至在神学院,法学院和哲学系里,更不用说大学的其它科系了,在考试的时候学院要雇来监考者在走廊里踱来踱去以防止有人考试时候偷看笔记或抄袭邻座.令人遗撼的是,在杰弗逊提倡先在弗吉尼亚大学实行诚信制度的150年后,并非所有的美国大学和学院都采纳了这一制度.8 最后,还有从业标准和商业行为规X,它们都对下列事情有严格的规定：如股票内部交易,馈赠和娱乐,回扣与利益冲突.如果认为这些道德准则会解决我们所有的问题就太天真了.但是,若想没有这些明确的要求和了解违反这些要求引起的后果,人们也一样会按道德准则行为,那这种想法也同样是天真的.我们的学校能教授道德吗？9 到了该认真考虑学校的道德课的时候了.这里我不仅仅指商学院的研究生院.众人皆知约翰·山德将捐赠给哈佛商学院近3 000万美元用于其道德课的教学和研究.我们也知道麻省理工的斯罗恩学院院长兰斯特·苏罗和其他教育家已经对这个举措表示了公开的置疑.10 先弄清楚我们在说什么吧.很多商界人士在面对大学生听众时都对他们的一些脱口而出的断言感到吃惊：如在南非做生意、为军队制造武器、反对兴建日托所、建核工厂、甚至谋取利润都显然是不道德的.若想让年轻人清楚地了解这些问题的复杂性——而这些问题是不能用伪善的答案去搪塞的——还要做大量的工作.相反,这些问题需要一个明确的定义和敏锐的分析,需要对公司的责任有清醒的认识,而公司对员工,股东与国家所持的责任有时是相互冲突的,需要经历艰难的、甚至痛苦的抉择.11 我完全赞同在商学院和大学的其它系所进行这种道德教育,它可以加强学生们的这种分析能力.我也赞同对工作场所安全性、消费者保护、环境监督与团体内部员工个人的权利等方面进行的道德审查.12 但想一想塞缪尔·约翰逊曾经说的话吧：如果一个人不能区分好恶,"他一出我们的家门,我们就数羹匙是否少了.〞如果一个工商管理硕士生不能区分诚实与犯罪,说谎和讲真话,那么商学院就完全有可能培养不出来一个个非常虔诚敬业的学生.13 对于为什么说偷偷摸摸,行骗欺诈,盗窃财物这样的事情是不好的,这种最基础和根本的教育,在工商管理学院里进行就太晚了,内容也太简单了.这里不是开始这些课的地方.开始的地方应该是幼儿园.14 可以肯定的是,对于是否在上课时进行祈祷存在着很多和宪法相关的麻烦问题与其它问题.但我们不需要等到所有的问题有了答案——若真有这一天——再开始学校里的道德教育.我们可以现在就开始,从幼儿园到中学,但不是硬塞给学生们一些模糊的抽象"价值观〞.我是指我们应该对过去的历史有个清楚明了的了解.我们的道德准则始于过去,始于我们的民族传统：##,哲学和历史.我们对于过去了解得越多,我们就越能在未来踏踏实实地教授道德准则.15 参议员丹尼尔说,如果你想了解塔米·贝克你就得读辛克莱·路易斯的作品；如果你想了解股票内部交易,读读易达·塔贝尔的著作；如果想了解在弱肉强食的地方掠夺者获利而社会遭殃的情况下如何行事,读读霍布斯和洛克的书.若想了解社会的要求和个体良知的冲突,读读梭罗的论公民的不服从和索福克洛斯的安提格涅；若想了解礼仪,读读孔子的书,若想了解勇气,节制,真诚和公平,读读亚里斯多德的书或圣经.16 在我听说美国的高中生不太知道或完全不知道乔叟或惠特曼或美国内战或1日约中的预言书时,我担心的不是他们的无知,而是他们丢失了我们在世界历史、名人传记与富于高度想象力的文学作品中能够发现的蕴藏在一个个道德行为中的高尚的人文素养.17 一个古典文学作家曾定义历史为"实例中的哲学〞.亨利·朗费罗,美国的牛津城布拉特大街上一个很有名的居民,是这样优雅地总结的：伟人的生平启示我们：我们能够生活得高尚,而当告别人世的时候,留下脚印在时间的沙上.首要的事情先做18 我的第三个建议是,牢记顺序,最重要的事情先做.19 我们都听到过目光短浅的生意人把下面这句话当作是朗巴迪说的："成功不是最重要的,但是唯一要做的事情.〞对于鼓舞团队±气,这句话确实很好,但作为商业理念,它就是一派胡言.这里还有一段稍好一点的话：朗巴迪曾经希望他的队员有三种忠诚：对上帝,对家庭,还有对〔绿湾包装工〕橄榄球球队,"并按此顺序〞.20 他知道哪些事情更重要.商界人士可以毫不掩饰地为他们自己的公司而感到骄傲.但整个社会的利益超越了任何一个公司的利益.整个世界的道德秩序超越了任何一个单一的国家.一个人如果不了解商业在更大X围内的地位,他就不可能成为优秀的商界领袖,或好医生,或好的律师、工程师.。
研究生英语综合英语答案
Unit One参考译文你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普·撒弗兰[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。
[2] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104 个研究项目，涉及大约15 000 人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[3] ―你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，―但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。
”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[4] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。
他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37% 的保险额。
在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。
[5] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100 名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。
[6] 他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy 51. Which of the following is true about Olson?关于Olson，以下哪项是正确的He taught economics at the University of Maryland.他在马里兰大学教授经济学。
52. Which of the following represents Olson's point of view?以下哪项代表奥尔森的观点？Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.保护个人财产权可以促进财富的积累。
53. What does Olson think about mass production?奥尔森如何看待批量生产？It's property intensive.这是财产密集型54. What is the basis for the banking system?银行体系的基础是什么？A contract system that can be enforced.可以强制执行的合同系统。
55. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?奥尔森认为，第三世界国家经济欠佳的原因是什么？Lack of secure individual property rights.缺乏安全的个人财产权。
56. What is the other economists' opinion about the poor economies of the Third World?其他经济学家对第三世界的贫困经济有何看法？A free market is not let to determine the prices and quantities of goods.自由市场不允许确定商品的价格和数量。
Where one stage of child development has been left out,57. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children（）所有治疗儿童发育困难的原则(重述以前的经历)offers recapture of earlier experiences58. The child in the nursery（）托儿所里的孩子doesn’t initially sleep and wake at regular intervals.最初没有定期睡眠和唤醒59. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills（）鼓励孩子学习新技能should be balanced between two extremes应该在两个极端之间取得平衡60. Jigsaw puzzles are（）拼图游戏是suitable exercises for parent-child co operation亲子合作的适当练习61. Parental controls and discipline（）家长控制和纪律serve a dual purpose服务于双重目的62. According to the passage, why is learning together a fruitful source of relationship?根据这段话，为什么一起学习是一个富有成果的关系来源Because children and their parents share learning.因为孩子和他们的父母共享学习。
Artist Sam Easterson's“Animal, vegetable" video project offers a bizarre63. Easterson's cameras on animals will keep on working（）伊斯特森的动物摄影机将继续工作as long as they are still in their positions只要他们仍然在自己的位置上64. Easterson has presented the world seen by animals and plants mainly to（）Easterson向人们展示了动植物所看到的世界(鼓励人们保护动植物) encourage people to protect animals and plants65. The phrase“changed everything in terms of respect" in paragraph 6 probably means（）第6段中的“在尊重方面改变了一切”一词可能意味着（改变了我对羊的态度）changed my attitude toward sheep66. Easterson used to consider sheep as（）伊斯特森曾经认为绵羊是（笨拙而缓慢）unintelligent and slow67. It can be inferred from the passage that Easterson（）从这段话可以推断出伊斯特森is a great help to the scientists对科学家有很大帮助68. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that我们可以从这段话中得出结论：Easterson is a man with great ambitions as well as creative thoughts伊斯特森是一个有雄心壮志和创新思想的人A policy that the University of Maryland rolled out this spring requires69. The pledge of no-cheating was initiated by（the students ）不作弊的保证是由（学生）发起的70. The requirement to sign the oath（has caused considerable debate ）签署誓言的要求（引起了很多争论）71. What is Josh Korr s comment on the requirement?Josh Korr对这项要求有何评论？It is only a repetition of what we already have.这只是我们已经拥有的东西的重复。
72. Pledge supporters explain that the increasing cheating cases are caused by（the greater attention paid to academic honor ）誓言支持者解释说，欺诈案件的增加是由于（对学术荣誉的更多关注）73. Student honor system（is common among American universities ）学生荣誉制度（在美国大学中很常见）74. The writer's tone in analyzing the event can be best described asFactual作家在分析事件时的语调可以最好地描述为（事实的）When Privacy International, a human rights watchdog group,75. Which of the following is NOT true of Follow Us?以下哪个与“关注我们”不正确？It is chosen as the most invasive company" by Privacy International.它被“隐私国际”评选为最具侵入性的公司。
76. Compared with Global Positioning System, Follow Us services（cost employers less money ）跟全球定位系统相比，“跟随我们”服务（用人单位少花钱）77. The example of a driver who died in his lorry emphasizes the necessity of Follow Us services.一名卡车司机死亡的例子强调了“跟随我们”服务的（必要性）。
78. Which of the following countries may hold the strongest opposition to Follow Us?以下哪个国家可能对跟随我们有最强烈的反对？法国France.79. Davies believes that the requirement for employee consent（cannot be effectively implemented in reality ）戴维斯认为，员工同意的要求（实际上无法有效实施）80. The main idea of the passage may be summarized as（Follow Us- A New Service with Problems ）这篇文章的主要思想可以概括为（“跟随我们-有问题的新服务”）The big problem these days isn't whether the networks copy一it's what they copy.51. Which statement is the best title for this passage?哪句话是这篇文章的最佳标题?Reality TV's Growing Pains真人秀的成长烦恼52. The author thinks that作者认为producing similar TV shows requires creativity制作类似的电视节目需要创造力53. The underlined word *howls" in the first paragraph means(accusations ).在第一段下划线的单词“howls”表示(指控)。