华中科技大学儿科学2018年考博真题考博试卷
2018级博士生英语试卷(答)(1)
`English Final Exam for 2018 Doctoral Students(Dec. 27, 2018)Student NO.___________________ Name____________________Paper OneEnglish Writing for Biomedical PurposesPart IDirections: Choose the right one from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.1.Inconsistent with previous studies, our results from a large cohort of patients_____ this long-standing assumption.A. contrastB. compareC. reinforceD. challenge2.Patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation were considered _____ ifthey met the following modified criteria for acute lung injury or the acute respiratory distress syndrome.A. acceptableB. eligibleC. considerableD. credible3.However, results from several small studies in humans have yielded inconclusiveevidence of a beneficial _____ of ascorbic acid on lead toxicity.A. effectB. effectivenessC. affectionD. efficacy4. A _____ disease such as diabetes can affect the whole body.A. systematicB. systemicC. generalD. whole5.All tumours from AOM treated mice were _____ to histological examinationafter routine processing and haematoxylin and eosin staining.A. subjectB. subjectedC. injectedD. directed6.Serious arrhythmias are prevented whenever possible by _____ treatment ofpremonitory signs or otherwise controlled immediately after recognition byappropriate therapy.A. aggressiveB. recessiveC. abusiveD. successive7.CT scans and digital subtraction angiograms of these patients wereretrospectively reviewed by two investigators in _____ to evaluate tumor feeding vessels.A. agreementB. consentC. approvalD. consensus8.The beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD) are well _____.A. elusiveB. confirmedC. establishedD. achieved9.Chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rodents is also suppressed by _____of NSAIDs.A. treatmentB. administrationC. managementD. registration10.Thus, it _____ further investigation of whether mfat-1 expression in diseasemodels such as non-obese mice can mitigate the development of type 1 diabetes.A. elucidatesB. interpretsC. warrantsD. guarantees11.We used a _____ questionnaire to determine whether participants met theAmerican College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout.A. supplementaryB. complimentaryC. complementaryD. sentimental12.Ubiquitinated p53 was detected _____ immunoblotting _____ the DO-1 p53antibody.A.by...withB.for...inC.with...forD.via...on13.Cells were placed _____ a 60Co Picker unit irradiator (1.56 Gy/min) andexposed _____ 8 Gy -irradiation.B.in...withC.in...toD.on...to14.Our aim was to _____ whether or not vitamin D supplementation or deficiencyin infancy could affect occurrence of type 1 diabetes.A. studyB. ascertainC. clarifyD. research15._____ intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with anincreased risk of gout.A. IntermediateB. ModerateC. MediumD. Immediate16.We would like to express our _____ to all the interview partners at the WorldHealth Organization for their time, expertise, and confidence.A. magnitudeB. altitudeC. aptitudeD. gratitude17.Apoptosis was analyzed _____ a FACScan(Becton Dickinson) and quantified_____ percentage of annexin-V and PI-positive.A. in...asB. on...forC. on...asD. by...for18._____ primary culture, the cells were resuspended _____ Dulbecco’s modifiedEagle’s medium containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum and gentamicin.A.By...withB.For...inC.To...byD.At...over19.Ebola virus can spread among humans primarily through unprotected directcontact of skin or mucous membranes with blood or body fluids of a person who is ill with EVD, or the _____ of a deceased patient who had EVD.A. corpusB. corpseC. corpsD. lupus20.Treatment _____ a low dose of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg) showed no effect onthe testis, and DAZL staining was comparable _____ control (Fig.1B).A.of...toC.at...asD.at...with21.P-gp expression was strongly induced by SJW (400% increase at 300 µg ml-1)and by HYP (700% at 3 µM) _____ a dose-dependent manner.A.onB.inC.withD.by22.Baseline ADMA levels were higher in patients who had died than in patientswho were alive at 1 year follow-up (1.23［0.98 to 1.56］_____ 0.95［0.77 to 1.20］mmol/L, p＜0.001).A.fromB. B. versusC. C. toD.D. with23.The _____ for taking this approach is clear enough.A. rationaleB. notionC. hypothesisD. explanation24.This drug contains no _____ substances and has no side effects.A. toxinB. tonicC. toxicD. poisonous25.The risk of DVT and PE were significantly _____, and were highest in the firsttwo weeks, after urinary tract infection.A. roseB. raisedC. arousedD. arose26.Data was collected in the first year of life about frequency and dose of vitamin Dsupplementation and _____ of rickets.A. prescriptionB. absenceC. presentationD. presence27.Prostacyclin (PGI2) is produced from the endothelium throughcyclooxygenase-1, and binds to specific _____ in SMCs and activates adenylate cyclase.A. receiversB. receptorsC. receiptsD. recipient28.To _____ the hypothesis, experiments involving Western blots and RNAinterference were performed.A. testifyB. verifyC. justifyD. certify29.Over the past 5 decades, the proportion of DM-associated cardiovasculardiseases has been on the rise, thus _____ the need for more efforts to aggressively control the risk factors of CVDs.urgingA. urgingB. highlightingC. pressingD. enlightening30.Children _____ of having rickets during the first year of life had a RR of3.0(1.0-9.0) compared with those without the disease.A. doubtedB. suspectedC. diagnosedD. suspended31.Curcumin, a traditional medicine, exhibits anticarcinogenic andanti-inflammatory _____.A. asperityB. propertiesC. perspectivesD. prosperity32.In this study, we aimed to examine the rate of thrombolytic therapy in youngstroke patients with and without a history of migraine. We _____ that migraine would be associated with a lower rate of thrombolytic therapy.A. hypothesizesB. speculatedC. postulatedD. stipulated33.The mechanism by which PA28 exerts these effects has not been _____.A. anticipatedB. elucidatedC. remuneratedD. eliminated34.We utilized a previously described _____ to evaluate ubiquitination (Li et al,2013).A. agendaB. programC. portfolioD. protocol35.Surgical specimens of human colon cancer and adjacent normal colon mucosatissues were taken from eight Japanese patients who had _____ surgical operations for colorectal cancers at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, and samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.A. undertakenB. undergoneC. conductedD. performed36.It consists of 10 pages of text, 2 tables, 2 pages of ____ to figures, and 6photocopies of figures.A. legendsB. accountsC. descriptionsD. introductions37.There have been no reports ____ of rosiglitazone–associated elevations in theaminotransferase level or hepatotoxicity.A. to dateB. right nowC. for nowD. to go38.As shown in Table 1, p8 was overexpressed in 71.1% of PC and in 100% of PCcell lines, ____ it was not overexpressed in MC.A. howeverB. althoughC. whereasD. albeit39.The RT-PCR assay was repeated at least three times per each sample to confirmthe ____of the results.A. reproducibilityB. availabilityC. probabilityD. likelihood40.____ asthma, Th2 cytokines are a crucial contributing factor of allergic airwayinflammation and AHR.A. In the case ofB. In case ofC. Regardless ofD. Irrespective ofPart IIDirections: Choose the right one from the given four tenses marked A, B, C or D.ResultsZebrafish nkx2.5 Can Activate myo-2 Expression When Expressed in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle.To determine whether zebrafish nkx2.5 __46__ similarly to che-22, we __47__ nkx2.5 in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle and examined expressionof the endogenous myo-2 gene by antibody staining. The rationale for this approach __48__ as follows. In wild-type C. elegans, che-22 __49__ expressed exclusively in pharyngeal muscle, whereas it __50__ expression of the pharyngeal muscle-specific myosin heavy chain gene myo-2. However, ectopic expression of che-22 in body wall muscle __51__ expression of myo-2. Because myo-2 __52__ normally never expressed in body wall muscle, this extopic expression assay provides a sensitive test for che-22 function. We __53__ two transgenic lines expressing an nkx2.5 cDNA under the control of the unc-54 body wall muscle-specific promoter. In both lines, we __54__ myo-2 expression in the body wall muscles (Fig. 1 A and B). These results __55__ that nkx2.5 can function like che-22 to induce myo-2 expression.41.A. can function B. could function C. can have functioned D. could have functioned42.A. express B. expressed C. have expressed D. had expressed43.A. was B. is C. has been D. had been44.A. is B. was C. had been D. has been45.A. activates B. activated C. has activated D. had activated46.A. could activate B. can activate C. could have activated D. can have activated47.A. was B. has been C. had been D. is48.A. generate B. have generated C. had generated D. generated49.A. detected B. detect C. have detected D. had detected50.A. showed B. show C. had shown D. have shownPart IIIDirections: Choose the one that best fits into the Discussion Section from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.DISCUSSIONThe p8 gene is barely expressed in NP but is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis (4, 12) . It is also strongly __56__ in pancreatic development and regeneration (4) . We have demonstrated that p8 is overexpressed in PC in the__57__ study. The characteristic expression of p8 is mainly attributable to its mitogenic activity (5) .__58__, p8 expression in PC would not be cancer-specific. __59__, it should be clarified whether p8 overexpression in PC is simply attributable to the excessive growth activity of cancer cells or to some genetic change(s), such as mutations.We __60__ the correlation between p8 overexpression and various clinicopathological parameters in PC. Larger tumors (>2 cm) showed a significantly higher overexpression rate of p8, and less differentiated types, advanced stages, and cases characterized by shorter survival tended to show p8 overexpression. These results also reflect the mitogenic activity of p8.__61__ reports (4, 5) have shown that p8 expression is induced by various proapoptotic __62__. It is suggested that p8 has an anti-apoptotic function (4, 5) . The significance of apoptosis in cancer cells is controversial. High spontaneous apoptosis is __63__ to be correlated with poor prognosis in PC (13) . If p8 has anti-apoptotic activity, p8 overexpression in PC cells would lead to resistance against apoptosis. Although we have not demonstrated the relationship between p8 and apoptosis in PC, the tendency toward shorter survival in p8-overexpressing cases is not __64__ with the past report (13) . It should be investigated whether p8 promotes PC cell growth through its anti-apoptotic activity.It is __65__ that p8 is a DNA-binding protein. As a transcriptional factor, it has a role in some phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signal pathways that involve its translocation to the nucleus and specific binding to DNA (4) . Potentially, p8 is phosphorylated by various kinases (4, 5) . Recent reports (14) showed that some kinases, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase, lead to inappropriate pancreatic cellular proliferation. Genetic mutations of K-ras, p16, and p53 in PC lead to cellular proliferation __66__ the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and/or the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways (14) . It is to be examined whether there is p8mutation in PC and how p8 participates in kinase signaling pathways.Recently, candidate of metastasis-1, a __67__ factor in human breast cancer, was identified (15) . Interestingly, p8 is structurally similar to candidate of metastasis-1 (15) . p8 might be __68__ in cancer metastasis, however, we could not find a significant difference in p8 expression between primary and metastatic lesions in our study. The relationship between p8 expression and cancer metastasis needs to be studied further.In __69__, we have demonstrated the overexpression of p8 in human pancreatic cancer. Our results suggest that p8 participates in the __70__ of pancreatic cancer, which reflects its mitogenic activity.51.A. induced B. reduced C. introduced D. seduced52.A. current B. / C. present D. former53.A. Thereafter B. Subsequently C. Additionally D. Therefore54.A. But B. Similarly C. However D. Consequently55.A. researched B. investigated C. discussed D. detected56.A. Previous B. Other C. Published D. Numerous57.A. stimuli B.stimulants C. stimulations D. simulations58.A. reported B. hypothesized C. concluded D. analyzed59.A. similar B. resilient C. consistent D. identical60.A. suggested B. confirmed C. recommended D. proposed61.A. via B. viz C. on D. along62.A. fresh B. risk C. novel D. contributing63.A. resolved B. dissolved C. immersed D. involved64.A. summarization B. summary C. end D. all65.A. attack B. onset C. development D. appearance Part IVDirections: Translate into English the Chinese phrases given in the brackets to complete the preceding sentences.1.After controlling for age, sex, race, preexisting coronary heart disease, mean arterial blood pressure,diabetes, glucose level, cholesterol level, smoking, body mass index, and study site, the presence of retinopathy____________. (与慢性心力衰竭发病危险增加2倍有关)2.Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement of lung cancerpatients____________. (明显低于健康人)3.____________ receive either alendronate (10 mg per day) or calcitriol (0.5 μg per day) a mean(±SD) of 21±11 days after transplantation. (149例病人被随机分组)4.These results establish Nrg4 as a brown fat–enriched endocrine factor ____________, includingtype 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (对治疗肥胖相关疾病具有潜在作用)5.____________ reported GSPE strongly decreased NO and iNOS expression by LPS-stimulatedmacrophages. （我们的研究成果与Houde 等人之前所做的研究一致）6.Among 988 patients with gastric cancer, pernicious anemia ____________. (有11例原已确诊为恶性贫血)7.Background: Obesity____________. (被认为是结直肠癌发病的重要危险因素)8.The p8 was overexpressed (positive cells >25% in 1,000 cells) in 27 of 38 (71%) of PCs,____________. (而慢性胰腺炎中仅有17%)9.However, ____________.（几个小规模的临床研究结果没有产生充分证据证明抗坏血酸对铅毒性具有有益作用）10.____________.（使用长效β2激动剂大大改善了慢性阻塞性肺病患者的治疗效果）。
华中科技大学神经解剖学2018年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：神经解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5 分 1 题，共 40 分） 1.纹状体 2.鼓索 3.蛛网膜下腔 4.睫状神经节 5.被盖 6.面神经丘 7.脑桥小脑三角 8.Willis 环 二、问答题（共 60 分） 1.脑干特殊内脏运动核的名称、位置及分布（16 分） 2.下颌神经的纤维成分、分支分布（12 分） 3.背侧丘脑腹后核的分布、纤维联系及功能（8 分） 4.延髓外侧综合征的病因、主要症状及其原因（16 分） 5.脑脊液的产生及循环途径（8 分）
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
博士儿科试题及答案
博士儿科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 新生儿黄疸最常见的原因是：A. 溶血性疾病B. 先天性胆道闭锁C. 母乳性黄疸D. 肝脏疾病答案：C2. 小儿肺炎最常见的病原体是：A. 病毒B. 支原体C. 细菌D. 真菌答案：C3. 儿童生长发育迟缓的最常见原因是：A. 遗传因素B. 营养不良C. 慢性疾病D. 内分泌疾病答案：B4. 儿童期最常见的贫血类型是：A. 铁缺乏性贫血B. 地中海贫血C. 再生障碍性贫血D. 溶血性贫血答案：A5. 儿童哮喘的主要诊断依据是：A. 家族史B. 过敏史C. 反复发作的喘息D. 肺部听诊答案：C6. 儿童期最常见的肾脏疾病是：A. 急性肾小球肾炎B. 慢性肾小球肾炎C. 肾盂肾炎D. 肾结石答案：A7. 儿童糖尿病最常见的类型是：A. 1型糖尿病B. 2型糖尿病C. 妊娠糖尿病D. 特殊类型糖尿病答案：A8. 儿童期最常见的先天性心脏病是：A. 室间隔缺损B. 房间隔缺损C. 动脉导管未闭D. 法洛四联症答案：C9. 儿童期最常见的遗传性疾病是：A. 唐氏综合症B. 苯丙酮尿症C. 囊性纤维化D. 血友病答案：A10. 儿童期最常见的肿瘤是：A. 白血病B. 脑瘤C. 肾母细胞瘤D. 神经母细胞瘤答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些是儿童期生长发育的重要指标？A. 体重B. 身高C. 头围D. 血压答案：ABC2. 儿童期常见的感染性疾病包括：A. 麻疹B. 风疹C. 水痘D. 腮腺炎答案：ABCD3. 儿童期常见的消化系统疾病包括：A. 腹泻B. 便秘C. 胃食管反流D. 肠套叠答案：ABCD4. 儿童期常见的神经系统疾病包括：A. 脑炎B. 癫痫C. 脑积水D. 脑肿瘤答案：ABCD5. 儿童期常见的内分泌疾病包括：A. 甲状腺功能亢进B. 糖尿病C. 生长激素缺乏症D. 性早熟答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述儿童期生长发育的特点。
华中科技大学内科学(风湿内科)2007,2009,2012,2013,2017--2018年考博初试真题
一、急性坏死性胰腺炎的处理原则。
二、早期肺癌的
检查方法和诊断依据。
三、中枢性白血病的特点和防治。
四、1.急性左心衰竭的病理、临床表现处理原则。
2.变异型心绞痛的特点和治疗适宜药及禁忌药。
五、列表说明肾型高血压和原发型高血压的鉴别要点。
六、SLE的鉴别要点。
七、DIC的诊断依据。
八、常用肾功能检查方法及其临床意义。
九、131I在甲亢诊断中应用价值。
十、糖尿病酮症酸中毒的处理原则。
华中科技大学同济医学院内科学（专业）试题（1992）
一、试述急性胃粘膜病变的发病机理及幽门螺杆菌的致病机理。（10分）
二、简述肝性脑病的发病机理及治疗。（10分）
三、按类别举例常用抗心绞痛的药物6种，并说明各类药物的作用机理。（10分）
3病例分析简单
4GWAS含义？意义？举例
5基因诊断定义，分型，意义，举例6个说明
风湿方向
Fetly综合征
anti-ccp
sohobe试验
白塞病
成人still"s病的诊断依据
RA的诊断标准和进展
华中科技大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：风湿内科
注意：所
华中科技大学同济医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（风湿内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、公共部分（40分）
一、名词解释（5x4）
1. hepotic encepholopathy
2. contrast-induced nephropathy
华中科技大学内科学(心内科)2018年考博真题试卷
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华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（心内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共部分（40分） 一、名词解释（hepotic encepholopathy 2. contrast-induced nephropathy 3. hyponatremia 4. leckemoid reaction 二、简答题（10*2分） 1. 急性左心衰的治疗。 2. 简述慢性肺源性心脏病的治疗原则。
华中科技大学儿科学2005,2008,2012,2015--2016,2018年考博真题
华中科技大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（8*5分=40分） 1、PPHN 2、bitot^s spot 3、艾森曼格综合征 4、癫痫持续状态 5、髓外造血 6、somogyi现象 7、咽结合膜热 8、RTA 注：以上全为英文，先翻译成中文，再解释。 二、问答题（6*10分=60分） 1、新生儿窒息的病理生理机制。 2、营养不良引起迁延性腹泻和慢性腹泻的原因及治疗方法。 3、贫血的实验室检查及意义。 4、肾病综合征的主要并发症及机制。 5、苯丙酮尿症的发病机制及实验室检查。 6、重症手足口病的临床表现，需要与哪些疾病鉴别。
医学考博 历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、名词解释（5分×4题） 1. 持续胎儿循环 2. 差异性青紫 3. Koplik斑 4. 绿色瘤 二、问答题（10分×8题） 1.
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华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
名词解释： 1DIC 2.新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症 3.Tuner 综合征 4. 原发综合征 （5分*4） 论述题： 1.肾病综合征的分类和治疗原则（20分） 2.儿童白血病的现代学诊断标准和治疗原则（20分） 3.新生儿黄疸的分类和病因（25分） 4.川崎病的诊断标准和治疗原则（15分）
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华中科技大学考博英语模拟题2018年(1)_真题无答案
华中科技大学考博英语模拟题2018年(1)(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThere are those whom we instantly recognize as clinging to the traditional values of travel, the people who endure a kind of alienation and panic in foreign parts for the after-taste of having sampled new scenes. On the whole, travel at its best is **fortless, but travel is never easy: you get very tired, you get lost, you get your feet wet, you get little co-operation, and—if it is to have any value at all—you go alone. Homesickness is part of this kind of travel. In these circumstances, it is possible to make interesting discoveries about oneself and one"s surroundings. Travel has less to do with distance than with insight: it is, very often, a way of seeing.The second group of travelers has only appeared in numbers in the best twenty years. For these people, paradoxically, travel is an experience of familiar things; it is travel that carries with it the illusion of immobility. It is going to a familiar airport and being strapped into a seat and held captive for a number of hours—immobile; then arriving at an almost identical airport; being whisked to a hotel so fast it is not like movement at all, and the hotel and the food are identical to the hotel and the food in the city one has just left. This is all tremendously reassuring and effortless; indeed, it is possible to go from, say, London to Singapore and not experience the feeling of having traveled anywhere.For many years in the past, this was enjoyed by the rich. It is wrong to call it tourism, because businessmen also travel this way; and many people, who believe themselves to be travelers, object to being called tourists. The luxury travelers of the past set an example for the package tourists of today. In this sort of travel you take your society with you: your language, your food, your styles of hotel and service. It is of course the prerogative of rich nations—America, Western Europe, and Japan. It has had a profound effect on our view of the world. It has made real travel greatly sought-after and somewhat rare. And I think it has caused a resurgence of travel writing.As everyone knows, travel is very unsettling, and it can be quite hazardous and worrying. One way of **ing this anxiety is to travel packaged in style: luxury is a great remedy for the alienation of travel. What helps calm us is a reminder of stability and protection, and what the average package tourist looks for in foreign surroundings is familiar sights.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The travelers described in paragraph 1 ______.A travel great distancesB are afraid of new experiencesC learn a lot about new placesD receive more help from local peopleSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.According to the author, the "traditional" traveler ______.A feels at home in new placesB enjoys minor discomfortsC should expect to feel homesickD **panySSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The author suggests that the second group of travelers ______.A chooses boring destinationsB is afraid of anything newC would prefer to stay at homeD adapts quickly to fresh surroundingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.What gives travel an "illusion of immobility"?A The absence of new experiences.B The onset of fatigue.C The number of people traveling.D The length of the journey.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Which of the following statements best sums up the author"s attitude to travel?A Travel has to be tiring to be worthwhile.B The package holiday encourages interest in new places.C Modern travel has **fortable but boring.D Only the rich can travel in comfort.Passage TwoThe Bay filled the middle distance, stretching out of sight on both sides, and one"s eye naturally traveled in a great sight-seeing arc: skimming along the busy Shoreline Freeway, swerving out across the Bay via the long Esseph Bridge to the city"s dramatic skyline, dark downtown skyscrapers posed against white residential hills, from which it leapt across the graceful curves of the Silver Span suspension bridge, gateway to the Pacific, to alight on the green slopes of Miranda County.This vast panorama was agitated, even early in the morning, by every known form of transportation—ships, yachts, cars, trucks, trains, planes, helicopters and hovercrafts—all in simultaneous motion, reminding Philip of the brightly illustrated cover of a children"s book. It was indeed, he thought, a perfect marriage of Nature and Civilization, this view, where one might take in at a glance the consummation of man"s technological skill and the finest splendours of the natural world. The harmony he perceived in the scene was, he knew, illusory. Just out of sight to his left a cloud of smoke hung over the great military and industrial port of Ashland, and to his right the oil refineries of St Gabriel fumed into the limpid air. The Bay, which winked so prettily in the morning sun, was, people said, poisoned by industrial waste and untreated effluent.For all that, Philip thought, almost guiltily, framed by his living-room window and seen at this distance, the view still looked very good indeed.Morris Zapp was less entranced with his view—a vista of dank back gardens, rotting sheds and dripping laundry, huge ill-looking trees, grimy roofs, factory chimneys and church spires—but he had discarded this criterion at a very early stage of looking for accommodation in an English industrial town. You were lucky, he had quickly discovered, if you could find a place that could be kept at a temperature appropriate to human organisms, equipped with the more rudimentary amenities of civilized life, and decorated in a combination of colours and patterns that didn"t make you want to vomit on sight. He had taken an apartment on the top floor of a huge old house owned by an Irish doctor and his extensive family. Dr O"shea had converted the attic with his own hands for the use of an aged mother, and it was to the recent death of this relative, the doctor impressed upon him, that Morris owed the good fortune of finding such enviable accommodation vacant. Morris didn"t see this as a selling point himself, but O"shea seemed to think that the apartment"s sentimental associations were worth at least an extrafive dollars a week to an American torn from the bosom of his own family.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What sort of movement is suggested by the verbs used to describe the eye"s progress in the first paragraph?A smoothB rapidC interruptedD reluctantSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Why did Philip look "almost guiltily" at the view?A Because he realized its beauty was deceptive.B Because he felt responsible for the pollution.C Because he felt he was wasting time looking at it.D Because he knew he had a better view than most people.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.Which factor did Morris consider the most important when choosing accommodation?A A tolerable view.B A pleasant landlord.C A reasonable rent.D An efficient heating system.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Dr O"shea expected Morris to find the history of the apartment______.A amusingB comfortingC depressingD excitingSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.What is Morris"s attitude towards accommodation in England?A He is charmed by the quaintness of the houses.B He finds the contrast with America interesting.C He is prepared to make the best of it.D He wishes he had stayed at home.Passage ThreeAll at once Hazel **ing in through the French windows, pulling off gardening gloves, and Bill was entering through the door, both at once. So I only had time to take one quick look at her before I turned to face him. All very confusing. What that first glimpse showed me was that time had thickened her figure but didn"t seem to have made much difference to her face. It still had good skin and youthful outlines. She was holding a bunch of roses—must have been cutting them in the garden while waiting for me. The gardening gloves lent a delightfully informal touch. It was quite an entrance, though Bill spoilt it a bit by making his at the same time.Bill seemed longer and thinner. His tightly massed hair had a tinge of grey. Apart from that, twenty years had done nothing to him, except deepen the lines of thoughtfulness that had already, when I knew him, begun to spread across his face. Or was that all? I looked at him again, more carefully, as he looked away from me at Hazel. Weren"t his eyes different somehow? More inward-looking than ever? Gazing in not merely at his thoughts, but at something else, something he was keeping hidden or perhaps protecting.Then we were chattering and taking glasses in our hands, and I came back to earth. For the first ten minutes we were all so defensive, so carefully probing, that nobody learnt anything. Bill had forgotten me altogether, that much was clear. He was engaged in getting to know me from scratch, very cautiously so as not to hit a wrong note, with the object of getting me to contribute a big subscription to his African project. I kept trying to absorb details about Hazel, but Bill was talking earnestly about African education, and the strain of appearing to concentrate while actually thinking about his wife proved so great that I decided it would be easier just to concentrate. So I did. I let him hammer away for about ten more minutes, and then the daughter, who seemed to be acting as parlour-maid, showed in another visitor. Evidently we were to be four at lunch.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What effect had time had on Hazel and Bill?A They had both lost weight.B They were more withdrawn.C They hadn"t changed at all.D They had changed in subtle ways.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.When they all started talking, the writer ______.A relaxed at lastB stopped dreamingC spoke most to HazelD began to remember thingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The writer found the first part of their conversation ______.A sentimentalB irritatingC uninformativeD trivialSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Why did Bill speak seriously?A Because he wanted some money from the writer.B Because he did not remember the writer.C Because his wife was present.D Because he was talking about the past.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.In the end the writer found Bill"s conversation ______.A monotonousB convincingC thought-provokingD instructivePassage FourDiversity is a hallmark of life, an intrinsic feature of living systems in the natural world. The demonstration and celebration of this diversity is an endless rite. Look at the popularity of museums, zoos, aquariums and botanic gardens. The odder the exhibit, the more different it is from the **mon and familiar life forms around us, the more successful it is likely to be. Nature does not tire of providing oddities for people who look for them. Biologists have already formally classified 1.7 million species. As many as 30 to 40 million more may remain to be classified.Most people seem to take diversity for granted. If they think about it at all they assume it exists in endless supply. Nevertheless, diversity is endangered as never before in its history. Advocates of perpetual economic growth treat living species as expendable. As a result, an extinction crisis of unprecedented magnitude is under way. Worse yet, when diversity needs help most it is neglected andmisunderstood by much of the **munity that once championed it.Of the two great challenges to the legitimacy of this diversity, the familiar **es primarily from economists. Their argument, associated with such names as Julian Simon, Malcolm McPherson and the late Herman Kahn, can be paraphrased: "First, if endangered species have a value as resources—which has been greatly exaggerated—then we should be able to quantify that value so that we can make unbiased, objective decisions about which species, if any, we should bother to save, and how much the effort is worth. Secondly, the global threat to the diversity of species, particularly in the tropics, has been overestimated. Thirdly, we have good substitutes for the species and ecosystems that are being lost, and these substitutes will nullify the damage caused by the extinctions."The structure of the argument seems to me to be identical in form to that of an old joke from the American vaudeville circuit. One elderly **plained to another about her recent vacation at a resort in the Catskill Mountains in New York State. "The food was terrible", she moaned. "Pure poison. I couldn"t eat a bite. And the portions were so tiny!"Species may be valuable, but not especially so, and the threat to them has been exaggerated. But this does not matter anyway, say the economists, because we can replace any species that vanishes.It is not cleat how much of an impact this argument has on the informed public, but it has certainly provoked an outcry among scientific conservationists. It has set the terms for, and dominated, most of the pro-diversity literature of the past few years, making it a literature of response, thus limiting its scope and creative force.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Which feature of the natural world do people find especially fascinating?A Its great variety.B Its ancient forms.C Its strange rituals.D Its unclassified species.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Which adjective best describes the writer"s attitude towards the**munity?A Respectful.B Supportive.C Critical.D Uncomprehending.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.Which statement represents the views of economists?A It is important to conserve endangered species.B Endangered species have no value in themselves.C Only some parts of the natural world are under threat.D New species could be introduced as necessary.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.What point is the writer trying to make about the economists" arguments by including the joke in paragraph 4?A Their case is overstated.B Their logic is unsound.C They are unduly pessimistic.D They ignore the views of ordinary people.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Of which paragraph is paragraph 5 a summary?A Paragraph 1B Paragraph 2C Paragraph 3D Paragraph 4Passage FiveWe threaded our way out of the noise and confusion of the Customs shed into the brilliant sunshine on the quay. Around us the town rose steeply, tiers of multi-coloured houses piled haphazardly, green shutters folded back from their windows like the wings of a thousand moths. Behind us lay the bay, smooth as a plate smouldering with that unbelievable blue.Larry walked swiftly, with head thrown back and an expression of such regal disdain on his face that one did not notice his diminutive size, keeping a wary eye on the porters who struggled with his trunks. Behind him strolled Leslie, short, stocky, with an air of quiet belligerence, and then Margo, trailing yards of muslin and scent. Mother, looking like a tiny, harassed missionary in an uprising, was dragged unwillingly to the nearest lamp-post by an exuberant Roger, and was forced to stand there, staring into space, while he relieved pent-up feelings that had accumulated in his kennel. Larry chose two magnificently dilapidated horse-drawn cabs,had the luggage installed in one, and seated himself in the second. Then he looked round irritably."Well?" he asked. "What are we waiting for?""We"re waiting for Mother," explained Leslie. "Roger"s found a lamp-post.""Dear God!" said Larry, and then hoisted himself upright in the cab and bellowed, "Come on, Mother, come on. Can"t the dog wait?" "Coming, dear," called Mother passively and untruthfully, for Roger showed no signs of quitting the post."That dog"s been a damned nuisance all the way," said Larry. "Don"t be so impatient," said Margo indignantly; "the dog can"t help it... and anyway, we had to wait an hour in Naples for you.""My stomach was out of order," explained Larry coldly."Well, presumably his stomach"s out of order," said Margo triumphantly.At this moment Mother arrived, slightly disheveled, and we had to turn our attentions to the task of getting Roger into the cab. He had never been in such a vehicle, and treated it with suspicion. Eventually we had to lift him bodily and hurl him inside, helping frantically, and then pile in breathlessly after him and hold him down. The horse, frightened by this activity, broke into a shambling trot, and we ended in a tangled heap on the floor of the cab with Roger moaning loudly underneath us."What an entry," said Larry bitterly. "I had hoped to give an impression of gracious majesty, and this is what happens... we arrive in town like a troupe of medieval tumblers."SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What does the town appear to be like?A untidyB flatC picturesqueD modemSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.What did Mother"s behaviour suggest?A She was deliberately wasting time.B She was angry with Larry.C She preferred the dog to her children.D She couldn"t control the situation.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.What made the dog panic?A The noise on the quay.B Larry"s shouting.C The horse-drawn cab.D The heat of the day.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Larry was disappointed at the end of the passage because ______.A the cabs were in poor conditionB the family were so slowC their arrival looked ridiculousD Margo kept arguingSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The overall impression of Larry is that he was ______.A tolerantB self-importantC undignifiedD unintelligent1。
【精品】2018年 2019年华中科技大学考博 护理考博真题
2018年华中科技大学考博护理学综合（护理理论、护理管理、护理教育）一、名词解释（首先翻译成中文，再进行解释，每个5分）Organizational designSelf-concept modeControl processRole playNursingprocess二、简答题（每个题5分，共20分）1病人的权利有哪些？2请说出King的达标理论的基本观点？3护理专业教师的素养是什么？4请简述护理专业教自我调控能力的构成？三、试述护士长的理艺术在临床中的应用？（15分）四、Orem将护理系芬为哪三种，这三种护理系统的差别在哪里，试举例说明这三种护理系统适合何种病的护理。
（20分）五、论述社会学习的特点过程，影响因素，并结合实际举一例，社会学习理论在护理教育的应用。
（20分）2018年华中科技大学考博护理学研究方法真题一、名词解释（首先翻译成中文，再进行解释）Scientific misconductRCTSnowing ball samplingQ-sort methodEthnographicresearch二、简答题1简述护理研究中应值的伦理原则的具体内容。
2理论框架的概义、作用。
3简述研究信父度的概念及测定方法。
4实验性研究会验研究、非实验性研究的优点、缺点及局限性。
5系统评价与传统综述的区别。
三、论述题（30分）科研申请书（1500-2000字）包括研究背景（立题依据），研究目的、研究方法等。
4英文论文节选，根据该论文回答几个问题。
（20分）英文论文是一篇科研论文，包括研究背景，研究目的，实施方法，结局评价指标。
根据该短文，回答5个问题，例如列举该研究的研究目的，说明该研究的设计类型，统计方法，结局评价指标等。
可在原文中找答案。
华中科技大学外科学(普外科)2018年考博真题考博试卷
普外部分 一、名词解释 1、PPPD 2、Retzius 静脉丛 3、TIPs 4、Whipple‘s 三联征 5、Petus-Jeghers 综合症 6、Riedel 甲状腺炎 二、问答题 1、甲状腺的危象。 2、腋窝前哨淋巴结活检的适应症和意义。 3、胃肠道手术过程中如何操作可以减少日后粘连性肠梗阻的可能。 4、腹部损伤剖腹探查的手术指征。 5、肝癌根治切除的指征。 6、急性胰腺炎的手术适应症。
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 学 考 试 试 卷医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：外科学（普外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 总论部分 一、名词解释 （每题 4 分，共 16 分） 1.SIRS 2.GVHR 3.迟发型溶血反应 4.丹毒 二、问答题 （每题 6 分，共 24 分） 1.简述成分输血类型及适应证。 2.简述围手术期预防性使用抗生素的适应证及药物选择。 3.肠外营养适应证、途径、并发症。 4.试述高钾血症临床表现、诊断及处理。
华中科技大学放射诊断学(影像专业)2018年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入射诊断学(影像专业) 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、选择题有 15 个 30 分，难度适中 二、名词解释 25 分： t2 shine-through effect ostiomeatal OMC 胡椒盐征 coldman 三角 勾边效应 三、简答题 30 分： 急性硬膜下血肿的病理和 CT 表现； MRI 在心血管成像上的优势； 咽旁间隙感染的 CT 表现。 四、病例分析，1 题 2 问， 第一问考的是强直性脊柱炎的首先累及部位和它的 x 线表现 5 分， 第二问写卷子上病例的主要影像表现和诊断结论 10 分……图片有点模糊，感觉像椎体结核。
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2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.On campus B.At he dentist'sC.At the pharmacyD.In the laboratory2. A.Pain B.Weakness C.Fatigue D.Headache3. A.Their weird behavior at school.B.Their superior cleverness over others'.C.Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D.Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A.John will be angry. B.John will be disappointed.C.John will be attracted.D.John will be frightened.5. A.They're quite normal. B.They're not available.C.They came unexpected.D.They need further explanation.6. A.He knows so little about Lady GagaB.He has met Lady Gaga before.C.He should have known Lady GagaD.He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.7. A.In the ward. B.Over the phone.C.In the emergency room.D.On their way to the hospital8. A.Health care B.Health reformC.Health educationD.Health maintenance9. A.Learning to act intuitively.B.Learning to argue academically.C.Learning to be critical of oneself.D.Learning to think critically and reason10. A.She is a pharmacist. B.She is a medical doctor.C.She is a scientist in robotics.D.She is a pharmacologist.11. A.She's pessimistic about the future.B.She's pessimistic about the far future.C.She's optimistic about the far future.D.She's optimistic about the near future.12. A.Negligence may put a patient in danger.B.Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C.Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D.Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A.The man works at eh ER.B.The man can do nothing but wait.C.The woman's condition is critical.D.The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A.A gynecologist. B.A psychologistC.A neurologist.D.A nephrologist.15. A.She has only one friend.B.She isolates herself from others.C.She suffers from a chronic disease.D.She is jobless and can't find a job.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions16-20are based on the following dialogue.16. A.Because she couldn't do other jobs well.B.Because it was her dream since childhood.C.Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D.Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A.The Self/Nonself Model B.The Danger ModelC.The vaccination theoryD.The immunological theory18. A.Being overactive B.Being mutantC.Being selectiveD.Being resistant19. A.It can help cure most cancers.B.It can help develop new drugs.C.It can help most genetic diseases.D.It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A.We should ignore the resistance.B.We should have the model improved.C.We should have the experiments on animals.D.We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A.The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A.Affordable costs B.Low pace of livingC.Five-star treatmentD.Enjoyable health vacation23. A.It is a$100billion business already.B.It is growing along with medical tourism.C.Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D.It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A.To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B.To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C.To buy and affordable medical insurance.D.To explore online to get well informed.25. A.A travel brochure.B.A lecture on medical tourism.C.A chapter of a medical textbook.D.A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions26-30are based on the following passage.26. A.Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B.Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C.There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D.Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A.In the warmer spring B.In the hottest summerC.In the coolest autumnD.In the coldest winter28. A.Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B.Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C.Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D.Because they cannot find enough food.29. A.They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B.They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C.They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D.They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A.Body size B.Migration routeC.Food preferenceD.Population growthPartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB.susceptibilityC.inclinationD.dedication32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain,weakness,oremotional_____is to ignore it,to tough it out.A.TurmoilB.rebellionC.temptationD.relaxation33.Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A.put downB.shut downC.settle downD.break down34.The school board attached great emphasis to____in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A.dilutingB.inspectingC.instillingD.disillusioning35.Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A.pertinentB.permanentC.precedentD.prominent36.New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A.collaboratingprehendingpromisingD.convincing37.We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A.intelligenceB.imitationsC.hypothesisD.precautions.38.We must____the problem____,which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A.set...backB.take...overC.pull...inD.break...down39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A.intermittentB.precedentC.dominantD.prevalent40.It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A.conceiveB.concealC.convertD.conform Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.The truly competent physician is the one who sits down,senses the"mystery"of anotherhuman beings,and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A.imaginableB.capableC.sensibleD.humble42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A.conservedB.theorizedC.realizedD.persistedrge community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A.facilitateB.intimidateC.terminateD.mediate44.Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A.definitelyB.trulyC.simplyD.solely45.Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilzation.A.FetusesB.descendantsC.seedsD.orphans46.Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A.breachB.griefC.threatD.abuse47.A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A.definitelyB.desperatelyC.intentionallyD.identically48.Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A.applyingB.relatingC.relayingD.transforming49.Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects,suchas memory loss,fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A.ensueB.encounterC.impedeD.induce50.A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai,which means having one's view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A.insignificantB.insufficientC.substantialD.unexpectedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging,improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload,which,51,can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented52data on a CAD(computer-aided diagnosis)program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53CT scanning.Their study was54by the NIH and the university.In the study,CAD was applied to32low-dose CT scanning with a total of50lung nodules,38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam.55the 38missed cancers,15were the result of interpretation error(identifying an image but56it as non cancerous)and2357observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found32of the38previously missed cancers(84%sensitivity),with false-positive58of 1.6per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer,it won't replace radiologists,said Sgmuel G Armato,PhD,lead author of the study."The computer is not perfect,"Armato said."It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that59.The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may60something suspicious.It's a spell-checker of sorts,or a second opinion.51.A.in common B.in turn C.in one D.in all52.A.preliminary B.considerate C.deliberate D.ordinary53.A.being used B.to use ing e54.A.investigated B.originated C.founded D.funded55.A.From B.Amid C.Of D.In56.A.disseminating B.degenerating C.dismissing D.deceiving57.A.were mistaken for B.were attributed to D.result in D.gave away to58.A.mortalities B.incidences C.images D.rates59.A.don't B.won’t C.aren’t D.wasn’t60.A.stand for B.search for C.account for D.mistake forPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner,the Harvard education specialist,describes his job today,he says he's"a translator between two hostile tribes"—the education world and the business world,the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.Wagner's argument in his book"Creating Innovations:The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World"is that our K-12and college tracks are not consistently"adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace."This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation.Now,there is only a high-wage,high-skilled job.Every middle-class job today is being pulled up,out or down faster than ever.That is,it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever.Which is why the goal of education today,argues Wagner,should not be to make every child"college ready"but"innovation ready"—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task.I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate."Today,"he said via e-mail,"because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device,what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.As one executive told me,"We can teach new hires the content.And we will have to because it continues to change,but we can't teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative."My generation had it easy.We got to"find"a job.But,more than ever,our kids will have to "invent"a job.Sure,the lucky ones will find their first job,but,given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent,re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it"Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,"Wagner said,"and it is the only country where students leave high school'innovation-ready.'They learn concepts and creativity more than facts,and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day,little homework, and almost no testing.There are a growing number of"reinvented"colleges like the Olin College of Engineering,the M.I.T.Media Lab and the"D-school"Stanford where students learn to innovate."61.In his book,Wagner argues that_____.A.the education world are hostile to our kidsB.the business world are hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world are too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62.What does the"tall task"refer to in the third paragraph?A.Sustaining the middle class.B.Saving high-wage,middle-skilled jobs.C.Shifting from"college ready"in"innovation ready."D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63.What is mainly expressed in Wagner's e-mail?A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64.What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B.Jobs changed slowly in the author's generation.C.The author's generation led an easier life than their kids.D.It was easy for the author's generation to find their first job.65.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.to orient future educationB.to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC.to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD.to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea,from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain:phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."Animals"behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as theNorthwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will_____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study____.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he says,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quick?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever before.B.is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C.will surely lower the average world temperature.D.needs the research-based supporting information.70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will_____.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B.get more data to be required for their research.e more novel technologies in research.D.conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management,aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests.Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases,by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers.The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management.These new capabilities,often termed'stratified（分层的）'or 'personalized'medicine,are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine,which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way,has,until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease.Recognition that most disease has a genetic component,the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services.In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect,so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties.For some clinicians,particularly those involved in clinical research,these advances are already a reality.However,a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice,perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable.Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations,media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic.Indeed,knowing one's entire genomic sequence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally,both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible.Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms,the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What,according to the second paragraph,can be said of genetic medicine?A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73.The future of the genomic technologies,for the most part,lies in_____.A.the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD.the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74.In the last paragraph,the author cautions against_____.A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C.Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D.Genetic medicine is defined as"stratified"medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors'minds.Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards,such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely.Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students'work to fail in their responsibility to their charges.Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors.In particular,they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring.These included routinely being late for classes,frequently skipping appointments with advisees,showing favoritism to some students,ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own,belittling colleagues in front of students,providing little or no feedback on students'theses or dissertations,and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach.And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue,we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.For instance,on online modules.The societies of academic disciplines,institutions and individual departments can play a big part here,by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address,but"inadequate teaching" can be subjective.Still,if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow,real patterns of abuse will be easier to find.For instance,these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within15days,provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis,or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short,universities should establish teaching-integrity committees,similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct.These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual,or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees,such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A.The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B.The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C.The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D.The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.77.What,in the respondents'mind,is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A.It is a serious high-profile infraction.B.It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C.It is a punishable but avoidable misconductD.It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.78.The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribedto____.A.their offering more courses than they can handleB.their paying little attention to the students'feedbackC.their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD.their lacking interest in the areas other than their own79.Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A.Development of codes of conductB.Exposure online of the misconductscation about the rules of proper mentoringD.Development of clear mechanism for reporting80.What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A.The approaches to addressing the problems of"inadequate teaching."B.The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C.The different committees dealing with"inadequate teaching."D.The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat?I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
华中科技大学神经病学(神经内科学)2018年考博真题考博试卷
二、问答题（每题 10 分，共 40 分） 1.What is myasthenia gravis crisis? How do you treat it? 2.脑梗塞的二级预防。 3.帕金森病的鉴别诊断。 4.全面强直阵挛发作的临床表现。
三、病例分析（每题 10 分，共 30 分） 男 40 岁，发作性抽搐 20 年，走路不稳伴呕吐 3 天入院。15 岁开始出现发作性意识不清，四 肢抽搐，口吐白沫，尿失禁，每次发作 15-20s，发作后昏睡 1-2h，每月发作 2-3 次。劳累或情 绪紧张后次数增多，长期服用苯妥英钠治疗，入院前一周因母亲病故情绪不稳而发作频繁，自 行加药，苯妥英钠每日 3 次，每次 2 片。四天后出现头晕，走路不稳，呕吐等症状。 体格检查：T36.8，P88 次/分，BP120/90，R18 次/分。神情，言语含糊，双眼向两侧注视时水 平眼震，伸舌居中。四肢肌力 5-，腱反射++，步态不稳，行走困难，病理征未引出。 辅助检查：脑电图-痫性发作，WBC9.0，N：70%，L：30%。尿常规（-） 1.诊断及诊断依据。 2.与哪些疾病鉴别及如何鉴别。 3.治疗措施。
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：神经病学（神经内科学） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题 6 分，共 30 分） 1.Horner syndrome 2.Brown-sequard syndrome 3.无动性缄默 4.Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 5.Lock-in syndrome
XXX博士入学考试历年试题(完整版)
XXX博士入学考试历年试题(完整版)XXX的博士入学考试历年试题包括教育学、训练学和运动生理。
但是由于往年的英语试题无法获取，考生们对于考试的题型一开始完全不了解。
后来通过多条渠道，考生们才了解到了英语试题的题型。
现在的英语试题包括词汇题、完形填空、阅读理解、英语翻译汉语、汉语翻译英语和作文。
在复词汇时，考生们以为考博至少应该是6级以上的，因此复时以6级和考研词汇为主。
但是当看到题目后才发现自己的复思路错了。
大部分的词汇都是词组，6级词汇一个都没有出现。
例如，第一道题是关于hang on、hang up等词汇辨析，题目大意是一个人在打电话，然后说：“我去拿一下笔和纸”。
因此，基本上20道题都是考这种词组辨析。
此外，还有考语法，考生们猜到了基本要考倒装和虚拟。
因此，这两部分搞清楚了语法应该可以拿得下来。
完形填空就没有什么好讲的了，因为题量大，基本每道题目都是只看一遍。
所以完型填空考得什么内容也想不起来了。
但是总体感觉完型填空不会很难，不会到那种你自己都看晕的地步。
阅读理解虽然有6篇，但是并不是每篇篇幅都很长。
这次第5篇阅读很短，好像我记忆中只有两三个小问题。
但是考生们需要注意的是，阅读理解的难度会逐渐增加。
英语翻译汉语和汉语翻译英语都是比较基础的题型，但是需要注意的是翻译的准确性和语言表达的流畅度。
作文的分值只有15分，但是也需要注意语言的表达和逻辑性。
Recently。
a student shared their XXX taking the Beijing Sport University entrance exam。
XXX。
vocabulary。
XXX。
XXX。
The student found that the exam was manageable。
XXX。
and the XXX。
the exam was not overly difficult。
but it is XXX.1、分析不同运动强度下肌肉糖原的利用情况及其对运动表现的影响。
华中科技大学老年医学(老年病学)2018年考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：老年医学(老年病学) 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1. ageing of population
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2. palliative care 3. lacular infarction 4. sick sinus syndrome 5. 综合健康评估 二、论述题（5选4） 1. 老年人药物不良反应的病因及用药原则。 2. 衰老的病因及特征。 3. 呼吸衰竭的分型及治疗原则。 4. 高血压的诊断标准及老年性高血压的临床特征。 5. 脑梗死 脑出血 脑栓塞的鉴别诊断要点。
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医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（都是英语） 1. 热性惊厥 2. 婴儿肝炎综合征 3. 持续胎儿循环 4. 氮质血症 5. 疱疹性咽峡炎 6. 性早熟 7. 法洛四联症 8. 髓外造血 二、简答题 1. 肾病综合征并发症及机制。 2. 先天性甲减典型表现及鉴别诊断。 3. 生长发育规律及影响因素。 4. 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病发病机制。 5. 支原体肺炎表现及影像特征。 6. 贫血辅检有哪些及意义。