夹具设计--翻译
夹具设计外文翻译
Application and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture designFixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1]. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device[5]. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6].1. Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1 Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.1.2 Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formedcorrespondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components’ names and numbers. The components case represents the members. (function component and other structure components，main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.2. Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.2.1 Case adaptationThe modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1) The substitution of components and the component;2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;3) The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.2.2 Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is just saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.3. ConclusionCBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C ++, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources.基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。
模具夹具类中英文表述
模具夹具类中英文表述(总34页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除模具/夹具的相关中英文表述dowel pin 定位梢draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘销flash gate 毛边形浇口flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib 凹形拉紧楔goose neck 鹅颈管guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch 顶头冲孔headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢一、入水：gate进入位：gate location水口形式：gate type大水口：edge gate细水口： pin-point gate水口大小：gate size转水口：switching runner/gate 唧嘴口径：sprue diameter二、流道: runner热流道：hot runner,hot manifold热嘴冷流道: hot sprue/cold runner唧嘴直流: direct sprue gate圆形流道：round(full/half runner流道电脑分析：mold flow analysis流道平衡:runner balance热嘴：hot sprue热流道板：hot manifold发热管：cartridge heater探针: thermocouples插头：connector plug插座： connector socket密封/封料： seal三、运水：water line喉塞：line lpug喉管：tube塑胶管：plastic tube快速接头：jiffy quick connector plug/socker 四、模具零件：mold components三板模：3-plate mold二板模：2-plate mold边钉/导边：leader pin/guide pin边司/导套：bushing/guide bushing中托司：shoulder guide bushing中托边L：guide pin顶针板：ejector retainner plate托板：support plate螺丝： screw管钉：dowel pin开模槽：ply bar scot内模管位：core/cavity inter-lock顶针：ejector pin司筒：ejector sleeve司筒针：ejector pin推板：stripper plate缩呵：movable core,return core core puller 扣机（尼龙拉勾）：nylon latch lock斜顶：lifter模胚（架）： mold base上内模：cavity insert下内模：core insert行位（滑块）： slide镶件：insert压座/斜鸡：wedge耐磨板/油板：wedge wear plate压条：plate撑头: support pillar唧嘴： sprue bushing挡板：stop plate定位圈：locating ring锁扣：latch扣鸡：parting lock set推杆：push bar栓打螺丝：S.H.S.B顶板：eracuretun活动臂：lever arm分流锥：spure sperader水口司:bush垃圾钉：stop pin隔片：buffle弹弓柱：spring rod弹弓:die spring中托司：ejector guide bush中托边：ejector guide pin镶针：pin销子：dowel pin波子弹弓：ball catch喉塞: pipe plug锁模块：lock plate斜顶：angle from pin斜顶杆：angle ejector rod尼龙拉勾：parting locks活动臂：lever arm复位键、提前回杆：early return bar气阀：valves斜导边：angle pin术语：terms承压平面平衡：parting surface support balance 模排气：parting line venting回针碰料位：return pin and cavity interference 模总高超出啤机规格：mold base shut hight顶针碰运水：water line interferes withejector pin料位出上/下模：part from cavith (core) side模胚原身出料位：cavity direct cut on A-plate,core direct cut on B-plate. 不准用镶件： Do not use (core/cavity) insert用铍铜做镶件： use beryllium copper insert初步（正式）模图设计：preliinary (final) mold design反呵：reverse core弹弓压缩量：spring compressed length稳定性好：good stability,stable强度不够：insufficient rigidity均匀冷却：even cooling扣模：sticking热膨胀：thero expansion公差：tolorance铜公(电极）：copper electrodedowel pin 定位梢draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘销flash gate 毛边形浇口flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib 凹形拉紧楔goose neck 鹅颈管guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch 顶头冲孔headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条形码flow chart流程窗体assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate坐标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave 凹convex凸short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疪shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill钻boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机模具工程类plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量五金零件类inner guiding post内导柱inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套模板类top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate内外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper内脱料板lower stripper下脱料板零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location 定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块101个热处理常用英文词汇1. indication 缺陷2. test specimen 试样3. bar 棒材4. stock 原料5. billet 方钢，钢方坯6. bloom 钢坯,钢锭7. section 型材8. steel ingot 钢锭9. blank 坯料，半成品10. cast steel 铸钢11. nodular cast iron 球墨铸铁12. ductile cast iron 球墨铸铁13. bronze 青铜14. brass 黄铜15. copper 合金16. stainless steel不锈钢17. decarburization 脱碳18. scale 氧化皮19. anneal 退火20. process anneal 进行退火21. quenching 淬火22. normalizing 正火23. Charpy impact text 夏比冲击试验24. fatigue 疲劳25. tensile testing 拉伸试验26. solution 固溶处理27. aging 时效处理28. Vickers hardness维氏硬度29. Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度30. Brinell hardness 布氏硬度31. hardness tester硬度计32. descale 除污，除氧化皮等33. ferrite 铁素体34. austenite 奥氏体35. martensite马氏体36. cementite 渗碳体37. iron carbide 渗碳体38. solid solution 固溶体39. sorbite 索氏体40. bainite 贝氏体41. pearlite 珠光体42. nodular fine pearlite/ troostite屈氏体43. black oxide coating 发黑44. grain 晶粒45. chromium 铬46. cadmium 镉47. tungsten 钨48. molybdenum 钼49. manganese 锰50. vanadium 钒51. molybdenum 钼52. silicon 硅53. sulfer/sulphur 硫54. phosphor/ phosphorus 磷55. nitrided 氮化的56. case hardening 表面硬化，表面淬硬57. air cooling 空冷58. furnace cooling 炉冷59. oil cooling 油冷60. electrocladding /plating 电镀61. brittleness 脆性62. strength 强度63. rigidity 刚性,刚度64. creep 蠕变65. deflection 挠度66. elongation 延伸率67. yield strength 屈服强度68. elastoplasticity 弹塑性69. metallographic structure 金相组织70. metallographic test 金相试验71. carbon content 含碳量72. induction hardening 感应淬火73. impedance matching 感应淬火74. hardening and tempering 调质75. crack 裂纹76. shrinkage 缩孔，疏松77. forging 锻（件）78. casting 铸（件）79. rolling 轧（件）80. drawing 拉（件）81. shot blasting 喷丸（处理）82. grit blasting 喷钢砂（处理）83. sand blasting 喷砂（处理）84. carburizing 渗碳85. nitriding 渗氮86. ageing/aging 时效87. grain size 晶粒度88. pore 气孔89. sonim 夹砂90. cinder inclusion 夹渣91. lattice晶格92. abrasion/abrasive/rub/wear/wearing resistance (property) 耐磨性93. spectrum analysis光谱分析94. heat/thermal treatment 热处理95. inclusion 夹杂物96. segregation 偏析97. picking 酸洗，酸浸98. residual stress 残余应力99. remaining stress 残余应力100. relaxation of residual stress 消除残余应力101. stress relief 应力释放机械类常用英语：冲压模具-零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块sliding dowel block滑块固定块active plate活动板lower sliding plate下滑块板upper holder block上压块upper mid plate上中间板spring box弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing bolck衬套cover plate盖板guide pad导料块landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具burnishing die 挤光模landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具button die 镶入式圆形凹模loading shoe mold 料套式模具center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具loose detail mold 活零件模具chill mold 冷硬用铸模loose mold 活动式模具clod hobbing 冷挤压制模louvering die 百叶窗冲切模composite dies 复合模具manifold die 分歧管模具counter punch 反凸模modular mold 组合式模具double stack mold 双层模具multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具electroformed mold 电铸成形模multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具expander die 扩径模offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具extrusion die 挤出模palletizing die 叠层模family mold 反套制品模具plaster mold 石膏模blank through dies 漏件式落料模porous mold 通气性模具duplicated cavity plate 复板模positive mold 全压式模具fantail die 扇尾形模具pressure die 压紧模fishtail die 鱼尾形模具profile die 轮廓模flash mold 溢料式模具progressive die 顺序模gypsum mold 石膏铸模protable mold 手提式模具hot-runner mold 热流道模具prototype mold 雏形试验模具ingot mold 钢锭模punching die 落料模lancing die 切口模aising(embossing) 压花起伏成形re-entrant mold 倒角式模具sectional die 拼合模runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具sectional die 对合模具segment mold 组合模semi-positive mold 半全压式模具shaper 定型模套single cavity mold 单腔模具solid forging die 整体锻模split forging die 拼合锻模split mold 双并式模具sprueless mold 无注道残料模具squeezing die 挤压模stretch form die 拉伸成形模sweeping mold 平刮铸模swing die 振动模具three plates mold 三片式模具trimming die 切边模unit mold 单元式模具universal mold 通用模具unscrewing mold 退扣式模具yoke type die 轭型模塑料成形模具 mould for plastics热塑性塑料模 mould for thermoplastics热固性塑料模 mould for thermosets压缩模 compression mould压注模、传递模 transfer mould注射模 injection mould热塑性塑料注射模 injection mould for thermoplastics热固性塑料注射模 injection mould for thermoses成形零件定模 stationary mould fixed half动模 movable mould moving half定模座板 fixed clamp plate, top clamping plate. top plate动模座板 moving clamp plate. bottom clamping plate. bottom plate 上模座板 upper clamping plate下模座板 lower clamping plate凹模固定板 cavity-retainer plate型芯固定板 core-retainer plate凸模固定板 punch-retainer plate模套 chase. bolster. frame支承板 backing plate. supprr plate垫块 spacer parallel支架 ejector housing. mould base leg模具工程常用词汇英汉对照die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder文件夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerazation装箱quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量quantity of customs count会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查end-user/using unit(department)使用单位summary of year-end physical inventory bills年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO.空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution department分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁***********************************************************。
变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计(中英文文献)
毕业论文附件材料目录1 英文文献翻译 (1)1.1 Shift gearbox (1)1.2 变速箱的换挡方式 (12)1 英文文献翻译1.1 Shift gearboxClassification usually gearbox as follows:Manual transmissionThe general automatic gearbox / mon automatic transmission with tiptronicCVT stepless gearbox with gear box of the /CVTDual clutch gearboxSequential gearbox(1) manual gearboxManual transmission, also known as manual gear, English name is manual transmission, referred to as MT, which push the shift lever to change gears meshing position inside the transmission, changing the transmission ratio, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Step on the clutch, can move the shift lever.The working principle of a manual gearboxThe manual gear box is posed of different gear ratio of the gear group, its basic principle is through the gear group work in different, to realize the transformation of gear ratio. As the key link for power distribution, transmission must have the power input shaft and the output shaft of the big two, together constitute the transmission gear, is a manual transmission is the most basic ponent. The power input is connected with the clutch shaft clutch transmission, from the power to directly through the input shaft to the group, the gear set is posed of different diameter gear, gear power transmission effectof different proportion reached is pletely different, the usual shift driving also refers to change gear ratio.Next, let us through a simple model to tell you, the principle of manual gearbox shift. Below is a simple structural model of 3 axis 2 speed gearbox.The input shaft (green) is also called the first shaft, connected by a clutch and engine, shaft and the gear is a hard connected ponents. Red is called the intermediate gear shaft. Enter the two gear shaft and intermediate shaft is in constant mesh state, so when the input shaft rotates will drive shaft rotation. Yellow is the output shaft, it is also called the second shafts and connected to the drive shaft (only for rear wheel drive, the precursor is generally two), and then through the differential drive vehicles.When the wheel rotates the same with spline shaft to rotate together, at this time,blue gear shaft can occur on the spline shaft relative free rotation. Therefore, the engine stops, and the wheel is rotated, the blue gear and shaft in the stationary state, and the spline shaft with wheels. The principle and the rear axle of the bicycle flywheel is similar. Blue gear and spline shaft is posed of a sleeve to connect, sleeve with spline shaft to rotate, but also can be free to slide on the spline shaft to gear.With these, the shifting process is very good understanding, when connecting sleeve and a blue gear, engine power will be transmitted to the output shaft through the shaft, at the same time, blue gear left in free rotation, but because there is no and sleeve engaged, so it does not affect the spline shaft. If the sleeve between the two blue gear, the gearbox in neutral position, the two blue gear on the spline shaft rotate freely, without mutual interference.Principle of a conventional 5 speed manual gearbox shift is the same, only thegearbox structure increased the number of sleeve and the gear sets, so that it has more gear. But the reverse is based on the intermediate shaft (red) and the output shaft (blue) is added between a gear to achieve. Due to the increase of a gear, the reverse gear will always rotate toward other gear in the opposite direction. The gear because only to change gear rotation direction function, so it is also called the idler.5 block two shaft transmission structure, the input shaft and the driving gear are integrated into a whole, simplifies the structure and saves spaceIn addition to the traditional three axis manual gearbox, the widespread use of cars is two axis manual transmission, its structure and the three shaft of the gearbox is similar, only the input shaft and intermediate shaft as a shaft, therefore has the advantages of simple structure, small size advantages, in addition, it also has the middle gear transmission high efficiency, and low noise characteristics, so it is more suitable to be theprecursor home car general car transmission form, is currently the most widely used, its shortings is not set up direct gear, transmission and file than the design cannot be too high. While driving, three shaft gearbox used is still the traditional.Manual gearbox in general, is through the push rod is connected or cable to control the shift. Push rod shift control connection, more direct but vibration will be large; and the cable type although no vibration, but the shift is not very clear, it is each to have good and bad. In addition to shift the two pure mechanical control, in addition, and the use of electronic shift device of manual transmission, which can bine the merits of push and pull the shift between the good. This kind of gear box in the shift when the gear shift lever, shifting to the corresponding gear, the transmission will be motor drive the corresponding fork control sleeve and the gear is engaged, so that there is no gear is not clear, but the shift schedule can be controlled in the ideal range.So, a good manual transmission need to have what characteristic? The first transmission must have good gear handle, each gear position clear, have reasonable horizontal and vertical stroke, into the block resistance is small and with suction. What is more important is, the gear tooth between than arrangement must be reasonable. Because each gear position than distribution, directly affect the cohesion power vehicles moving in a smooth, usually require a low gear can effectively accelerate, high block to achieve high speed and efficient, and the distance between each block should be uniform, otherwise will be very easy to cause the channeling shift when the car.Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of manual gearboxAdvantages Obviously, which is simple in structure, reliable performance,manufacturing and maintenance cost is low, and the transmission efficiency is high (theory will be more fuel-efficient), also, because it is pure mechanical control, shift reaction is fast, and can be more direct expression of driver's intention, and therefore more driving pleasure, these are the advantages of manual gearbox. But pared to automatic transmission, its operation is plicated, and frustration in gear switch when the obvious disadvantage is irreparable.(2) automatic gearboxAutomatic transmission AT, the full name of Auto Transmission, which is posed of hydraulic torque converter, posed of planetary gear and hydraulic control system, through the hydraulic transmission and gear bination to achieve variable speed moment.pared with the manual transmission, automatic transmission is very different in structure and usage. The manual is mainly regulated by different gear bination to change gear, and the automatic transmission is through the hydraulic transmission and gear bination to achieve the purpose of changing speed. Hydraulic torque converter is one of the most characteristic of the automatic gearbox parts, which is posed of a pump, turbine and guide wheel and other ponents, pump wheel and turbine is a bination of work, through the liquid pump wheel drives the turbine to rotate, and the wheel between the pump and turbine wheel through the reaction between the pump wheel and turbine implementation the speed difference and implementation of variable torque function, the driver, you only need to different intensity slam the pedal, the gearbox can automatically stop lifting. Since the torque converter automatic transmission torque range is not big enough, so in a later series several rows of planetary gear to improve efficiency, thehydraulic control system will change with the engine to manipulate the planetary gear, so as to realize the automatic transmission torque. In order to meet a variety of running process needs (such as parking, reversing), automatic transmission also has some manual shift lever position, like the P block (R block (anchor), after the block), block N (neutral), D (forward), block.From the performance that the more gear automatic gearbox, the car in the process of running more smoothly, acceleration is better, and more fuel-efficient. In addition to providing a fortable driving feeling, automatic transmission also has insurmountable defects. Dynamic automatic transmission response is not directly, which makes it in the "driving pleasure" slightly shortage. In addition, because of the use of hydraulic transmission, the automatic transmission gearbox transmission power loss.Tiptronic automatic transmissionHands appeared gearbox is in order to improve the automatic gearbox and operating economy and increase the setting, let the original puter automatic shift time back into the hands of drivers. At the same time, if in the city traffic in, or you can always switch back to automatic.A tiptronic automatic transmission is actually automatic gearbox, first appeared in a Porsche 911, manual gearbox electronic control system through the simulation of the operation of a manual gearbox. It appears, giving the driver a greater degree of freedom in the operation, can block up the blocking or shift paddles on the steering wheel to choose their own gear and shift the timing right, thereby greatly improving the driving pleasure.(3) CTV non-polar transmissionCVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), direct translation is a continuously variable transmission, which is continuously variable transmission. We often say, just as its name implies is that there is no clear and specific file, which operate on similar automatic gearbox, gear jump process but the ratio change is different from the automatic gearbox, but a continuous, so the power transmission continues smooth.CVT transmission system, the traditional gear by a pair of pulleys and a steel belt is replaced, each block is V structure is posed of two intervertebral disk, engine shaft is connected through a small pulley, steel belt drive pulley. Mystery lies in this special pulley: drive pulley structures CVT strange activity, divided into halves, can be close to or separate relative. Cone disc can tighten or open the thrust hydraulic, extrusion sheet steel chain so as to adjust the V slot width. When the cone disc inside mobile tightened, steel chain in the extrusion cones to center outside of the direction of movement (centrifugal direction), but moving to the center of the circle. In this way, steel chain drives the disc diameter increases, the transmission ratio is changed.The CVT gearbox what are the advantages?1, because there is no general automatic transmission gear, there will be no shift process of automatic transmission, shift the resulting sense of frustration will disappear, so the power output of CVT gearbox is linear, in actual driving very smooth.Theory of transmission system of 2 CVT, the gear can be an unlimited number of gear set, more freedom, the traditional transmission gear ratio, speed ratio and performance, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions balance, are more likely to achieve.3, the mechanical efficiency of CVT transmission, the province is oily considerably better than the automatic transmission mon, after manual gearbox, fuel economy is much better than.Since there are so many advantages, why not let all the cars using CVT gearbox? There are two factors:1, pared with the traditional automatic transmission, its cost is high; and the operation is undeserved word, the higher probability.2, CVT gearbox itself still has its shortings, is the transmission of the steel belt can withstand strength is limited, generally more than 2.8L capacity or power above 280N • M is its limit, but we also see that there are more and more cars such as Audi, or Nissan, has broken the limit, believe strip the problem will be solved gradually.(4) dual clutch gearboxDual clutch gearbox DCT, English name is Dual Clutch Transmission, because it has two clutches, so called "dual clutch transmission".Technology introducedDual clutch gearbox bines the advantages of manual transmission and automatic transmission, no torque converter, instead of using two sets of clutch, through two sets of clutch alternately work, to achieve seamless shift effect. Two clutches respectively control the odd block and even block, that is to say, in the shift before, DSG had the next gear meshing, after shifting instruction, DSG quickly sends instructions to the engine, the engine speed increases, the previous meshing gears quickly, while the first group of clutch fully liberalized, the pletion of a rise to block the action time, action andso on.Because without the torque converter, so the power of the engine can be fully played out, while the two clutch alternately work, shift time making, dynamic fault engine may be very limited. As the driver is the feeling that we are the most direct, switch gear action very quickly and smoothly, dynamic transmission process of almost uninterrupted, vehicle dynamic performance can be fully play. pared with the traditional automatic transmission with torque converter, the DSG shift more directly, the power loss is smaller, so the fuel consumption can be reduced by more than 10%.DeficienciesHowever, with the traditional automatic transmission ratio, DSG also has some inherent disadvantages, firstly it is because there is no use hydraulic torque converter, nor realize manual transmission "linkage" action, so for the small-displacement engine, low speed torque characteristic is not enough to be pletely exposed; secondly, because the DSG transmission using puter control, belonging to an intelligent transmission, it needs to send electronic signals to the engine block in the process of falling in the L /, the engine after reply, and the engine to be pleted with L / reduction gear. A large number of electronic ponents, but also increases the probability of its failure.The dual clutch mon with Volkswagen's DSG, Ford Powershift, Mitsubishi SST and Porsche PDK.(5) sequential gearboxSequential gearbox (AMT) is improved on the traditional manual gear transmission based on; it bines hydromechatronics automatic transmission has the advantages of bothAT and MT; AMT has the advantages of automatic transmission mon automatic transmission, and the retention efficiency of the original manual transmission gear transmission, the high cost of low, simple structure, easy manufacture. It is the reform in the present manual transmission, retained most of the original assembly, only to change the shift lever manual operating system part, the production of succession, to transform the input costs less, is very easy to be manufacturers to accept.The driver through the accelerator pedal and joystick to the electronic control unit (ECU) control signal transmission; electronic control unit collects the engine speed sensor, the speed sensor signal, the time to master the running state of the vehicle; electronic control unit (ECU) based on the best program according to these signals stored therein, optimal shifting rules, clutch fuzzy control rules engine oil, adaptive control law, action and temporal separation of the engine, clutch and transmission shift binding, the three to achieve the best matching. In order to obtain the excellent fuel economy and power performance and ability to smooth start and rapid shift, in order to achieve the desired results.But the AMT transmission is not perfect, the biggest disadvantage of AMT gearbox is shifting fort is poor, and generate power interruption in the process of shifting, the shift in the process of speed performance is not good.AMT mechanical gearbox, its basic structure and conventional manual gearbox consistent, generally only one input shaft and an output shaft (RWD usually a middle shaft), which generally is the input shaft 5 forward gear and output shaft gear is in constant mesh state, wherein the output shaft of the 1 gear and a reverse gear, 2 blockand the 3 block, 4 block and 5 block were shared by the three shift fork. The mechanism of two adjacent gear with a shifting mechanism, when the shift action, fork need once upon a gear defect, through neutral to the next gear gear meshing, due to three actions is the order, even if each action will be the time to a minimum, is still very difficult to obtain the shift speed fast enough."Independent innovation shift fork"The ISR gearbox has a unique structure, the gear arrangement it is different with the traditional AMT gearbox, also different from the dual clutch gearbox. The use of four independent shift fork, two stalls adjacent to the gear shift fork is posed of different control. Four independent fork respectively control 1 gear and reverse gear; block 3 and block 5, block 2 and block 4, block 6 and block 7, that is to say, from 1 until 6 block, two adjacent stalls are posed of two independent fork to respectively control.Because of this design, the shifting process can be further shortened: when two adjacent gear to gear switch, a shift fork and the current gear gear detachment, another gear meshing has already started, and a shift fork action and activates the electronic clutch three, because the action is almost synchronously, so that the whole time shorten. Lamborghini is pared originally claimed, performance is very good before the generation of the E-gear sequential gearbox, shift speed upgrade 40%, shift speed of 50 milliseconds is close to F1 gearbox level.Gear shift mechanism of ISR is driven by the electric hydraulic pump, a maximum of 60 bar pressure ensures the necessary operating speed, 7 hydraulic valve controls the gear shift mechanism of action, and the electric pump to provide power, double plateclutch tough also driven by hydraulic pressure, will be responsible for the torque of the 690Nm transmitted to the four wheels. Synchronizer gear ring is made from carbon fiber, not only wear but also reduce the overall quality of the gearbox.In the design process, the transmission is not only fast, shift quality is equally important, VOCIS design control procedure is also fully take into account the daily driving fort. The gearbox can choose three kinds of work modes: Strada (Road) or full automatic mode can provide fortable for shift operation oriented; Sport (motion) mode will postpone shifting node and provides a more rapid gear switch; Corsa (track) model can provide the best track shift strategy, the model can also provide the starting control, also is the ejection start function.1.2 变速箱的换挡方式通常变速箱的分类为以下几种：手动变速箱普通自动变速箱/普通自动变速箱带手自一体CVT无级变速箱/CVT带挡位的变速箱双离合变速箱序列变速箱(1) 手动变速箱手动变速器，也称手动挡，英文全称为manual transmission，简称MT，即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而到达变速的目的。
夹具设计中英文对照
Optimization of fixture design with consideration of thermal deformation inface milling考虑端铣中热变形的最佳化夹具设计Huang, YingAbstract摘要Effective methods of fixture design are proposed to reduce machining error caused by cutting heat in face milling. Experiments show that thermal effect is critical to final error in the finish cut and that it dominates cutting accuracy. Therefore, a mathematical model is structured of the cutting heat source on behalf of the cutting tool, and the flatness error generation process in face finishing is demonstrated by computational simulation based on the moving cutting heat source model with FEW Concerning surface flatness due to the moving cutting heat source for relatively thin plate-shaped workpieces, different methodologies have been proposed to reduce flatness error, namely, the application of additional supports and optimization of the fixturing support layout. Cutting experiments and computational analyses show the effectiveness of the additional supports and the optimization methodology applied on the fixture design in view of flatness error due to cutting heat. The proposed methodologies are applicable and beneficial to improve cutting accuracy not only of plate-shaped workpieces but also of other geometry workpieces.用于减小端铣中因切削热而引起的加工误差的有效的夹具设计方法已经被提出。
专业夹具设计全英文介绍
21
Fixture design
CLAMPING FORCES Mechanical
low cost, relatively low forces Pneumatic
higher cost, relatively low forces, large components
Hydraulic higher initial cost, high forces, reliable, small components
28
50 MPa Threaded Cylinder 42-0010-06 (page F-4)
3.4 kN 30 MPa 5.7 kN 50 MPa
Force diagram
50 MPa 30 MPa
29
Workpieces Sequence valve opens
Oil pressure
Movement of cylinder
the coefficient of
friction (µ) is
normally calculated at 0.1
18
Clamping force F
Total clamping force =Fxµ
Reaction force
Reaction force
TotaPlrcelfaemrapbilneg force =F
24
Force comparison
Standard clamping strap M20 thread
Max. recommended torque 223Nm Max. clamping force 28kN
Hydraulic swing clamp 6951F-11-21 (page 63, metric catalogue) Ø 22 rod, clamping strap Max. oil pressure 35 MPa Clamping force 13.7kN
夹治具设计概论
夹治具设计概论1.1夹治具(Fixture Jig)的定义一般而言，凡是在机械制造过程中，使任何加工程序能加速、方便或安全的辅助装置工具，均可称为夹具（Fixture）。
广义的夹具可包括机器夹具(Machine Fixture)，冲压夹具（press Fixture)，热处理夹具（Heat Treatment Fixture)，焊接夹具（Welding Fixture)，装配夹具（Assembling Fixture）等等。
狭义的夹具，一般即指机器夹具，可简称为夹具，它主要用于机器加工，也是机器与工件、刀具之间的桥梁，目前较统称的定义为“用以装夹工件的装置工具“为夹具。
“用以装夹工件并配合引导刀具的装置工具”称为治具或钻模（Jig）。
1.2夹治具的功能夹具的功能：在加工过程中，将工件维持在一安定的位置上，并吸收切削过程中产生的推力与变形力。
－让工件能得到定位，维持较安定的加工精度。
由于夹具的制作成本与所要达到的精度成正比，因此，选择适当的精度，才能达到降低成本的要求。
由于高精度的夹具一定贵，因此，我们往往必须在成本与效率做一选择。
1.3夹具的分类一般可按夹具的通用性和使用特点，所使用的机器类型，以及所用动力源进行分类，如表1所示。
4-2 夹具规划2.1 夹治具规划要点图（一）夹具规划要点2.2 夹具设计流程图图（二）夹具设计流程图4-3 夹具设计考虑因素设计重点：(1) 构思:－必须暸解加工方法与切削过程。
－不要仅依靠自己的知识来判断，必须保持有别的看法之柔软性。
(2) 对下一工程的考虑点：一要站在使用者的立场设计。
一优良的夹具设计是要考虑到价格、精度、安装容易与耐用。
(3) 设计上的重点项目：一单纯。
一多使用标准品(市售品、标准规格品等)，尽量避免使用特殊品。
－夹持必须配合加工物且要保持充份的刚性。
－考虑充份的调配性(标准品)。
－考虑到安全第－。
－要注意基准面、基准点的设定，要统一前后工程，不可相互矛盾。
专业夹具设计全英文介绍
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Force comparison
Standard clamping strap M24 thread
Max. recommended torque 383Nm Max. clamping force 40kN
Hollow piston cylinder 6921-100x10 (page 26, metric catalogue) M24 thread Max. oil pressure 400 bar Clamping force 101kN
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Mechanical or Hydraulic ?
Mechanical or Hydraulic ?
Cartridge Mount Cylinder (x8)
42-1010-04 (page F-12)
2.5 kN each 50MPa
Sequence Valve 47-0440-02 (J-3) Set at 30 MPa
22
Mechanical Forces
Clamping force with extension pieces as shown, 500N torque, µ = 0.1
Clamping force (kN)
Maximum clamping force using standard wrench
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Oil supply to fixtures, cost comparison
A:Through pipes using flange type clamps B:Through pipes using threaded type clamps C:Through gun drilled channels & manifold mounted type
夹治具设计
夹具的发展（一） 国外
18世纪之前，少量应用。 1765年瓦特发明了蒸汽机之后，机器代替手工 。 第一次世界大战，促进了夹具大发展 第二次世界大战，夹具大量被应用 战后，汽车等民用行业中出现气液电等自动化夹具 近年，电脑、手机等行业应用智能、精密自动化夹具
夹具发达国家：德国、日本、美国、俄罗斯等
夹具设计讲座
前言 中文名称：夹具（治具、卡具等） 英文名称：fixture jig 日文名称：治具
夹具=定位工件+夹紧工件
2
夹具种类
机床夹具 检具
焊接夹具
装配夹具
3
夹具的目的和功能 1、缩短工件的加工辅助时间，降低加工费用…成本 2、保证工件的加工精度，改善产品的品质 …品质 3、提高工件加工的均一性，确保其互换性 …均一 4、非熟练、专业人员也能操作加工合格产品…简单 5、扩大机床的使用范围……高效 6、降低工人劳动强度……轻松 7、保障更加安全地生产……安全
措施 1）减小销子直径，但转角误差增大； 2）把销2妨碍安装的部分削去，Y向尺寸不 变，即削边销。
40
8、组合定位——帕斯卡CPC随行夹紧器
41
8、组合定位—— 一面两销定位分析
一面两销是最常用的定位方式。如果两个都是直销， 则工件取放会很困难，而且工件上的2个定位孔的孔 距误差稍微大一点，要么放不进去要么，对定位孔 造成损伤。
36
7、工件以外圆定位——V型块
• V形块的形式
短V形块 限制工件2个自由度。 长V形块 限制工件4个自由度。
• V形块的应用范围
对完整圆与非完整圆都适用主要作用 是对中，可使工件上定位用的外圆中 心对中在V形块两斜面的对称面上 用于精基准定位 用于粗基准或阶梯圆柱面定位 用于基准面较长或两端基准面分布较远时
夹治具设计概论
夹治具设计概论1.1夾治具(Fixture Jig)的定義一般而言，凡是在機械製造過程中，使任何加工程序能加速、方便或安全的輔助裝置工具，均可稱為夾具（Fixture）。
廣義的夾具可包括機器夾具(Machine Fixture)，沖壓夾具（press Fixture)，熱處理夾具（Heat Treatment Fixture)，焊接夾具（Welding Fixture)，裝配夾具（A ssembling Fixture）等等。
狹義的夾具，一般即指機器夾具，可簡稱為夾具，它主要用於機器加工，也是機器與工件、刀具之間的橋樑，目前較統稱的定義為“用以裝夾工件的裝置工具“為夾具。
“用以裝夾工件並配合引導刀具的裝置工具”稱為治具或鉆模（Jig）。
1.2夾治具的功能夾具的功能：在加工過程中，將工件維持在一安定的位置上，並吸收切削過程中產生的推力與變形力。
－讓工件能得到定位，維持較安定的加工精度。
由於夾具的製作成本與所要達到的精度成正比，因此，選擇適當的精度，才能達到降低成本的要求。
由於高精度的夾具一定貴，因此，我們往往必須在成本與效率做一選擇。
1.3夾具的分類一般可按夾具的通用性和使用特點，所使用的機器類型，以及所用動力源進行分類，如表1所示。
4-2 夾具規劃2.1 夾治具規劃要點圖（一）夾具規劃要點2.2 夾具設計流程圖圖（二）夾具設計流程圖4-3 夾具設計考慮因素設計重點：(1) 構思:－必須暸解加工方法與切削過程。
－不要僅依靠自己的知識來判斷，必須保持有別的看法之柔軟性。
(2) 對下一工程的考慮點：一要站在使用者的立場設計。
一優良的夾具設計是要考慮到價格、精度、安裝容易與耐用。
(3) 設計上的重點項目：一單純。
一多使用標準品(市售品、標準規格品等)，儘量避免使用特殊品。
－夾持必須配合加工物且要保持充份的剛性。
－考慮充份的調配性(標準品)。
－考慮到安全第－。
－要注意基準面、基準點的設定，要統一前後工程，不可相互矛盾。
专业夹具设计外文翻译.doc
译文标题精密机械加工工艺原文标题Precision Machining Technology作者Peter J. Hoffman 译名彼得·J·霍夫曼国籍美国原文出处Cengage Learning译文：在机械加工过程中，工件受到切削力、离心力、惯性力等的作用，为了保证在这些外力作用下，工件仍能在夹具中保持已由定位元件确定的加工位置，而不致发生振动或位移、夹具结构中应设置夹紧装置将工件可靠夹牢。
一、夹紧装置的组成夹紧装置的种类很多，但其结构均由两部分组成。
1 ．动力装置夹紧力的来源，一是人力；二是某种装置所产生的力。
能产生力的装置称为夹具的动力装置。
常用的动力装置有：气动装置、液压装置、电动装置、电磁装置、气—液联动装置和真空装置等。
由于手动夹具的夹紧力来自人力，所以它没有动力装置。
2 ．夹紧部分接受和传递原始作用力使之变为夹紧力并执行夹紧任务的部分，一般由下列机构组成：1 ）接受原始作用力的机构。
如手柄、螺母及用来连接气缸活塞杆的机构等。
2）中间递力机构。
如铰链、杠杆等。
3 ）夹紧元件。
如各种螺钉压板等。
其中中间递力机构在传递原始作用力至夹紧元件的过程中可以起到诸如改变作用力的方向、改变作用力的大小以及自锁等作用。
二、夹紧装置的基本要求在不破坏工件定位精度，并保证加工质量的前提下，应尽量使夹紧装置做到：1．夹紧力的大小适当。
既要保证工件在整个加工过程中其位置稳定不变、振动小，又要使工件不产生过大的夹紧变形。
2 ．工艺性好。
夹紧装置的复杂程度应与生产纲领相适应，在保证生产效率的前提下，其结构应力求简单，便于制造和维修。
3 ．使用性好。
夹紧装置的操作应当方便、安全、省力。
三、基本夹紧机构原始作用力转化为夹紧力是通过夹紧机构来实现的。
在众多的夹紧机构中以斜楔、螺旋、偏心以及由它们组合而成的夹紧机构应用最为普遍。
（一）紧机构 采用斜传力元紧元紧机斜楔 机构。
直接采用，斜楔条件是：斜楔的升角小于斜楔与工 件、斜 具的摩擦角之和。
夹具设计英文文献翻译
讨论和分析现代计算机辅助夹具设计方法Iain 波以耳、Yiming Rong，戴维布朗关键字：计算机辅助夹具设计；夹具设计；夹具设计；夹具确认；装备设计；元件设计摘要现代市场是一个主要为满足消费者多样性需求的地方。
为了种有效地回应这要求，制造业者确定他们的制造业拥有充分的柔性以满足他们迅速的生产发展的需要。
夹具设计，是指使用夹具在制造过程中装夹工件，以便他们能被加工成满足设计规格的产品，是提高制造业柔性一个重要的有利因素。
为了使有柔性的夹具成为可能，已经有相当程度的研究努力热衷于使用计算机辅助夹具设计（CAFD）工具和方法发展辅助夹具设计。
这篇文献包含这些研究努力的讨论。
超过七十五个CAFD 工具和方法在夹具设计方面被讨论并逐步实行计算机辅助和以其为基础的技术。
讨论的主要结论是当已经被在辅助夹具设计方面有重要的进步时，主要地有两个需要进一步的努力的研究议题。
第一，现在的CAFD 研究在本质上被分割，而且需要提供更多前后关联的夹具设计支持。
第二，更多聚焦于一个夹具的自身结构的详细设计。
2010 Elsevier 公司版权所有目录1. 介绍……………………………………………………………………………………………22. 夹具设计………………………………………………………………………………………23. 目前CAFD 的方法.......................................................................................4 3.1 设置规划.............................................................................................4 3.1.1 满足要求的设置规划 (4)3.2 夹具设计.............................................................................................4 3.2.1 达成定义夹具需求的方式...............................................................6 3.2.2 达成方法优化的布局规划...............................................................6 3.2.3 达成规划优化的方式 (6)3.3 元件设计…………………………………………………………………………………7 3.3.1 达成概念上的元件设计的方式…………………………………………………7 3.3.2 达成详细的元件设计的方式……………………………………………………7 3.4 确认………………………………………………………………………………………8 3.4.1 达成约束需求确认的方式………………………………………………………8 3.4.2达成公差需求确认的方式...............................................................8 3.4.3 达成碰撞检测需求确认的方式.........................................................8 3.4.4 达成可用性和供应的方式需求确认...................................................9 3.5 夹具数据的表现....................................................................................94. CAFD 研究的分析..........................................................................................9 4.1 CAFD 研究的被分割的性质 (9)4.2 有效地辅助元件设计...........................................................................10 4.3 综合地明确地叙述夹具需求 (10)4.4 确认CAFD 研究输出……………………………………………………………………105. 结论……………………………………………………………………………………………10 参考文献…………………………………………………………………………………………101. 介绍制造业企业的主要担心是发展设计和在短时间范围里生产多种高质量产品的能力。
外文翻译--在独自领域最佳多功能夹具布置的设计
外文翻译专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名班级学号指导教师MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMAL FIXTURE LAYOUTDESIGN IN A DISCRETE DOMAINDiana Pelinescu and Michael Yu WangDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742 USAE-mail: yuwang@AbstractThis paper addresses a major issue in fixture layout design:to evaluate the acceptable fixture designs based on several quality criteria and to select an optimal fixture appropriate with practical demands. The performance objectives considered are related to the fundamental requirements of kinematic localization and total fixturing (form-closure) and are defined as the workpiece localization accuracy and the norm and distribution of the locator contact forces. An efficient interchange algorithm is uaed in a multiple-criteria optimization process for different practical cases, leading to proper trade-off strategies for performing fixture synthesis.I. INTRODUCTIONProper fixture design is crucial to product quality in terms of precision and accuracy in part fabrication and assembly. Fixturing systems, usually consisting of clamps and locators, must be capable to assure certain quality performances, besides of positioning and holding the workpiece throughout all the machining operations. Although there are a few design guidelines such as 3-2-1 rule, automated systems for designing fixtures based on CAD models have been slow to evolve.This article describes a research approach to automated design of a class of fixtures for 3D workpieces. The parts considered to be fixtured present an arbitrary complex geometry, and the designed fixtures are limited to the minimum number of elements required, i.e. six locators and a clamp. Furthermore, the fixels are modeled as non-frictional point contacts and are restricted to be applied within a given collection of discrete candidate locations. In general, the set of fixture locations available is assumed to be a potentially very large collection; for example, the locations might be generated by discretizingthe exterior surfaces of the workpiece. The goal of the fixture design is to determine first, from the proposed discrete domain, the feasible fixture configurations that satisfy theform-closure constraint. Secondly, the sets of acceptable fixture designs are evaluated on several criteria and optimal fixtures are selected. The performance measures considered in this work are the localization accuracy, and the norm and distribution of the locator contact forces. These objectives cover the most critical error sources encountered in a fixture design, the position errors and the unwanted stress in the part-fixture elements due to an overloaded or unbalanced force system.The optimal fixture design approach is based on a concept of optimum experiment design. The algorithm developed evaluates efficiently the admissible designs exploiting the recursive properties in localization and force analysis. The algorithm produces the optimal fixture design that meets a set of multiple performance requirements.II. RELATED WORKLiterature on general fixturing techniques is substantial, e.g., [1]. The essential requirement of fixturing is the century-old concept of form closure [2], which has been extensively studied in the field of robotics in recent years [3, 4]. There are several formal methods for analyzing performance of a given fixture based on the popular screw theory, dealing with issues such as kinematic closure [5], contact types and friction effects [6]. A different analysis approach based on the geometric perturbation technique was reported in[7]. An automatic modular fixture design procedure based on this method was developed in[8] to include geometric access constraints in addition to kinematic closure. The problem of designing modular fixtures gained more attention lately [9]. There has also been extensive research in fixture designs, focusing on workpiece and fixture structuralrigidity [6], tool accessibility and path clearance [7]. The problem of fixture synthesis has been largely studied for the case of a fixed number of fixture elements (or fixels) [8, 10], particularly in the application to robotic manipulation and grasping for its obvious easons [3, 4]. This article aims to be an extension of the results on the fixture design issues previously reported in [14].III. FIXTURE MODELThe fundamental performance of a fixture is characterized by the kinematic constraints imposed on the workpiece being held by the fixture. The kinematic conditions are well understood [3, 4, 5, 7, 12]. For a fixture of n locators (i = 1, 2, … , n), the fixture can be represented by:δy=G Tδqwhere define small perturbations in the locator positions and the location of the workpiece respectively. The fixture designis defined by the locator matrixi where and n i and r i denote the surface normal and position at the ith contact point on the workpiece surface. The problem of fixture design requires the synthesis of a fixturing scheme to meet a given set of performance requirements.IV. QUALITY PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR A FIXTUREA. Accurate LocalizationAn essential aspect of fixture quality is to position with precision the workpiece into the fixturing system. In general the workpiece positional errors are due to the geometric variability of the part and the locators set-up errors. This paper will focus only on the workpiece positional errors due to the locator positioning errors. As an extension of the fixture model equation (eq.1), the locator positioning errors δy can be related with the workpiece localization error δq as follows:Clearly, for given source errors the workpiece positional accuracy depends only on the locator locations being independent from the clamping system, the Fisher information matrix M = GG T characterizing completely the system errors. It has been shown [12] that a suitable criterion to achieve high localization accuracy is to maximize the determinant of the information matrix (Doptimality), i.e., max(det M).B. Minimal Locator Contact ForcesAnother objective in planning a fixture layout might be to minimize all support forces at the locator contact regions throughout all the operations with complete kinematic restraint or force-closure. Locator contact forces in response to the clamping action are given as:Normalizing these forces with respect to the clamping intensity we obtain:The force-closure condition requires these forces to be always positive for each locator i of a set of n locators:Computing the norm of the locator contact forces:leads to an appropriate design objective, i.e. minNote that this objective indicates both locator and clamp positions to be determined in the optimization process.C. Balanced Locator Contact ForcesAnother significant issue in designing a fixture is that the total force acting on the workpiece have to be distributed as uniformly as possible among the locator contact regions. If p represents the mean reactive force in response to the clamp action, then we define the dispersion of the locator contact forces as:Therefore, minimizing the defined dispersion represents an objective for a balanced force-closure: min(d).V. OPTIMAL FIXTURE DESIGN WITH INTERCHANGE ALGORITHMSAs mentioned earlier, by generating on the exterior surface of the workpiece to be fixtured a set of discrete locations defined as position and orientation, we create a potential collection for the fixture elements. For example, using the information contained in the part CAD model, a discrete vector collection (unitary, normal vectors) can be generated as uniformly as possible on those surfaces accessible to the fixture components (fig.1).F igure 1: Part CAD model and global collection of candidate locations for the fixture elements.The fixture design layout will select from this collection optimal candidates for locators and clamps with respect to the performance objectives and to the kinematic closure condition. Dealing with a large number of candidate locations the task of selecting an appropriate set of fixels is very complex.As already introduced in [12, 14] an effective method for finding the desired fixture with regard to one of the previous quality objectives is the optimal pursuit method with an interchange algorithm. Due to its own limitations and to the fact that the objectives are functions with many extremes, the exchange procedure may not end up to a unique optimized fixture configuration, but to several improved designs depending on the initial layout. Therefore the solution offered by the multiple interchange with random initialization algorithm is overwhelming favorable, fact that recommends this procedure over the single interchange algorithms. The algorithm can be described as a sequence of three phases:Phase 1: Random generation of initial sets of locators.The starting layout is generated by a random selection of distinct sets, each consisting from 6 locators out of the list of N candidate locations. If the clamp is pre-determined, avalid selection is obtained through a simultaneous check for all kinematic constraints. A big initial set of proposed ocators is preferred, giving the opportunity of finding a convergent optimal solution. However from the efficiency point of view the designer has to balance the algorithm between the accuracy of the final solution and the computation time. Phase 2: Improvement by interchange.The interchange algorithm's goal is to pursue for an improvement of the initial sets oflocators with respect to one of the objectives. Basically, this is done iteratively by exchanging one by one the proposed locators with candidate locations from the global collection. It is also essential to consider the form-closure restraint during the exchange procedure. The process will continue as long as an improvement of the objective function is registered. Studying the effect of interchange on the proposed quality measures leads us to some efficient algebraic properties. For example, an interchange between a current locator j (j = 1,2,…,6) and a candidate location k (k = 1,2, … ,N-6) yields changes in the optimized function such that:Thus, at each interchange the pair is selected such that the significant term that controls the function evolution is improving, e.g. max p 2jk and min Δpc , easing the iterative process. Phase 3: Selecting the optimal solution.Applying the interchange algorithm for each initial set of locators we will end up with several distinct solutions on the configuration scheme of the fixture, the best fixture design corresponds evidently to the maximum improvement of the objective function. It should be emphasized that this algorithm can be used sequentially for different objective functions. Depending on the objective pursued the best solution can be evident (for a single objective) or might need the designer's final decision (for multiple objectives).VI. MULTI-OBJECTIVE FIXTURE LOCATOR OPTIMIZATIONIn many applications the clamp is already fixed given some practical considerations. Then with the clamp predefined, the best fixture with respect to a certain performance criterion is constructed by selecting a suitable set of locators such that a significant improvement of the objective-function is registered. Using the random interchange algorithm we can analyze the impact of the optimization process on the fixture characteristics, as well as we can select the best optimized fixture solution for a specific criterion. In analyzing the effect of random interchange algorithm on several parts, there can be made the following statistical and empirical observations.A. Multi-objective trade-offsIn some applications both localization quality and a minimum force dispersion are important. In this case we may have to use a 2-step algorithm: first max(det M) and secondly min(d). The proposed order is a consequence of the above observations. First, maximizing the determinant will automatically decrease the dispersion. Next, a decreasing in dispersion leads in a decreasing in determinant value. Therefore, during the second phase of the algorithm tradeoffs between the two objectives occur. To solve themulti-objective optimization problem the interchange algorithm is applied successively for both objectives. With the clamp pre-defined, a rigorous check for form-closure is needed after each exchange step.A following set of plots present the results when the design requirements of precisionlocalization and uniform contact forces are considered simultaneously. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 illustrate the global changes of the fixture characteristics during the 2-step algorithm performed on an initial collection of distinct random sets of locators, with the clamppre-fixed. It can be noticed the advantages of using max(det M) objective as a first step: while the determinant is increasing, the norm and the dispersion of the forces are decreasing, fact benefic for the overall quality of the fixture. Furthermore the solutions are convergent, such that the candidate set of locators for the next step will be significantly reduced. On the other hand, in the second phase, when applying min(d) optimization on sets of locators with a high determinant value the only trend in the determinant evolution is a decreasing one. Therefore, during the second phase of the algorithm tradeoffs between the two objectives occur, fact expressed also through the Pareto-line plot (Fig. 3). In this case the final decision has to be left for the designer to determine the best fixture scheme.Figure 2: Changes upon the fixture characteristics applying the 2-step optimization algorithm on an initial collection of random sets of locators.Figure 3: Behavior during a 2-step random interchange algorithm for a collection of locator sets.As an example, the behavior of a single initial set of locators is studied during the interchange processes of the 2-step algorithm (Fig. 4), confirming the previous remarks. The trade-off zone is decisive in the multiobjective design. The resultant configurations of the fixture after each successive phase are presented in Fig. 5. It can be noticed that the first objective moves the locators close to the boundaries as far as possible from each other, while the second one reorients them to the surfaces' interior.Figure 4: General behavior of a 2-step interchange.F igure 5: Fixture configurations during a 2-step algorithm: (a) initial, (b) after max(det M), and (c) after min(d) respectively.B. Designer decision in finalizing the fixtureDuring the second phase of the algorithm a fairly significant decrease in the determinant value is registered, so few solutions will be acceptable for the multi-objective problem. In order to overcome these problems, an active designer control during min(d) interchange procedure is recommended. Essentially, the modifications consist in controlling the exchange procedure, such that the determinant of the improved locators must be permanently greater than a certain bound, simultaneously with the check for theform-closure condition. Even considering a tight bound for the determinant, more solutions are acceptable for the design than in the uncontrolled min(d) optimization case (fig. 6).As an example, the behavior of a single set of locators is studied during the interchange process of a 2- step algorithm controlled for two different bounds of the determinant value, emphasizing the fact that in the trade off zone the designer decision is decisive in finalizingthe fixture configuration (fig. 7).Figure 6: Second phase of a 2-step random interchange algorithm: uncontrolled min(d); controlled min(d).Figure 7: General behavior during a 2-step algorithm applied on a single set of locators. (a) for B1 and (b) for B2.VII. OPTIMAL FIXTURE CLAMPINGThis section deals with a more complicated problem: to search simultaneously for the optimal clamp and locators in order to achieve a required fixture quality. Varying the clamp, it is obvious that the number of combinations for possible clamp-locators candidates is increasing very much. It will be shown that this problem is manageablefor the precise localization objective. For the other objectives we will have to restrain the search of the optimal clamp inside of a small set of proposed locations, such that the optimization procedure could be handled.A. Optimal Clamp from a Set of ClampsIn some applications the clamps have certain preferred locations, therefore the need to choose the best clamp from a proposed collection might be raised.For example, let'sconsider that a collection of preferred clamps is given, and an optimal fixture design with respect to the highly precise localization objective is needed. It is obvious that applying a random interchange procedure successively for each clamp, we find optimal fixture configurations for each specified clamp. Comparing the determinant values offered by these fixture schemes (fig. 8), we end up by selecting an optimal clamp and its corresponding locators, constructing the best- improved fixture design (fig. 9).Figure 8: Clamp selection from a collection of clamps for single-objective design.Figure 9: The initial collection of proposed clamps; the best clamp and the corresponding locators.B. Optimal Clamp from a Set of ClampsFurthermore, by extension, the selection of the optimal clamp from a set of proposed locations with regard to the multi-objective design problem can be considered. It consists of mainly applying the random 2-step interchange algorithm consecutively for each proposed clamp.By collecting the results after applying this procedure for all the clamps, we can compare their different behavior, and select the most appropriate one. It is obvious that an optimal clamp allows only small fluctuations of the determinant while the force dispersion is decreasing significantly (fig. 10). As an example, Fig. 11 illustrates the final fixture design consisting of the best clamp selected from a proposed collection with respect to the multi-objectives and the corresponding optimal locators.Figure 11: The initial collection of proposed clamps; the best clamp and the corresponding locators.VIII. CONCLUSIONSThis article focuses on optimal design of fixture layout for 3D workpieces with an optimal random interchange algorithm. The quality objectives considered include accurate workpiece localization, minimal and balanced contact forces. The paper focuses onmulti-criteria optimal design with a hierarchical approach and a combined-objective approach. The optimization processes make use of an efficient interchange algorithm. Examples are used to illustrate empirical observations with respect to the design approaches and their effectiveness.The work described here is yet complete. Since the inter-relationship between the locators and the clamps has a determinant role on the fixture quality measures, a more coherent and complete approach to study the influence of the clamp and search of the optimal clamp position is needed in future works.IX. REFERENCES[1] P. D. Campbell, Basic Fixture Design. New York: Industrial Press, 1994.[2] F. Reuleaux, The Kinematics of Machinery. Dover Publications, 1963.[3] B. Mishra, J. T. Schwartz, and M. Sharir, "On the existence and synthesis ofmultifinger positive grips", Robotics Report 89, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1986.[4] X. Markenscoff, L. Ni, and C. H. Papadimitriou, "The geometry of grasping", International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 61-74, 1990.[5] Y.-C. Chou, V. Chandru, and M. M. Barash, "A mathematical approach to automated configuration of machining fixtures: Analysis and synthesis", Journal Engineering for Industry, vol. 111, pp. 299-306,1989.[6] E. C. DeMeter, "Restraint analysis of fixtures which rely on surface contact", Journal of Engineering for Industry, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 207-215, 1994.[7] H. Asada and A. B. By, "Kinematics analysis of workpart fixturing for flexible assembly with automatically reconfigurable fixtures", IEEE Journal Robotics and Automation, vol. RA1, pp. 86-93, 1985.[8] R. C. Brost and K. Y. Goldberg, "A complete algorithm for designing modular fixtures for polygonal parts", Tech. Rep. SAND93-2028, Sandia National Laboratories, 1994. [9] Y. Zhuang, K. Goldberg, and Y.-C. Wong, "On the existence of solutions in modular fixturing", International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 5-9, 1996. [10] W. Cai, S. J. Hu, and J. Yuan, "A variational method of robust fixture configuration design for 3-d workpieces", Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 119, pp. 593-602, November 1997.[11] D. Baraff, R. Mattikalli, and P. Khosla, "Minimal fixturing of frictionless assemblies", CMU-RI TR-94-08, The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 1994.[12] M. Y. Wang, "An optimal design approach to 3D fixture synthesis in a point set domain", IEEE Trans. on Robotics and Automation, December 2000.[13] A. Atkinson and A. Doney, Optimum Experimental Designs. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.[14] M. Y. Wang and D. Pelinescu, "Precision localization and robust force closure in fixture layout design for 3D workpieces", IEEE Int'l Conf. on Robotics and Automation (CD-ROM), San Francisco, April 2000.在独自领域最佳多功能夹具布置的设计Diana Pelinescu and Michael Yu Wang马里兰大学机械工程系College Park, MD 20742 USA摘要：本文论及一个在夹具布置设计的重要问题: 根据实用要求来选择一套优化的装置，并评估可接受的装置设计。
中英文文献翻译-切削加工工序和夹具设计
英文原文Cutting process and fixture designMachine tools have evolved from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinson's boring mill. They are designed to provide rigid support for both the workpiece and the cutting tool and can precisely control their relative positions and the velocity of the tool with respect to the workpiece. Basically, in metal cutting, a sharpened wedge-shaped tool removes a rather narrow strip of metal from the surface of a ductile workpiece in the form of a severely deformed chip. The chip is a waste product that is considerably shorter than the workpiece from which it came but with a corresponding increase in thickness of the uncut chip. The geometrical shape of workpiece depends on the shape of the tool and its path during the machining operation.Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry. If a rough cylindrical workpiece revolves about a central axis and the tool penetrates beneath its surface and travels parallel to the center of rotation, a surface of revolution is produced, and the operation is called turning. If a hollow tube is machined on the inside in a similar manner, the operation is called boring. Producing an external conical surface uniformly varying diameter is called taper turning, if the tool point travels in a path of varying radius, a contoured surface like that of a bowling pin can be produced; or, if the piece is short enough and the support is sufficiently rigid, a contoured surface could be produced by feeding a shaped tool normal to the axis of rotation. Short tapered or cylindrical surfaces could also be contour formed.Flat or plane surfaces are frequently required. They can be generated by radial turning or facing, in which the tool point moves normal to the axis of rotation. In other cases, it is more convenient to hold the workpiece steady and reciprocate the tool across it in a series of straight-line cuts with a crosswise feed increment before each cutting stroke. This operation is called planning and is carried out on a shaper. For larger pieces it is easier to keep the tool stationary and draw the workpiece under it as in planning. The tool is fed at each reciprocation. Contoured surfaces can be produced by using shaped tools.Multiple-edged tools can also be used. Drilling uses a twin-edged fluted tool for holes with depths up to 5 to 10 times the drill diameter. Whether thedrill turns or the workpiece rotates, relative motion between the cutting edge and the workpiece is the important factor. In milling operations a rotary cutter with a number of cutting edges engages the workpiece. Which moves slowly with respect to the cutter. Plane or contoured surfaces may be produced, depending on the geometry of the cutter and the type of feed. Horizontal or vertical axes of rotation may be used, and the feed of the workpiece may be in any of the three coordinate directions.Basic Machine ToolsMachine tools are used to produce a part of a specified geometrical shape and precise I size by removing metal from a ductile material in the form of chips. The latter are a waste product and vary from long continuous ribbons of a ductile material such as steel, which are undesirable from a disposal point of view, to easily handled well-broken chips resulting from cast iron. Machine tools perform five basic metal-removal processes: I turning, planning, drilling, milling, and grinding. All other metal-removal processes are modifications of these five basic processes. For example, boring is internal turning; reaming, tapping, and counter boring modify drilled holes and are related to drilling; bobbing and gear cutting are fundamentally milling operations; hack sawing and broaching are a form of planning and honing; lapping, super finishing. Polishing and buffing are variants of grinding or abrasive removal operations. Therefore, there are only four types of basic machine tools, which use cutting tools of specific controllable geometry: 1. lathes, 2. planers, 3. drilling machines, and 4. milling machines. The grinding process forms chips, but the geometry of the abrasive grain is uncontrollable.The amount and rate of material removed by the various machining processes may be I large, as in heavy turning operations, or extremely small, as in lapping or super finishing operations where only the high spots of a surface are removed.A machine tool performs three major functions: 1. it rigidly supports the workpiece or its holder and the cutting tool; 2. it provides relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool; 3. it provides a range of feeds and speeds usually ranging from 4 to 32 choices in each case.Speed and Feeds in MachiningSpeeds, feeds, and depth of cut are the three major variables for economical machining. Other variables are the work and tool materials, coolant and geometry of the cutting tool. The rate of metal removal and power required for machining depend upon these variables.The depth of cut, feed, and cutting speed are machine settings that must be established in any metal-cutting operation. They all affect the forces, the power, and the rate of metal removal. They can be defined by comparing them to the needle and record of a phonograph. The cutting speed (V) is represented by the velocity of- the record surface relative to the needle in the tone arm at any instant. Feed is represented by the advance of the needle radially inward per revolution, or is the difference in position between two adjacent grooves. The depth of cut is the penetration of the needle into the record or the depth of the grooves.Turning on Lathe CentersThe basic operations performed on an engine lathe are illustrated. Those operations performed on external surfaces with a single point cutting tool are called turning. Except for drilling, reaming, and lapping, the operations on internal surfaces are also performed by a single point cutting tool.All machining operations, including turning and boring, can be classified as roughing, finishing, or semi-finishing. The objective of a roughing operation is to remove the bulk of the material as rapidly and as efficiently as possible, while leaving a small amount of material on the work-piece for the finishing operation. Finishing operations are performed to obtain the final size, shape, and surface finish on the workpiece. Sometimes a semi-finishing operation will precede the finishing operation to leave a small predetermined and uniform amount of stock on the work-piece to be removed by the finishing operation.Generally, longer workpieces are turned while supported on one or two lathe centers. Cone shaped holes, called center holes, which fit the lathe centers are drilled in the ends of the workpiece-usually along the axis of the cylindrical part. The end of the workpiece adjacent to the tailstock is always supported by a tailstock center, while the end near the headstock may be supported by a headstock center or held in a chuck. The headstock end of the workpiece may be held in a four-jaw chuck, or in a type chuck. This method holds the workpiece firmly and transfers the power to the workpiece smoothly; the additional support to the workpiece provided by the chuck lessens the tendency for chatter to occur when cutting. Precise results can be obtained with this method if care is taken to hold the workpiece accurately in the chuck.Very precise results can be obtained by supporting the workpiece between two centers. A lathe dog is clamped to the workpiece; together they are driven by a driver plate mounted on the spindle nose. One end of the Workpiece is mecained;then the workpiece can be turned around in the lathe to machine the other end. The center holes in the workpiece serve as precise locating surfaces as well as bearing surfaces to carry the weight of the workpiece and to resist the cutting forces. After the workpiece has been removed from the lathe for any reason, the center holes will accurately align the workpiece back in the lathe or in another lathe, or in a cylindrical grinding machine. The workpiece must never be held at the headstock end by both a chuck and a lathe center. While at first thought this seems like a quick method of aligning the workpiece in the chuck, this must not be done because it is not possible to press evenly with the jaws against the workpiece while it is also supported by the center. The alignment provided by the center will not be maintained and the pressure of the jaws may damage the center hole, the lathe center, and perhaps even the lathe spindle. Compensating or floating jaw chucks used almost exclusively on high production work provide an exception to the statements made above. These chucks are really work drivers and cannot be used for the same purpose as ordinary three or four-jaw chucks.While very large diameter workpieces are sometimes mounted on two centers, they are preferably held at the headstock end by faceplate jaws to obtain the smooth power transmission; moreover, large lathe dogs that are adequate to transmit the power not generally available, although they can be made as a special. Faceplatejaws are like chuck jaws except that they are mounted on a faceplate, which has less overhang from the spindle bearings than a large chuck would have.I ntroduction of MachiningMachining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece.Low setup cost for small Quantities. Machining has two applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and press working, each specific shape to be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may he produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, by machining; to start with nearly any form of raw material, so tong as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore .machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or press working if a high quantity were to be produced.Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many parts are given their general shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in press worked parts may be machined following the press working operations.Primary Cutting ParametersThe basic tool-work relationship in cutting is adequately described by means of four factors: tool geometry, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut.The cutting tool must be made of an appropriate material; it must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant. The tool s geometry characterized by planes and angles, must be correct for each cutting operation. Cutting speed is the rate at which the work surface passes by the cutting edge. It may be expressed in feet per minute.For efficient machining the cutting speed must be of a magnitude appropriate to the particular work-tool combination. In general, the harder the work material, the slower the speed.Feed is the rate at which the cutting tool advances into the workpiece. "Where the workpiece or the tool rotates, feed is measured in inches per revolution. When the tool or the work reciprocates, feed is measured in inches per stroke, Generally, feed varies inversely with cutting speed for otherwise similar conditions.The depth of cut, measured inches is the distance the tool is set into the work. It is the width of the chip in turning or the thickness of the chip in a rectilinear cut. In roughing operations, the depth of cut can be larger than for finishing operations.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting TemperaturesIn metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and these results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and the cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in unreformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thicknesstends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed; however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip m primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high -speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright &. Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel cutting tools. The technique is based on the metallographic examination of sectioned high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructure changes to thermal history.Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructure changes arising from over tempering of the tempered martens tic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed -steel single point turning tools and twist drills.Wears of Cutting ToolDiscounting brittle fracture and edge chipping, which have already been dealt with, tool wear is basically of three types. Flank wear, crater wear, and notch wear. Flank wear occurs on both the major and the minor cutting edges. On the major cutting edge, which is responsible for bulk metal removal, these results in increased cutting forces and higher temperatures which if left unchecked can lead to vibration of the tool and workpiece and a condition where efficient cutting can no longer take place. On the minor cutting edge, which determines workpiece size and surface finish, flank wear can result in an over sized product which has poor surface finish. Under most practical cutting conditions, the tool will fail due to major flank wear before the minor flank wear is sufficiently large to result in the manufacture of an unacceptable component.Because of the stress distribution on the tool face, the frictional stress in the region of sliding contact between the chip and the face is at a maximum at the start of the sliding contact region and is zero at the end. Thus abrasive wear takes place in this region with more wear taking place adjacent to the seizure region than adjacent to the point at which the chip loses contact with the face. This result in localized pitting of the tool face some distance up the face which is usually referred to as catering and which normally has a section in the form of a circular arc. In many respects and for practical cutting conditions, crater wear is a less severe form of wear than flank wear and consequently flank wear is a more common tool failure criterion. However, since various authors have shown that the temperature on the face increases more rapidly with increasing cutting speed than the temperature on the flank, and since the rate of wear of any type is significantly affected by changes in temperature, crater wear usually occurs at high cutting speeds.At the end of the major flank wear land where the tool is in contact with the uncut workpiece surface it is common for the flank wear to be more pronounced than along the rest of the wear land. This is because of localised effects such as a hardened layer on the uncut surface caused by work hardening introduced by a previous cut, an oxide scale, and localised high temperatures resulting from the edge effect. This localised wear is usually referred to as notch wear and occasionally is very severe. Although the presence of the notch will not significantly affect the cutting properties of the tool, the notch is often relatively deep and if cutting were to continue there would be a good chance that the tool would fracture.If any form of progressive wear allowed to continue, dramatically and the tool would fail catastrophically, i. e. the tool would be no longer capable of cutting and, at best, the workpiece would be scrapped whilst, at worst, damage could be caused to the machine tool. For carbide cutting tools and for all types of wear, the tool is said to have reached the end of its useful life long before the onset of catastrophic failure. For high-speed-steel cutting tools, however, where the wear tends to be non-uniform it has been found that the most meaningful and reproducible results can be obtained when the wear is allowed to continue to the onset ofcatastrophic failure even though, of course, in practice a cutting time far less than that to failure would be used. The onset of catastrophic failure is characterized by one of several phenomena, the most common being a sudden increase in cutting force, the presence of burnished rings on the workpiece, and a significant increase in the noise level.Mechanism of Surface Finish ProductionThere are basically five mechanisms which contribute to the production of a surface which have been machined. These are:(l) The basic geometry of the cutting process. In, for example, single point turning the tool will advance a constant distance axially per revolution of the work price and the resultant surface will have on it, when viewed perpendicularly to the direction of tool feed motion, a series of cusps which will have a basic form which replicates the shape of the tool in cut.(2) The efficiency of the cutting operation. It has already been mentioned that cutting with unstable built-up-edges will produce a surface which contains hard built-up-edge fragments which will result in a degradation of the surface finish. It can also be demonstrated that cutting under adverse conditions such as apply when using large feeds small rake angles and low cutting speeds, besides producing conditions which lead to unstable built-up-edge production, the cutting process itself can become unstable and instead of continuous shear occurring in the shear zone, tearing takes place, discontinuous chips of uneven thickness are produced, and the resultant surface is poor. This situation is particularly noticeable when machining very ductile materials such as copper and aluminum.(3) The stability of the machine tool. Under some combinations of cutting conditions; workpiece size, method of clamping ,and cutting tool rigidity relative to the machine tool structure, instability can be set up in the tool which causes it to vibrate. Under some conditions this vibration will reach and maintain steady amplitude whilst under other conditions the vibration will built up and unless cutting is stopped considerable damage to both the cutting tool and workpiece may occur. This phenomenon is known as chatter and in axial turning is characterized by long pitch helical bands on the workpiece surface and short pitch undulations on the transient machined surface.(4)The effectiveness of removing swarf. In discontinuous chip production machining, such as milling or turning of brittle materials, it is expected that the chip (swarf) will leave the cutting zone either under gravity or with the assistance of a jet of cutting fluid and that they will not influence the cut surface in any way. However, when continuous chip production is evident, unless steps are taken to control the swarf it is likely that it will impinge on the cut surface and mark it. Inevitably, this marking besides looking.(5)The effective clearance angle on the cutting tool. For certain geometries of minor cutting edge relief and clearance angles it is possible to cut on the major cutting edge and burnish on the minor cutting edge. This can produce a good surface finish but, of course, it is strictly a combination of metal cutting and metal forming and is not to be recommended as a practical cutting method. However, due to cutting tool wear, these conditions occasionally arise and lead to a marked change in the surface characteristics.Limits and TolerancesMachine parts are manufactured so they are interchangeable. In other words, each part of a machine or mechanism is made to a certain size and shape so will fit into any other machine or mechanism of the same type. To make the part interchangeable, each individual part must be made to a size that will fit the mating part in the correct way. It is not only impossible, but also impractical to make many parts to an exact size. This is because machines are not perfect, and the tools become worn. A slight variation from the exact size is always allowed. The amount of this variation depends on the kind of part being manufactured. For examples part might be made 6 in. long with a variation allowed of 0.003 (three-thousandths) in. above and below this size. Therefore, the part could be 5.997 to 6.003 in. and still be the correct size. These are known as the limits. The difference between upper and lower limits is called the tolerance.A tolerance is the total permissible variation in the size of a part.The basic size is that size from which limits of size arc derived by the application of allowances and tolerances.Sometimes the limit is allowed in only one direction. This is known as unilateral tolerance.Unilateral to learning is a system of dimensioning where the tolerance (that is variation) is shown in only one direction from the nominal size. Unilateral to learning allow the changing of tolerance on a hole or shaft without seriously affecting the fit.When the tolerance is in both directions from the basic size it is known as a bilateral tolerance (plus and minus).Bilateral to learning is a system of dimensioning where the tolerance (that is variation) is split and is shown on either side of the nominal size. Limit dimensioning is a system of dimensioning where only the maximum and minimum dimensions arc shown. Thus, the tolerance is the difference between these two dimensions.Surface Finishing and Dimensional ControlProducts that have been completed to their proper shape and size frequently require some type of surface finishing to enable them to satisfactorily fulfill their function. In some cases, it is necessary to improve the physical properties of the surface material for resistance to penetration or abrasion. In many manufacturing processes, the product surface is left with dirt .chips, grease, or other harmful material upon it. Assemblies that are made of different materials, or from the same materials processed in different manners, may require some special surface treatment to provide uniformity of appearance.Surface finishing may sometimes become an intermediate step processing. For instance, cleaning and polishing are usually essential before any kind of plating process. Some of the cleaning procedures are also used for improving surface smoothness on mating parts and for removing burrs and sharp corners, which might be harmful in later use. Another important need for surface finishing is for corrosion protection in a variety of: environments. The type of protection procedure will depend largely upon the anticipated exposure, with due consideration to the material being protected and the economic factors involved.Satisfying the above objectives necessitates the use of main surface-finishing methods that involve chemical change of the surface mechanical work affecting surface properties, cleaning by a variety of methods, and the application of protective coatings, organic and metallic.In the early days of engineering, the mating of parts was achieved by machining one part as nearly as possible to the required size, machining the mating part nearly to size, and then completing its machining, continually offering the other part to it, until the desired relationship was obtained. If it was inconvenient to offer one part to the other part during machining, the final work was done at the bench by a fitter, who scraped the mating parts until the desired fit was obtained, the fitter therefore being a 'fitter' in the literal sense. J It is obvious that the two parts would have to remain together, and m the event of one having to be replaced, the fitting would have to be done all over again. In these days, we expect to be able to purchase a replacement for a broken part, and for it to function correctly without the need for scraping and other fitting operations.When one part can be used 'off the shelf' to replace another of the same dimension and material specification, the parts are said to be interchangeable. A system of interchangeability usually lowers the production costs as there is no need for an expensive, 'fiddling' operation, and it benefits the customer in the event of the need to replace worn parts.Automatic Fixture DesignTraditional synchronous grippers for assembly equipment move parts to the gripper center-line, assuring that the parts will be in a known position after they arc picked from a conveyor or nest. However, in some applications, forcing the part to the center-line may damage cither the part or equipment. When the part is delicate and a small collision can result in scrap, when its location is fixed by a machine spindle , or when tolerances are tight, it is preferable to make a gripper comply with the position of the part, rather than the other way around. For these tasks, zaytran Inc. Of Elyria, Ohio, has created the GPN series of non- synchronous, compliant grippers. Because the force and synchronizations systems of the grippers are independent, the synchronization system can be replaced by a precision slide system without affecting gripper force. Gripper sizes range from 51b gripping force and 0.2 in. stroke to 40Glb gripping force and 6in stroke. Grippers。
design of jig and fixture
焊接治具 soldering jig and fixture
分解治具 disassembly jig and fixture
点胶治具 drop pastern jig and fixture
调整治具 rectification jig and fixture
剪切治具 clipping jig and fixture
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Design know-how of jig and fixture 夹具和治具的设计技巧 design of orientation jig and fixture 定位夹具的设计
In a general way ,we use these kind of material to make orientation fixture, for example, acryl, bakelite, nylon, 45# steel, silicic pastern and gesso etc.
拉力测试治具
pull test jig and fixture
手机主板测试治具
Mobile pcb test jig and fixture
镜头CCD测试治具
Lens CCD test jig and fixture
BGA测试治具
BGA test jig and fixture
BGA测试治具
BGA jig and fixture
In modern production industry, jig and fixture is a kind of tool and equipment which can be used in production as assembly and orientation or test tool. In general, it is intituled jig in Japonic company and Taiwan factory, and it is intituled fixture in Europe company and American factory or Hongkong enterprise.
fixture design(汽车焊装夹具设计)
汽车焊装夹具设计一、夹具设计的目的做一件事情时，明确做事的目的性非常重要，所谓目的就是你做这件事情你所要满足的最终结果，也即你的目标！那是你做事情的方向，有了方向你就不会迷失，你做事情的结果才会尽量完美！焊装夹具的设计也有它的目的性,只有明确了焊装夹具设计的目的性,才能设计出更好的夹具,那么焊装夹具设计的目的是什么呢?简单的说就是满足夹具焊接生产的要求，那么怎么样才能满足焊接生产的要求呢？1.夹具的设计要满足汽车车身零件的定位要求所谓定位要求就是设计的夹具可以很好的将汽车焊接零件定位好，保证良好的焊接质量。
要满足这些定位要求，在设计夹具的时候就要严格按照厂家提供图纸的定位夹紧信息去设计夹具。
定位夹紧信息在不同项目中的名称：大众项目 RPSAUDI项目 RPS宝马项目 ASP通用项目 GD∑T（主定位销）+CD点（定位面）一轿项目 CK面………设计小常识：大众项目图纸中RPS点大小写字母的含义Hx z H代表孔（压紧方向z向） x z代表孔的定位方向 H y H代表孔 y代表孔定位的方向F x F 代表支撑和压紧 x 代表支撑的方向f x f代表支撑 x 代表支撑的方向一轿项目字母的含义：基准表示说明正基准 辅助基准 调整基准关系S 主基准面s 辅助基准面Ｈ 主基准孔ｈ 辅助基准孔Ｅ 主基准边Sk 暂定基准的主基准面ｓk 暂定基准的辅助基准面Ck 矫正基准Cs 临时基准的辅助基准面ｃｓ 临时基准的主基准面Ｊ 防止零件变形而设置的基准面Ｏ 单件的模具&检具使用的基准Ｓ 分总成的夹具使用的基准 Ｋ 分总成上检具使用的基准Ｃ 总成的夹具&检具使用的基准2.夹具的设计要满足焊接要求白车身是焊接出来的。
我们所谓的夹具也即焊装夹具，车身零件主要是通过点焊焊接而成，我们设计夹具的一个最重要的目的就是满足白车身零件的焊接要求，作为一个焊装夹具的设计者要时刻在脑海中深深的刻着焊接这个字眼，怎么样才能焊接，怎么样才能更好的焊接！下面就如下几个方面逐一对夹具设计的焊接要求进行介绍：⑴操作高度操作高度即指地面到焊钳把手之间的高度，当操作者身高为175cm时，操作高度焊钳平放一般为800-1100mm ，焊钳立放一般为1200-1500mm。
外文翻译--铣床夹具设计特点
外文原文Milling fixture design featuresFirst, the main types of milling machine fixture and structure of the formMilling fixture for machining parts on the main plane, groove, keyway, spline, and the gap as well as face shape. Usually as a result of milling fixture table together with the feed movement, in different ways according to the feed milling fixture can be divided into straight-line feed type, feed circular mode and rely on three types of feed-type. 1. Linear feed-type milling fixtureThis type of milling machine with the most. Fixture installed in the milling machine table, the processing in a straight line with the feed table by way of movement. According to the workpiece quality, structure and production quantities will be designed as a one-piece fixture points more than the parallel and more than a row followed by clamping of the linkage approach, sometimes the use of sub-degree institutions, both to improve production efficiency.2. Circle-type milling machine fixture feedCircle feed milling in the case of non-stop loading and unloading the workpiece, the general is a multi-tasking, and in the milling machine rotary table use.This fixture is compact and easy to operate, mobile time and auxiliary time overlap is high-performance milling fixture, for use in high-volume production.3. By mold milling fixtureThis module depends on the milling machine with a fixture used in dedicated or universal milling machines on the processing of various non-circular surface. On the role of mold is to make access to supplementary motor workpiece to form a profile campaign. Movement by way of the main feed through mode can be divided into straight-line milling machine fixture and circle into the feed to the two.Second, the design features of milling fixtureAs a result of milling and cutting force cutting more and more intermittent cutting edge, easy processing of vibration, so they should pay attention to the design of milling machine fixture: clamping force to be sufficient self-locking and anti-stroke; fixture installation to be accurate and reliable , that is, when the processing installation and the proper use of directional keys on the knife device; specific folder have sufficient stiffness and stability, the structure must be reasonable.As a result of milling and cutting force cutting more and more intermittent cutting edge, easy processing of vibration, so they should pay attention to the design of milling machine fixture: clamping force to be sufficient self-locking and anti-stroke;fixture installation to be accurate and reliable , that is, when the processing installation and the proper use of directional keys on the knife device; specific folder have sufficient stiffness and stability, the structure must be reasonable.1. Directional keysDirectional key position, also known as keys, installed on the bottom of the vertical slot fixture, generally with two, an in a straight line, the farther the distance, the higher the precision-oriented, with screw fastening in the specific folder. Directional keys work with the milling machine with table-shaped slot in the machine tool fixture to determine the correct position; can absorb part of the cutting torque, reducing the load on clamping bolt to increase the stability of the fixture, so flat and some special drilling jig boring machine fixture is also frequently used.Directional keys are rectangular and round two.2. Of the knife deviceDevices on the knife block and knife by the side of the foot of the fixture and tool used to determine the relative position. The structure of the form of a knife depends on the shape of the surface processing.Directional high-precision fixture should not be used or heavy directional keys, but in the specific folder on one elongated side processing as a base to look for is the installation location calibration fixture.Knife block on the pin and screw fastener commonly used in the specific folder, its location should be easy-to-use plug-foot on the knife, without prejudice to the workpiece loading and unloading. On the knife when the knife cutter block with a plug in between the feet with the knife tool to avoid direct contact block or cause damage to the knife blade block premature wear. Cypriot Cypriot feet are flat feet and two-foot cylindrical plug, the thickness and diameter of 3 ~ 5mm, manufacturing tolerance h6.Side of the knife block and feet have been standardized (the design can be found in the relevant manual), use the total fixture Sedat map scale should be marked on the knife block size and the work surface and positioning the location between the components. Devices should be installed on the blade of the knife and is easy to cut one end of the workpiece.3. Folder specific designTo improve the milling fixture installed in the machine tool stability, reduce its intermittent cutting may be caused by vibration, not only in the specific folder have sufficient stiffness and strength, their height and width ratio should also beappropriate, a general H / B ≤ 1 ~ 1.25, in order to reduce the fixture cente r of gravity, so that as close as possible to the workpiece surface countertops. In addition, we must set a reasonable and ear blocks to strengthen the tendons.If the folder specific wide, can be set up in the same side of two T-slot milling machine table equidistant between the ears Block; of heavy-duty milling fixtures, specific folders should also be set up at both ends of the rings, such as lifting holes or to carry.In the milling process, the often installed in the milling fixture table, together with the jig with the workpiece feed table for movement.In the milling process, the often installed in the milling fixture table, together with the jig with the workpiece feed table for movement. According to the workpiece feed means of general milling fixture can be divided into the following two types:1. Linear feed-type milling fixture 。
第四章夹具设计
3.定位误差的计算方法 在计算定位误差时，要注意误差的方向和工序 尺寸的方向。当基准位移误差和基准不重合误差与 工序尺寸的方向相同或平行时，则定位误差为两项 误差的代数和；若方向不同，则应将各误差向工序 尺寸方向投影，然后求其代数和。
第四章 夹具设计
Clamping Apparatus Design
第一节 概述 一、夹具的定义 在机械生产中，用来安装工件使之固定在正确位置上 所使用的工艺装备统称为夹具。 在机械加工中，为了迅速、准确地确定工件在机床上 的位置，保证工件与机床、刀具的正确相对位置关系，并 在加工过程中始终保持这个正确位置所使用的工艺装备称 为夹具。 General Consideration
六、欠定位与过定位
欠定位：按工序的加工要求，应该被限制的自由度而没有 被限制的定位，称为欠定位。欠定位是不允许的。
过定位：在夹具中，若某一自由度被定位元件重复限制， 这种定位称为过定位。
消除过定位的两种措施
（1）提高定位基面之间以及定位元件定位表面之间的位 置精度，以减少或消除过定位引起的干涉。
三、工件以外圆柱面定位 1.在V形块中定位
特点
对中性好，既能使工件的定位基面轴线对中在 V形块两斜面的对称平面上，而不受定位基面直径 误差的影响，并且安装方便。
V形块两斜面夹角一般为60、90、120，其中90V形 块的典型结构和尺寸已标准化，设计时可参考有关手册。
2.在定位套中定位
定位套其内孔轴线是限位基准，内孔面是限位基面。 为了限制工件轴向自由度，常与端面联合定位。定位套结 构简单，容易制造，但定心精度不高，只适用于精基面。 半圆套下半圆套为定位元件，上半圆套起夹紧作用。 主要用于大型轴类零件及不便于轴向装卸的零件。定位基 面的精度不低于IT8-IT9，半圆套的最小直径应取工件定 位基面的最大直径。
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基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用摘要:根据基于事例的设计方法,提出采用工序件的特征信息和夹具的结构特征信息来描述夹具的相似性,并建立了包括这2方面主要特征信息为基础的事例索引码,设计了事例库的结构形式,创建了层次化的事例组织方式;同时,提出了基于知识引导的夹具事例检索算法,以及事例的修改和采用同族事例码进行相似事例的存贮,形成了基于事例推理的夹具设计.所开发的原型系统在型号工程夹具设计等项目的设计过程中得到了应用,并取得了令人满意的使用效果.关键词: 基于事例的推理夹具设计CAD夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。
因为夹具的结构依赖于产品的特点和在企业规划中加工工序的地位,所以它的设计是制造过程中的瓶颈,制约着效率的提高. 夹具设计是一个复杂的过程,需要有从大量的设计论文中了解质量知识的经验，这些设计论文包括工件的结构设计、涉及加工工艺，和加工环境。
当用这些擅长绘制详细设计图的传统的CAD工具（如Unigraphics、CATIA、Pro/E)时,这仍然是一项非常耗时的工作，但是利用以往的设计经验和资源也不能提供一些益处,而这正是提高效率的关键因素. 基于事例推理(CBR) 的方法适应以往个案解决的办法,建立一个新问题的方法,主要有以下四步骤:检索、利用、修改,并保留.这是一个比用专业系统模仿人类思维有用的使用方法，因为提出一个类似的情况,和采用一些修改,似乎不言自明,而且比人类更直观.所以支持不同事例的设计工具已经在诸多领域中发展起来，如在注射成型及设计、建筑设计、模具设计投死, 规划过程中,还有夹具设计. 孙用六个数字组成代码参数,包括工件的形状、机械部分、轴衬,第一定位装置,第二定位装置和夹紧装置. 但这个系统不能用于除钻床夹具外的其他夹具类型,不能解决储存需要保留的同一参数代码的问题,这在CBR中是非常重要的.1事例参数和事例图书馆的建立1.1事例参数事例参数应该由工件的所有的特征组成，来区别不同的夹具. 使用他们能够使操作方便. 因为零件的形状是多种多样的, 在生产企业中制造的技术要求也不断发展,许多特征作被用做事例参数将会使搜索速度降低,其主要特征是不重要的,因为分配给每个特征的比重必须减少. 另一方面,事例参数包含所有的特征是困难的。
因此,考虑到实际和快速设计的需求,事例参数要包含工件的主要特征和夹具的结构。
事例参数代码由16位数组成：13位数是事例特征3位数是事例识别数字。
前13位数代表13个特征。
每个数字与特征的一个属性相一致,这可能是"*"、"？"、"1"、"2"，…，"A"、"B",…，"Z"，…，等其中的一个。
其中，"*"是指任何一个,"?"代表不确定,"0"代表没有。
系统规定:夹具的类型，工件的形状，位置模式不能是"*"和"?"。
在设计系统时,三个项目的属性信息没有这些选择,这就意味着必须选择确定的属性。
最后三位数是事例识别号码,如果事例特征的13位数是一样的,这三个数字就用来区别他们。
该系统还规定:"000"是用于修正的一个典型事例,其他事例"001"、"002"、…,这些是用于设计师查找参考事例的. 如果其中一个偶尔需要改变成典型事例,首先它必须要求改成"000",前面的自动变成参考事例.事例索引码的结构如图1所示。
1—夹具类型；6—工件重量；11—夹紧模型；2—工件形状；7—工件刚度；12—夹具体；3—工件材料；8—加工内容；13—其他；4—批量；9—过程所有物；14到16—事例识别码；5—工件比例；10—定位模型；图1 事例索引码的结构1.2事例库事例库由许多预定义的事例组成。
事例的描述是基于事例推理的最重要的问题之一。
所以由索引码复合。
事例库的结构见表1所示。
表1 事例库的结构字段名称数据类型描述事例编号自动编号指定的事例库事例索引Verchar 事例索引码：************* - ***灯具类型Verchar 1）车床夹具; 2）钻孔夹具; 3）铣夹具; 4）镗孔夹具…工件形状Verchar 1）箱; 2）轴; 3）圆; 4）护套; 5）座位; 6）活塞杆; 7）帧;8）板壳; 9）块; A）化合物…工件材料Verchar *）任何一个; L）铸铁; 2）低碳钢; 3）中碳钢; 4）合金钢;5）中等硬度铝；…批量大小Verchar *）的随机; L）大批量; 2）中间批次; 3）低批; 4）数工件规模Verchar 1）大得多; 2）更大; 3）介质; 4）少一点; 5）小工件重量Verchar 1）重得多; 2）较重; 3）中间; 4）少重; 5）光工件的韧性Verchar ？不确定; L）硬得多; 2）更硬; 3）中间; 4）更少更硬; 5）弱加工内容Verchar 1）气缸; 2）端面; 3）孔; 4）平面; 5）台阶面; 6）插槽; 7）口袋;钻扩孔8）孔; 9）相对; A）复合流程属性Verchar 1）的空白; 2）加工未能完成; 3）表面处理加工定位方法Verchar 1）3plane; 2）lplane 2PIN; 3）大飞机短针; 4）长V平面; 5）双V平面;6）长脚的小飞机; 7）小锥度轴; 8）中心夹紧方法Verchar ？）不确定; 0）没有; L）顶部夹紧; 2）顶面夹紧; 3）侧夹紧;4）倾斜夹紧; 5）多点顶夹紧; 6）复配夹紧; 7）为中心夹紧; 8）真空夹紧; ... 灯体Verchar ？）不确定; L）的平面; 2）铸造; 3）焊接; 4）复合其他Verchar ？）不确定; 0）没有; L）地平线- 移动- 分度; 2）豪华圆分割的程度;3）径向圆分割的程度; 4）仿形; ... 事例识别号Verchar 事例识别号：000; 001; ...事例映射Verchar 例建模的位置存储在计算机的硬盘上1.3 事例的层次化夹具的结构相似被认为是整个夹具，成分和内容相似。
所以，整个夹具事例库，成分事例库，夹具的成分事例库形成相同。
整个夹具的设计资料通常是由工件资料和工件加工资料组成,这就意味着夹具的设计应满足特别功能的需求.全部夹具事例是由功能成分组成，它是用功能成分的名字和数字来进行描述的。
成分事例代表成员（成分功能和其他结构成分，主要驱动参数，数字，和它们的约束关系）。
成分事例（夹具的最低层）是功能成分和和其他成分的结构。
在现代夹具设计中有很多参数化准件和普通非标准件。
所以成分事例图书馆应记录特殊参数和保持它们的方法。
夹具事例库的分层形式如图2所示。
图2 夹具事例库的分层形式2事例修改的策略在基于事例的夹具设计中，最重要的是相似点的修改，这样能有助于获得最相似的事例，以及缩短适应时间。
根据夹具设计的需求，事例修改的策略使最接近的事例方法和知识指导结合起来。
首先在深度上查找，然后在宽度上；知识指导策略意味着在来自客观事物根源的知识规则上查找，这就要首先查找固定类型，然后查找工件的形状，第三查找定位方法。
例如，如果事例索引码包括夹具类型的磨削夹具，就只查找所有的磨削夹具，然后查找工件形状的盒子，第三查找一个平面两个销的定位方法。
如果没有合适的，就查找深度标点，然后回到最上层，然后再找所有与宽度相关的事例。
修改方法：1）根据夹具事例库的事例索引信息，查找有关事例库。
2）将事例索引码与事例库的每个事例码匹配，然后计算相似尺寸的价值。
3）整理相似尺寸的次序，最大的架子是最类似的事例。
两个事例之间的相似点是基于两个事例特征之间的相似点。
相似点尺寸的计算依靠特征的类型。
相似点的价值可以通过数字化的价值来计算，例如比较重量分别是50kg 和20kg的工件。
非数字化的价值也能计算，例如，现在前13位索引码都是非数字化的价值。
一个夹具的相似尺寸的计算公式如下：其中S表示通用夹具的相似尺寸，n表示索引特性数，表示每个特性的重量，表示事例库中特性和相关夹具的特性的相似尺寸。
同时，，数值计算如下：其中表示第i个特征的索引特性值，表示事例库中第j个事例的第i个特征的特性值。
所以有两种方法选择相似夹具。
一个方法是建立数值。
如果通用事例的相似尺寸值比给定的数值小，这些事例就不能选来作相似事例。
事例库最初建立的时候，只有一些事例，数值可以建小一点。
如果有大量的相似事例，数值就应该建的大一些。
另外一个方法是只建立相似事例的数字（例如10），这是类型单里相似尺寸的最大值。
3 事例的修改和存储3.1事例的修改夹具设计中相似事例的修改包括以下三个阶段：1）成分的替代2）保持形式不变，调整成分的特性3）模型重新设计如果夹具的成分是普通的物品，它们能通过使用工具被修改，代替以及删除，这些已经被设计好了。
3.2事例的存储在将一个新的事例保存到事例库之前，设计者必须考虑保存是否有价值。
如果这个事例不能增加系统的知识，就没有必要把它保存到事例库里。
如果它有价值的话，设计者在保存之前必须分析一下，看看这个事例是否作为标准事例或参考事例被存储了。
一个标准事例是一个描述同族事例主要特征的标准。
一个同族事例是有事例库中索引码前13位相同而最后三位不同的那些事例组成的。
一个标准事例的最后三位通常是“000”。
一个参考事例属于同族标准事例，最后三位用不同数字区分。
从被解释的概念中，可采用以下方法：1）如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族一致，和一个存在的标准事例的前13位数相同，那么这个事例就不能存储因为已经这种标准事例了。
或者只能作为一个参考事例保存（最后三位不是“000”，而且和其它的不一样）在事例库中。
2）如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族一致，并且被认为代替这个事例族要比以前的标准事例好，那么这个标准事例就被这个新的事例代替，以前的标准事例作为一个参考事例保存。
3）如果一个新的事例和任何一个存在的事例族不一致，一个新的事例族将会自动产生，并作为标准事例保存到事例库中。
4夹具设计中基于事例推理的过程根据夹具设计的特性，夹具设计的基本信息，例如夹具的名字，零件，生产和设计者等等，必须先输入。
然后，输入或设计工件的模型。
输入有关工件的细节信息，建立事例索引码，然后CBR开始依靠相似尺寸查找相似事例，选出最相似的事例。
如果需要的话，事例要满足通用性设计，再存储到事例库中。
程序流程图如图2所示图3 基于事例推理的夹具设计流程图5基于事例推理的夹具设计说明这是一个工件如图3所示。