外语教学法的一般趋势

外语教学法的一般趋势

some new flt approaches：国外一些新的外语教学法

1全身反应法Total Physical Response:

Definition and advocate---The Total Physical Response method, put forward by James Asher in the 1970s, is a language teaching method which attempts to teach language through physical activities. It emphasizes comprehension and the use of physical actions to teach a foreign language at an introductory level. It sees successful adult second language learning as a process paralleled to child first language acquisition.

Objectives---The general objectives of the Total Physical Response method are to teach oral proficiency at a beginning level. Comprehension is a means to an end, and the ultimate aim is to teach basic speaking skills. Imperative drills are major classroom activity in Total physical Response. Other class activities include rule-plays and slide presentation. The learners have little influence over the content of learning and are encouraged to speak when they feel ready to. The teacher plays an active and direct role in Total Physical Response. It is the teacher who decides what to teach, who models and presents the new materials, and who selects supporting materials for classroom use.

Basic principles---Asher believes in the following principles: ①Comprehension abilities precede productive skills in learning a language.

②The teaching of speaking should be delayed until comprehension skills are established. ③Skills acquired through listening transfer to other skills. ④Teaching should emphasize meaning rather than form. ⑤Teaching should minimize learner stress.

2沉默法Silent Way: Definition and advocate----It is an approach to language teaching developed in the United States, principally by Caleb Gattegno. It is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom and the learner should be encouraged to produce as much as language as possible. The learning hypotheses underlying Gattegno’s work could be stated as follows: ①Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned. ②Learning is facilitated by accompanying

physical objects. ③Learning is facilitated by problem-solving involving the materials to be learned.

Silent Way: Basic principles---The Silent Way is based on the following principles: ①Successful learning involves commitment of the self to language acquisition through the use of silent awareness and then active trial. ②It takes a structural approach to the organization of language to be taught. ③Language is seen as strings of meaningful units by grammar rules, and is separated from its social context and taught through artificial situations. ④Lessons follow a sequence based on grammatical complexity and the sentence is the base unit of teaching. ⑤The teacher focuses on prepositional meaning, rather than communicative value. ⑥Students are presented with the structural patterns of the target language and learn the grammar through largely inductive processes. The general objective of the Silent Way is to give beginning level students oral and aural facility in basic elements of the target language. An immediate objective is to provide the learner with a basic practical knowledge of the grammar. In a Silent Way classroom, learners are expected to develop independence, autonomy and responsibility. The teacher does not explain language rules, nor correct students’ errors. She models what should be learned. This requires the students to develop “inner criteria” to correct themselves, to make generalizations, come to their own conclusions, and formulate whatever rules they themselves feel they need.

2集体学习法Community Language Learning:

Definition and advocate---It is the name of a method developed by Charles A. Curran and his associates. This method advises teachers to consider their students as “whole persons”, therefore Community Language Learning is sometimes cited as an example of a “humanistic approach”.

Basic principles---①The more general counseling-learning approach states that adults often feel threatened by a new learning situation, that is , they are threatened by the change inherent in learning and by the fear that they will appear foolish. ②The teacher as a language counselor means the teacher can understand the students face as they attempt to learn a new language, and can help them overcome their negative feelings and