形合与意合 ppt课件

英语形合法
英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句， 注重显性接应(overt cohesion) ，注重句子形式，注重 结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形 式(cohesive ties) 不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分 频繁：
1．关系词和连接词。 关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副
源自文库
英语句子结构特点：主谓搭架，枝叶上挂， 叠床架屋，都有语法。 这说明英语是形合 的语言，结构严谨。
汉语句子结构特点：话题说明，叙述分层， 可断可续，意尽为界。 这说明汉语是意合 的语言，结构松散，形散而神聚，用词简 洁。
英译汉技巧：形合变意合，显性变隐性， 去掉关联词语。
汉译英技巧：意合变形合，隐性变显性， 增加关联词语。
1) All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very
day the little copper ball fell.
过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当 天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。
much deeper than the other.
为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我 认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。
3) It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to
those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
词，如who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、 宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连 词，如and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either …(n)or…, 及when, while, as, since, until, so…that, unless, lest 等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。 英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则少 用甚至不用这些词。
那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青 年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临 时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。
4) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very
connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t
come.” 所谓意合，指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式
手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语 或分句的含义表达。The World Book Dictionary 给意 合定义为：“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away”
形合与意合
所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言 形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义 和逻辑关系。 The American Heritage Dictionary 给形合 定义为：“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with
spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. (W.
Thackeray: Vanity Fair)
一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴 望。换言之，它们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必 须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能满 足。
认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人 都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会 想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
5) It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are
2) When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems that there are two causes, of which one goes
naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise
reflection. （W. S. Maugham: Lucidity, Simplicity, Euphony）