考研管理综合《写作》真题及答案(跨考版)
2016会计硕士管理类联考综合真题解析·论说文
2016会计硕士管理类联考综合真题解析·论说文近年来，考研专硕越来越热，尤其是MPAcc专硕类考试的报考人数将继续呈现大幅增涨的趋势，2016MPAcc考研日益临近，在此跨考考研结合考生关注因素，整理了2015会计硕士管理类联考综合真题解析·论说文类题目，希望考生对照复习。
57.论说文：根据下述材料，写一篇700字左右的论说文，题目自拟。
生物学家发现，雌孔雀往往选择尾巴大而艳丽的雄孔雀作为配偶，因为雄孔雀尾巴越大越艳丽，表明它越有生命活力，其后代的健康越能得到保证。
但是，这种选择也产生了问题：孔雀尾巴越大越艳丽，越容易被天敌发现和猎获，其生存反而会受到威胁。
一、基本知识提示：(一)审题的内容1.横向审题(形式审题)：明确试题所给出的本次写作的形式性要求，比如文体、字数等。
任何作文考试都需要横向审题。
2.纵向审题(实质审题)：主要任务是分析给定文字材料的意图和重点。
具体来说：(1)对于材料立意性题干主要是分析试题给定材料隐含的寓意并进行立意。
注意：本题是比较典型的故事型的材料立意题型，根据材料的中心思想立论。
(二)材料立意必须包括两个标准1.逻辑性标准：即必须做到全面性、准确性、正确性、现实性和可写性(立意的步骤)2.修辞性标准：即最好做到鲜明性、新颖性、深刻性、间接性、严密性和集中性二、真题解析审题立意的方向本题材料的主要内容是：雌孔雀选择雄孔雀因为其大而艳丽的尾巴，但是这样的选择却会有它的问题：大而艳丽的尾巴却可能为其带来杀生之祸。
这是我们论说文很喜欢出的两个方面的关系的题。
很多学生可能会纠结于雄孔雀的优势的尾巴却恰恰成为其的劣势，进而行文。
但是文章的主体是雌孔雀，其的选择所带来的好处与坏处。
所以这是存在区别的。
其实这个题目出于达尔文的《进化论》。
本文可以从以下方面进行立意：立意一：权衡利弊选择的艺术立意二：选择的得与失注：这两个立意可以从经营管理的角度进行论述，也可以从做人/事或社会的角度和阐述。
2019考研管理综合逻辑推理真题及答案(跨考版)
2019考研管理综合逻辑推理真题及答案(跨考版)27.任何结果都不可能凭空出现，它们的背后都是有原因的，任何背后有原因的事物均能够被理解，而能够被人理解的事物都必然不是毫无规律的。
A.人可能理解所有事物B.有些结果的出现可能毫无规律C.那些能够被人理解的事物，必然有规律D.任何结果出现的背后都是有原因的。
E.任何结果都能够被人理解【解析】参考答案B。
①结果→有原因;②有原因→被理解③被理解→必然不是毫无规律。
由条件①②③可得：任何结果都必然不是毫无规律。
B项与之冲突，必然为假。
28.近年来，我国海外代购业务量快速增长，代购者们通常从海外购买产品，通过各种渠道避开关税，再卖给内地顾客从中牟利，却让政府损失了税收收入，某专家由此指出，政府应该严厉打击海外代购的行为。
以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述论证?A.近期，有位前空乘服务员在网上开设海外代购店而被我国地方法庭判定有走私罪。
B.国内一些企业生产的同类商品与海外代购产品相比，无论质量还是价格都缺乏竞争优势。
C.海外代购提升了人民的生活水平，满足了国内部分民众对于品质生活的追求。
D.去年，我国奢侈品海外代购规模几乎是世界奢侈品，国内门店销售额的一半，这些交易大多避开关税E.国内民众的消费需求提升是伴随着我国经济发展而产生的经济现象，应以此为契机促动国内同类产品产业的升级。
【解析】参考答案D。
增强支持题论据：海外代购业务让政府损失了税收收入结论：政府应该严厉打击海外代购的行为。
选项D支持了论据，即让政府损失了税收收入。
29.为了配合剧情，招4类角色，国外游客1-2名，购物者2-3名，商贩2名，路人若干，甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己6人，且在同一个场景中，只能出样一个角色。
已知：(1)只有甲、乙才能出演国外游客;(2)每个场景中至少有3类同时出现;(3)每个场景中，乙或丁出演商贩，则甲和丙出演购物者;(4)购物者、路人之和在每个场景中不超过2;根据上述信息能够得出以下哪项。
2017考研《英语二》完形填空答案(跨考版)
2017 考研《英语二》完形填空答案（跨考版）考试采纳“一题多卷”模式，试题答案次序不一致，请依照试题进行查对。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a future without work .Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again 1 that technology be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world willbe defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital,and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one 4by1purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives 5 , people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 , today’s unemployed don ’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll foundthat 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed forat least a year report having depression, double the rate for 7 Americans. Also, some research suggests that the 8 for risingrates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting 9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paidjobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn ’t 11 follow from findings like these that aworld without work would be filled with unease. Such visionsare based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built onthe concept of employment. In the 13 of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the 15of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance t he2intellectual and e motional 17 of their jobs.“When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel 18 ,” Danaher says, adding,“ In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.1.[A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring【答案】 [C] warning2.[A] inequality[B] instability[C] unreliability[D] uncertainty【答案】 [A] inequality3.[A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction【答案】 [D] prediction4.[A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured【答案】 [A] characterized5.[A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom【答案】 [B] meaning6.[A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless【答案】 [B] Indeed7.[A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated【答案】 [C] working8.[A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation[D]3substitute【答案】 [A] explanation9.[A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among【答案】 [D] among10.[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] setaside【答案】 [C] worry about11.[A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically【答案】 [C] necessarily12.[A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles【答案】 [B] downsides13.[A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course【答案】 [A] absence14.[A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield【答案】 [D] yield15.[A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship【答案】 [C] virtue16.[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce【答案】 [D] scarce17.[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats【答案】 [A] demands18.[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved【答案】 [B] tired19.[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into【答案】 [D] into20.[A] technological[B] professional[C] educational [D] interpersonal【答案】 [B] professional。
2021年考研《英语一》阅读真题及答案(跨考版)
2021年考研《英语一》阅读真题及答案(跨考版)Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Startingnew companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.【题干】Who will be most threatened by automation?【选项】A.Leading politicians.B.Low-wage laborers.C.Robot owners.D.Middle-class workers.【答案】D22 . 【题干】Which of the following best represent the author's view?【选项】A.Worries about automation are in fact groundless.B.Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.C.Issues arising from automation need to be tackledD.Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided【答案】C23.【题干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____.【选项】A.creative potential.B.job-hunting skills.C.individual needs.D.cooperative spirit.【答案】A24.【题干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____.【选项】A.encouraging the development of automation.B.increasing the return on capital investment.C.easing the hostility between rich and poor.D.preventing the income gap from widening.【答案】D25. 【题干】In this text, the author presents a problem with_____.【选项】A.pposing views on it.B.possible solutions to it.C.its alarming impacts.D.its major variations.【答案】BText 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president's social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Sucha trend is badly needed. During the 2021 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2021 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media.In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on( )【选项】A.the justification of the news-filtering practice.B.people's preference for social media platforms.C.the administrations ability to handle information.D.social media was a reliable source of news.【答案】D27.【题干】The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closestin meaning to( )【选项】A.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share【答案】A28.【题干】According to the knight foundation survey, young people( )【选项】A.tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B.verify news by referring to diverse resources.C.have s strong sense of responsibility.D.like to exchange views on “distributed trust”【答案】B29.【题干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is( )【选项】A.readers outdated values.B.journalists' biased reportingC.readers' misinterpretationD.journalists' made-up stories.【答案】C30.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text? ( )【选项】A.A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB.A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC.The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D.The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.【答案】AText 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 millionpatients In 2021 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.31.【题干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ? ( )【选项】A.It caused conflicts among tech giants.B.It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.C.It fell short of the latter's expectationsD.It put both sides into a dangerous situation.【答案】B32.【题干】The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with( )【选项】A.empty promises.B.tough resistance.C.necessary adjustments.D.sincere apologies.【答案】C33.【题干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that( )【选项】A.privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B.leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.C.making profits from patients' data is illegal.D.the value of data comes from the processing of it【答案】D34.【题干】According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is( )【选项】A.the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B.the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C.the uncontrolled use of new software.D.the monopoly of big data by tech giants.【答案】D35.【题干】The author's attitude toward the application ofAI to healthcare is( )【选项】A.ambiguous.B.cautious.C.appreciative.D.contemptuous.【答案】BText 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2021, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on theUSPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omissionconsidering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36. 【题干】The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by_____.【选项】A.its unbalanced budget.B.its rigid management.C.the cost for technical upgrading.D.the withdrawal of bank support.【答案】B37. 【题干】According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to_____.【选项】A.the interference from interest groups.B.the inadequate funding from Congress.C.the shrinking demand for postal service.D.the incompetence of postal unions.【答案】A38. 【题干】The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by_____.【选项】A.removing its burden of retiree health care.B.making more investment in new vehicles.C.adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.D.attracting more first-class mail users.【答案】A39. 【题干】In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with_____.【选项】A.respect.B.tolerance.C.discontent.D.gratitude.【答案】C40. 【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?【选项】A.The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old DaysB.The Postal Service: Keep Away from My CheeseC.The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick CureD.The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid【答案】DPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C andF have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House,the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt,William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are cappedby four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41.【题干】_____.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】E42.【题干】_____.【选项】A.AB.BD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】G43.【题干】_____. 【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】A44【题干】_____. 【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DF.FG.G【答案】B45.【题干】_____. 【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】D。
2020考研管理综合写作真题及答案
2020考研管理综合写作真题及答案出国留学考研网在为大家提供2017考研管理综合写作真题及答案，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!2017考研管理综合写作真题及答案写作：第56-57小题，共65分。
其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分。
请写在答题纸指定位置上。
56、论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对论证的有效性进行分析和评论。
(论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分等等)如果我们把古代荀子、商鞅、韩飞等人的主张归纳起来，可以得出如下一套理论：人的本性是“好荣恶辱，好利恶害”的，所以人们都会追求奖赏，逃避刑罚。
因此拥有足够权力的国君只要利用赏罚就可以把臣民治理好了。
既然人的本性是好利恶害，那么在选拔官员时，既没有可能也没有必要去寻求那些不求私利的廉洁之士，因为世界上根本不存在这样的人。
廉政建设的关键其实只在于作用官员之后有效地防止他们以权谋私。
怎样防止官员以权谋私呢?国君通常依靠设置监察官的方法，这种方法其实是不合理的。
因为监察官也是人，也是好利恶害的，所以依靠监察官去制止其他官吏以权谋私就是让一部分以权谋私者去制止另一部分人以权谋私。
结果只能使他们共谋私利。
既然依靠设置监察官的方法不合理，那么依靠什么呢?可以利用赏罚的方法来促使臣民去监督。
谁揭发官员的以权谋私，就奖赏谁，谁不揭发官员的以权谋私就惩罚谁，臣民出于好利恶害的本性就会揭发官员的以权谋私。
上述题干在推理及论证过程中存在诸多逻辑漏洞，至少包括如下要点：1、基于好利恶害的人性，作者认定“寻求不求私利的廉洁之士”对于选拔官员而言既没可能也没必要，这一论证过于偏激。
清正廉洁实乃官员立身之本，是选拔任用官员的基本要求，为官者当须以身作则，才能执政为民。
2、廉政建设的关键并非仅限于防止官员以权谋私，材料论证过于简单。
考研管理学概论试题及答案
考研管理学概论试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 管理的基本职能不包括以下哪一项？A. 规划B. 组织C. 控制D. 执行答案：D2. 在管理学中，“POSDCORB”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 泰勒B. 法约尔C. 马斯洛D. 古尔克答案：D3. 下列哪项不属于马斯洛需求层次理论中的高级需求？A. 安全需求B. 社交需求C. 自我实现需求D. 生理需求答案：D4. 在科学管理理论中，谁提出了“时间和动作研究”？A. 亨利·甘特B. 弗兰克·吉尔布雷斯C. 赫伯特·西蒙D. 马克斯·韦伯答案：B5. 管理学中的“权变理论”认为，有效的管理方法应该根据什么来确定？A. 管理者的偏好B. 组织文化C. 环境变量D. 组织结构答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）6. 下列哪些因素会影响组织文化的形成？A. 创始人的价值观B. 组织的历史C. 地理位置D. 员工的个人爱好答案：A, B, C7. 在管理决策过程中，哪些因素可能导致决策失误？A. 信息不完整B. 时间压力C. 个人偏见D. 资源限制答案：A, B, C, D8. 下列哪些属于管理控制的过程？A. 制定标准B. 衡量实际表现C. 比较实际结果与标准D. 采取纠正措施答案：A, B, C, D9. 在组织中，哪些类型的沟通是常见的？A. 垂直沟通B. 水平沟通C. 对角沟通D. 外部沟通答案：A, B, C, D10. 下列哪些是有效的团队建设活动？A. 团队培训B. 团队奖励制度C. 团队冲突解决D. 团队绩效评估答案：A, B, C, D三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 简述泰勒的科学管理理论的主要内容。
答案：泰勒的科学管理理论主要包括以下几个方面：- 工作分析：通过时间和动作研究来确定完成特定任务的最佳方法。
- 工作设计：将工作分解为简单的、可重复的任务。
- 工作规划：由管理者负责制定工作计划和方法。
2024年考研真题及答案参考(文字版)
2024年考研真题及答案参考（文字版）2024年考研真题及答案参考(文字版)一、问题求解:第1～15小题,每小题3分,共45分.下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中,只有一项是符合试题要求的.1. 甲股票上涨后的价格与乙股票下跌后的价格相等，则甲、乙股票的原价格之比为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】E2. 将3张写有不同数字的卡片随机排成一排，数字面朝下，翻开左边和中间的2张卡片，如果中间卡片上的数字大，那么取中间的卡片。
否则取右边的卡片，则取出的卡片上的数字最大的概率为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】C3. 甲乙两人参加健步走活动，第一天两人走的步数相同，此后甲每一天都比前一天多走100步，乙每天走的步数保持不变.若乙前7天走的总步数与甲前6天走的总步数相同，则甲第7天走了( )A.步B.步C. 步D.步E.步【答案】D4. 函数的最小值为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】B5. 已知点，若四边形为平行四边形，则( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】B6. 已知等差数列满足,且,则公差为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】C7. 已知都是正整数,若,则的取值方法有( )A.种B.种C.种D.种E.种【答案】C8. 如图1，正三角形的边长为，以为圆心，以为半径做圆弧，再分别以为圆心，以为半径作圆弧，则阴影部分的面积为A. B. C.D. E.图1【答案】B9. 在雨季，某水库的蓄水量已超警戒水位，同时上游来水均匀注入水库，需要及时泄洪.若开个泄洪闸，则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要天;若开个泄洪闸，则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要天，若开个泄洪闸，则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要( )A.天B.天C.天D. 天E.天【答案】B10. 如图2，在三角形点阵中，第行及其上方所有点的个数之和记为，如.已知是平方数且,则( )A. B. C. D. E.图2【答案】C11. 如图3，在边长为2的正三角形材料中截减出一个半圆形工件，半圆的直径在三角形一条边上，则这个半圆的面积最大为( )A. B. C. D. E.图3【答案】A12. 甲，乙两码头相距100千米，一艘轮船从甲地顺流而下到达乙地用了4小时，返回时游轮的静水速度增加了25%用了5小时，则航道的水流速度为( )A. B. C. D.E.【答案】D13. 如图4，圆柱形容器的底面半径是，将半径为的铁球放入容器后，液面的高度为，液面原来的高度为( )A. B. C. D. E.图4【答案】E14. 有4种不同的颜色，甲乙两人各自随机选2种,则两个所选颜色完全相同的概率为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】A15. 设非负实数满足,则的最大值为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】E二、条件充分性判断(第16～25题,每小题3分,共30分,要求判断每题给出的条件(1)与条件(2)能否充分支持题干中所陈述的结论.A,B,C,D,E五个选项为判断结果,请选择项符合试题要求的判断.请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑.)A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分C.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来充分D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分E.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来也不充分16. 已知袋中装有红、黑、白三种颜色的球若干个,随机取出1球，则该球是白球的概率大于.(1) 红球数最少. (2) 黑球数不到一半. 【答案】C17. 已知是正整数，则除以余.(1) 除以余.(2) 除以余.【答案】D18. 设二次函数，则能确定.(1) 曲线关于直线对称.(2) 曲线与直线相切.【答案】C19. 设为实数，则.(1) .(2) .【答案】A20. 设为实数，，则.(1)(2)【答案】C21. 设为正实数，则能确定.(1)(2)【答案】B22. 兔窝在兔子正北,狼在兔子正西，兔子和狼同时奔跑兔窝，则兔先到兔窝.(1) 兔子的速度是狼的(2) 兔子的速度是狼的.【答案】A23. 设.为实数，则确定.(1) .(2) .【答案】D24. 设曲线与轴有三个不同交点则.(1) 点的坐标为(2)【答案】C25. 设为等比数列，是的前项和，则确定的公比.(1)(2)【答案】E三、逻辑推理：第26-55小题，每小题2分，共60分。
2021年考研《英语二》答案(跨考完整版)
2021年考研《英语二》答案(跨考完整版)第 1 页：完型填空题第 2 页：阅读题答案第 3 页：阅读新题型第 4 页：小作文第 5 页：大作文2021考研英语二答案完型填空题1 .C signal2 .D much3. C plugged4. A message5. C behind6. A misinterpreted7. B judged8. D unfamiliar9. B anxious10. D turn11.A dangerous12. A hurt13.B conversation14. D passengers15.C predict16. D ride17.A went through18.C in fact19.B since20 B simple第 1 页：完型填空题第 2 页：阅读题答案第 3 页：阅读新题型第 4 页：小作文第 5 页：大作文阅读题答案Text 1 答案21. D offered greater relaxation than the workplace22. B childless husbands23. A they are both bread winners and housewives24. C earnings25. B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cutText2 答案26. C miss its original purpose27. A the problem is solvable28. C are in need offinancial support29. D are inexperienced in handling issues at college30. D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3 答案31. A more emotional32. C sports culture33.D strengthen employee loyalty34.A voices for working women35. C companies find it to be fundamentalText436. B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs37. C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs38. B shows a general tendency of decline39. B empolyment is no longer a precondition to get insureance40.A第 1 页：完型填空题第 2 页：阅读题答案第 3 页：阅读新题型第 4 页：小作文第 5 页：大作文阅读新题型41 .D Most of your fearsare unreal42. E Think about the [resent moment43.G There are many things to be grateful for44.A You are not alone45. C Pave your own unique path翻译题回想一下这样的经历：开车行驶在一条非常熟悉的道路上。
2021年考研《英语一》小作文范文(跨考版)_1
2021年考研《英语一》小作文范文（跨考版）>>>2021考研《英语》作文题目及范文解析汇总Section IV WritingPart ADirections: The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about100 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your name in the notice.NoticeDecember 21, 2021一段：To ensure that students from overseas have abundant extracurricular activities, I am writing to inform you of some relevant information with regard to the singing competition.二段：This event will be held in the auditorium of our university on May 10, 2021, and it will start at 7 and end at 10 o’clock in the evening. At the opening ceremony, our headmaster will make clear that the purpose of the competition is to enrich the extracurricular activities of the students on campus. Participants will be from different majors in our university. Then is the time for the singing contest.三段：We are looking forward to seeing you there. You will have memorable and happy time in this event.The Student Union。
2016考研管综逻辑真题及简版答案(跨考教育-文字版)
2016考研管综逻辑真题及简版答案（跨考教育-文字版）三、逻辑推理（本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
下面每题所给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
）26、企业要建设科技创新中心，就要推进与高校、科技院所的合作，这样才能激发自主创新的活力。
一个企业只有搭建服务科技创新发展的战略平台、科技创新与经济发展对接的平台以及聚集创新人才的平台，才能催生重大科技成果。
根据上述信息，可以得出以下哪项？（A）如果企业搭建科技创新与经济发展对接的平台，就能激发其自主创新的活力。
（B）如果企业搭建了服务科技创新发展战略的平台，就能催生重大科技成果。
（C）能否推进与高校、科研院所的合作决定企业是否具有自主创新的活力。
（D）如果企业没有搭建聚集创新人才的平台，就无法催生重大科技成果。
（E）如果企业推荐与高校、科研院所的合作，就能激发其自主创新的活力。
参考答案：D27、生态文明建设事关社会发展方式和人民福祉。
只有实行严格的制度，最严密的法治，才能为生态文明建设提供可靠保障；如果要实行最严格的制度、最严密的法治，就要建立责任追究制度，对那些不顾生态环境盲目决策并造成严重后果者，追究其相应的责任。
根据上述信息，可以得出以下哪项？（A）如果对那些不顾生态环境盲目决策并造成严重后果者追究相应责任，就能为生态文明建设提供可靠保障。
（B）实行最严格的制度和最严密的法治是生态文明建设的重要目标。
（C）如果不建立责任追究制度，就不能为生态文明建设提供可靠保障。
（D）只有筑牢生态环境的制度防护墙，才能造福于民。
（E）如果要建立责任追究制度，就要实行最严格的制度，最严密的法治。
参考答案：C28、注重对孩子的自然教育，让孩子亲身感受大自然的神奇和奇妙，可促进孩子释放天性，激发自身潜能；而缺乏这方面教育的孩子容易变得孤独，道德、情感与认知能力的发展都会受到一定的影响。
以下哪项与以上陈述方式最为类似？（A）脱离环境保护高经济发展是“涸泽而渔”，离开经济发展抓环境保护是“缘木求鱼”。
考研综合英语作文答案
考研综合英语作文答案Title: The Importance of Critical Thinking in Academic Success。
Introduction:Critical thinking is an essential skill that plays a crucial role in academic success. It involves analyzing and evaluating information, arguments, and ideas in a logical and systematic manner. In today's fast-paced world, where information is readily available and opinions are easily shared, the ability to think critically is more important than ever. This essay will discuss the significance of critical thinking in academic pursuits and providepractical tips for developing this skill.Body:1. Enhancing comprehension and problem-solving abilities:Critical thinking enables students to comprehend complex concepts and ideas. By questioning assumptions, examining evidence, and considering alternative perspectives, students can develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. This skill also enhances problem-solving abilities by encouraging students to analyze problems from different angles and explore various solutions.2. Promoting independent thinking and creativity:Critical thinking empowers students to think independently and challenge existing knowledge. It encourages them to question authority, explore new ideas, and develop their own opinions. By fostering creativity, critical thinking enables students to come up with innovative solutions and think outside the box.3. Developing effective communication skills:Critical thinking is closely linked to effectivecommunication. By critically analyzing information and arguments, students can articulate their thoughts and ideas more clearly and persuasively. This skill is particularly valuable in academic writing, where the ability to present well-reasoned arguments is crucial.4. Encouraging intellectual humility and open-mindedness:Critical thinking promotes intellectual humility, which involves recognizing the limits of one's knowledge and being open to new ideas and perspectives. It encourages students to consider different viewpoints and engage in respectful dialogue. This fosters a culture of intellectual diversity and helps students develop a well-rounded understanding of the world.5. Nurturing lifelong learning:Critical thinking is not only beneficial for academic success but also for lifelong learning. It equips students with the skills needed to continue learning and adapting ina rapidly changing world. By questioning assumptions, seeking evidence, and evaluating arguments, individuals can make informed decisions and navigate the complexities of life.Tips for developing critical thinking skills:1. Question assumptions: Challenge existing beliefs and ideas by asking thought-provoking questions.2. Seek evidence: Look for reliable sources of information to support or refute claims.3. Consider alternative perspectives: Encourage yourself to think from different viewpoints and consider opposing arguments.4. Analyze arguments: Evaluate the strength and weaknesses of arguments by examining the evidence and logic used.5. Practice active listening: Pay attention to others'viewpoints and engage in respectful discussions.6. Reflect on your own thinking: Regularly evaluate your own thought processes and identify areas for improvement.7. Engage in problem-solving activities: Solve puzzles, engage in debates, and participate in group discussions to enhance critical thinking skills.Conclusion:In conclusion, critical thinking is a vital skill for academic success. It enhances comprehension, problem-solving abilities, independent thinking, creativity, effective communication, intellectual humility, and open-mindedness. By developing critical thinking skills, students can not only excel academically but also become lifelong learners. It is crucial for educationalinstitutions to prioritize the cultivation of critical thinking skills to prepare students for the challenges of the modern world.。
2020年考研管理综合真题答案解析(写作部分)
2020年考研管理综合真题答案解析（写作部分）2016年考研管理综合真题答案解析：写作部分本次“论说文”偏重对社会的思考，完全符合考前“理性思考”的训练思路，同学们也许还记得，我们在讲考点时，把社会现象放到了第一个，而且明确指出个人素质类话题不是近年重点话题;另外，通过范文大家也可以发现，我们课上所讲的“分析武器”可以用来作为论证的展开;最后，这道题再次提醒我们，专业硕士论说文与高考作文有本质不同，高考作文侧重看考生的人生感悟，而专业硕士侧重考生的理性分析能力以及日常思考积累，靠模板、写心灵鸡汤、只知道说套话、背几个例子……碰到这样的考题是会束手无策的。
好在我们的训练规避了这些问题，相信大家应该发挥得不错。
[参考答案]“论证有效性分析”存在的主要错误：1.材料提供的数据时效性不足，用的是2012年的数据;证明不了2015年的事情。
2.劳动力人口减少不等于劳动力人口就短缺了，如果原先劳动力人口远过于求呢。
3.用工荒的成因，材料提到的是长三角地区，但是成因也可能是由于劳动力配置不均衡导致的，所以长三角不能证明全国范围出现用工荒。
4.材料说到2015年第二季度的空缺和求职比，但是要证明劳动力人口真的短缺了，恐怕需要更长时间段的数据。
5.大学生的就业难也可能是因为岗位与大学生实际需求不匹配造成的。
6.教育程度高就证明素质更高吗?素质更高就说明适应性更好吗?这些推理也都是不一定成立的。
7.大学生在全社会中不一定是受教育程度最高的，也不见得适应性更强。
8.材料说的是一个人的教育程度越高素质就越高，是个体的整体素质高，而后面推理推出来的是整体素质高，所指代范围不一样。
9.材料承认一部分大学生就业难，与主张的大学生就业都不难形成了矛盾;10.即使高校调整的专业配置，但是大学生毕业后，可能社会需求又改变了;而且大学生就算改变观念，也可能会出现高能低配的情况，也不一定能稳定就业;况且材料也没有考虑到创业的风险，所以采取这些措施改变就业难的问题未必有效。
2012年考研英语二真题答案：翻译参考译文(跨考版)
2012年考研英语二真题答案：翻译参考译文
（跨考版）
发展中国家的人们担心“移民”，通常是在关注他们前往硅谷或者发达国家的医院和大学后，自己最为美好的，光明的前景会是如何。
这些移民是英国、加拿大和澳大利亚这样的国家，试图通过制定一些给予大学毕业生特权的移民政策，想要吸引的一类人群。
大量研究表明，发达国家中受过良好教育的人非常可能移民。
2004年对于印度家庭的一项大型研究表明，接近40%的移民都接受过高中以上的教育，而年龄在25岁以上的印度人当中受过高中以上教育的人只有 3.3%。
这种“人才流失”长期以来困扰着贫穷国家的政策制定者，这些政策制定者担心移民会破坏他们国家的经济，流失许多急缺的技术人才，这些人才也许本应在他们的大学教书，在他们的医院工作，创造出新产品让本国的工厂来制造。
考研英语二大作文范文：旅行目的调查(跨考版)
考研英语二大作文范文：旅行目的调查(跨考版)48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points).参考例文：As is clearly reflected in the above pie chart, the purpose of students travelling abroad demonstrates obvious differences in one college of China. According to the data given, the purpose of enjoying the beautiful landscape takes a comparatively large share, accounting for 37%, while that of relieving pressure also takes away 20% of the whole proportion.What triggers this phenomenon? It is not difficult to put forward several factors responsible for this phenomenon. To start with, with the rapid economic development of economy, people, including college students, are becoming increasingly wealthy, which enables them to afford the once-deemed- expensive oversea traveling. In order to enjoy the charming landscape all around the world, a large proportion of students choose to travel abroad. What’s more, along with the ever-accelerating improvement of economy and society is also the ever-increasing work and life pressure. Consequently, the purpose of relieving pressure ranks the second among all the purposes for folks to travel around the world.In view of the arguments above, we can conclude that the current phenomenon is of no surprise. And therefore, it can be predicted that admiring the scenery and alleviating pressure will still be the main purpose for people to arrange a traveling toother countries.作文解析今年英语二作文的题目比较好写，因为标题和图示非常清晰明白。
2020年考研《英语一》答案：完型填空(跨考版)
2020年考研《英语一》答案：完型填空（跨考版）1. [标准答案] [D]as well as[考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：文章身处大环境not only…..but also之中，这是一个明显的并列关系，表示“不但……而且……”该空与前一句“his parents and his friends”也是并列关系，表示“与他本人以及伴侣的父母朋友相关” 所以答案只能是D. as well as.A. by way of通过B. with regard to 关于C. on behalf of代表2. [标准答案] [A] decide on[考点分析] 上下文语义[选项分析] 根据该句的主语a young man与宾语a likely spouse的关系，答案只能是A. decide on 决定。
表示自己决定自己的对象。
B. provide for 为……提供准备 C. compete with与……竞争 D. adapt to适用3. [标准答案] [B]arrange[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词辨析[选项分析] 该句意思为，他能够自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母_____相关事务。
四个选项中，A. close 关闭 C renew 更新;恢复D postpone“推迟”，语义不准确，只有 B arrange安排是符合语境。
4. [标准答案] [A]In theory[考点分析] 上下文语义[选项分析]逻辑判断题。
主要是看前后两句的含义，前面是说“他能够自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母安排相关事务，或者几乎不参与，完全让父母选择自己的对象。
” 空格后面说“女方能够拒绝她父母所选择的对象。
”这两句之间没有举例说明的关系，且有一个may，更证明A. In theory的准确性。
而其他选项 B. Above all最重要的是， C. In time 准时 D. For example举例，均不符合题意。
2018年考研《英语二》小作文范文(跨考版2)
作者VX：免费范文Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about Chinese culture to a group of international students. Write a reply to1)Accept the invitation, and2)Introduce the key points of your presentation.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use ＾Li Ming ￣ instead.Do not write the address .(10 points)Dear Professor Williams,I feel really delighted and honored to be invited by you to give a presentation to the foreign students, and I will certainly be careful to prepare for the making of it.To let the overseas students know much about our Chinese culture, I think that my presentation is supposed to include at least two key points. On the one hand, I will put much stress on the history of China. You must know that our China is an ancient country with a pretty long history. On the other hand, my second strong point should be put on the main diet in China. The reason is that Chinese people in different regions have totally different inclination to choose food and Chinese food everywhere is quite delicious.Those two points are what I would like to emphasize, and I would like to know of your opinions on this and I wish you could give me some further ideas on it. I am looking forward to your reply. Thank you.・作者VX：免费范文。
2024年考研199管理类综合能力写作真题及范文
2024 管综写作真题及范文56.论证有效性分析: 分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600 字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。
（论证有效性分析的一般要点是: 概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑谬误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分，等等。
)人才是社会经济发展的重要因素，许多单位都十分注重培养自己需要的人才。
其实，人才除了靠自己培养，还应该靠引进。
常言道:“十年树木，百年树人。
”这说明培养人才需要相当长的时间。
即使不需要一百年，现在把一个人从小学培养到大学毕业，至少也要十五六年。
由此可见，靠自己单位来培养人才根本不能解决当务之急。
其次，只注重培养而不注重引进人才并留住人才，结果往往事与愿违。
例如：企业辛辛苦苦培养的一些人才跳槽了，一些高校的优秀毕业生出国了。
因此，只若眼于培养，只能是为他人作嫁衣裳再次，从历史上来看，秦孝公靠商鞅变法使秦国强大了，而商鞅是卫国人，是秦孝公招揽引进的。
可见，招揽引进人才，就能使国家强大起来。
可喜的是，如今不少单位出台了各种措施，引进了越来越多的人才。
这样，我国的人才数必将大幅增长，国家就会更加富强了。
[论证有效性分析解析]:上述题干在推理及论证过程中存在诸多逻辑漏洞，至少包括如下要点:(1) 原文出处:常言道:“十年树木，百年树人。
”这说明培养人才需要相当长的时间。
漏洞要点:“十年树木，百年树人”并不意味着所有的人才培养都必然需要相当长的时间。
(2) 原文出处: 现在把一个人从小学培养到大学毕业，至少也要十五六年。
漏洞要点:一个人的受教育程度及学历背景与其是否成为真正的人才之间并无必然的因果关联。
(3) 原文出处:由此可见，靠自己单位来培养人才根本不能解决当务之急。
漏洞要点：倘若单位有目的、有计划地进行科学有效的人才培养，那么单位自行培养人才未必就不能解决当务之急。
(4) 原文出处: 只注重培养而不注重引进人才并留住人才，结果往往事与愿违。
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考研管理综合《写作》真题及答案(跨考版)
四、写作：第56-57小题，共65分。
其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分。
请写在答题纸指定位置上。
56、论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对论证的有效性进行分析和评论。
(论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分等等)
如果我们把古代荀子、商鞅、韩飞等人的主张归纳起来，可以得出如下一套理论：
人的本性是“好荣恶辱，好利恶害”的，所以人们都会追求奖赏，逃避刑罚。
因此拥有足够权力的国君只要利用赏罚就可以把臣民治理好了。
既然人的本性是好利恶害，那么在选拔官员时，既没有可能也没有必要去寻求那些不求私利的廉洁之士，因为世界上根本不存在这样的人。
廉政建设的关键其实只在于作用官员之后有效地防止他们以权谋私。
怎样防止官员以权谋私呢?国君通常依靠设置监察官的方法，这种方法其实是不合理的。
因为监察官也是人，也是好利恶害的，所以依靠监察官去制止其他官吏以权谋私就是让一部分以权谋私者去制止另一部分人以权谋私。
结果只能使他们共谋私利。
既然依靠设置监察官的方法不合理，那么依靠什么呢?可以利用赏罚的方法来促使臣民去监督。
谁揭发官员的以权谋私，就奖赏谁，谁不揭发官员的以权谋私就惩罚谁，臣民出于好利恶害的本性就会揭发官员的以权谋私。
上述题干在推理及论证过程中存在诸多逻辑漏洞，至少包括如下要点：
1、基于好利恶害的人性，作者认定“寻求不求私利的廉洁之士”对于选拔官员
而言既没可能也没必要，这一论证过于偏激。
清正廉洁实乃官员立身之本，是选拔任用官员的基本要求，为官者当须以身作则，才能执政为民。
2、廉政建设的关键并非仅限于防止官员以权谋私，材料论证过于简单。
廉政建设内涵丰富，意义重大，我们还须标本兼治、综合治理，惩防并举，多管齐下。
3、材料认为具有好利本性的监察官去制止其他官吏以权谋私的结果就是双方共谋私利，实则未必。
监察官也可实现在其位谋其政,任其职尽其责。
4、利用赏罚促使臣民监督之法值得商榷。
臣民是否选择揭发官员受主客观多重因素影响，比如检举程序复杂，上访渠道狭窄，****力量强大，担心自身安危等。
因而对不揭发者给予惩罚之举不够得当。
其余分析，言之有理酌情给分。
57、论说文：根据下述材料，写一篇700字左右的论说文，题目自拟。
企业家遇到问题究竟是把有限资金用于扩大生产还是用于研发新产品。
有人主张，投资扩大生产、市场调查，原产品可畅销3-5年，有利润;有人主张投资研发新产品，有风险，风险数倍前者的利润。
思路解析：
首先，从立意来看，基本没什么新意。
命题人给出了一下话题，并给出社会上对此的一些探讨。
而考生就是要对上述材料进行分析，然后给出一个自己的看法，并用700字左右来论述自己的观点。
由于题面给的材料比较简单，而且命题人没有给出明确的倾向，所以立意可以从以下几个角度展开：
立意1：企业应该坚持走创新之路
立意2：立足当前，着眼长远。
立意3：坚持理性创新
当然，本题基本上不可以单独立意到“把有限资金用于扩大生产”上。
毕竟从命题人给的文字材料来看，它暗示出了“着眼当下”的有限性：原产品可畅销3-5
年、有利润。
毕竟，3～5年之后呢?所以，从立意来看，考生务必抓住“创新”二字，不管你是论述“坚持理性创新”，还是论述“创新是企业腾飞的关键”，应该都算是切中了题。
其次，关于创新的文章，我们无论是课堂上，还是强化练习，亦或是冲刺阶段，都做了详细的讲解，甚至包括范文。
即使到了考前的第二天，我还通过微信平台给跨考的考生发了相关的文章。
所以说，我们不但是押中了题，而且还给了大家文章，只要考生认真的练习了，那么我想这篇文章就应该拿到不错的分数。
关于创新，我们曾经写过两方面的文章：一是创新的重要性，二是怎么创新。
从创新的重要性来说，我们给出的题目和文章是“创新是企业腾飞的关键”。
考生可以可以从以下三个方法来阐述：
创新，是激发员工活力的根本。
企业为员工创造一个公平的平台，能够让员工尽情的展现自己的能力，能够让员工快速的实现自己的梦想，这样员工才更愿意为企业贡献自己的智慧与能力，成为企业的创新之源，动力之源。
华为正是因为给了员工这样的创新环境，才有了它今天数万项专利之果。
……
创新，是不断满足消费者需求的关键。
消费者的需求是多样，是不断变化的。
企业只有深入了解，把握他们的需求，通过创新，不断丰富产品，完善提升服务，才能更快更好地抓住消费者。
拥有了消费者，企业就拥有生存发展的坚实空间。
苹果短短几年便成为手机行业的霸主，其核心便是以创新赢得了全球消费者的青睐。
而诺基亚与摩托罗拉，恰恰是因为没有关注消费者的需求变化，没有相应的创新，而最终退出了手机市场。
创新，是不断深化良好合作关系的催化剂。
企业的创新，给企业带来发展壮大契机的同时，也带给了合作发展壮大的希望。
正是这种希望，使得合作伙伴更愿意与企业保持良好的关系。
企业也将因此而获得强大的外部助力。
…
从怎么创新来说，我们给出的题目与文章是“坚持理性创新”。
坚持理性创新，首先要有正确的理念。
有了正确的理念，上下一心，方能够诚理性地、客观地认识自身，方能够清醒地认识外部环境。
唯有这样，才能真正地把握创新的方向。
……
坚持理性创新，亦要有强大的能力作为支撑。
空有目标，而无能力，只是水中观花，井中望月。
真正的理性创新，须要一个企业不断的剖析自身，……
坚持理性创新，更要有有效的持之以恒的行动。
创新之路，…须要企业有坚忍不拔的精神，须要上下同心，持之以恒的行动。
唯有这样，才是真正的理性创新。
当然，如果本题写的是第二个立意，也是非常不错的。
但问题出现在：我们很难论述清楚当前与长远的辩证关系。
这我在课堂上也强调过，如果出现这种辩证的关系，如果不好写，就只写其中的一点。