2015年雅思阅读搭配题
雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150723
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李园考试日期： 2015年7月23日Reading Passage 1Title: Traditional Farming System in Africa (V100717 P1)Question types: Complete the sentences 4题Classify 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题Multiple choice 1题文章内容回顾介绍非洲传统的农业系统相关英文原文阅读参考文章（粗体字部分为阅读高频词）：A By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.B Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as n the Bemba area to the east, is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusinecoracana).C During the second season, and possibly for afew seasons more the area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize,pumpkins (Telfiriaoccidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Pharsalus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava, which is often planted into the developinglast-but-one crop as a relay.D Richards (1969) observed that the practice ofcitemene entails a definite division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner, since it is consideredprovocative towards one’s neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacked by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done bathe women. At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.E When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays - various ridging systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the road side or in local marketsF The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets.G Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeoaltivelis) and pale (Saro the rodonmachochir) have all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.H Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from fishing induced an ‘easy come, easy go’ outlook among Luapulan men. On the other hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in an economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in suchactivities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one’s money in the bars and have a good time!I Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are keptin the province owing to the prevalence of the tsetse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples’ ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples’ diet.J Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal production of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the future, when even more people will need food. Increasing overall production of food, though a vast challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a moderate share of the total.题型难度分析Questions 1-4Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. Choose NO MORETHAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with need.2. The citemene system provides the land with (the) ashes where crops are planted.3. During the second season, the last planted crop is (vegetable) cassava.4. Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near houses. Questions 5-8Classify the following items with the correct description.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.A. fishB. oxenC. goats5. be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations. C6. cannot thrive for being affected by the pests. B7. be the largest part of creating profit. A8. be sold beyond the local area. AQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? WriteTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9. People rarely use animals to cultivate land. TRUE10. When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force. NOTGIVEN11. The local residents eat goats on a regular time. FALSE12. Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein. TRUEQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.What is the writer’s opinion about the traditional ways of practices? BA. They can supply the nutrition that people need.B. They are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.C. They are productive systems that need no more improving.D. They will be easily modified in the future第一篇的题型涉及较多，填空题+classify+判断+主旨单选。
2015年7月25日雅思考试阅读真题
2015年7月23日雅思考试阅读真题Passage 2：题目：Finding our way内容：人类行为的研究题型：配对题5道，选择题3道，判断题5道题号：V100529Finding Our WayA “Drive 200 yards, and then turn right, “says the car’s computer voice. You relax in the driver’s seat, follow the directions and reach your destination without error. It’s certainly nice to have the Global Positioning System (GPS) to direct you to within a few yards of your goal. Yet if the satellite service’s digital maps become even slightly outdated, you can become lost. Then you have to rely on the ancient human skill of navigating 航行in three-dimensional space. Luckily, your biological finder生物探测器/发现者has an important advantage over GPS: it does not go awry失败/出错if only one part of the guidance system goes wrong, because it works in various ways. You can ask questions of people on the sidewalk. Or follow a street that looks familiar. Or rely on a navigational rubric红色标志: "If I keep the East River on my left, I will eventually cross 34th Street.” The human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning. Anyone who knows the way from point A to point B—and from A to C—can probably figure out how to get fromB to C, too.B But how does this complex cognitive认知system really work? Researchers are looking at several strategies people use to orient 向东themselves in space: guidance, path integration and route following. We may use all three or combinations thereof在其中. And as experts learn more about these navigational skills, they are making the case that our abilities may underlie在什么基础下our powers of memory and logical thinking. Grand Central中央车站, Please Imagine that you have arrived in a place you have never visited—New York City. You get off the train at Grand Central Terminal in midtown Manhattan. You have a few hours to explore before you must return for your ride home. You head uptown to see popular spots you have been told about: Rockefeller Center洛克菲勒中心, Central Park, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art大都会博物馆. You meander 漫步in and out of shops along the way. Suddenly, it is time to get back to the station. But how?C If you ask passersby for help, most likely you will receive information in many different forms. A person who orients herself by a prominent landmark would gesturesouthward: "Look down there. See the tall, broad MetLife Building? Head for that—the station is right be low it. “Neurologists call this navigational approach "guidance,” meaning that a landmark visible from a distance serves as t he marker for one’s destination.D Another city dweller居民might say: "What places do you remember passing? . . . Okay. Go toward the end of Central Park, then walk down to St. Patrick’s Cathedral大教堂.A few more blocks, and Grand Central will be off to yo ur left. “In this case, you are pointed toward the most recent place you recall, and you aim for it. Once there you head for the next notable place and so on, retracing折回your path. Your brain is adding together the individual legs of your trek艰难跋涉into a cumulative积累的progress report. Researchers call this strategy "path integration.”路劲整合Many animals rely primarily on path integration to get around, including insects, spiders, crabs and rodents啮齿动物. The desert ants of the genus类Cataglyphis 沙蚁employ this method to return from foraging觅食as far as 100 yards away. They note the general direction they came from and retrace their steps, using the polarization极化of sunlight to orient themselves even under overcast skies阴暗的天空. On their way back they are faithful to this inner homing vector航线. Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it in a totally different spot, the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined direction until it has gone "back" all of the distance it wandered from its nest. Only then does the ant realize it has not succeeded, and it begins to walk in successively larger loops循环to find its way home.E Whether it is trying to get back to the anthill or the train station, any animal using path integration must keep track of its own movements so it knows, while returning, which segments it has already completed. As you move, your brain gathers data from your environment—sights, sounds, smells, lighting, muscle contractions收缩, a sense of time passing—to determine which way your body has gone. The church spire尖塔, the sizzling 极热的sausages香肠on that vendor’s grill小贩的架子, the open courtyard庭院, and the train station—all represent snapshots快照of memorable junctures 连接during your journey.F In addition to guidance and path integration, we use a third method for finding our way. An office worker you approach for help on a Manhattan street comer might say: "Walk straight down Fifth, turn left on 47th, turn right on Park, go through the walkway under the Helmsley Building, then cross the stree t to the MetLife Building into Grand Central.” This strategy, called route following, uses landmarks such as building sand street names, plus directions—straight, turn, go through—for reaching intermediate中间点points. Route following is more precise than guidance or path integration, but if you forget the details and take a wrong turn, the only way to recover is to backtrack until you reach a familiar spot, because you do not know the general direction or have a reference landmark for your goal. The route-following navigation strategy truly challenges the brain. We have to keep all the landmarks and intermediate directions in our head. It is the most detailed and therefore most reliable method, but it can be undone by routine memory lapses记忆差错. With path integration, our cognitive memory is less burdened负担大; it has to deal with only a few general instructions and the homing vector. Path integration works because it relies most fundamentally on our knowledge of our body’s general direction o f movement, and we always have access to these inputs. Nevertheless, people often choose to give route- following directions, in part because saying "Go straight that way!" just does notwork in our complex, man- made surroundings.G Road Map or Metaphor隐喻? On your next visit to Manhattan you will rely on your memory to get around. Most likely you will use guidance, path integration and route following in various combinations. But how exactly do these constructs构图deliver concrete directions? Do we humans have, as an image of the real world, a kind of road map in our heads—with symbols for cities, train stations and churches; thick粗线lines for highways; narrow lines for local streets? Neurobiologists and cognitive psychologists do call the portion部分of our memory that controls navigation a "cognitive map.” The map metaphor is obviously seductive引人注意的: maps are the easiest way to present geographic information for convenient visual inspection. In many cultures, maps were developed before writing, and today they are used in almost every society. It is even possible that maps derive from a universal way in which our spatial空间的-memory networks are wired接电线的.H Yet the notion of a literal map in our heads may be misleading; a growing body of research implies that the cognitive map is mostly a metaphor. It may be more like a hierarchical层级structure of relationships.To get back to Grand Central, you first envision (想象) the large scale—that is, you visualize the general direction of the station. Within that system you then imagine the route to the last place you remember. After that, you observe your nearby surroundings to pick out a recognizable可辨认的storefront店面or street comer that will send you toward that place. In this hierarchical, or nested, scheme, positions and distances are relative, in contrast with a road map, where the same information is shown in a geometrically几何学上的precise scale.Questions 14-18Use the information in the passage to match the category of each navigation method (listed A-C) with correct statement. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 14-18on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA GuidanceB Path integration.C Route following14 Using basic direction from starting point and light intensity强度to move on. B15 Using combination of place and direction heading for destination. C16 Using an iconic标志性building near your destination as orientation. A17 Using a retrace method from a known place if a mistake happens. C18 Using a passed spot as reference for a new integration. BQuestions 19-21Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.19 What does the ant of Cataglyphis respond if it has been taken to another location according to the passage?A Changes the orientation sensors感应improvinglyB Releases biological scent气味for help from othersC Continues to move by the original orientationD totally gets lost once disturbed20 Which of the followings is true about "cognitive map" in this passage?A There is not obvious difference contrast by real mapB It exists in our head and is always correctC It only exists under some culturesD It was managed by brain memory21 Which of following description of way findings correctly reflects the function of cognitive map?A It visualizes a virtual route in a large scopeB It reproduces an exact details of every landmarkC Observation plays a more important roleD Store or supermarket is a must in the mapQuestions 22-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEFALSENOT GIVEN22 Biological navigation has a state of flexibility. TRUE23 You will always receive good reaction when you ask direction.NOTGIVEN24 When someone follows a route, he or she collects comprehensive perceptional 知觉/感性information in mind on the way. TRUE25 Path integration requires more thought from brain compared with route-following. FALSE26 In a familiar surroundings, an exact map of where you are will automatically emerge in your head.FALSE。
2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆【附答案】
2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆，本次考试三篇文章一旧两新,第一篇为旧题,人类行为研究，标题Decision making and happiness,相关真题可参考CST2P2, C9T4P2。
第二篇为新题，研究的是丛林狼coyote ，动物类题材可参考C7T1P1和C9T1P3。
第三篇也是新题，题材为心理学，研究了一系列动物的认知能力，相关题材可参考C7T1P1和C7T3P1。
所以大家一定要看看考题回顾，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。
Passage 1题目:Decision making and Happiness内容：人类行为研究题型：特殊词匹配4 +判断题5 +选择题4参考文章(高亮为高频词汇)Decision making and HappinessA Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical to think that if some choice is good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who do not can always just ignore the 273 versions of cereal they have never tried. Yet recent research strongly suggests that psychologically, this assumption is wrong. Although some choice is undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less.B Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. We began by making a distinction between ’maximisers’(those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and ’satisficers’(those who aim for “good enough, ”whether or not better selections might be out there).C In particular, we composed a set of statements——the Maximization Scale——to diagnose people' s propensity to maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from 1 to 7 (from *“completely disagree”to “completely agree”) on such statements as “I never settle for second best ’We also evaluated their sense, of satisfaction with their decisions. We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate maximisers from satisficers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scale' s midpoint) as maximisers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisficers. People who score highest on the test—the greatest maximisers—engage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy. When satisficers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking. But maximisers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others.D We found that the greatest maximisers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if theiracquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisficers do.E Does it follow that maximisers are less happy in general than satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of well-being. As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline clinical range.F Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are ^opportunity costs. * The quality of any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the 'costs' of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded. Thus an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. EARLY DECISION-MAKING RESEARCH by Daniel Katmeman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision.G The problem of opportunity costs will be worse for a maximiser than for a satisficer. The latter' s *good enough1* philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. In addition, the *good enough* standard leads to much less searching and inspection ofalternatives than the maximiser' s “best“standard. With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtractH Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settle on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity. Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximisers. Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximisers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret.I ln a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theater company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances thandiscount payers. The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that the full-price payers would experience more regret if they did not use the tickets because not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial For example, make a rule to visit no more than two stores when shopping for clothing.参考答案：Questions 1-4Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-D) with descriptions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A MaximiserB SatisficerC BothD Neither of them1. finish transaction when the items match their expectation B2. buy the most expensive things when shopping D3. consider repeatedly until they make final decision A4. participate in the questionnaire of the author CQuestions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 In boxes S-9 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. With the society' s advancement more chances make our lives better and happier. False6. There is difference of findings by different gender classification. Not Given7. The feeling of loss is greater than that of acquisition. True8. 'Good enough' plays a more significant role in pursuing Jbestr standards of maximiser‘False9. There are certain correlations between the * regret* people and the maximisers. TrueQuestions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet10. What is the subject of this passage?A. regret makes people less happyB. choices and Well-beingC. an interesting phenomenonD. advices on shopping11. According to conclusion of questionnaires, which of the following statement is correct?A. maximisers are less happyB. state of being optimistic is importantC uncertain results are foundD. maximisers tend to cross bottom line12. The experimental on theater tickets suggested:A. sales are different according to each seasonB. people like to spend on the most expensive itemsC people feel depressed if they spend their vouchersD. people would regret if they failed to spend on discount sales.13. What is author' s suggestion on how to increase happiness:A. focus the final decisionB. be sensitive and smartC. reduce the choice or optionD. read label carefully(仅供参考)Passage 2:题目:Coyote内容：研究丛林狼——数量的变化、人类活动对丛林狼的影响、未来丛林狼的生存问题题型：段落细节匹配5+填空4+选择4题号：新题这是一篇关于coyote郊狼从野外到城市里生存的文章, 郊狼转战城市的原因是森林面积减少, 郊狼食肉动物,而且适应能力极强，而且在狼逐步灭绝的过程中，郊狼已成为顶端动物。
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题回忆
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题回忆, 本次考试三篇文章两新一旧，第一篇内容关于脸盲症，第二篇为新西兰的aquaculture , 第三篇是一本书的书评book review。
本次考试内容整体比较简单，没有配对填空题出现，其它题型皆为常规题型。
大家可以参考剑桥真题相似文章，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。
Passage 1 ：题目：Sorry, who you are?内容：脸盲症题型：判断题7+填空题6题号：新题文章大意：文章先用一个人的案例引出脸盲症，分析了脸盲症的出现概率，发病情况，提出先天导致与后天导致两种猜想Question 1- 7答案：1-7判断题1. F2. F3. NG4. T5. T6. T7. NG9-13填空题8. animals9.10.11. gene12. left13. cheating(部分可回忆，答案仅供参考)Passage 2 ：题目：Aquaculture in New Zealand内容：新西兰水产养殖题型：配对题10+填空题3文章大意：介绍了新西兰一种新型保护海底动物多样性兼顾商业运作的方式一aquaculture , 其发展遇到的问题及前景。
参考文章：(以下文章仅是相似相关内容，并非考试文章，仅供参考)Aquaculture in NewA Aquaculture is the general term given to the cultivation of any fresh or salt water plant or animal. It takes place in New Zealand in coastal marine areas (mariculture) and in inland tanks or enclosures.B Aquaculture in New Zealand currently (2008) occupies 14,188 ha. Of that area, 7,713 ha is in established growing areas and is owned by the aquaculture industry, 4,010 ha is used to enhance the wild scallop fishery and belongs to the Challenger Scallop Enhancement Company,[6] and 2,465 ha is an exposed site six kilometres offshore from Napier where trials are being undertaken by a private company to test the site's economic viability.C In 2005 the aquaculture industry provided direct employment for about 2,500 full time equivalents, mostly in the processing sector. A similar amount of indirect employment resulted from flow-on effects. The aquaculture industry is important for some coastal areas around New Zealand where there is limited employment. This applies particularly to some Maori communities with traditional links to coastal settlements.D Marine aquaculture, mariculture, occurs in the sea, generally in sheltered bays along the coast. In New Zealand, about 70 percent of marine aquaculture occurs in the top of the South Island. In the North Island, the Firth of Thames is productive.E Marine farmers usually look for sheltered and unpolluted waters rich in nutrients. Often these areas are also desirable for other purposes. In the late 1990s, demand forcoastal aquaculture space upsurged, increasing fivefold.[18] Aquaculture consents developed haphazardly, with regional councils unsure about how marine farms might impact coastal environments. By 2001, some councils were inundated with marine farm applications, and were operating with inadequate guidelines for sustainably managing the coast.[19] As the Ministry for the Environment put it: “Attempts to minimise local or cumulative environmental effects resulted in bottlenecks, delays and high costs in processing applications for new marine farms, local moratoria, submitter fatigue and poor environmental outcomes. Marine farmers, local communities, and the government wanted change.”F In 2002, the government stopped issuing consents for more new marine farms while they reformed the legislation. The consents had operated under a system overseen by both the Ministry of Fisheries and the regional councils. The reforms aimed to streamline these applications for both freshwater and marine farms. Industry farmers objected to the moratorium, on the grounds that delaying expansion and diversification could not be in the interest of the industry. Maori groups considered they were especially affected since they were the main applicants for coastal farms.G This took three years, and in early 2005, Parliament passed the Aquaculture Reform Act 2004, which introduced the new legislation. The act amends five existing acts to cope with the new environmental demands, and creates two new acts, the Maori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004 and the Aquaculture Reform (Repeals and Transitional Provisions) Act 2004.[20] The legislation and administration of aquaculture inNew Zealand is complex for such a small industry. A more comprehensive overview can be found here.H Aquaculture is administered in New Zealand through labyrinth bureaucracies, with consequent diluted responsibilities. No single ministerial portfolio or government agency is responsible. As an example, in 2007 the government released a strategy on aquaculture. This strategy was endorsed by six government ministers with the following portfolios: fisheries, environment, conservation, local government, Maori affairs, industry and regional development. Further, there were five government departments directly involved in the preparation of the strategy. As another example, the access to marine and freshwater aquaculture sites are under the control of 17 regional local government agencies with yet more oversight by various central government agencies.参考答案：14. vi ( 一受益的村庄)15. 选含beginning的那项16. 选含limitation的那项17. 选含concerns to environment 的那项18. 选含alternative explanation 的那项19. 选含research的那项20. 选含science and business 的那项21. D22. C23. E24. polyculture25. commercial partner26. market value(答案可能有误，仅供参考)Passage 3 ：题名：A review of Hulb Brooks' book: We should live in cities题型：判断题5+单选题5+填空题4文章大意：作者对于这本书带有批判性的分析，先承认其分析合理之处，再批判书中的不足。
2015年02月12日雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年2月12日Reading Passage 1Title Role of Managers / What do managers do? 经理人角色（管理类）Question types 分类题6题判断题TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题多选题2题文章内容回顾原文是关于manager的新研究及研究结果。
介绍管理学大师亨利·明茨伯格(Henry Mintzberg)的经理角色理论。
1-6分类题：文中提到明氏对经理人角色的3种分类：A. 说经理人主要发挥的是仪式性的角色作用，如同大学校长颁发毕业证书，还包括人员的招聘培训等。
B. 主要是信息的发布和联络人。
C. 实际决策作用。
问某种行为属于第几种：1. 负责企业的发展计划(scheme) 选：C2. 主持仪式选：A3. 使用资金选：C4. 研究竞争对手动向选：B5. 告知员工消息选：B6. 招聘新人选：A7-11判断题TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN:7. 说以前关于经理人角色的理论不容易理解，原文说了以前的理论非常的simple。
FALSE8. 说MS的理论挑战了以前well established的理论。
TRUE9. NOT GIVEN10. FALSE11. FALSE12-13多选题：最后两段说了MS学者的理论的积极面是哪两点？12. 选：B（带divide的选项）原文倒数第二段说elaborate classification。
13. 选：E（带fresh way的选项）原文最后一段说关于经理人角色理论，要give a new insight。
相关原文阅读The role of a Development Manager can be a very stressful one. You are the "man in the middle'', being pulled in different directions by management, customers, sales, developers etc.. If you are doing your job well nobody notices: things work fluently, the work gets done without drama and everyone gets what they want. If things go wrong, no matter what the cause, then it is your fault.The secret to being successful as a Development Manager is managing expectations and making sure everyone understands your role is the first step. Both you, and the people you work, with need to agree on what is expected of you as a Development Manager.I have seen job postings for Development Managers that leave me shaking my head. One required in depth knowledge of a large number of a programming languages and environments, in another the position was 66% (why not 2/3rds?) programming, still others required PMO certification and this list could go on. While I agree the role of the Development Manager is sort of nebulous, job postings like these give me the feeling that the companies posting the jobs really have not thought about the role. This is a recipe for disaster for both the company and anyone hired under these conditions.As Development Manager you have a number of responsibilities, but the primary one is to get a product out the door. Your goal is deliver results to the customer, or market, and do everything necessary to achieve this. To do this you need to make sure the development team is able to work as efficiently as possible and this means making sure they have clear goals, both short term and long term, and that nothing prevents them from doing their work. From the initial project scope to deploying the product out to customer sites, each step is your responsibility. You can, and should, delegate as much as you can but be ready to check that things are being done as you want and be ready to jump in if it is not.Project ScopingAs Development Manager you need to know how to scope out a project. Depending on your organization and how you work with outside groups this could be a major part of your work. If you regularly take on projects on behalf of 3rd parties, then you should know how to respond to an RFP (Request For Proposal), complete with Deliverables, Time Lines, Budget etc.. Even if you only deal with internal projects, without a formal document system, you should get in the habit of putting together a Project Scope Document for every project. Also, if you are practicing Agile development, thesedocuments need to be living things and maintained and updated as the project progresses.Over Head ProjectsThis is part of Project Scoping, but it deserves a separate paragraph. I’ve heard people talk about “Over Head” projects that don’t need a budget and time line. This is so wrong! A failure to work out what the cost and deliverables are on these “Over Head” projects can stifle your team as they eat into your schedule and divert resources away from other work. Every project you undertake has at least an internal cost and at least one deliverable. You need to be able to negotiate both with the other stake holders for everything you undertake.Managing RelationshipsRemember, you are the ''man in the middle'' and any failures are going to belong to you, even if the cause is something beyond your control. You need to keep good and open relationships with the people involved.Get to know not just your immediate boss, but who he reports to and the people who are on the same level. You also need to get to know other stake holders on the projects you manage. Make sure they are ''in the Loop'' and get regular status updates and have good visibility on what your team is doing.Who handles customer relations? Besides your boss, this is probably the most important person you need to get to know. They can manage customer expectations, handle complaints (real or imagined) and provide critical customer contacts. On the other hand they can make your life miserable, making promises to customers without checking with you, posting bug reports that are unnecessary, pestering you to deliver on unrealistic time lines etc.Get to know you team, how long have they been with the company, what are the individual strengths and weaknesses? Who works well with whom? How busy are they? Keep track of little things like birthdays, anniversaries, etc.. Just acknowledging these little things make for sense of community.Making sure that management knows what you are working on and can see your progress is critical to keeping them happy. Communication and visibility are key getting this to work. I have used all sorts of tools to keep management in the loop and discover more all the time. Keep a tool box of programs, bulletin boards, whiteboards and anything else you can think of and keep them up-to-date. If the stakeholders understand the challenges you and your team are experiencing then they are less likely have unreal expectation. I say less likely, but not never. Some management will never understand why things don’t just ''work''. In these cases it may be time to start looking for another job.题型难度分析第一篇是经典机经旧文，版本号V091219, 收录在很多机经原文练习里。
20150613雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李珂考试日期 2015年6月13日Reading Passage 1Title 澳大利亚甘蔗Australian Sugarcane (2013.10.10 P1)Question types 人名理论配对4题判断题6题选择题3题文章内容回顾关于澳大利亚甘蔗的特点、种植、甘蔗的用途等。
题型难度分析本篇文章题型难度中等，是非无判断、选择均具有顺序性原则，只要考生平时注重定位能力的训练，在较短的时间内可以提高这两种题型的做题速度和准确性，人名理论配对定位容易，但读懂理论可能会花费较多时间、考生需踏实提高自身阅读能力。
题型技巧分析1-4人名理论配对题1. 甘蔗对环境的影响没那么大了。
2. 甘蔗对环境的影响没别的农作物严重。
5-10判断题5. 种甘蔗的成本和卖出的收益差不多。
TRUE6. 放弃种甘蔗的人去城市里了。
NOT GIVEN7. 在甘蔗行业里，用甘蔗用作能源是将来的发展方向。
FALSE11-13选择题11. 为什么不种甘蔗了？选：因为经济危机的影响12. 某个农民一直选：没放弃种甘蔗对于是非无判断题有两点需要提醒：第一，是非无判断题理论上是具有顺序性的题型，因此考生在回文章中扫描定位词时可以按照题目顺序来依次定位。
但是是非无判断题的特殊性在于其中有“无”的情况，所以如果考生过于机械的遵循顺序定位的规律，对于答案是NOT GIVEN 的题目，有可能会出现需要读完更多内容才能判断出来的情况。
所以建议考生们在搜索某题的定位词时，可以同时关注后面题目的定位词是否出现。
在下一题定位词已经出现而本题定位词或者其同义替换的词仍未找到的情况下，则本题可以判断为NOT GIVEN。
第二，考生在判断题目中的定位词时，不必只找唯一的一个词。
如果题目中出现了不止一个词可以用于作为定位词，建议考生可以全部找出来，一起定位。
因为这样能够准确定位到题目出现的位置的概率会大大提高。
Reading Passage 2Title 欧洲高温天气European Heat Wave (2013.11.09 P2)Question types 判断题6题简答题2题Summary填空题5题选择题1题题型难度分析本篇文章题型难度中等偏低，题型均具有顺序性原则，只要考生平时注重定位能力的训练，在较短的时间内可以提高这两种题型的做题速度和准确性，可以尝试改变做题顺序，先做填空、再做判断、选择。
2015年5月9日雅思阅读真题
2015年5⽉9⽇雅思阅读真题2015年5⽉9⽇雅思考试已经结束，新东⽅在线邀请雅思阅读名师-李梦佳，为⼤家带来雅思真题回忆。
更多雅思机经、雅思试题、雅思复习计划、雅思培训以及雅思考试技巧等相关信息，请持续关注新东⽅在线雅思频道！祝各位烤鸭学习愉快！以下是5⽉9⽇雅思阅读考试考场的机经Passage 1题材：环境健康类新旧情况：新题题⽬：Solutions to Indoor Air Pollution题型：简答5 +图表填空4+判断4⽂章⼤意：介绍了关于室内空⽓污染治理项⽬的情况和成果。
部分答案回忆：1.weight2.fuel3.distribution4.stoves5.consultations6.pilot7.review8.10 million9.internationalPassage 2题材：环境能源类新旧情况：新题题⽬：Egypt’s Sunken Treasures题型：Matching4+判断+填空⽂章⼤意：埃及⼀个古建筑在海底被发现了，考古学家拯救海底建筑。
部分答案：待补充Passage 3题材：⽂化类新旧情况：新题题⽬：The Future of Language题型：summary4+判断+填空⽂章⼤意：类似旧题，仅供练习Save Endangered Language“Obviously we must do some serious rethinking of our priorities, lest linguistics go down in history as the only science that presided obviously over the disappearance of 90percent of the very field to which it is dedicated. “-Michael Krauss, “The World’s Languages in Crisis ”.ATen years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of linguistics with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the world would cease to be uttered within a century. Unless scientists and community leaders directed a worldwide effort to stabilize the decline of local languages, he warned, nine tenths of the linguistic diversity of humankind would probably be doomed to extinction. Krauss’s prediction was little more than an educated guess, but other respected linguists had been clanging out similar alarms. Keneth L. Hale of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology noted in the same journal issue that eight languages on which he had done fieldwork had since passed into extinction. A 1990 survey in Australia found that 70 of the 90 surviving Aboriginal languages were no longer used regularly by all age groups. The same was true for all but 20 of the 175 Native American languages spoken or remembered in the US., Krauss told a congressional panel in 1992.BMany experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages, for several reasons. To start, there is scientific self-interest: some of the most basic questions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech, which are far from fully explored. Many researchers would like to know which structural elements of grammar and vocabulary—if any— are truly universal and probably therefore hardwired into the human brain. Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient migration patterns by comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise unrelated languages. In each of these cases, the wider the portfolio of languages you study, the more likely you are to get the right answers.CDespite the near constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over the past 10 years, the field has accomplished depressingly little. “You would think that there would be some organized response to this dire situation,” some attempt to determine which language can be saved and which should be documented before they disappear, says Sarah G. Thomason, a linguist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. “But there isn’t any such effort organized in the profession. It is only recently that it has become fashionable enough to work on endangered languages.” Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen of Yale University, “when I asked linguists who was raising money to deal with these problems, I mostly got blank stares.” So Whalen and a few other linguists founded the Endangered Languages Fund. In the five years to 2001 they were able to collect only $80,000 for research grants. A similar foundation in England, directed by Nicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995.。
雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150725
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年7月25日Reading Passage 1Title: History of Refrigeration（制冷剂历史）Question types: 配对题句子匹配题文章内容回顾一开始讲述美国没有制冷技术，只能把食物腌制。
后来城市化后，需要大量新鲜食物，于是人们开始利用天然冰块冷藏并运送食物。
有两个人分别改进了冰块运输技术和冰块切割技术。
后来天然冰块越来越少，有人开始利用机械制冷，一开始是铁路技术，有人改进了铁路冷藏技术，于是加州的新鲜水果可以运往各地了。
再然后有人改进公路技术，于是可以开始在公路上运送冷藏食物。
之后人们发现以前的冷藏剂有毒，于是有人开始开发冷藏剂。
最后总结说新冷藏剂虽然对臭氧层有害，但大大促进了冷藏技术在全球的推广。
题型难度分析1-4 配对题1. 19492. 17993. 19304. 1830第一篇比较简单，总共只有两种题型，第一种题型比较容易定位，可以在短时间内做完。
第二种题型是句子补充完整匹配题，难度比第一种题型大，难定位。
题型技巧分析特殊词匹配题型特点是特殊词不可替换，此题可以用时间直接定位，定位到文章之后，读定位点前后两句话，再回选项找正确答案。
句子补充完整匹配题需注意两点：第一，问题给的半句话是和文章定位点同义替换的。
第二，此题是句子补充完整，所以句子匹配后需符合整句话的逻辑意思。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑5 Test 2 Passage 1（体裁相似）剑8 Test 1 Passage 1（体裁相似，题型相似）Reading Passage 2Title: an Alternative Approach of Farming in Honduras 洪都拉斯新农耕方法Question types: 段落信息匹配题6题摘要填空题5题多选题2题文章内容回顾关于洪都拉斯农业耕种。
过去人们采用刀耕火种的方式：把一片树林砍伐成平地，半年以后再在上面种植植物，这就造成了土地肥力下降，所以人们就不得不再砍伐新的树林来开辟耕地。
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题（网友回忆版）
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题（网友回忆版）2015年10月31日雅思阅读回忆(网友版)阅读两新一旧passage1是讲脸盲症，针对一种人容易对别人的面庞无意识的解释。
说怎样研究他们忘性大，还说了先天和后天的两种可能性passage2 讲新西兰海水养殖。
有标题题和配对题，文章说新西兰的方法能创造收益还能维持海洋生态，还讨论这个模式遇到的问题passage3 讲一个人的书，貌似在批评说那个书的缺点集中在哪些方面。
延伸阅读：雅思阅读评分标准(一)介绍类学术说明文的结构要判断文章类别，一般看标题就可以了。
介绍类文章是对某事物或现象进行描述或介绍，所以标题一般为名词短语或者以How开头的疑问句。
具体结构如下：Introduce a phenomenon or a fact.Detailed Description:Timeline/Different Aspects/Logic DevelopmentLook into the future/Summary无论什么文章，起始段总是引出主题，所以多用叙述描写性语言，或介绍现象，或陈述事实，或交代问题。
在介绍类说明文中，中间断落是对事物细节的展开描述，各种话题可以通过三种不同方式展开。
第一类时间顺序，通常用于陈述一个历史事件，例如剑五中的“Johnson’s Dictionary”就是这一类。
第二类并列或递进，从各个侧面来介绍，例如剑四中的“What Do Whales feel?”，一看标题就知道是介绍鲸鱼各个感官的，属于并列结构。
第三类是逻辑顺序，据笔者统计，环境自然类文章多依照这种顺序，下文对此会作详细评述，这里不再赘言。
(二)论证类文章的结构(1)实验类文章Introduce ExperimentPreexperiment (Subjects, Tools, Methods)Experiment ProcessResult (Collecting Data)Analyses and Syntheses在雅思阅读中，实验类文章结构最为固定。
20150509雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李亚珊考试日期 2015年5月9日Reading Passage 1Title Solutions to Indoor Air Pollution (2013.06.08 P1)Question types Short Answer Questions 5题Summary Completion 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题文章内容回顾介绍了关于室内空气污染治理项目的情况和成果。
如何帮助贫困地区的人们改善环境污染，先是回答三个第一段的问题，然后是改善措施的方法，最后是判断正误。
1-5 Short Answer Questions1. weight2. fuel3. distribution4. stoves5. consultations6-9 Summary Completion6. pilot7. review8. 10 million9. international答案分析：室内污染会造成新生儿的low birth weight；很多贫穷地区因为使用biomass fuel而对身体产生危害；有一种技术没有持续使用下去，是因为high distribution cost；有一种新的设备special stoves。
为控制室内空气污染项目的开展流程，开始会做一些consultations和proposals；在中国和印度地区开展pilot projects；先对已经存在的项目做review，这个项目设计让10 million人受益；这个项目是international范围展开的。
题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括简答，归纳填空题以及判断题。
本篇文章简答和判断的难度适中，归纳填空题个别题目定位略难。
题型技巧分析对于Summary一般把握三个关键信息：逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。
首先，观察空格前后语义间是否有逻辑关系的连接词；其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性；最后，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。
6月27日雅思阅读考试真题「完整版」
6月27日雅思阅读考试真题「完整版」2015年6月27日雅思阅读考试真题「完整版」店铺导语：2015年6月27日的雅思考试真题已经公布，下面是阅读真题的相关内容，希望对您有所帮助，祝您考取满意的成绩。
PassageOne新旧情况旧题材历史类题目俄罗斯芭蕾历史题型判断题 6 个摘要题 7 个整篇文章按照时间和人物顺序安排，第一段姜 17世纪俄罗斯对待芭蕾的'态度。
第二段讲两任沙皇罗曼诺夫和彼得大帝对待芭蕾的不同。
第三、四段讲几位艺术家在俄罗斯的遭遇，其中有普希金，尼金斯基(Nijinsky)(类似参考文章)The History of Russian Ballet17th CenturyBallet in Russia was created by foreigners and yet it is most definitely "Russian". In the 17th century ballet was introduced into Russia by the second Romanov ruler Tsar Alexis Mikhailovich (1629-1676, reigned from 1645) for his wedding festivities.Peter the Great (1672-1725, reigned from 1682) took a personal interest in dancing at his court by bringing in Western dances and taking part in them himself. With the help of his prisoners from the Swedish wars -- the Swedish officers -- he taught his courtiers.18th CenturyThe dissemination of ballet in Russia and its deep rooted appeal to all Russians can be traced back to those nobles who, often living so far away from the capital, commanded their own entertainment, setting up ballet troupes often composed of serfs who had been trained at the Imperial School.The formal beginning of Russian ballet can be traced back to a letter written in 1737 to the Empress Anne (1693-1740, reigned from 1730) by the teacher of gymnastics at the Imperial Cadet School.。
2015年8月8日雅思考试阅读真题回忆2015年8月8日雅思阅读真题
2015年8月8日雅思考试阅读真题回忆Passage1Dust and American大意：美国西南沙尘的起源、历史调查，和影响。
题型：判断题；y填空Passage2Follow your nose题型：段落信息匹配；人名配对；选择题Passage3What is meaning?题型：选择题；判断题；句子完成配对题2015年8月8日雅思阅读真题解析2015年8月8日雅思考试听力真题回忆今天听力貌似两套题，有一套是粉色试卷，信息量比较多需要时间认真核对确认。
2015年8月8日雅思听力真题回忆解析2015年8月8日雅思考试口语真题回忆1.北外RM1P1工作，工作中最重要的是人还是事;P2描述你和朋友意见不一致的一件事;P3小孩子吵架都为什么，你为什么不理解孩子吵架，青年人为什么常不同意自己家长，中国人为什么不能直接表达否定意见，中国人为什么只知道工作赚钱?2.北外20150805RM11女考官人很好很温柔还会笑。
但考试的时候灯突然炸了 (1)学习，水果蔬菜，记忆p2：有偿工作p3：为什么有人喜欢工作，专业工作会改变人的生活吗。
3.首经贸P1专业，看天气预报，衣服;P2一条好的消息;P3新闻相关问题，老人喜欢看新闻还是年轻人，新闻有哪些种类，经济类新闻大家都喜欢吗?4.沈阳RM04P1房子，数学，喜不喜欢读报纸，新闻P2最享受的一个人生阶段;P3你认为从何时开始children变成adult，社会经验重要吗，children变成adult后有什么不同，大学生和未上大学的人成年时期应该一样吗，中国人怎么庆祝不同仪式?5.太原理工大room10part1work or study：major difficult or not.ideal job;time management;sleeping part2favorite famous person Part3what kinds of people are famous Disadvantage and advantages of being famous白人帅哥考官说话温柔会解释问题6.太原理工大room8挺帅的一个男考官不笑会打断part1major collection visitors part2a good cook part3人们一般花在做饭上的时间聚在一起吃饭的好处还给我举个例说如果一个人没钱他是应该把钱花在做饭上还是努力工作上7.深圳赛格VIP0P1house,shop,program,visitor;P2一个讨厌但你必须友好的人;P3人们需要这样做吗，有没有具体的情况，为什么有的人外表看起来很友好?8.广州仲恺农业技术学院room402P1home or flat,why do you like your home,helping people,how do you help people;P2educational television program;P3internet and television,TV commerical,culture,does globalization affect the culture in China.9.湖南大众传媒学院P1Work or study,fruit and vegetables P2The occasion u surprisingly meet someone P3Making new friends,ways,places,n making foreign friends 10.上海对外经贸Room403白人女考官，很和蔼、很鼓励人、虽然我说的很…part1house、math;part2擅长外语的人part3语言好不好学、应不应该送孩子书籍11.上海对外经贸room201，P1讲了accomodation，math，at weekend alone.part2是get up early part3就是什么你觉得休息多久好，晚上睡不好中午休息一下怎么样，有些人只睡3-4个小时你怎么看12.上海白人男考官，比较nice，part1很顺利，part2你参加过什么team，呵呵了，编了一个voluntary team给他.part3真的要抓狂了young children参加team sport就算了，还问为啥是educational13.华师大313很和蔼的大叔趴一：专业，工作，客人，树木;趴二：想再看一次的电影;趴三：电影相关，演员，品质，电影的选择。
20150606雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心孔萌霞考试日期 2015年6月6日Reading Passage 1Title The media literacy of childrenQuestion types Summary Completion 7题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 6题文章内容回顾第一段介绍三种主要方式；第二段提到儿童使用Internet会碰到的问题，比如financial risk；第四段提到older media没有new media获得的研究多；第五段提到关于barriers的研究成果；第六段提到家长的行为带来的影响；第七段提到television和mobile phone可能带来的危害。
1-7摘要填空题1. access2. financial risk3. most research focus on new media8-13判断题8. barriers已经获得了considerable research. False9. parents会影响孩子的literacy. True10. mobile phones是潜在可能带来危害的工具. True相关英文原文阅读Access has two dimensions. It is, firstly, about physical access to equipment, in a setting where it is possible to use it in an unrestricted way. However, it is also a matter of the ability to manipulate technology (and related software tools) in order to locate the content or information that one requires. With older media, physical access is rarely considered to be a significant issue: terrestrial television and analogue radio are now more or less universally available, and the majority of children now have access to both in the private space of their own bedrooms. However, with new media, there are still significant inequalities in levels of access between different social class groups.A final dimension to consider here concerns children’s awareness of personal risk, particularly in relation to new media. Research indicates that risk-taking serves specific developmental purposes for adolescents as they define themselves as more mature than children: these include achieving social status, developing autonomyand facing anxieties (Lightfoot, 1997). Children and young people’s statements about knowing how to avoid risks and expressions of invulnerability can also be explained in psychological terms as ‘a product of having a sense of control or self-efficacy’ (Perloff, 1983 in Valentine and Holloway, 2003: 93). Awareness of internet risks and the presence of risktaking, therefore, can be seen as developmental factors contributing to media literacy there is emerging public concern regarding children’s safety in connection with new 3G (third generation) mobile phones offering photo messaging, video streaming, unlimited internet access and Bluetooth technology (BBC News, 2004; Carr, 2004; O’Connell, 2003). Advocates for regulation of these technologies argue that children are more likely to be susceptible to bullying and paedophiles (Batty, 2004).However, such claims have yet to be sustained by any empirical research; and, as with research on internet risk, we need to find out how these risks are understood and experienced by children, and how they learn to deal with them.Access and exposure to online pornography is another public concern. Statistics are available to indicate frequency of exposure to online pornography (Carr, 2004; Livingstone and Bober, 2004a), and one might argue that media literacy skills are crucial for children to be able to cope with such encounters. The UKCGO survey indicates that children and young people, when encountering online pornography, will leave a site, delete an e-mail or pursue the image (look at it, share with a friend, go back to it).Although this survey gives us a rough indication of children’s responses to such material (e.g. 54% of weekly users ‘say they didn’t think too much about it’), there has been little qualitative research to examine how such material is experienced or even understood (Sutter, 2000 in Livingstone 2003). A small scale study by Burn and Willett (in press) indicates that children share stories about pornography and paedophilia that are often based on half-truths, especially when such topics are considered taboo; while Bevort and Breda (2001) found that French children were more concerned about ‘race hate’ sites than about pornography or paedophiles, and that the more they used the internet, the more confident they became of their ability to cope with such material. Both studies suggest that the way forward for media literacy is through open discussion and engagement with risks, rather than censorship.Furthermore, it could be argued that this awareness of risks extendsonly to those most frequently promoted by moral campaigners. Although children and young people are part of the e-commerce industry through gaming, downloading music, shopping and online auctions, we found no research on awareness of financial risk; or indeed of technical risks such as viruses. As we shall see, children’s awareness of the risks of online marketing is limited (Seiter, 2004a).The most widely acknowledged barrier to the development of media literacy is the so called ‘digital divide’. This is often seen primarily as a matter of access. Factors such as social class and gender are key determinants of people’s access to new media technologies, and of the quality of that access (for example, as defined in terms of the specification of the equipment, and the ease with which people are able to use it in different locations). Factors such as disability and personal dispositions towards technology also play a role here. However, it is important to recognise that the digital divide is more than simply a question of access to technology: it is also a matter of the skills and competencies (the media literacy) that are required to use that technology effectively, and to secure the maximum benefit from it. People who have less access to technology have fewer opportunities to develop these skills and competencies; and hence are less likely to seek out opportunities to use it in the first place. The opposite will be true for those who enjoy high levels of access; and so there is a danger that – despite the falling price of the technology – there will be a polarisation in this respect between the media ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’.Messaris (1986) found that parents (or at least mothers) played an important positive role in young children’s learning from television, in three main respects. Firstly, at a very young age, they helped children to make distinctions between different types of programmes, and between television and reality. Secondly, they helped children to evaluate the accuracy of television representations, and hence to adjust unrealistic expectations about the real world that might have arisen from television viewing.Thirdly, parents could provide ‘background’ information when children were confronted with unfamiliar material, particularly relating to aspects of adult life that children could not have experienced themselves.题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括摘要填空以及阅读必考题是非无判断题，这两个题型都是近期考试出现频率较高的题目。
2015年雅思阅读搭配题
2021/4/6
9
which paragraph 题
注意事项： v 切忌先通篇读文章，后根据文章的大意和题目一一对应，这样
文章会反复阅读多遍，浪费时间，因为段落匹配题是细节性的 题型，答案一般都在一到两句话中出现。 v 注意题干中和文章定位句中存在的替换关系，所以牢牢掌握细 节题思路的五种替换关系对于此题至关重要。
2021/4/6
14
Sentence ending题
具体步骤
A. 观察题目选项数量，并确定题目和选项之间是
否有明显的逻辑关系；
B. 划取第1-2题的关键词；
C. 根据顺序性，从原文开头扫读，注意重度同义
替换及逻辑关系；
D. 找到定位句后根据上下文确定结果
E. 不能确定答案时，可利用上下句的人称是否一致
2021/4/6
7
which paragraph 题
D． 同类词 常表现为概念的大小，如题干中diet，文章中是 food或具体的食物vegetables E． 反向词（常见于动词）(pay-charge, come-go) 如：动作对象互换位置；A charges B = B pays A 主动和被动的替换：The survey is responded by the students = The students respond the survey.
E. 重要的名词（test, survey, finance, economy...）
F. 重要的动词（respond to, agree on, concur on, alter）
2021/4/6
6
which paragraph 题
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题（新东方版）
文章先用一个人的案例引出脸盲症，分析了脸盲症的出现概率，发病情况，提出先天导致与后天导致两种猜想 Question 1- 7 TRUE/FALSE/ NOT GIVEN
官方：
文章先用一个人的案例引出脸盲症分析了脸盲症的出现概率发病情况提出先天导致与后天导致两种猜想
一、考试概述： 本次考试三篇文章两新一旧，第一篇内容关于脸盲症，第二篇为新西兰的aquaculture，第三篇是一本书的书评book review。本次考试内容整体比较简单，没有配对填空题出现，其它题型皆为常规题型。 二、具体题目分析 Passage 1： 题目：Sorry, who you are? 内容：脸盲症 题型：判断题7+填空题 6 题号：新题
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Sentence ending题
二、题型特点
由于属于正序细节题，做题时可一个一个或两个两个正序
完成。因为是完成句子题，所有上下句之间会有一定的逻 辑关系，可通过观察选项特征确定文章逻辑。 如选项都是because开头，可确定题目和选项之间是因果 关系，除了以上讲到的关键词类别和定位方法外，同样在
原文中寻找带有因果关系痕迹的表达就可以帮助迅速定位。
雅思阅读专业二级
搭配题
目录
1
Matching 搭配题
2 3
4
which paragraph
Matching 搭配题
sentence ending
matching&classification
which paragraph 题
一．题型介绍：
Which paragraph contains the following information题， 即段落匹配题，“以下题目的信息是在文章的哪个段落出现”。 属于典型的细节题，是在一篇文章的后面给出4-5道题，然后 把这些题目和文中的段落来匹配。做题时需要考生从微观上来 确定关键词了解这个题目的细节信息，再回文章中来找和这个
特殊关键词多定位 明显快速破题
分类配对
描述
选项少题目多
段，通常为集中的几段，再找对应句
matching & classification
课堂练习 剑六T2P1 剑六T3P2
Thank you
matching & classification
题目 人名 人物观点配对 观点 人名 选项 观点 特点 人名出现多次观点 表述长难同意转化 多 做题方法 1.人名为关键词2.人名多次出现，优先第一次和 最后出现的地方3.同义替换 1.观点为关键词2.地点多次出现，优先第一次和
最后出现的地方3.同义替换
which paragraph 题
2） 常见的定位方法 A． 原文原字 如：常见于数字，时间，大写字，学术类FAA,
telepathy, sister-in-law题干中的这样的词文章中不会替换。
B． 同义词 如：advantage= good point= bonus= award=benefit C． 反义词 如：no advantages= drawback，否定的表达还会 出现一些否定副词，例如hardly，seldom, never, rarely等
细节信息相对的段落。此题在阅读题型中考察幅度占20%。
which paragraph 题
二、思路详解 除了标题对应题以外，其他所有的题型都是需要先读题后读文
章，考生需要从题干中划出2个以上的关键词，在文章中找到关
键词的位置，即定位。
which paragraph 题
1） 常用的关键词类别 A. 数字，大写字母，学术类词汇，连字符词(more than 3000 species, FAA, telepathy, sister-in-law)
Sentence ending题
关注的词汇 词：BECAUSE，SINCE，AS，FOR，THEREFORE，SO，
THUS，WHY；
动词：RESULT IN，RESULT FROM，FOLLOW FROM， BASE…ON…，BE DUE TO； 名词：BASIS，RESULT，CONSEQUENCE，REASON； 介词：BECAUSE题
D． 同类词 常表现为概念的大小，如题干中diet，文章中是 food或具体的食物vegetables
E． 反向词（常见于动词）(pay-charge, come-go)
如：动作对象互换位置；A charges B = B pays A 主动和被动的替换： The survey is responded by the students = The students respond the survey.
which paragraph 题
技巧步骤： 1） 先读题干，确定题目要求中有没有NB，如果有的话那么其中某一项一
定可以选两次（NB You may use any letter more than once.）
2） 读每个题干的大意，划出每个题干的两到三个关键词 3） 短暂并完整记忆每个题干的关键词和大意 4） 带着所有关键词去文章中找和题干匹配的段落，如果不能全部记住所 有题目的关键词，就从逐段去读文章，再和题干的关键词和大意对应
1.地点为关键词2.地点多次出现，优先第一次和 最后出现的地方3.同义替换
地点描述配对
地点
描述
特殊关键词多定位 明显快速破题
描述 时间事件配对
时间 事件
地点
事件 时间 分类 项目
1.描述为关键词2.同义替换
1.时间为关键词2.同义替换 1.事件为关键词2.同义替换 1.对选项非常了解2.根据选项分类在原文找对应
Sentence ending题
五． 题型小结及注意事项 which paragraph
1.无序的细节题，不能一个一个做，要一起做；
2.先看题划词，再读文章； 3.没有太大技术含量，完全考查同义替换及快速阅读能力。 sentence ending 1.有序的细节题，可以一个一个或两个两个做； 2.先看题划词，再读文章； 3.题目和选项之间的逻辑关系可辅助完成题目。
课堂练习 1. 剑八t1p1 2. 剑七t1p1
Sentence ending题
一．题型介绍：
Complete each sentence with the correct ending题，
即句子完成题，就是以下题目的信息是不完整的，需要从 所给出的选项当中选出合适的成分来完成句子，此题型一 般是正序的，属于典型的细节题，题目下面会有两倍甚至 两倍以上的选项。此种题在阅读题型中考察幅度占5%
Sentence ending题
课堂练习 剑六t2p2
剑六t2p3
matching & classification
一．题型介绍： Matching和classification题，即细节配对题，即给出
一个集合和另外一个集合进行匹配，属于细节题。做题
时需从微观上确定关键词。 细节配对题在阅读题型中考察幅度占15%。
副词：AS A RESULT，CONSEQUENTLY
Sentence ending题
具体步骤 A. 观察题目选项数量，并确定题目和选项之间是
否有明显的逻辑关系；
B. 划取第1-2题的关键词； C. 根据顺序性，从原文开头扫读，注意重度同义 替换及逻辑关系； D. 找到定位句后根据上下文确定结果 E. 不能确定答案时，可利用上下句的人称是否一致 等排除，实在不行最后用排除法再做
B. 表示时间，地点的短语，介词短语(in 1996, in Paris,
under meditation) C. 连词部分(and, as well as, both..and..)
D. 比较级和最高级 (more…than, the most…)
E. 重要的名词（test, survey, finance, economy...） F. 重要的动词（respond to, agree on, concur on, alter）
which paragraph 题
注意事项： 切忌先通篇读文章，后根据文章的大意和题目一一对应，这样
文章会反复阅读多遍，浪费时间，因为段落匹配题是细节性的
题型，答案一般都在一到两句话中出现。 注意题干中和文章定位句中存在的替换关系，所以牢牢掌握细 节题思路的五种替换关系对于此题至关重要。
which paragraph 题