2012云计算白皮书

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云计算白皮书_2012

转载、摘编或利用其它方式使用本白皮书文字或者观点的，应注明“来源：工业和信息化部电信研究院”。

违反上述声明者，本院将追究其相关法律责任。

发表《云计算白皮书》，旨在与业界分享工业和信息化部电信研究院近年来在云计算领域的研究成果。

当前，云计算已经成为全球ICT产业界公认的发展重点。

各国政府积极通过政策引导、资金投入等方式加快本国云计算的战略布局和产业发展；国际ICT产业巨头加快技术研发、企业转型和联盟合作以抢占云计算发展的主导权和新兴市场空间。

我国在云计算领域已具备了一定的技术和产业基础，并拥有巨大的潜在市场空间，存在抓住机遇实现局部突破的机会，但当前发展过程中的产业技术差距、规划布局和制度环境等问题也日益显现。

本白皮书从产业体系、技术架构、数据中心、安全和政府作用等方面深入分析了国内外云计算发展形势，同时也分析了我国云计算发展过程中面临的机遇和存在的问题，提出了未来发展的思考与建议。

一、云计算概念 (1)1. 云计算概念 (1)2. 云计算的影响 (2)二、云计算产业 (5)1. 云计算产业体系 (5)2. 全球云计算产业发展现状 (7)3. 我国云计算产业发展现状 (9)三、云计算技术 (12)1. 云计算的技术架构 (12)2. 云计算“基础设施”关键技术 (13)3. 云计算“操作系统”关键技术 (18)4. 我国云计算技术发展 (20)5. 云计算标准化进展 (22)四、云计算数据中心 (24)1. 全球云计算数据中心发展趋势 (24)2. 我国数据中心的发展状况 (25)3. 我国云计算数据中心布局的策略 (26)五、云计算安全 (28)1. 云计算安全概述 (28)2. 云计算的法律环境 (29)六、政府在云计算发展中的作用 (31)1. 外国政府的云计算行动 (31)2. 我国政府的云计算行动 (33)七、我国发展云计算面临的机遇和存在的问题 (36)1. 我国云计算发展面临的机遇 (36)2. 我国在云计算发展中存在的问题 (36)3. 我国云计算未来发展思考 (38)工业和信息化部电信研究院云计算白皮书（2012年）一、云计算概念1. 云计算概念云计算（Cloud Computing ）是一种通过网络统一组织和灵活调用各种ICT 信息资源，实现大规模计算的信息处理方式。

《云计算发展白皮书（2020年）》

《云计算发展⽩⽪书（2020年）》近⽇，中国信息通信研究院（以下简称“中国信通院”）在“2020可信云⼤会”上发布《云计算发展⽩⽪书（2020年）》，⽩⽪书指出：未来，云计算仍将迎来下⼀个黄⾦⼗年，进⼊普惠发展期。

⼀是随着新基建的推进，云计算将加快应⽤落地进程，在互联⽹、政务、⾦融、交通、物流、教育等不同领域实现快速发展。

⼆是全球数字经济背景下，云计算成为企业数字化转型的必然选择，企业上云进程将进⼀步加速。

三是新冠肺炎疫情的出现，加速了远程办公、在线教育等 SaaS 服务落地，推动云计算产业快速发展。

”分布式云成云计算新形态，助⼒⾏业转型升级01云计算从中⼼向边缘延伸1.边缘产业逐步兴起边缘计算的兴起，使得如何为边缘侧赋能成为业界关注的热点。

边缘的具体形态分为边缘云和边缘终端。

边缘云是云计算向⽹络边缘侧进⾏拓展⽽产⽣的新形态，是未来产业关注重点，是连接云和边缘终端的重要桥梁。

边缘终端位于边缘云与数据源头路径之间，靠近⽤户或数据源头的任意具备⼀定硬件配置的设备，包括边缘⽹关、边缘服务器、智能盒⼦等终端设备。

围绕边缘云与边缘终端，在 CDN、视频渲染、游戏、⼯业制造、⾃动驾驶、农业、智慧园区、交通管理、安防监控等应⽤场景下，相关产业已初现端倪，蓄势待发。

2.边缘侧需求催⽣分布式云新形态为了满⾜视频直播、AR/VR、⼯业互联⽹等场景下，更⼴连接、更低时延、更好控制等需求，云计算在向⼀种更加全局化的分布式组合模式进阶。

分布式云或分布式云计算，是云计算从单⼀数据中⼼部署向不同物理位置多数据中⼼部署、从中⼼化架构向分布式架构扩展的新模式。

分布式云是未来计算形态的发展趋势，是整个计算产业未来决胜的关键⽅向之⼀，对于物联⽹、5G 等技术的⼴泛应⽤起到重要⽀撑作⽤。

包括电信运营商、互联⽹云服务商等在内的各类型⼚家纷纷进⾏相关尝试，利⽤⾃⾝优势资源，将云计算服务逐步向⽹络边缘侧进⾏分布式部署。

分布式云架构图分布式云⼀般根据部署位置的不同、基础设施规模的⼤⼩、服务能⼒的强弱等要素，分为三个业务形态：中⼼云、区域云和边缘云。

工信部移动终端白皮书_2012

转载、摘编或利用其它方式使用本白皮书文字或者观点的，应注明“来源：工业和信息化部电信研究院”。

违反上述声明者，本院将追究其相关法律责任。

前言移动终端作为简单通信设备伴随移动通信发展已有几十年的历史，自2007年开始，智能化引发了移动终端基因突变，根本改变了终端作为移动网络末梢的传统定位，移动智能终端几乎在一瞬之间转变为互联网业务的关键入口和主要创新平台，新型媒体、电子商务和信息服务平台，互联网资源、移动网络资源与环境交互资源的最重要枢纽，其操作系统和处理器芯片甚至成为当今整个ICT产业的战略制高点。

移动智能终端引发的颠覆性变革揭开了移动互联网产业发展的序幕，开启了一个新的技术产业周期。

随着移动智能终端的持续发展，其影响力将比肩收音机、电视和互联网（PC），成为人类历史上第四个渗透广泛、普及迅速、影响巨大、深入至人类社会生活方方面面的终端产品。

2011年全球移动智能终端的出货量超越PC，标志着一个新的时代来临。

2011年我国移动智能终端出货量超过1.1亿部，超过2011年之前我国历年移动智能终端出货量的总和，也超过全球2009年除Symbian操作系统（占总数的50%）以外智能终端出货量的总和，而2011年第四季度我国移动智能终端出货量占总出货量比重达36.17%，与欧美等发达国家站到了同一水平线上，移动智能终端引领的技术变革和产业模式创新已成为我国重要的历史性机遇。

本白皮书首次披露了部分关于移动终端的客观、公正、准确的数据，并展示了我院在移动终端领域的部分研究成果，旨在与业界分享观点、建立共识，谱写我国移动终端智能化发展的新篇章。

数据口径及词条说明【出货量】本白皮书中出货量是指在中国市场进行入网认证的移动终端总数，是所有（国内外）终端制造商在中国市场中经正规渠道，批量销售给经销商，进入销售市场的实际发生数量，不同于社会资讯企业通过企业经销渠道或网络调查所得到的概要统计。

阿里云计算技术白皮书

都提供三份副本，当单份数据损坏后可实现数据的自动拷贝。

具体原理图见下图：
云服务器是弹性计算产品的核心部分。

它主要为用户提供计算能力服务创建并启动一台
阿里云服务器控制面板管理界面：
●安全组统一防火墙设置，设置简单。

组内机器默认互通，组内机器数限制200，组
如上图：云服务器的整个生命周期，从云服务器的创建到释放。

远程管理方式
Linux 云服务器：通过ssh 公网IP 的方式连接云服务器； Windows 云服务器：通过远程桌面的方式连接云服务器；操作系统选择
用户提交购买云服务器订单
资源套餐选择带宽选择
操作系统选择
创建云服务器查询可用公网IP
云服务器绑定公网IP
关闭云服务器启动云服务器重启云服务器释放云服务器。

Windows server2012官方白皮书

Cloud optimize your business with Windows Server 2012 R2 PreviewPr oduct Overview White P aperTable of ContentsTrends (4)Converging needs and innovations (5)Windows Server: At the heart of the Cloud OS (6)Windows Server 2012 R2 capability overview (9)Server Virtualization (9)Networking (14)Storage (12)Server management and automation (18)Web and application platform (19)Access and information protection (21)Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) (23)Summary (26)Next Steps with Windows Server 2012 R2 (28)Copyright Information© 2013 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This document is provided "as-is." Information and views expressed in this document, including URL and other website references, may change without notice. You bear the risk of using it. This document does not provide you with any legal rights to any intellectual property in any Microsoft product. You may copy and use this document for your internal, reference purposes. You may modify this document for your internal, reference purposes.TrendsThe world of IT is changing rapidly, and traditional approaches are often no longer adequate. Microsoft’s vision for this new era of IT is to provide you with one consistent platform for infrastructure, apps and data – called the Cloud OS – that spans customer datacenters, service provider datacenters and the Microsoft public cloud.Windows Server 2012 R2 is at the heart of the Microsoft Cloud OS and provides a unique server and datacenter platform that allows you to easily and cost-effectively cloud optimize your business.There are several key IT trends that are shaping the industry, are creating opportunities, and are being driven across enterprise and service provider organizations:New Applications: Business innovation and agility drive the need for more deployment, system and integration flexibility. Such flexibility demands new application and services architectures that promote component application architectures that have greater connectivity, are built upon new application frameworks with richer sets of common services, and can readily take advantage of familiar productivity, collaboration, and social networking tools.Device Proliferation: Innovations in consumer computing devices offer opportunities for enterprises to foster increased productivity by enabling users to work in new ways, such as working from home and on the go. Innovations in highly mobile device form factors—with instant on, connectivity via Wi-Fi and cellular networks and integration of powerful features such as touch screens, cameras, and GPS—have created rich user experience preferences that carry expectations and requirements into the enterprise. This “consumerization of IT” trend offers enterprises opportunities to support an d incorporate these experiences and devices to improve productivity and enable whole new work scenarios, such as convenient access to data and applications in the field, and new device applications that are contextually relevant.Data Explosion: The exponential growth of available data can create significant challenges for IT. The data comes from a variety of internal and external sources, exacerbated by a proliferation of business and personal computing devices in use, and in many different structured and unstructured formats. Relevancy and useful insights into the data are often sparse and hidden in combinations of multiple data sources. In many cases, the sheer volume of data prevents organizations from capturing and analyzing it with traditional methods such as storage in a database for query and analysis. In some cases, the data streams at a rate and volume that prevents any capture or process of anything beyond a limited window of time. Cloud Computing: To address the challenges of new applications, device proliferation, and data explosion, organizations need to take new approaches for effectively and efficiently harnessing the latest IT innovations in a converged datacenter infrastructure. Abstracting resources from individual hardware components to a pooled set of resources, while maintaining workload isolation, allows organizations to achieve highly agile workload provisioning, continuous availability, and elastic scaling, while optimizing utilization of their resources. This “cloud computing” delivery model has evolved with new IT service delivery models to render and manage these capabilities to their full potential.Many enterprise IT departments have recast their datacenter services into “private cloud” computing models, have automated their delivery model with self service provisioning and administration portals, and instituted chargeback based on resource usage. Datacenter service providers have also transformedtheir service delivery to cloud computing models, offering even more attractive resource pooling economics at often higher levels of IT service maturity. It is through the consistency between private cloud, service provider cloud and public cloud environments that IT organizations, large and small, can take the most advantage of cloud computing and extend the boundaries of their datacenter to further improve service scale, elasticity, and availability. Converging needs and innovationsToday’s fast pace of business innovation, coupled with the globalization of the economy which has opened deeper and wider varieties of markets, potential business partners, and competitors, drives an urgent need for enhancing fundamental business capabilities.IT is under increasing pressure to deliver more capacity – on demand, both for short term projects and longer term initiatives – at a lower cost. In order to meet the SLAs that the business requires, IT must reduce or eliminate planned and unplanned downtime. Also, high barriers to hybrid cloud deployments make it difficult to extend a production environment into the cloud to leverage its resources. The complexity of a modern datacenter environment is already high, with expensive storage and networking solutions often being managed separately from core infrastructure. Finally, the demands of business users for services are increasing, and so are their options to circumvent IT. At the same time, end user requirements for anywhere anytime access to corporate resources increase along with challenges of compliance and governance as end-user requirements increaseFortunately, business needs and technology innovations are converging, offering IT professionals a unique opportunity to take advantage of new innovations to meet business requirements. To support these business needs, IT professionals are looking for an infrastructure that can take advantage of shared resources, is elastic so it can scale up and down quickly to meet changing business needs, and minimizes downtime and failures while maximizing cost efficiencies.As you will learn in this overview white paper, the latest release of Windows Server, Windows Server 2012 R2, is extremely well positioned to address these needs.Windows Server: At the heart of the Cloud OSMicrosoft has gained expertise from years of building and operating some of the largest cloud applications in the world. Microsoft has combined this expertise with its experiences in delivering market leading enterprise operating systems, platforms, and applications to develop a new approach for the modern era: the Cloud OS.The Microsoft Cloud OS delivers a modern platform of products and services that helps organizations transform their current server infrastructure into a highly elastic, scalable, and reliable cloud infrastructure; quickly and flexibly build and manage modern applications across platforms, locations, and devices; unlock insights from volumes of existing and new data; and support user productivity wherever and on whatever device users choose.The Microsoft Cloud OS provides enterprises with infrastructure and solutions for always-on, always-up services. Automated management, robust multitenant support, and self-service provisioning help enterprises transform their datacenters to support the coordination and management of pooled sets of shared resources at the datacenter level, replacing fragmented management of individual server nodes. The Microsoft Cloud OS enables enterprises to quickly and flexibly build and manage modern applications that interact and exchange data with other applications built on multiple platforms and languages, and that live on-premises and/or off-premises. These modern applications must be supported on multiple types of devices, and may integrate social data or foster social connections among users. The Microsoft Cloud OS enables enterprises to help users make faster, better business decisions by capturing and analyzing growing volumes of data– including unstructured, streaming, and/or voluminous data – from existing and new sources, and delivering this data to more users with the right IT oversight.And finally, the Microsoft Cloud OS helps enterprises make their users productive wherever they choose, on whatever device they choose, with easier device management and secure delivery of applications and data in extended, mobile environments.Figure 1: The Microsoft Cloud OSMicrosoft uniquely delivers the Cloud OS as a consistent and comprehensive set of capabilities across the enterprise private cloud datacenter and public cloud datacenters, such as Windows Azure or public cloud offerings from service providers. The consistency of these capabilities enables the seamless and agile integration of private and public clouds needed for enterprises to further improve service scale, elasticity, and availability:∙ Agile Development Platform : The Microsoft Cloud OS allows enterprises to build applications they need using the tools they know, including Microsoft Visual Studio and .NET, or open-sourcetechnologies and languages, such as REST, JSON, PHP, and Java.∙ Unified DevOps and Management : The Microsoft Cloud OS supports unified DevOps and unified application life-cycle management with common application frameworks across development and operations. With Microsoft System Center integration with development environments such as Visual Studio, enterprises can achieve quick time-to-solution and easy application troubleshooting and management.∙ Common Identity : The Microsoft Cloud OS implements Active Directory as a powerful asset across environments to help enterprises extend to the cloud with Internet scale security using a single identity and to securely extend applications and data to devices.∙ Integrated Virtualization : To help enterprises achieve the modern datacenter, the Microsoft Cloud OS includes an infrastructure which provides a generational leap in agility, leveraging virtualization to deliver a highly scalable and elastic infrastructure with always-on, always-up services across shared resources and supporting cloud service delivery models with more automated management and self-service provisioning. With Windows Server 2012 R2, the Microsoft Cloud OS is engineered for the Identity VirtualizationDataDevelopmentDevOps andManagementcloud from the metal up with virtualization built as an integrated element of the operating system, not layered onto the operating system.∙Complete Data Platform: The Microsoft Cloud OS fully supports large volumes of diverse data, advanced analytics, and enterprise BI life-cycle management, with a comprehensive set oftechnologies to manage petabytes of data in the cloud, to millions of transactions for the mostmission-critical applications, to billions of rows of data in the hands of end users for predictive and ad-hoc analytics.At the heart of the Microsoft Cloud OS is Windows Server 2012 R2, which delivers with a great set of qualities upon the promises of a modern datacenter, modern applications and people-centric IT, setting Windows Server 2012 R2 apart from the competition. These qualities are:∙Enterprise-class: Windows Server 2012 R2 offers a proven, enterprise-class datacenter and cloud platform that can scale up to run the largest workloads while enabling robust recovery options to protect against service outages. It offers automated protection and recovery of assets and cost-effective business continuity on-premises and in the cloud, allowing you to improve yourworkload SLAs while reducing downtime risks. Because many customer environments are oftenheterogeneous, Windows Server 2012 R2 offers high levels of interoperability with cross-platform technologies.∙Simple and cost-effective: Windows Server 2012 R2 gives you resilient, multi-tenant-aware storage and networking capabilities for a wide range of workloads. It delivers these capabilities ata fraction of the cost of other solutions, through the use of cost-effective, industry-standardhardware. With automation of a broad set of management tasks built-in, Windows Server 2012 R2 simplifies the deployment of major workloads and increases operational efficiencies.∙Application focused: Windows Server 2012 R2 helps you build, deploy, and scale applications and web sites quickly, and with more flexibility than ever before. In concert with Windows Azure and System Center 2012 R2, it unlocks improved application portability between on-premisesenvironments and public and service provider clouds, increasing flexibility and elasticity of your IT services. Windows Server 2012 R2 enables mission-critical applications and provides enhancedsupport for open standards, open source applications and various development languages.∙User centric: Windows Server 2012 R2 allows you to empower your end users by granting them access to corporate resources on the devices they choose while protecting your information. You can manage a user’s identity across the datacenter and federated into the cloud, provi de secure remote access, and define the resources and level of access users have to information based onwho they are, what they are accessing and from what device. You can manage both corporate-and personally-owned devices with a unified infrastructure, making it easier for administrators to identify and help achieve compliance.Windows Server 2012 R2 capability overviewWhen you optimize your business for the cloud with Windows Server 2012 R2, you take advantage of the skills and investments you’ve alre ady made in building a familiar and consistent platform. Windows Server 2012 R2 builds on that familiarity. With Windows Server 2012 R2, you gain all the Microsoft experience behind building and operating private and public clouds, delivered as an enterprise-class, simple and cost-effective server and cloud platform. Windows Server 2012 R2 delivers significant value around seven key capabilities:Figure 2: Windows Server 2012 R2 capabilitiesServer VirtualizationWindows Server Hyper-V is a sophisticated and feature-rich virtualization platform that has helped organizations of all sizes realize considerable cost savings and operational efficiencies. With Windows Server 2012 R2, server virtualization with Hyper-V is pulling ahead of the competition with industry leading size and scale, making Hyper-V the platform of choice for you to run your mission critical workloads. Using Windows Server 2012 R2, you can take advantage of new hardware technology, while still utilizing the servers you already have. This way you can virtualize today, and be ready for the future. Whether you are looking to expand VM mobility, increase VM availability, handle multi-tenant environments, gain bigger scale, or gain more flexibility, Windows Server 2012 R2 with Hyper-V gives you the platform and tools you need to increase business agility with confidence. And you can benefit fromcomplete workload portability as you extend your on-premises datacenter into the cloud to a service provider cloud or Windows Azure.Enterprise-class scale and performanceWindows Server 2012 R2 provides you with massive scale to transform your datacenter into an elastic, always-on cloud. For example, Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 R2 provides industry-leading virtualization host support for 320 logical processors, 4TB of physical memory and 1,024 active virtual machines per host. Hyper-V supports 64-node clusters and 8,000 VMs per cluster. And it supports a 64 TB virtual disk format with the ability for online resize, i.e. the ability to grow or shrink a VHDX virtual disk dynamically while it is running, and with no downtime.Live migration is an important VM mobility feature that has kept getting better and better with Hyper-V since it was introduced with Windows Server 2008 R2. Improving the performance of live migrating a VM from the source host to the target host has been a constant focus for Windows Server, and in Windows Server 2012 R2 these performance improvements have been taken to the next level: Live migration compression is a new feature that accelerates live migration transfer speed by compressing theVHD/VHDX file, improving performance roughly by 2x for most workloads. And live migration with RDMA is another new feature in Windows Server 2012 R2; it delivers the highest performance for live migrations over >10 Gbit network connections, supporting transfer speeds of up to 56 GB/s, by offloading the transfer to hardware and harnessing the power of remote direct memory access (RDMA) technologies. Virtualized Microsoft workloads (such as Exchange, SQL, and SharePoint) run best on Hyper-V infrastructure. For example, independent third party testing by The Enterprise Strategy Group, Inc. (“ESG Lab”) showed that a Microsoft Exchange Server 2013 infrastructure deployed within twelve Hyper-V virtual machines, running on a single physical server, supported the I/O requirements of up to 48,000 simulated users, while average database read response times ranged between 5.02 and 15.31 milliseconds, well below the Microsoft recommended limit of 20 milliseconds. In another test case, ESG Lab took an existing Microsoft SQL Server 2012 OLTP workload that was vCPU limited by the maximum allowed configuration of four vCPUs imposed by Windows Server 2008 and increased the performance by six times taking advantage of 64 vCPUs in Windows Server 2012. The average transaction response times also improved by five times from four vCPUs to 64 vCPUs.These features help ensure that your virtualization infrastructure can support the configuration of large, high-performance virtual machines for sustaining Microsoft or other, mission-critical workloads that you might need to scale up significantly.Virtual machine mobilityWindows Server 2012 R2 allows you to manage virtual machines independently of their underlying physical infrastructure. It also enables you to handle changes in resource demand as they occur and gives you the ability to rebalance running virtual machines either through the servers which the VMs reside on, or the storage resources used by the virtual machines.Introduced with Windows Server 2012 as an industry-first capability, shared-nothing live migration allows you to move a virtual machine, live with no downtime, from one physical system to another even if they are not in the same cluster or connected to the same shared storage. This capability means you can live migrate a virtual machine from one cluster to a different cluster without setting up complex storage mappings. This is useful, for example, in a branch office where you may be storing the virtual machines on local disk, and you want to move a VM from one node to another. This is also especially useful when you have two independent clusters and you want to move a virtual machine, live, between them, withouthaving to expose their shared storage to one another. You can also use shared-nothing live migration to migrate a virtual machine from one datacenter to another provided your bandwidth is large enough to transfer all of the data between the two datacenters.In multi-tenant environments of service providers, tenants are more and more asking for application-level, high availability for their workloads. To address this need, Windows Server 2012 R2 provides complete flexibility with multiple options for guest clustering, without making you sacrifice agility and density in your environment. In addition to Fibre Channel, iSCSI and SMB, Windows Server 2012 R2 now also offers shared VHDX files. Supporting both storage options, shared VHDX files can be stored either on a scale-out file server cluster or on Cluster-shared Volumes (CSV) on block storage. Shared VHDX clustering also preserves dynamic memory, live migration and storage live migration for a virtual machine that is part of the guest cluster.Introduced in Windows Server 2012 R2, Hyper-V Replica provides a storage-agnostic and workload-agnostic solution that replicates efficiently, periodically, and asynchronously over IP-based networks, typically to a remote site. It also allows an administrator to easily test the replica virtual machine without disrupting the ongoing replication. If a disaster occurs at the primary site, administrators can quickly restore their business operations by bringing up the replicated virtual machine at the replica site. New in Windows Server 2012 R2, Hyper-V Replica now allows for variable (configurable) replication frequencies down to 30 seconds or up to 15 minutes. It also supports multiple nodes; this means that tertiary replica sites are supported, for example in the case of a service provider who wants to replicate a customer’s workload to another (tertiary) datacenter.First-class citizen guest support for LinuxMany enterprises and service providers are running a mix of hypervisors, operating systems and applications in their datacenter. Often times, migrating from one platform to another is not possible, not easily feasible from a technical standpoint, or a much bigger project than IT organizations are willing to take on. Designed to integrate well with heterogeneous IT environments, Windows Server 2012 R2 supports a cross-platform cloud infrastructure by adding comprehensive functional support for Linux guests running on top of Hyper-V.Dynamic Memory is a Hyper-V feature that was introduced with Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 and is used to automatically reallocate memory between virtual machines that are running on a Hyper-V host. Dynamic Memory helps you to allocate virtual machine memory resources more efficiently while dramatically increasing virtual machine consolidation ratios. A number of improvements were made for Windows guests in Windows Server 2012, and - new in Windows Server 2012 R2 - Hyper-V now offers full dynamic memory support for Linux guests including:•Minimum memory setting – being able to set a minimum value for the memory assigned to a virtual machine that is lower than the startup memory setting•Hyper-V smart paging – which is paging that is used to enable a virtual machine to reboot while the Hyper-V host is under extreme memory pressure•Memory ballooning – the technique used to reclaim unused memory from a virtual machine to be given to another virtual machine that has memory needs•Runtime configuration – the ability to adjust the minimum memory setting and the maximum memory configuration setting on the fly while the virtual machine is running without requiring a reboot.Also, up until now, if you wanted to take advantage of Linux Integration Services (LIS) for your Hyper-V environment, you had to go to the Microsoft download center, download the correct LIS package for your Linux distribution, and then manually install it on your Hyper-V servers. New for Windows Server 2012 R2 Hyper-V hosts, key Linux vendors (such as RHEL, SUSE, CentOS and Ubuntu) are going to include LIS for Hyper-V in their standard distributions, so there is no manual step involved any longer in order for you to take advantage of the latest LIS capabilities.StorageWith the increase in new applications, the explosion of data and the user s’ expectations for continuous services, storage demands continue to grow. Hence, storage solutions play a critical role in the modern datacenter. Windows Server 2012 R2 offers a wide variety of storage features and capabilities to address the storage challenges faced by your organization. Whether you intend to use cost-effective industry standard hardware for the bulk of your workloads, or Storage Area Networks for the most demanding ones, Windows Server 2012 R2 provides you with a rich set of features that can help you maximize the returns from all of your storage investments.Windows Server 2012 R2 was designed with a strong focus on storage capabilities, from the foundation of the storage stack up, to improvements ranging from provisioning storage to how data is clustered, transferred across the network, and ultimately accessed and managed. With flexible capabilities that can be combined to meet your business needs, Windows Server 2012 R2 storage solutions deliver the efficiency, performance, resiliency, availability, and versatility you need at every level.High-performance storage on industry-standard hardwareWindows Server 2012 R2 provides a rich set of storage features allowing you to take advantage of lower-cost industry-standard hardware rather than purpose-built storage devices, without you having to compromise on performance or availability.For example, Storage Spaces provides sophisticated virtualization enhancements to the storage stack that you can use to pool multiple physical hard disk units together and provide feature-rich, highly resilient, and reliable storage arrays to your workloads. You can use Storage Spaces to create storage pools, which are virtualized administration units that are aggregates of physical disk units. With these storage pools, you can enable storage aggregation, elastic capacity expansion, and delegated administration. You can also create virtual disks with associated attributes that include a desired level of resiliency, thin or fixed provisioning, and automatic or controlled allocation on diverse storage media. Storage tiering, a new feature in Windows Server 2012 R2, is a great example of how storage performance can be dramatically enhanced while using lower-cost industry standard hardware. With storage tiering, low cost, high capacity spinning disks are used to store less frequently used data, while high-speed solid state disks are reserved to store frequently used data. Storage tiering builds on storage virtualization with Storage Spaces by assigning solid state drives (SSD) and hard disk drives (HDD) to the same storage pool and using them as different tiers in the same tiered space. Windows Server 2012 R2 recognizes the tiers and optimizes them by moving often us ed “hot” data to the SSD tier. Windows Server2012 R2 tracks data temperature and moves data at the sub-file level; only “hot” regions of a file (such as VHD or database) need to move to SSDs, the “cold” regions can reside on HDDs.Since Windows Server 2012, with a feature referred to as SMB Direct, the SMB protocol has provided support for Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) network adapters, which allows storage performance capabilities that rival Fiber Channel. RDMA network adapters enable this performance capability by operating at full speed with very low latency due to the ability to bypass the kernel and perform write and read operations directly to and from memory. This capability is possible since reliable transport protocols are implemented on the adapter hardware and allow for zero-copy networking with kernel bypass. With this capability, applications, including SMB, can perform data transfers directly from memory, through the adapter, to the network, and then to the memory of the application requesting data from the file share. Continuous application availability and robust recoveryHardware fails, hardware needs to be replaced as it approaches its end of life, and software requires patches and updates - most organizations are used to this cycle. What doesn’t change is the SLA they have with their internal and external customers, as application owners still require uninterrupted access to their resources or services. Windows Server 2012 R2 reduces server downtime and application disruption by letting you store server application data on file shares and obtain a similar level of reliability, availability, manageability, and high performance that would typically be expected from a high-end Storage Area Network (SAN).Introduced in Windows Server 2012, SMB Transparent Failover allows you to transparently move SMB file shares between the file server cluster nodes, without noticeable interruption of service for the SMB client. This is useful for planned events (for example, when you need to perform maintenance on a node) or surprise events (for example, when a hardware failure causes a node to fail). This is achieved regardless of the kind of operation that was underway when the failure occurred.One the main advantages of file storage over block storage is the ease of configuration, paired with the ability to configure folders that can be shared by multiple clients. Windows Server 2012 has taken file-based storage one step further by introducing the SMB Scale-Out feature, which provides the ability to share the same folders from multiple nodes of the same cluster. This is made possible by the use of Cluster Shared Volumes (CSV), which since Windows Server 2012 support file sharing. New in Windows Server 2012 R2, SMB sessions can now also be managed per share (not just per file server), increasing flexibility. And SMB Scale-out now also offers finer-grained load distribution by distributing workloads from a single client across many nodes of a scale-out file server.Another innovation around Windows Server 2012 R2 is the Windows Azure Hyper-V Recovery Manager offering, a related service which offers a robust recovery solution that takes advantage of Hyper-V Replica. For organizations with two or more datacenters looking to protect vital workloads running in their datacenter, Windows Azure Hyper-V Recovery Manager enables them to combine Windows Azure, System Center Virtual Machine Manager, and Hyper-V Replica to deliver planned and cost-effective business continuity of workloads. With Windows Azure Hyper-V Recovery Manager, datacenters can be protected by automating the replication of the virtual machines that compose them at a secondary location. Windows Azure Hyper-V Recovery Manager also provides continuous health monitoring of the primary datacenter, and it helps automate the orderly recovery of services in the event of a site outage at the primary datacenter. Virtual machines are started in an orchestrated fashion to help restore service quickly. This process can also be used for testing recovery without disruption to services, or temporarily transferring services to the secondary location.。

云计算硅谷共识2012

云计算硅谷共识
2012年6月7日，硅谷
云计算自2010年5月第一届北京国际高层论坛举办两年来，在全球得到迅猛发挥着，北京市的“祥云工程”也从规划走向应用与实践。

今天，来自北京的政策制定者、企业家与硅谷同行们再次相聚一堂，分享云计算发展经验，展望云计算发展趋势，共商云计算进一步合作大计，达成如下共识：
一、今天云计算已经成为信息技术创新和应用服务变革的核心推动力量，云计算车用仍处在创新探索阶段，抓住这次变革，既需要以硅谷为代表的创新精神，也需要以北京为代表的中国广大应用市场。

二、大数据正在成为云计算最重要的应用。

以此应用将推动芯片、存储、服务器、终端、系统及应用软件和服务等在内的信息技术产业链的变革和重塑。

北京与硅谷企业与企业家在此领域面临前所未有的机会。

三、中国经济结构的调整和发展方式的转变，将为创新提供动力，也为硅谷企业和企业家提供了巨大的市场。

企业不分大小，创业家不分先后，应抓住此机会，开辟跨国合作的新模式：北京和硅谷，这个云时代“双城”，在思想上分享，创新上互助，在资本上配合。

第三届云计算国际高层论坛在硅谷召开，不仅成为两地云计算企业家和政策制定者交流分享和共商大计的平台，更开启了硅谷和北京在云计算领域合作的新篇章，云计算时代的双城合作，必将优势互补、共创新一代信息产业的发展与繁荣。

云计算白皮书_2024

云计算白皮书_2024
云计算白皮书_2024
云计算已经成为当今社会科技发展的火车头，从2025年起，这一技
术大幅度的改变了企业计算机系统、并发应用技术以及日常生活对IT技
术的使用。

带来了前所未有的信息技术方面的变化，它们彻底重塑了企业
网络、数据中心，以及日常的应用程序。

随着技术的发展，2024年的云计算技术将会进一步发展，影响更多
的行业。

作为一种基于Internet的服务，云计算可以提供全面的基础设施，以及各种网络服务和软件应用。

首先，云计算技术将支持更多的应用，提供更多的服务和更多的安全。

由于云计算将大大降低企业的信息安全投入，企业可以利用云计算技术来
保护他们的数据，提高企业数据的安全性，从而提升企业的产品和服务的
可用性。

此外，云计算技术可以帮助企业更好的管理信息，并且增强企业的数
据自动化能力。

云计算将支持企业在日常管理过程中实现自动化，从而提
高企业效率和能源利用率，同时也大大降低企业信息管理的成本。

另外，云计算可以提供更低成本的数据中心和存储解决方案，以及各
类各样的服务和应用，大大降低企业的IT部署成本。

Windows-Server-2012产品白皮书

Windows Server 2012产品概述目录使用Windows Server 2012 对您的IT 进行云优化 (6)汇聚需求与创新 (6)云计算的机遇 (7)迁往针对云优化过的IT (7)通过Windows Server 2012，充分利用原有技能与投资 (8)如果还没准备好迁往云，我该怎么办？ (9)准备开始了解Windows Server 2012 (10)超越虚拟化 (11)Windows Server 2012 的优势 (11)完善的虚拟化平台 (12)Hyper-V 可扩展交换机的新功能 (12)使用Hyper-V 虚拟交换机实现多租户安全与隔离 (14)动态灵活的虚拟机安置 (14)改进了虚拟机的实时迁移 (16)改善的服务质量 (18)Hyper-V 的资源计量 (19)改进的扩展性与性能 (20)导入多个虚拟机 (20)Hyper-V 复制 (21)Hyper-V 宿主机扩展与负载扩展支持 (22)Hyper-V 的虚拟光纤通道 (23)Hyper-V 复制卸载 (24)Hyper-V 对动态内存的改进 (25)Hyper-V 支持4-KB 磁盘扇区 (26)Hyper-V over SMB (27)Hyper-V 支持新的虚拟磁盘格式 (28)与Active Directory Federation Services 实现联合身份验证 (29)跨边界连接 (30)总结 (31)功能强大管理简单 (32)Windows Server 2012 的优势 (32)在每台服务器上 (32)在多服务器环境中 (33)跨越多个站点 (34)在每台服务器上 (34)通过联机错误修复机制改善文件系统可用性 (35)Windows 网卡捆绑 (36)Server Core 与完整安装集成 (37)按需功能 (38)使用智能存储阵列实现快速高效的数据移动 (39)在多服务器环境中 (40)无需停机移动虚拟机存储 (40)可用于服务器应用程序的高性能持续可用文件共享存储 (42)使用Windows Server 2012 for NFS 数据存储部署并运行VMware ESX 虚拟机 (42)通过iSCSI Target 实现无盘网络启动 (43)通过iSCSI Target 获得持续可用的块存储 (44)故障转移群集 (44)群集感知更新 (45)DHCP 服务器故障转移 (46)通过服务器管理器实现多服务器管理与功能部署 (47)Windows Server 2012 中的Windows PowerShell 3.0 (49)存储空间 (51)数据副本消除 (52)优化存储空间的使用：支持自动精简配置与Trim (53)Active Directory 域服务 (54)全面的Windows 存储管理 (56)文件服务的统一远程管理 (57)总结 (58)跨越云端的应用体验 (59)Windows Server 2012 的优势 (59)提供在内部与云端进行构建所需的灵活性 (60)提供可扩展且灵活的应用程序平台 (60)提供可扩展有弹性的Web 平台 (60)服务器名标识符 (61)NUMA 感知扩展 (61)IIS CPU 调节 (63)集中化的SSL 证书支持 (63)应用程序初始化 (64)动态IP 限制 (65)FTP 登录尝试限制 (66)开放的Web 平台 (67)WebSocket 协议 (67)IIS 8.0 上的 3.5 与4.5 (68) 4.5 与3.5 应用程序管理 (68)总结 (69)现代化的工作风格 (70)Windows Server 2012 的优势 (70)用任何设备在任何地点访问 (71)随处获得完整的Windows 体验 (71)改进的数据安全性与合规性 (71)Windows Server 2012 优势总结 (72)支持集中化桌面的部署 (72)集中化的管理控制台 (72)简化虚拟机池和个人虚拟机的VDI 部署和补丁安装 (73)Hyper-V over SMB (75)IP 地址管理 (75)RemoteFX for WAN 优化 (76)VDI 环境中支持用户配置文件磁盘 (77)会话桌面的USB 支持 (78)DirectAccess 的改进 (79)DirectAccess 的改进：统一远程访问 (79)分支办公室的支持 (80)BranchCache 的改进 (80)分支办公室直接打印 (82)轻松实现安全与合规性 (83)安全，审计以及合规性 (83)用户设备相关性 (85)DNSSEC (87)加密硬盘卷的BitLocker (88)总结 (89)结论 (90)2012 Microsoft Corporation. 保留所有权利。

云计算标准化白皮书

B.5 云安全联盟（CSA） ............................................................ 69 B.6 欧洲电信标准研究所网格技术委员会（ETSI TC GRID）71 B.7 美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST） ............................... 72 B.8 开放网格论坛开放云计算接口工作组（OGF OCCI-WG）.......73 B.9 全球网络存储工业协会（SNIA）....................................... 74 B.10 开放云计算联盟（OCC） .................................................. 75 B.11 结构化信息标准促进组织（OASIS）............................... 76 B.12 开放群组（TOG） .............................................................. 76 B.13 零售行业技术标准协会（ARTS） .................................... 77 B.14 电气与电子工程师学会标准协会 SA（IEEE SA） ........ 78 B.15 云计算互操作论坛（CCIF） ............................................. 78 B.16 开放云计算宣言（OCM） ................................................. 78 B.17 云计算用户案例讨论组（Cloud Use Cases）................... 79 B.18 云审计（CloudAudit/A6） ................................................. 79 B.19 OMG 云计算标准协调组（ OMG Cloud Standards Coordination） ......................................................................................... 80 B.20 因特网工程任务组（IETF）.............................................. 80 B.21 全球跨云技术论坛（GICTF） .......................................... 80 B.22 TM Forum 云服务启动组 .................................................. 81 B.23 亚洲云计算协会（ACCA） ............................................... 81 参考文献 .................................................................................................. 82

百会云计算白皮书 2012

百会云计算白皮书<2012>2012年2月目录1行业分析41.1行业发展41.1.1云计算与移动办公41.1.2移动办公的特点41.2相关政策61.3市场分析61.42011年焦点事件: 手机、平板电脑等移动终端革命71.52011年重点产品81.5.1百会81.5.2Google Apps 81.5.3Office 365 81.5.4DropBox 92百会的价值主张92.1市场响应高速化92.2企业管理信息化102.3管理决策智能化113中小企业云计算实践123.1云邮箱123.2办公门户123.3CRM 133.4项目管理143.5创造者15 42012年移动办公趋势164.1市场全面转型16 4.2移动办公大时代164.3开放企业17 4.4个人的移动商务181行业分析1.1行业发展1.1.1云计算与移动办公近年来，云计算技术发展迅猛，商业服务模式也日益丰富与成熟，同时移动互联网终端的市场份额在飞速增长，彻底打破了传统办公时间和空间的局限，人们不再依赖固定的办公室以及固定的办公电脑。

这一切都预示着，移动办公将成为下一代云计算商业服务的标准应用。

移动办公意味着：无论何时何地，只要在无线网络覆盖的地方，用户就可以使用智能手机、平板电脑等移动终端设备连接企业管理系统进行业务处理。

移动办公也可称为“3A办公”，即办公人员可在任何时间（Anytime）、任何地点（Anywhere）处理与业务相关的任何事情（Anything）。

这种全新的办公模式，可以让办公人员摆脱时间和空间的束缚，业务信息可以随时随地通畅地进行交互流动，工作将更加轻松有效，整体运作更加协调。

移动办公是云计算技术、通信技术与终端硬件技术融合的产物，它将便捷的通信沟通手段、强大的互联网虚拟化服务能力与成熟的业务管理软件应用完美结合在一起，从而成为继电脑无纸化办公、互联网远程化办公之后的新一代办公模式。

1.1.2移动办公的特点1)政府、集团、中小企业都适用作为新一代的办公方式，“移动办公”适用于政府、集团以及各类中小企业等多个类型的团体。

微软云计算解决方案白皮书

让云触手可及——微软云计算解决方案白皮书

5
第一部分微软的云计算战略与方案
一、微软的新愿景
在互联网时代，微软的愿景是希望借助互联网和软件的力量，为用户创造跨越不同设备的无缝体验。云计算时代的开启加速了这个新愿景的实现。微软认为，未来的互联网世界将会是“云+端”的组合，在这个以“云”为中心的世界里，用户可以便捷地使用各种终端设备访问云中的数据和应用，这些设备可以是电脑和手机，甚至是电视等大家熟悉的各种电子产品，同时用户在使用各种设备访问云中的服务时，得到的是完全相同的无缝体验。云计算平台是现有 IT 和互联网技术以及业务模型逐渐演变的结果，而一个成功的云计算平台可以最大限度地发挥现有软件开发经验、能力和各种资源。长期以来，微软致力于云计算技术和服务的不断创新，在动态数据中心、私有云以及公共云等方面开展了卓有成效的探索和实践。

让云触手可及——微软云计算解决方案白皮书6来自图表 1 微软的新愿景
2008 年 10 月，微软发布了自己的公共云计算平台——Windows Azure Platform，由此拉开了微软的云计算大幕。
二、微软的云计算战略及特点 1、微软的云计算战略
微软的云计算战略包括三大部分，目的是为自己的客户和合作伙伴提供三种不同的云计算运营模式：第一、微软运营：微软自己构建及运营公共云的应用和服务，同时向个人消费者和企业客户提供云服务。例如，微软向最终使用者提供的 Online Services 和 Windows Live 等服务。第二、伙伴运营：ISV/SI 等各种合作伙伴可基于 Windows Azure Platform 开发 ERP、CRM 等各种云计算应用，并在 Windows Azure Platform 上为最终使用者提供服务。另外一个选择是，微软运营在自己的云计算平台中的 Business Productivity

Windows Server 2012 技术白皮书：网络

Windows Server 2012 技术白皮书
网络
Windows Server 2012 技术白皮书——网络
1
目录
解决 IT 专业人员面对的挑战 ........................................................................................................... 7 高效地管理私有云 ....................................................................................................................... 7 将私有云连接到公共云服务 ...................................................................................................... 7 将用户轻松连接到 IT 资源 ....................................................................................................... 8 Windows Server 2012：改进的网络功能 ............................................................................ 8 管理高可用，安全且高效的私有云 .................................................................................................. 9 可靠性 .................................................................................................................................................. 10 网卡捆绑技术 ............................................................................................................................. 10 技术描述 ............................................................................................................................. 10 网卡捆绑配置 ..................................................................................................................... 11 需求 ...................................................................................................................................... 12 总结 ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Hyper-V 复制............................................................................................................................ 12 需求 ...................................................................................................................................... 18 场景 ...................................................................................................................................... 19 总结 ...................................................................................................................................... 20 DHCP 服务器故障转移 ........................................................................................................... 20 技术描述 ............................................................................................................................. 20 需求 ...................................................................................................................................... 22 场景 ...................................................................................................................................... 22 总结 ...................................................................................................................................... 22

云计算基础设施技术需求白皮书

云计算基础设施技术需求（白皮书）自从云计算技术在将近 20 年前推出以来，应用和计算资源不断从企业数据中心向云环境持续迁移。

本文重点讨论云基础设施技术需求，白皮书下载链接：云基础设施技术需求（白皮书）IT基础架构向云端的迁移仍在继续，而据 Gartner 预测，到 2025 年，将有 80% 的企业关停传统数据中心，随着这一转变的推进，云服务提供商将面临在超大规模云环境中不断提高性能、扩展性和安全性的挑战。

为达到所需的服务水平，这些超大规模云服务提供商采用一些工具，包括：● 增强计算、网络和存储基础架构● 用于实现可视化计算和人工智能的新技术● 将某些云服务前移到网络边缘本文将探讨中国片上系统 (SoC) 开发人员在满足现代云基础架构需求方面所面临的一些挑战，以及可用于开发高效 SoC 解决方案的工具与技术。

推动云计算发展的主要趋势推动当前云计算市场发展的主要趋势有三个，而每个趋势都给SoC 设计人员提出了挑战：● 云数据快速增长● 无处不在地使用人工智能提取数据的含义● 云服务向网络边缘扩展我们将在下文依次讨论每一项挑战。

云数据的快速增长云数据正以指数级不断增长。

受互连设备数量快速增长，流视频、社交媒体上共享的内容日益增多、在线增强现实和虚拟现实 (AR/VR) 体验以及 5G 无线网络的推动，IDC 预计，从 2020 年至 2025 年，云数据的数量将增长3 倍。

针对每个云数据中心市场的专项增强前文所述的挑战可通过增强云计算的六个主要功能领域而解决：● 计算服务器● 网络基础架构设备● 存储系统● 可视化计算解决方案● 电信边缘基础架构设备● 人工智能 / 机器学习(AI/ML) 加速器服务器云数据的增长推动着位于中心的超大规模数据中心和位于网络边缘的远程设施中计算密度不断增加。

计算密度的提高需要更节能的 CPU，这样才能在现有数据中心设施的功耗和热量预算范围内提高计算能力。

由于对更节能的 CPU 的需求，市场最近对于针对每瓦特性能而优化的基于 ARM 的服务器 CPU 再次表现出了极大的兴趣。

云计算白皮书(2021年)

日前，中国信息通信研究院（简称“信通院”）在2021年可信云大会上正式发布《云计算白皮书》，这是信通院第七次发布云计算白皮书。

白皮书基于研究和调查报告，总结过去一年来云计算在市场、技术、架构、安全、管理、软件、赋能等方面的发展特点，并对各发展特点进行详细阐述，最后对云计算未来发展给出展望，旨在帮助从业者更好地了解云计算产业发展动态。

2020年我国经济稳步回升，云计算市场呈爆发式增长，整体规模达到2091亿元，增速56.6%。

云计算发展日益成熟，逐步迈入深水区。

从发展历程上看，云计算走过了2006年到2010年的形成期，2010年到2015年的发展期，2015年到2020的应用期，并已经迈入成熟期。

随着云计算的持续成熟，云计算在产业界的虹吸效应开始显现，并对软件架构、融合新技术、算力服务、管理模式、安全体系、数字化转型等带来深刻变革，具体体现在六个方面。

1云计算对软件工程进行了由内而外、从软件开发形式到企业组织文化的变革。

云计算为软件架构带来了分布式化、解耦合和工程化三个特性，解耦合的组件（微服务、中间件）以分布式的形态提供服务，DevOps解决方案打造工程化的开发流程，对软件工程进行了由内而外、从软件开发形式到企业组织文化的变革。

2云计算倒逼测试革新，打破效能瓶颈，提升软件质量。

业务价值的持续高质量交付成为企业的核心诉求，云计算帮助推进软件测试的执行和革新，打破持续交付的效能瓶颈，有效提升软件质量。

3云原生融合新型信息技术，改变数、智、算的应用方式。

云原生带动技术架构、应用效能、云化效益的全方位提升，传统行业用户逐步对外围系统、次核心系统、核心系统进行不同程度的云原生化改造。

云原生进一步降低技术门槛，深化云数融合、云智融合、高性能计算的发展，推动云数智高质量融合发展。

4云原生生态持续完善，向体系化应用演进。

云原生底层核心技术已完成整合趋于成熟，细分领域的衍生技术呈井喷式爆发，据不完全统计技术生态的热点开源项目已超300个，涵盖技术能力的方方面面。

Windows Server 2012 技术白皮书：身份与安全

使用 Windows Server 2012 保护数字资产
在 Windows Server 2012 中，微软基于以前的改进，使其配置、管理、用户的监控、资源与设备的管理更加容易，借此可提高安全性并实现自动化审计。此外，Windows Server 2012 在安全和身份标识管理方面包括以下新增和改进的功能：动态访问控制（DAC）。DAC 让您在整个组织中，依据共享文件和访问这些文件的用户特点，自动地控制访问和审计。它使用声明来完成高级别的访问控制。包含在安全令牌中的声明，由用户或设备的声明组成，例如名称或是类型、部门、安全检查等等。您可以使用用户声明，设备声明和文件分类标签来集中控制和审计文件的访问，就像使用权限管理服务 (RMS) 在您整个组织中保护信息一样。 Active Directory 域服务。Active Directory 域服务在混合云的基础架构中是非常重要的，因为它满足了在安全、合规和访问控制方面更严格的需求。进一步来说，不像许多竞争对手提供的云服务，要求用户使用由服务提供商托管的单独一套凭据，Active Directory 域服务只为用户提供一套凭据，保证用户访问资源的连续性，无须关注资源是在内部还是在云中。全新的部署向导和克隆虚拟域控制器的支持使得 Active Directory 域服务更加容易虚拟化，以及在本地和远程部署。Active Directory 域服务集成了 Winows Power Shell 3.0的支持，当您在服务管理工具的界面执行任务时，可以捕获和记录 PowerShell 的命令语句，改进手动任务的自动化。Active Directory 服务其它的新特性还包括桌面激活支持和组托管服务帐户。 Hyper-V 的可扩展交换机。为私有云和基础架构即服务 (Iaas) 环境提供更安全和稳定的计算环境，Windows Server 2012 中新的 Hyper-V 可扩展交换机增强了安全性和隔离性。它提供基于策略的软件控制，支持隔离多租户和维护安全。本文下文将详细介绍这些新功能。

华为云计算解决方案白皮书【模板】

华为云计算解决方案白皮书―FusionCloud1 OpenStack为IT基础设施交付模式与商业模式的变革带来契机1.1 运营商及企业IT基础设施云平台建设面临的挑战运营商及企业为通过引入云计算实现对其IT基础设施与业务应用平台的升级改造，实现降低TCO、提升企业核心业务部署与运行效率的核心价值，面临如下关键挑战：1.将分布式的、多厂家异构的基础设施资源以云服务的方式提供和消费，同时不同应用也必将对基础设施资源提出完全不同的需求。

基础设施层的水平分层采购，很好地避免了Vendor-Lock-In的问题，但使得数据中心内遍布不同厂家的服务器、存储、网络和安全硬件，操作系统从Unix到Linux到Windows并存局面不可避免，大大增加了云服务抽象和统一化的难度，同时不同应用所需的云服务能力如容灾、备份需求也各不相同。

2.如何在云平台的分阶段建设中为企业创造业务价值。

不同企业数据中心建设的模式各有不同。

新建数据中心可以从头规划，使用全新理念建设可以事半功倍。

但是针对已运行多年且正在服务的数据中心不能说改造就改造，云服务带来价值再好，也需要在现有基础上逐步改造建设。

在逐步改造的过程中如何既能满足当前业务要求，又能够保障数据中心的持续演进，是云建设必须解决的挑战。

3.多供应商如何能够在云服务中完美整合，面临商业和技术上的挑战由于IT基础设施资源池云化所带来的大颗粒和统一管控的特征，针对运营商及大型企业客户，数据中心建设的基础设施云化必然需要面临如何有效解决云服务产品和解决方案供应商的Vendor-Lock-In问题。

多供应商在云服务中的协同，是数据中心启动改造和建设之初就应未雨绸缪的问题。

4.固定接入和移动接入并存带给云服务的挑战针对运行在运营商和企业数据中心云端的各类电信增值业务，以及IT桌面应用，以及C/S、B/S架构应用，甚至数据中心本身的营运运维，无论是个人消费者，抑或企业用户，都希望通过无所不在的固定和移动宽带网络接入这些云端应用，从而在保障业务体验一致性、连续性的前提下，实现最终个人用户与企业用户与这些云端应用的高效交互。

伯克利云计算白皮书

10《高性能计算发展与应用》２００９年第一期总第二十六期伯克利云计算白皮书（节选）●Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌ　Ａｒｍｂｒｕｓｔ，　Ａｒｍａｎｄｏ　Ｆｏｘ，Ｒｅａｎ　Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ，Ａｎｔｈｏｎｙ　Ｄ．　Ｊｏｓｅｐｈ，Ｒａｎｄｙ　Ｈ．　Ｋａｔｚ，Ａｎｄｒｅｗ　Ｋｏｎｗｉｎｓｋｉ，Ｇｕｎｈｏ　Ｌｅｅ，Ｄａｖｉｄ　Ａ．　Ｐａｔｔｅｒｓｏｎ，Ａｒｉｅｌ　Ｒａｂｋｉｎ，Ｉｏｎ　Ｓｔｏｉｃａ，Ｍａｔｅｉ　Ｚａｈａｒｉａ加州大学伯克利分校　电子工程和计算机科学系●卢大勇［译］上海超级计算中心上海２０１２０３ｄｙｌｕ＠ｓｓｃ．ｎｅｔ．ｃｎ●陆琪［译］惠普公司上海２０１２０３●姚继锋［校］上海超级计算中心上海２０１２０３译者按：“云计算”一词自出现以来，在产业界和学术界就掀起了波澜，众说纷纭，莫衷一是。

在一些人眼里（如Ｇｏｏｇｌｅ、ＩＢＭ），云计算是未来的方向、潮流和必然，他们迫不及待的拥抱云计算；而在另外一些人眼里（如Ｏｒａｃｌｅ公司总裁Ｌａｒｒｙ　Ｅｌｌｉｓｏｎ、ＧＮＵ发起人Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ　Ｓｔａｌｌｍａｎ），云计算只是又一个商业炒作的概念，毫无新意，甚至蠢不可及。

在过去的一年中，已经有大量的关于云计算的文章见诸博客、报纸、杂志和严肃的学术刊物。

但本文无疑是迄今为止关于云计算最重要的文章之一。

文章的作者是分布式计算领域最有影响力的研究团队之一，领衔者Ｄａｖｉｄ　Ａ．　Ｐａｔｔｅｒｓｏｎ是　计算机界的权威，曾担任伯克利计算机系主任和美国ＡＣＭ主席，本文是他们长达六个多月工作的结果，详细解答了什么是云计算、和以前的模型如ＳａａＳ有什么不同、为什么现在是云计算发展的最佳时机、云计算将创造什么新的机遇、有哪些挑战以及如何应对等一系列问题。

文章以内部技术报告方式发表于２００９年２月１０日，原文标题为“Ａｂｏｖｅ　ｔｈｅ　Ｃｏｕｌｄｓ：　Ａ　Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙ　Ｖｉｅｗ　ｏｆ　Ｃｌｏｕｄ　Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ”。

微软云计算解决方案白皮书

让云触手可及—-微软云计算解决方案白皮书目录第一部分微软的云计算战略与方案 (2)一、微软的新愿景 (2)二、微软的云计算战略及特点 (3)1、微软的云计算战略 (3)2、微软云计算战略的特点 (3)三、微软的云计算解决方案 (5)1、微软云计算参考架构 (5)2、微软的云计算解决方案 (5)3、小资料：微软的云计算积累 (11)第二部分微软的云计算案例 (12)一、苏州风云在线（） (12)二、杭州云计算开发培训平台 (13)第三部分结语 (14)第四部分附录 (15)一、云的类型 (15)1、SaaS（软件即服务） (15)2、PaaS（平台即服务） (16)3、IaaS（基础设施即服务） (16)二、云计算的三大部署模式 (17)1、公共云 (17)2、私有云 (17)3、混合云 (17)引言在21世纪初始的互联网时代,没有人怀疑云计算时代已经在地平线上露出了第一道曙光。

然而,对于云计算将最终以怎样的姿态进入人们的工作和生活，却是莫衷一是。

在云计算领域，已经有一些企业开始提供云计算服务，其中包括业界知名的公司。

在云计算的模式最终成熟之前，任何一方都有权利来解释它认为即将来临的云计算是什么样子。

然而，有一点却是现实的——虽然云计算是一种新兴的计算模式，但它走向成熟是一个演变的过程，它的技术应用也并不是在瞬间横空出世。

一句话，云计算必定是从历史中走来。

作为提供信息技术服务的全球领先企业，微软在过去30多年经历了信息技术的每一次重要变革，能够更真切地感受到用户需求的变化，并据此为用户提供基于先进信息技术的产品和服务。

这也进一步推动微软与时俱进、坚持投身于信息技术的不断创新，并正在全心全意地致力于推动云计算变革时代的早日来临。

作为全面的云计算解决方案提供商，微软拥有领先的技术、产品和服务,能以成熟的软件平台、丰富的互联网服务经验及多样化的商业运营模式提供全面的云计算解决方案，真正做到让云触手可及。