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首钢高强度分段步进式加热炉的技术特点

全国能源与热工2008学术年会首钢高强度分段步进式加热炉的技术特点陈国海苗为人戚开民（北京首钢国际工程技术有限公司 100043）摘要：本文简要介绍了分段步进式加热炉在炉型、主要设备、燃烧系统、控制系统方面的技术特点。

关键词：分段步进式；加热炉；节能Technique of Shougang High-Strength Walking-Beam Subsection FurnaceCHEN Guo-hai MIAO Wei-ren QI Kai-minAbstract: Technique of walking-beam subsection furnace in the furnace profile, mostly equipment, combustion system and control system were briefly introduced in the paper.Key words: Walking-beam subsection furnace; Heating furnace; Energy-saving1 概述首钢高强度生产线年产50万吨精品棒材，是首钢实施产品结构调整的一项重要工程。

该工程从2004年初开始进入项目的前期准备阶段，轧线部分引进奥钢联波密尼公司的整套技术。

加热炉区部分由首钢设计院负责总承包。

首钢高强度生产线配套采用侧进侧出上下加热分段步进梁式加热炉。

2004年6月份开始施工图设计，9月初加热炉部分所有图纸全部发完，12月底开始加热炉设备安装。

2005年6月21日正式点火烘炉，8月9号加热炉正式出第一根红钢。

2 加热炉技术参数炉型：侧进侧出分段步进梁式加热炉加热炉有效面积： 28.96×10＝289.6㎡加热能力：140t/h加热坯料：180×180（200×200）×10000㎜加热钢种：优碳钢、冷墩钢、合结钢、齿轮钢、弹簧钢、轴承钢等钢坯温度：装炉温度：常温；出炉温度：950～1050℃出炉钢坯温度差：≤20℃（长度和截面方向）燃料：混合煤气8360kJ/Nm3=2000×4.18空气预热温度：450～500℃装出料辊道中心距：28960㎜加热炉内宽：10788㎜加热炉全长：30488㎜加热炉外宽：11716㎜3 加热炉的基本设计思想和技术措施钢坯断面尺寸较大，而且加热钢种多，钢坯加热温度控制要求高，这是本次加热炉设计中要考虑的几个重要基本点。

步进式加热炉

步进式加热炉
步进式加热炉是一种加热设备，通常用于进行热处理、退火、煅烧等工艺过程。

它采用步进式升温方式，即逐渐增加加热温度，一步步完成加热过程。

步进式加热炉通常由加热室、加热元件、温度控制系统、传送装置等组成。

加热室通常由耐高温材料（如陶瓷、金属等）制成，能够承受高温环境。

加热元件主要包括电阻丝、加热管等，能够提供所需的加热功率。

温度控制系统通常由温度传感器和控制器组成，能够实时监测和控制加热室的温度。

传送装置可以是传送带、转盘等，用于将待加工的物品从初始温度逐步送入加热室，并在完成加热过程后取出。

步进式加热炉的加热过程通常分为多个步骤，每个步骤的升温速率和保温时间可以根据具体工艺要求进行调整。

这种加热方式可以确保材料在加热过程中均匀受热，避免不均匀加热引起的热应力和变形问题。

同时，步进式加热炉具有良好的温度控制性能，能够准确控制加热温度，满足工艺要求。

总之，步进式加热炉是一种常用的加热设备，可用于多种热处理工艺，具有均匀加热、温度控制精度高等特点。

步进梁式加热炉技术

◎ Conventional walking beam reheating furnace for large slab ◎ Regeneration and preheating combined walking beam
reheating furnace for large slab ◎ Walking beam reheating furnace for special steel bars and
and wire rods
大型板坯常规步进梁式加热炉
Conventional walking beam reheating furnace for large slab
首钢迁钢2160mm热轧250t/h×4加热炉 4x250t/h Reheating Furnaces for Shougang Qiangang 2160mm Hot Strip Mill
quality wire rods ◎ Regeneration walking beam reheating furnace for steel bars
and wire rods ◎ Conventional walking beam reheating furnace for steel bars
◎ 采用长行程装钢机装料，调节加热炉产量和出钢节奏，起到匹配连铸和热轧节奏及缓冲生产的作用，生产组织灵活
◎ 烧嘴采用间拔控制技术，提高坯料加热质量 ◎ 配备完善的一、二级自动控制系统，实现炼钢、连铸、热轧生产一体化管理 ◎ Adopt long-stroke slab charging machine for charging, as well as to regulate throughput
BSIET is a High-Tech Enterprise approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology, having the Engineering Design Integrated Qualiﬁcation Class A issued by the State. It is the ﬁrst unit of Beijing municipal enterprises awarded this Qualiﬁcation and is able to undertake engineering design for all industries and all grades. Meanwhile, it can provide technical services such as planning consultation, equipment integration and general contracting. BSIET owns unique technology and rich practical experience in overall design of iron and steel plants, individual design for iron making, steel making, steel rolling, sintering, pelletizing, coking, industrial furnace, environment protection and integration of metallurgical equipment.

课题_步进式加热炉液压系统设计

步进式加热炉液压系统设计摘要：结合步进梁的运动工况，分析了步进梁式加热炉液压系统的工作原理及其缺陷，并对原液压系统进行了优化设计，优化后的液压系统不但能满足系统的工况要求，还大幅提高了系统的可靠性和稳定性。

关键字：步进梁；加热炉；液压系统；优化设计中图分类号：TH137.3The Optimization Design of Hydraulic System about Walking BeamHeating FurnaceZHANG An-long，JIE Le-biao，WANG Fei-peng, YANG Wen-yan, LI Sheng-zhou(International Economic and Trading Corporation, WISCO，Wuhan,430081,China)Abstract: Combined with the working condition of walking beam, the principle of work and the defects of hydraulic system about walking beam heating furnace were analyzed, and then the hydraulic system was optimized, which could meet the challenge the system asked not only, but also improve the reliability and the stability of the system.Keywords: walking beam; heating furnace; hydraulic system; optimization design1 概述现代化的钢坯加热炉不断向大型化、高度自动化的方向发展，在低耗能、环保等方面也提出了更高的要求。

步进式加热炉

Materials and Manufacturing Processes ,22:607–614,2007Copyright ©Taylor &Francis Group,LLCISSN:1042-6914print/1532-2475onlineDOI:10.1080/10426910701323243A Paradigm for the Scheduling of a Continuous Walking BeamReheat Furnace Using a Modiﬁed Genetic AlgorithmJonathan S.Broughton 1,Mahdi Mahfouf 2,and Derek A.Linkens 21Department of Long Product Rolling,CORUS-UK Ltd.,Swinden Technology Centre,Moorgate,Rotherham,South Yorkshire,UK2Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering,Institute for Microstructural and Mechanical Process Engineering,The University of Shefﬁeld (IMMPETUS),Shefﬁeld,UKThe paper discusses the application of a paradigm for creating scheduling systems for steel reheating furnaces.The proposed paradigm utilizes a modiﬁed version of a Genetic Algorithm (GA)to optimize such schedules via new ways of realizing the crossover and mutation operations.The work was conducted in collaboration with the Thrybergh Combination Mill owned by CORUS-Shefﬁeld (UK).The outcome of this research work is a novel scheduling system which links together the scheduling and furnace controls and is also able to accept new and already established mill heuristics.The proposed methodology is ‘ﬂexible’as well as ‘generic’as it can be augmented easily in order to suit other industrial set-ups.Keywords Genetic algorithms;Optimization;Reheat furnace;Scheduling;Simulation;Time-delay.1.IntroductionThe reheat furnace performs a fundamental role in steel mills and is the primary mechanism for heating steel to the temperatures required for subsequent rolling and forming.Typically the reheat furnace is a refractory lined steel shell,with burners located along the furnace length to provide the necessary heat input.A stock movement mechanism is used to allow the steel to progress from the beginning of the furnace to the discharge end.Cold stock is reheated to meet the rolling demand,however the problem is highly constrained.Steel stock items of different metallurgical grades,lengths,and cross-sectional areas (CSA)may be in the furnace at any one time and each of these different variations has speciﬁc heating requirements so as not to damage the stock or the subsequent rolling and forming equipment.In addition to this,the reheat furnace has to accommodate the different processing rates for certain material types,rolling mill demand,and unforeseen delays.The present method of forming schedules for the furnace involves the application of heuristics,knowledge passing between different mill stages and experience.Whilst this method continues to be used successfully,its scope is limited to achieving product quality,and ﬁnancial implications are not explicitly considered.This paper discusses a reheat furnace scheduling paradigm that was developed through a research project [1]on the Thrybergh Combination Mill owned by CORUS-UK Ltd.The purpose of the paradigm is to aid the development of framework furnace scheduling systems which consider both product quality and process costs.Received March 20,2006;Accepted August 4,2006Address correspondence to Mahdi Mahfouf,Department of AutomaticControl and Systems Engineering,Institute for Microstructuraland Mechanical Process Engineering,The University of Shefﬁeld(IMMPETUS),Mappin Street,Shefﬁeld S13JD,UK;E-mail:m.mahfouf@shefﬁ This paper is organized as follows:Section 2summarizes a selection of schedule optimization activities undertaken in steel processing environment.Section 3reviews the rationale and details of the scheduling paradigm,while Sections 4–7outline the ideas behind the 4tasks which form the Achilles’heel of this scheduling paradigm,namely,the development of the optimizer,pre-processing of the orders,post-processing of the schedules,and managing the process interfaces.Results of the application of these paradigms are also presented and discussed.Finally,in Section 8conclusions in relation to this overall study are drawn with landmarks for future exploitation of this new vision of scheduling clearly outlined.2.A selection of scheduling techniques applied to steel processes The optimization of schedules for processes represents a direct way of improving the productivity associated with them.Materials manufacturing companies have undertaken many schedule optimization projects,however,these have primarily considered continuous casting machines and soaking pits.The most plausible reason for the lack of literature in the area of reheat furnaces is the tendency by manufacturers to use well-understood heuristics to form production schedules,with the main purpose of the heuristics being the avoidance of problems in the rolling mill.Hence,the optimization of schedules for continuous reheat furnaces is an area that deserves greater study.Linkens and Yang [2],developed a simulation model for an ingot based hot steel mill which can be used for production scheduling and optimization.An interesting point in this research is that the simulation model considers the complexities of the heat transfer,and hence the quality of heating is also considered in the subsequent schedule optimization as well as the processing time.Deb and Chakraborti [3]and Charkraborti et al.[4]developed a hypothetical model of a bloom reheating furnace for the607608J.S.BROUGHTON ET AL.optimization of furnace design and operational parameters, i.e.,burner locations and bloom speed.However,due to the hypothetical nature of the work,the model was not validated by comparison with a real furnace.Pal et al.[5] used a computationally efﬁcient neural network version of a comprehensive model which describes the heat transfer, phase transformation,and microstructural evolution of a batch annealing process to optimize the coil dimensions via genetic algorithms in order to improve productivity. Fogarty[6]applied genetic algorithms to optimize the combustion process in multiple-burner furnaces and boiler lly and Biegler[7]used a Mixed Integer Linear Programming(MILP)approach to model the operation of a melt shop and a continuous caster.In this work,the number and positioning of gaps between the casting of different batches of molten steel(known as a“heat”)are optimized to synchronize the melting and casting processes, thus improving productivity and hence reducing costs.A larger castor-scheduling project is discussed in[8].In this approach,heuristics are used to group orders into sets to be processed continuously between necessary castor stoppages.The formation of groups is based upon the available facility capacities,maintenance schedules,etc.An initial feasible schedule is then generated by arranging the orders in the group to give the smallest castor downtime possible without breaking any of the speciﬁed constraints. Subsequently,the schedule optimization is performed by using a Travelling Salesman Problem(TSP)optimization technique.The research is interesting in that it takes advantage of the several similarities between the TSP and castor scheduling to produce an optimization system without reinventing the wheel.The article is useful for stimulating ideas,but since it does not contain deﬁnitions for constraints or the TSP-based optimizer,it is not possible to directly implement this research in other projects.An overview of the scheduling techniques applied to the continuous casting process can be found in[9].The reheat furnace scheduling problem is tackled in [10]for a plate/sheet rolling mill.In this research,the optimization of the processing time of the furnace and the fuel consumption are considered within the speciﬁed manufacturing constraints,and the sequencing of the slabs for the reheat furnace is posed as a constrained combinatorial optimization problem.A branch-and-bound technique is used toﬁnd schedules in an iterative manner, and an upper cost bound is determined and updated during each cost evaluation stage of the tree.Models of the rolling mill,the reheat furnace,and slab charging heat loss are used by a total cost model which determines the totalﬁnal cost based on the amount of fuel used and the production time taken.However,it is unclear what type of model is used for the reheat furnace and whether validation has been performed to ensure that the behavior of the model is comparable to that of the real furnace.Therefore,it is also unclear whether the quality of the heating was considered in this research.A batch annealing furnace simulator which has been validated with process data is described by Sahay[11].A validated furnace model is a necessary step in producing any furnace operation optimization system since it gives a degree of conﬁdence in the optimization process being able to produce results that can be obtained in practice.In this work the author optimizes the diameters of coils of wire to maximize throughput while still achieving the required mechanical properties.A wide variety of improvement activities either undertaken by the materials manufacturing community or aimed at this latter have been performed.However,there is no approach in the literature which directly considers the optimization of furnace schedules while considering the ability of the furnace to process those schedules.This is achieved in this work by including the performance of the supervisory furnace control system and its embedded processing constraints into the optimization process.3.The reheat furnace scheduling paradigm The paradigm consists of the following4tasks:(i)Incorporate the ability of the furnace control into aschedule optimization system.The general aim of a process control system is to regulate variable(s)around an operating point,e.g.,a reheat furnace control system which aims to satisfy the desired discharge temperature of the steel within it.Hence,ideally,schedules should be formed which cause as few obstacles as possible to the aims of the control system.An accurate way of achieving this is to incorporate the actual process control into the optimization system.Therefore,the performance of the control can be compared for different schedules and an optimization procedure can be initiated toﬁnd schedules that give improved performance with respect to the controlled variables.Furthermore,since the control system,and hence the model within it,have been thoroughly tested,both the industrial partners and the individual researchers can be satisﬁed that the outputs of the system are reliable.Hence,the control variable values obtained from simulations that encompass the process control are also accurate in relation to those obtained during the normal operation of the process.In this research,the controlled variables were the Mean Bulk Temperature (MBT)1and the Min–Max Temperature2error.(ii)Pre-process the orders using the established mill practice heuristics.All manufacturing facilities are governed by constraints,which can be imposed by the item being manufactured or the manufacturing processes themselves.Through years of experience, rules of‘good practice’have been developed which aim to reduce the onset of problems and/or limit the impact of necessary technicalities.For the optimization of schedules to be successful,it is necessary that the original orders be processed to comply with the established mill practices.Note that the established mill heuristics can also be incorporated into the optimization process.1MBT—The average temperature of a stock item formed by considering all nodal temperatures calculated by the Finite Difference (FD)model.2Min–Max Temperature—The difference between the highest and lowest nodal temperature calculated by the FD model.CONTINUOUS WALKING BEAM REHEAT FURNACE609(iii)Post-process the schedules with the established mill practice heuristics and the heuristics derived from the analysis of production data.After the sequential optimization of the schedules has occurred,it is necessary to add further information to them to form practically realizable schedules.Although the optimized sequences of the orders have been formed, additional processing heuristics in the form of delays must be added.For the reheat furnace these can be known as delay heuristics,or process data extracted heuristics.The importance of these heuristics cannot be overstated since not only will they inform the individual scheduler in charge of the process as to what delays are required,but they will also improve the throughput estimates and therefore allow improved coordination with upstream and downstream processes. (iv)Manage the process interfaces using a throughput adjustment mechanism.There will always remain some uncertainty in any manufacturing environment,e.g., system failures.The formation of schedules that are tolerant to throughput changes is essential since in a serial production line the throughput rate will vary at each stage of the processing.However,there will be situations that occur as a result of unpredictable events that require direct actions to be taken.For example,increasing trends in the MBT error of the discharged stock items from the reheat furnace will require correctional action.Situations often arise due to the rolling process outstripping the processing capacity of the reheat furnace.Therefore,it is necessary to provide a mechanism by which a process can react to unpredictable events but without making unrealistic demands on the‘downstream’processes.This can be accomplished by a throughput adjustment mechanism which monitors the corresponding control variables and reduces the throughput in relation to the magnitude of the errors.By following the above paradigm,the schedule optimization systems can be formed for serial processing environments.The remainder of this paper is concerned with a description of the application of the paradigm on the Thrybergh Combination Mill.4.Paradigm task1:Development of theschedule optimizerThe formation of a validated schedule optimizer is the most difﬁcult and time-consuming part of forming a complete furnace schedule generation system.However,the process is simpliﬁed byﬁrst stating the overall purposes and of the schedule optimizer and then considering what are the prerequisites for an optimization system.Indeed, the schedule optimizer should form the schedules that are optimal with respect to the product quality,and as a result the prerequisites for the optimization can be summarized as follows:•A method for comparing the optimality of the schedules such as a validated process model.•A generic optimizer for reﬁning the schedules.4.1.A Validated Process ModelIt is rarely the case that an‘off-the-shelf’validated process model is immediately available,instead models are generally developed using process knowledge and experience,and then validated by comparison with known data.However,recent trends in furnace control upgrades [12–14]have led to installation of mathematical model-based supervisory control systems,as was the case at the Thrybergh Combination Mill.Such control systems have a validated furnace model embedded within their structure, which can simulate the heating of stock items as they pass through the furnace.Hence,a validated model can be obtained through the analysis of the existing process control.Overview of the furnace control.The furnace control divides the length of the furnace into three control zones known as the preheat,heating,and soak zones as shown in Fig.4.1.Each zone has speciﬁc control strategies associated with it.The control utilizes a calibrated2-dimensionalﬁnite difference heat transfer model for calculating the temperature distributions of the stock as they pass through the furnace.Furnace temperatures and stock positions are obtained through communication with the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition(SCADA)and Material Tracking System(MTS),respectively.A forward prediction of theﬁnal discharge temperature distribution is made using the model,the current zonal temperature set-points,and the zonal temperature increase/decrease capabilities of the furnace.For each stock item on which the prediction is performed,a set of ideal furnace set-points is generated. Consideration is then given to all the stock’s ideal set-points to select an actual set of furnace set-points.A new set of furnace set-points is selected at every model iteration.4.2.Development and Validation of a Furnace Simulator Since the furnace simulator is part of an optimization system,it must operate faster than in real-time.The original software,called INFERNO,was multi-threaded and designed to run on Microsoft Windows NT™,a general-purpose operating system with a limited timing resolution for the scheduling of the threads.To this end,the furnace control software and SCADA/MTS emulation software provided by CORUS UK Ltd.were reverse-engineered and were transformed into a fast furnace simulator,which still contained the functionality of the original control but operated at a speed which was dictated by the power oftheFigure1.—The control zones of the furnace.610J.S.BROUGHTON ETAL.Figure 2.—Comparison of the head stock items Mean Bulk Temperature vs.time for the original furnace control and furnace simulator.computer system and not by the timing resolution of the operating system.The validation of the furnace simulator was performed by comparing its operation with the original control and SCADA/MTS emulation software.A sample schedule was processed on both systems and the temperature data associated with the ﬁrst item in the furnace was logged at every model iteration (20s)until the head item in the furnace was discharged.The recorded temperature data are listed in Fig.2.Figures 2and 3illustrate the similarity of the furnace simulator to mimic the behavior of the original control.Based on these results,the operation of the furnace simulator was considered representative of the original control.A generic optimizer.The purpose of the optimizer is to form schedules which will result in lower stock temperature errors at discharge.The general outline of the optimization system is shown in Fig.4.2.Genetic algorithms (GA)[15]are generic optimizers that can be tailored to many different situations and have been widely applied to scheduling problems.For example,GAs have been used to schedule ﬂowshops [16,17],jobshops [18],water supplies [19],university class timetabling [20],and nurse working shifts [21].A thorough introduction to GAs is given by Goldberg [22].Essentially GAs arepopulation-based Figure 3.—Comparison of the Min–Max Temperature difference measured across the cross-section of the head stock item vs.time for the original furnace control and furnacesimulator.Figure 4.—Outline of the furnace schedule optimization scheme.stochastic sampling mechanisms which start with an initial population of solutions and iteratively reﬁnes the population based on set performance criteria.However,GAs belong to the Evolutionary Computation family of techniques and operate on the basis of natural evolution where there is a greater tendency for higher performing solutions to persist into future generations.For the purpose of this research,a problem speciﬁc GA was developed to form the main optimization mechanism,although other evolutionary or classical techniques could be used if desired.The furnace simulator provided the data which was used by the GA to assess each schedules performance with respect to the quality of the heating.The problem speciﬁc operators of the GA (crossover and mutation)were then used to form a new population of schedules,to be processed by the furnace simulator.Modifying the GA.In the proposed schedule optimization system the GA modiﬁes the sequence of a ﬁxed set of stock orders.Hence,the ‘standard’GA operations could not have been used since infeasible schedules would have been produced.The problem with regards to single point crossover for a schedule consisting of 10orders is illustrated in Fig.5.To be consistent with mill practice,‘crossover’should operate on an order and not an individual stock item.From Fig.5it can be seen that the standard crossover operation has produced two new schedules that are both invalid since neither contains a full compliment of the original 10orders.A modiﬁed mutation operatorwas Figure 5.—Illustration of the formation of an infeasible schedule with standard single point crossover.CONTINUOUS WALKING BEAM REHEAT FURNACE611Figure 6.—Illustration of the mutation operator for the scheduling problem.devised,for example,two orders can be selected and their positions switched as shown in Fig.6.The speciﬁcations of the GA are as follows:•Population size 30;•Maximum generations 150;•Number of optimum parameters (orders)9;•Chromosome length assigned to each parameter 4;•Number of offspring 2,12,18,24;•Single point crossover;•Stochastic selection;•Ranking;•Steady-state population breeding method.Each of the 9optimum parameters is an order consisting of a number of items of a particular material type and CSA.These items also have speciﬁed ideal discharge temperatures and allowable temperature errors.The preliminary objective function uses the aggregate sum of the MBT deviations and the Min–Max distribution temperatures upon discharge,weighted in favour of the MBT as shown in Eq.(1).This equation was used in ‘INFERNO’for the determination of ideal setpoints for the individual stock items and is based on the MBT being the primary control variable since an unsatisfactory discharge MBT could result in the material being scrapped or damage to the rolling mill.Objective Function = Min.Error −Max.Error+ 4×MBT deviations (1)The optimization cycle continued upto a maximum of 150generations although satisfactory performance was typically achieved within 100generations.10runs were performed for each set of parameters to ensure repeatability of the results and Fig.7shows the typical generational improvementsobtained.Figure 7.—The best individuals MBT errors and Min–Max temperature errorsper generation.The beneﬁt of this approach to schedule optimization lies in the fact that the performance of each schedule is judged on the performance of the control system to process that schedule efﬁciently and to provide the desired output temperatures.Therefore,scheduling and control are no longer separate activities and the schedules are generated which augment the capabilities of the furnace control.5.Paradigm task 2:pre-process the orders using the established mill practice heuristics The furnace-scheduling problem is essentially a combinatorial problem,however a given set of orders cannot be arranged into any sequence and be processed by the mill.Each manufacturing facility has its own process constraints imposed upon it and the optimization system must take these into account if it is to be successful.Typically,constraints specify that certain material types cannot be processed concurrently or that orders must be processed in groups based on product/stock dimensions.In the Thrybergh Combination Mill,the orders are sorted into bar/billet size groups and then processed.This operation consists of ﬁrst sorting the orders into groups based on the ﬁnished bar size ranges,and then further dividing these groups based on the CSA of the stock which is used to make the bar.A graphical representation of this is shown in Fig.5.The processing of items in bar/billet size groups not only reduces the number of mill set-ups,i.e.,necessary technicalities,but also helps smooth the throughput rate which in turn aids the operation of the control to achieve the desired stock discharge temperatures,i.e.,reduces the onset of problems.The order pre-processing stage splits the original orders into smaller groups.In this case the schedule optimization process consists of the summation of the smaller group optimizations.6.Paradigm task 3:post-process the schedules with the established mill practice heuristics and the heuristics derived from the analysis of production data The purpose of applying the post-process heuristics is to convert the optimized sequences of ordersformed Figure 8.—The sorting of the bar/billet size groups.612J.S.BROUGHTON ETAL.Figure9.—Addition of a post-process delay.using Tasks1and2of the paradigm into practically realizable schedules.Established delay heuristics are used at the Thrybergh bar Mill to aid the reheating process or subsequent rolling process.Typically,the heuristics specify the addition of delays or extra distances between stock items of different material type or CSA.Figure6illustrates the process of applying post process delays.It is possible to incorporate these heuristics into the optimization phase,however,there are advantages to be obtained from incorporating delay heuristics after the schedule optimization procedure is completed rather than before.Indeed,the inclusion of the delays prior to optimizationﬁrst increases the time required to simulate the processing of a schedule and hence the time required for the optimization to complete.Secondly,since such delays are used to smooth certain transitions,e.g.,from one CSA size to another,they can obscure the difﬁculty which the process control system canﬁnd in making such transitions. When the schedule optimization is performed without the delays being present,the process control is faced with the worst-case scenarios and the difﬁculty associated with each transition is clear.The optimization process is then driven towards minimizing the effect of these transitions and the end result is the formation of schedules that are robust with respect to the fast throughput rates.In addition to the established mill heuristics,further rules can be developed from analyzing process data and hence integrated within the system.In a typical month,the Thrybergh Combination Mill is inactive for a proportion of the available production time.While this is due in part to the‘planned’delays,i.e.,changes to the rolling mill to produce different size bars,the‘unplanned’delays remain the main cause.The purpose of the analysis was to gain a better understanding of the planned and the unplanned delays and determine whether there exist any correlation between the known processing changes and the delays.A systematic analysis of the process data was performed which considered what effects changes in CSA and material type in a production schedule had upon the discharge properties of the stock.From the analysis,a set of recommended planned delays was proposed based on the expected delays associated with changes in CSA.Furthermore,the analysis of two types of planned delays was performed,stop delays and gap charge delays.For a stop delay,no movement of the stock occurs for a preset period,but for a gap charge delay stock is moved at the present throughput rate butnoFigure10.—Illustrations of the gap and stop delay strategies.stock is input for a preset period.Figure6demonstrates the two types of planned delays.The analysis was concerned with the furnace temperatures set-points and stock discharge errors obtained when using stop and gap charge delays.The following general conclusions were drawn:•The gap charging strategy provides the best MBT error performance in the face of multiple material changes and hence is a good choice when accurate ideal MBT attainment is critical.•The stop delay strategy is the most efﬁcient with respect to the lowering of furnace zone temperatures and hence is a good choice for maximizing productivity and minimizing cost on less critical grades of steel. Finally,after collating the pre-processing and post-processing rules,the optimization system can be deemed to be complete.7.Paradigm task4:managing the process interfacesusing a throughput adjustment mechanism Fluctuating production rates cause increasing and decreasing trends in stock discharge temperature errors. Also unpredictable events result in changes to the production rate.While it is not possible to eliminate these unpredictable events,efforts can be made to improve the control of the furnace-rolling mill interface.This in turn will inevitably lead to adjustments in the throughput rate to force the furnace set-point temperatures up or down when the MBT and/or the Min–Max temperature errors are seen to be moving out of the acceptable limits.This is a corrective measure that operates by monitoring the discharge temperatures of the stock items at the discharge and reacting to the observed trends.A strategy was implemented which consisted of reducing the walk-rate if the MBT error of a newly discharged stock item fell within speciﬁed ranges.Since the prediction mechanism in the control calculates the heating requirements of stock items based on the calculated throughput rates,reducing this rate reduces the heat input per unit time.The mechanismﬁrst determines if the。

加热炉毕业设计文献综述

一.文献综述1.1加热炉的概述在冶金，化工、机械制造等工业部门中，加热炉是指加热炉是将物料或工件加热的设备。

按热源划分有燃料加热炉、电阻加热炉、感应加热炉、微波加热炉等。

它以燃料燃烧的火焰魏热源，在炉膛内火焰通常是与物料直接接触的。

在有些情况下，为防止物料（工件）的氧化，将火焰与物料隔开，火焰的热量通过隔墙简介传给物料。

被加热的物料在炉内基本不发生物态变化和化学反应。

1.2对炉子的基本要求炉子是完成某一工艺过程的热工设备，在满足工艺要求的前提下还应满足下列要求：（1）炉子生产率要高；在保证质量的前提下，物料加热速度越快越好，这样可以提高加热炉的生产率，减少炉子座数或缩小炉子尺寸。

快速加热还能降低金属的烧伤和单位燃料消耗，节约维护费用。

1.3加热炉的一般组成部分加热炉是一个复杂的热工设备，它由以下几个基本部分构成：炉膛与炉衬、燃料系统、供风系统、排烟系统、冷却系统、余热利用装置、装出料设备、检测及调节装置、电子计算机控制系统等。

其中炉子的工作室（炉膛）、供热系统（油泵、管道、燃烧装置等）、排烟系统（烟道、烟闸、排烟机等）以及冷却系统等构了炉子的热工工艺系统，它是火焰炉最基本的组成部分。

下面仅对热工工艺系统中的主要组成部分加以介绍。

1.3.1炉膛（工作室）炉膛一般是由炉墙、炉顶和炉底围成的一个近乎六面体的空间，是对钢坯进行加热的地方。

炉墙、炉顶和炉底通称为炉衬，炉衬是加热炉的一个关键技术条件。

在加热炉的运行过程中，不仅要求炉衬能够在高温和荷载条件下保持足够的强度和稳定性，要求炉衬能够耐受炉气的冲刷和炉渣的侵蚀，而且要求有足够的绝热保温和气密性能。

为此，炉衬通常由耐火层、保温层、防护层和钢结构几部分组成，以保证炉子的正常工作。

炉墙炉子四周的围墙称为炉墙。

加热炉都采用直立的炉墙，分为侧墙和端墙，沿炉子长度方向上的炉墙称为侧墙，炉子两端的炉墙称为端墙。

侧墙的厚度通常为1.5 ～2倍砖长（464～580mm ），端墙的厚度根据烧嘴、孔道的尺寸而定，一般为2~3倍砖长。

一种步进式加热炉顺序控制功能的介绍

822022年1月上第01期总第373期工艺设计改造及检测检修China Science & Technology Overview收稿日期：2021-11-09作者简介：刘颖杰（1995―），男，满族，河北唐山人，本科，助理工程师，研究方向：热轧卷板自动化控制。

一种步进式加热炉顺序控制功能的介绍刘颖杰（唐山钢铁集团有限责任公司，河北唐山 063000）摘　要：加热炉是热轧生产线的第一道工艺，通过板坯库辊道和装料辊道，将连铸铸坯通过热送或板坯库存放的坯料，按照生产计划依次运送到炉前辊道，然后装钢机将坯料装进炉内。

通过步进梁的上升、前进、下降、后退的步进动作把炉内板坯移送到出料端，待坯料加热到适合的轧制温度后，出钢机将坯料取出放在出料辊道上，由辊道运送到轧线进行轧制。

关键词：辊道；装钢机；步进梁；出钢机图1 加热炉工艺流程图工艺设计改造及检测检修China Science & Technology Overview间距离为L1，板坯库测长辊道上装有增量型编码器PLG。

编码器用于计算板坯行走的距离，冷金属检测器是用来检测板坯的头部和尾部所在的位置。

板坯沿着辊道由CMD1向CMD2方向运动，当板坯的头部经过CMD2时，编码器的高速计数模板采集的脉冲数就会被清零，这样随着板坯的持续通过，板坯的长度增长与采集的脉冲数成正比，当CMD1检测到板坯尾部位置时记下编码器读数P1，通过收集的脉冲数就可计算板坯的长度为：L=L1+P1*K1，其中，L为板坯长度，L1为冷热金属检测器CMD1和CMD2之间的距离，P1为增量型编码器PLG的计数值，K1为脉冲折算系数，可以由辊径、脉冲数、减速比计算，也可以实际测算。

板坯的测宽方法，主要依靠板坯库辊道两侧的激光测距仪来完成的[1]。

板坯到达装料辊道后，如果冷金属检测器检测到炉前没有板坯，且装钢机在原位，则装料辊道启动，继续将板坯运往炉侧。

到达炉侧以后，将启动炉前定位功能，通过冷金属检测器CMD和增量型编码器PLG的组合，根据二级下发的坯料长度数据L1，当金属检测器CMD检测到板坯尾部时，增量型编码器PLG开始计数，同时辊道开始减速，待到板坯定位完成后，辊道完全停止，L2=（L‒L1）/2+L0，其中，L为加热炉炉内的宽度，L0为冷金属检测器CMD到炉子炉墙墙的距离，L1为坯料的长度，L2为冷金属检测器CMD到坯料尾部的距离。

步进式加热炉

一、步进式加热炉的起源与发展步进式加热炉是机械化炉底加热炉中使用较为广泛的一种,是取代推钢式加热炉的主要炉型。

步进式加热炉始建于20世纪60年代中期，这种炉子已存在多年，因受耐热钢使用温度的限制,开始只用在温度较低的地方，适用范围有一定的局限性。

随着轧钢工业的发展，对加热产品质量、产量、自动化和机械化操作计算机控制等方面的日益提高,在生产中要求在产量和加热时间上有更大的灵活性，这就要求与之相适应的炉子机构也应具有很大的灵活性,以适应生产的需要,基于上述原因，传统的推钢式加热炉已难于满足要求.而与传统的推钢式加热炉相比，步进式加热炉具有加热质量好、热工控制与操作灵活、劳动环境好等优点，特别是炉长不受推钢长度的限制，可以提高炉子的容量和产量，更适应当代轧机向大型化、高速化与现代化发展的需要。

经过改造后的步进炉结构，采用了步进床耐火材料炉底或水冷步进梁的措施，已能应用于高温加热。

目前，合金钢的板坯、方坯、管坯甚至钢锭等轧制前的加热已有不少采用步进炉加热，使用效果较好。

它的炉长不受推钢比的限制，大型步进炉生产率高达420万吨/年。

70年代以来，国内外新建的许多大型加热炉大都采用了步进式加热炉，不少中小型加热炉也常采用这种炉型.现在新建的具有经济规模的各类轧钢厂基本上都选用了步进式加热炉；一些老厂如美国底特律钢厂热轧车间、法国索拉克和恩西俄厂的热轧车间、日本和歌山热连轧厂与鹿岛厚板厂以及加拿大汉密尔顿的多发斯科厂等，在改建或扩建中都选用了步进式加热炉替代原有的推钢式加热炉。

但当前轧钢加热炉，特别是中小型轧钢厂推钢式加热炉仍较多，这与中国的原燃料条件等多种因素有关。

步进式加热炉的炉底基本由活动部分和固定部分构成。

按其构造不同又有步进梁式、步进底式和步进梁、底组合式加热炉之分。

一般坯料断面大于(120×120）mm2多采用步进梁式加热炉，钢坯断面小于（100×100）mm2多采用步进底式加热炉。

步进式加热炉机械设备概述

步进式加热炉机械设备概述【摘要】步进式加热炉用于钢铁企业轧制前各种板坯的连续加热，本文阐述了步进式加热炉的基本情况，重点介绍了主要的机械设备的一些特点，并通过与推钢式连续加热炉对比介绍了其优缺点。

【关键词】步进式加热炉机械设备1 步进式加热炉概述步进式加热炉分步进梁式和步进底式两种，是一种靠炉底或水冷金属梁的上升、前进、下降、返回等动作将工件由进料端移至出料端的连续加热炉。

炉子有固定炉底和步进炉底，或者有固定梁和步进梁。

前者叫做步进底式炉，后者叫做步进梁式炉。

轧钢用加热炉的步进梁通常由水冷管组成，步进梁式炉可对料坯实现上下双面加热。

改进的步进式加热炉，属于冶金行业生产设备，它包括炉体，炉体的侧墙由内向外分别是低水泥料层、隔热砖层、硅酸铝纤维毡隔热层，炉体分为预热段、加热段、均热段，加热段的两面侧墙上设置调焰烧嘴，均热段的上加热段设置平焰烧嘴，均热段的下加热段设置调焰烧嘴，调焰烧嘴的煤气和空气的混合气管道上设置电磁阀和调节阀，平焰烧嘴的煤气和空气的混合气管道上设置调节阀，空气总管道和煤气总管道设置在炉顶。

步进式加热炉的工艺过程为：从连铸机来的热坯（或库房的冷坯经上料辊道）、装料辊道、在装料辊道上对中、定位、装坯料入炉、加热、出坯。

机械设备包括装出料炉门传动装置、装出钢机、炉底提升、平移机械、汽化冷却、风机传动等。

2 主要机械设备简介2.1 装出料炉门传动装置装出料炉门传动装置由液压缸、链条、链轮、炉门框架组成。

在开启、闭合炉门时，液压缸的响应较快，在结构设计中，考虑了热辐射的防护问题。

2.2 装钢机采用了两台装钢机设计方案。

装长坯料时，两台装钢机同时动作，通过电气来实现同步；装短坯料时，两台装钢机单独动作，送坯料人炉。

装钢机运动分为坏料的提升和平移。

提升通过液压缸、连杆机构来完成、平移通过电机十齿轮齿条来完成。

弹性缓冲装置：因为坯料的表面弯曲变形度是不一样的，当变形较大的时候，有的托臂接触不到坯料的底部，使托臂受力不均匀。

步进式加热炉介绍

•步进式加热炉•步进式加热炉是机械化炉底加热炉中使用较为广泛的一种，是取代推钢式加热炉的主要炉型。

70年代以来，国内外新建的许多大型加热炉大都采用了步进式加热炉，不少中小型加热炉也常采用这种炉型。

步进式加热炉的炉底基本由活动部分和固定部分构成。

按其构造不同又有步进梁式、步进底式和步进梁、底组合式加热炉之分。

一般坯料断面大于(120×120)mm2多采用步进梁式加热炉，钢坯断面小于(100×100)mm2多采用步进底式加热炉。

与推钢式加热炉相比，步进式加热炉有下列优点：1)加热的坯料不受断面形状和尺寸的限制，可以加热推钢式加热炉难以加热的大型板坯、异形坯以及细小和较薄的钢坯。

2)加热制度灵活，适应性较大。

在炉长一定的情况下，可以通过改变钢料之间的距离即可改变炉内装料的数目，以适应轧机产量和钢种变化的需要。

而调整步进周期，即可变化钢料在炉内的加热时间，从而适应不同钢种不同加热速度的需要。

•步进式加热炉产品特点本公司步进式加热炉的优点：1.炉形：分为预热段、加热段和均热段三段连续式。

具有生产效率高、控温精确、工艺适用面广、高效节能等特点。

2.炉衬：选用我公司自产的耐火材料，寿命长，结实耐用。

3.供热方式：炉子供热制度两侧墙多点、小火供热，炉压稳定；炉温均匀：根据不同的状况可选用单蓄热或双蓄热等节能加热方式。

4.能耗： 1.1～1.2GJ/t5.产量: 30t/h~220t/h6.炉底水管冷却方式：水冷或汽化冷却7.二、三级自动控件系统•步进式加热炉•步进式加热炉步进式加热炉是机械化炉底加热炉中使用较为广泛的一种，是取代推钢式加热炉的主要炉型。

70年代以来，国内外新建的许多大型加热炉大都采用了步进式加热炉，不少中小型加热炉也常采用这种炉型。

步进式加热炉的炉底基本由活动部分和固定部分构成。

按其构造不同又有步进梁式、步进底式和步进梁、底组合式加热炉之分。

一般坯料断面大于(120×120)mm2多采用步进梁式加热炉，钢坯断面小于(100×100)mm2多采用步进底式加热炉。

浅析步进梁式加热炉

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组合式步进炉二、水梁水梁是步进梁式加热炉支撑钢坯的部件，分为活动梁和固定梁，固定梁和炉底固定，梁和平移框架固定，内部通水和汽活动其化冷却连接组成预热锅炉。在水梁炉内部分表面要覆盖一层自流浇注料，从而减少高温对其的危害。步进炉底式加热炉支撑钢坯的部件为炉底支撑滑块。水梁一般按压力管道要求进行氩弧焊打的、无损探伤，是不进行但告知，因为一般厂家没有压力管道或者容器的制造资质。三、体炉步进机械上面就是炉体部分，主要包括炉底、炉墙、炉顶，坯在其围成的空间内加钢热。在炉底机械上面是炉底钢结构，钢结构上面进行砌砖。在最下面采用绝热材料隔热，最上面采用镁砖或者高炉砖砌筑。步进梁式加热炉在活动梁立柱口处用抗渣浇注料仃
图所示为
炉墙最外面为炉墙钢结构，往里为保温材料。炉墙分为侧墙和端墙，沿炉子长度方向上的炉墙称为侧墙，炉子两端的炉墙称为端墙。炉墙一般紧贴炉墙钢板的地方是一层硅钙板，往炉内为轻质砖，后为低水泥浇注再然料。在炉墙钢板上设置锚固件，连接锚固砖，锚固砖深入低水泥浇注料内。如下图
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步进式加热炉炉内钢坯传送的自动控制技术应用及探讨

步进式加热炉炉内钢坯传送的自动控制技术应用及探讨摘要：本文主要介绍山西壶关高速线材生产线步进式加热炉炉内钢坯的传送以及钢坯的行程纠偏和信息跟踪技术。

关键词：步进式加热炉；钢坯传送；行程纠偏；钢坯跟踪The use and discuss of Automation control technique in bloom converterof step-heating furnaceYu Chenglong（The Automation Department of Laiwu Iron and Steel Group，Laiwu 271104）Abstract：This article mainly introduced that in the step-heating furnace of Shanxi Huguan high speed wire production line，how to convert the bloom、correct the stroke and track the bloom’s information.Keywords：Step-heating furnace；Bloom converter；Stroke correction；Bloom’s information tracking0 前言山西壶关常平高速线材生产线加热炉为蓄热式步进加热炉，其过程控制采用电气控制、仪表控制和计算机自动控制三电一体化实现。

其中计算机自动控制系统主要包括钢坯传送自动控制和燃烧自动控制这两部分，全部采用西门子PLC 控制完成，监控画面由WINCC开发完成。

本文主要介绍炉内钢坯的自动传送及行程纠偏和钢坯信息跟踪。

1 工艺概述壶关常平高线步进式加热炉为侧进侧出式，钢坯在入炉侧炉内悬臂辊道进行准确定位后，由推钢式装钢机将钢坯推送到步进梁的特定位置，然后通过步进梁的步进动作，将钢坯一步步运送到出炉侧炉内悬臂辊道上，再通过辊道的运转将钢坯输出到轧机进行轧制。

热能设计外文文献及翻译用于分析在直燃式步进式加热炉本科毕业论文

用于分析在直燃式步进式加热炉板坯瞬态加热的传热模型摘要一个可以预测板坯表面温度分布和热流情况的数学传热模型已开发出来了，主要是通过充分考虑在炉膛内的板坯的热辐射和瞬态热传导方程来实现的。

该炉型是参照散热介质在空间中的变恒温过程和恒定的吸收系数来设计的。

钢坯由步进梁从一个固定梁移动到下一个固定梁上，是以通过加热炉预热段.加热段和均热段为钢坯热传导方程的边界条件的加热炉模型。

辐射热通量的计算是通过采用有限体积法，在炉子的内部，以炉墙.炉顶.炉底构成的充满烟气的环境里，作为板坯的瞬态传导方程的边界条件来进行计算的。

板坯的传热特性和温度特性是通过调查可以改变板坯吸收系数和发射率的参数来确定的。

比较多次的实践工作表明，目前用于预测板坯在加热炉中的传热过程和热流量的状况示范工程得到了很好的效果。

关键词：加热炉;钢坯加热;辐射传热;瞬态热传导;有限体积法1 导言在过去数十年以来，炉子进入降低能源消耗和污染物排放量的阶段，而分析钢坯瞬态热特性，在加热炉工程应用上已吸引了相当多注意。

此外，限定板坯在炉子内有均匀的温度分布才能出炉的重要性大大增加了，只有准确、快速的预测炉内板坯的温度，才能为以后的轧制过程提供比较好的原料，因为这决定了钢铁产品质量的高低。

在本质上，在炉膛内的整个燃烧过程和由此产生的热气流同时影响传热.对流和热辐射过程。

然而，复杂的炉子内部的三维结构包括固定梁和步行梁打滑问题使的难以在经济上做出准确的分析。

因此，模型和方法对于预测炉子内部燃烧特性和传热过程中存在着很高的要求。

尤其是，准确预测热辐射量是最重要的，因为热辐射传热超过流过板坯表面总热流的90％。

现在没有一个单一的辐射模型就能够解决所有在工程应用中遇到的情况，所以应选择一个合适的途径为自己的侧重点。

为了预测通过板坯表面上的辐射热通量，从而准确计算出炉子内板坯的温度分布，其解决方法是板坯必须是做连续运动，无灰的燃烧烟气作为该炉辐射气体，以及复杂的炉壁几何结构包括弯曲的板坯和防滑管道堵塞的影响，还有就是一定量的计算。

脉冲式步进加热炉概论

脉冲式步进加热炉概论摘要：文章主要以扩管项目步进炉为例，具体介绍了脉冲式步进加热炉的组成、结构、特点、优缺点及发展趋势关键词：步进构架优势、脉冲燃烧技术、余热利用、节能环保Abstract: This paper mainly introduces the composition, structure, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and development trend of the pulse type step heating furnace, taking the step furnace for the expansion project as an exampleKey words: advantages of stepping frame, pulse combustion technology, waste heat utilization, energy conservation and environmental protection一、炉子形式加热炉方案是应用于将钢管从20°C开始加热，将钢管最高加热至1150°C。

炉内采用装出料传输辊道配合步进梁形式运输管坯，装出料辊道轴线与炉子轴线成30°角度倾斜，以使钢管在装出料时旋转，实现侧进侧出。

管坯入炉后按特殊设计形状的步进梁和固定梁以步进的方式移动。

步进梁及固定梁采用错齿形式，以使钢管在每一个步进周期内旋转一个角度。

炉底的升降运动通过液压缸驱动。

经过特殊设计以避免步进梁在运动过程中产生的加减速对钢管产生的冲击而带来的管坯表面损伤。

炉子燃烧系统分为几个控制区，采用先进的脉冲（大小火）燃烧控制技术，对炉温进行灵活和精确控制。

计算机系统自动对比各区炉温的设定值和实测值，通过调整各区烧嘴的通断时间和频率，自动调节各区的供热量以保证管坯在管长方向的温度均匀性。

国内外加热炉和热处理炉的现状和节能技术

国内外加热炉和热处理炉的现状和节能技术戎宗义摘要综述了热轧步进梁式炉、薄板坯连铸与连轧之间的加热设备、辊底式炉、连续作业线中的热处理炉和强对流全氢罩式退火炉的现状和节能技术；介绍了蓄热式烧嘴和计算机在轧钢加热炉上的应用。

关键词加热炉热处理炉节能Present Status and Energy Saving Technology of Reheating Furnace and Heat Treating Furnace at Home and AbroadRong Zongyi(Beijing Central Iron and Steel Design Institute, Beijing 100053)Abstract The status and energy saving technology of the walking beam furnace and heating equipment for connecting the bar strip continuous caster and continuous rolling mill, the roller hearth furnace, the heat treating furnace for continuous annealing line and the bell type annealing furnace with the forced convection of full hydrogen atmosphere has been summarized in this paper. And the regenerative burner and the application of computer on the reheating furnace are reviewed.Material Index Reheating Furnace, Heat Treating Furnace, Energy Saving自第1次石油冲击以来，轧钢加热炉和热处理炉的炉型改变、设备改造，是围绕着提高产品质量、节能、环保、自动化操作进行的。

步进式加热炉机械设备探讨

步进式加热炉机械设备探讨摘要：随着市场经济的发展进步，我国在工业生产领域中也逐渐取得了相应的进步，生产工具的有效利用可谓是重中之重。

为了实现将坯料以步进的形式输送到连续加热炉内，在步进梁循环的动作上主要设置成上升、下降、前进以及后退四种形式，该形式主要是为了把钢坯输送至炉内进行热处理，进而完成轧制。

在国内的工业生产中，其实作为一项重要的工艺设备使用的。

鉴于此，本文对轧钢厂步进式加热炉机械设备进行分析，通过阐述步进式加热炉机械设备着手，此次研究的主要目的是为了更好的提升现今轧钢厂步进式加热炉机械设备的工作质量。

关键词：步进式加热炉；机械设备；轧钢厂1、步进式加热炉概述1.1炉内热交换过程通常情况下，步进式加热炉的炉内热交换可分成三种类型，即对流传热、辐射传热以及传导传热。

其中，对流传热指的就是炉内的气体和钢材表面接触状态下的热交换，具体涵括了炉内气体不同部分位移形成的对流作用和炉内气体分子间导热的作用。

而辐射传热指的则是物体热射线传播的过程，若温度升高，那么辐射的能量就会随之增加，一般体现在炉内气体对于炉壁或者是炉内气体、炉壁相对于钢坯表面两种情况。

1.2性能优势在传统的钢铁企业生产过程中，主要使用推钢炉与堒底炉，进行冶炼加热，相对于该两种设备来讲，步进式加热炉主要存在五点优势：①传统的两种加热炉能够加热的材料范围十分有限，而步进式加热炉能够针对传统加热炉不能进行加热的材料进行加热，因而具备所能够加热坯料更多的优点。

②在坯钢的实际加热过程中，步进式加热炉可以通过钢坯本身的间距以及步进的周期有效调整，进而根据轧机的产量以及轧制都存在差异的钢种类，该项调整工作中，反映出了其加热过程的灵活性以及适应性都极为突出。

③在有效防止滑轨划伤设备的同时还降低了黑印钢坯的出现机率，进而提升钢坯的尺寸精确程度。

在此期间，扩大了钢坯的实际受热面积，降低了断面之间的温度差异，使整体钢坯的受热温度处于均匀状态中。

④为了提升钢坯加热炉的生产效能，步进式加热炉的炉身长度在传统的炉身长度上进行了加长，此种处理方式能够有效杜绝拱钢、沾钢等生产事故的发生。

步进式加热炉在棒线材生产线上的控制系统设计

步进式加热炉在棒线材生产线上的控制系统设计任树朋【摘要】This paper gives a detailed introduction about the application of the walking beam reheating furnace in the rod and wire production line and designed a relatively sequential control mode. At the same time, it lists the key chain links found in the operation process, including stepping function and material charging, vacancy estimation and automatic anterior circulation, and puts forward the corresponding solutions to lay the foundation for the normal and stable operationof the furnace area, providing some references for the technical transformation of the same type of equipment.%着重介绍了步进式加热炉在棒线材生产线上的应用及其顺序控制方法,列举了运行过程中发现的踏步功能与料坯入炉、空位判断与自动前循环等关键连锁,并提出了相应的解决办法.为炉区的正常、稳定运行奠定了基础,也为同类型设备的技术改造提供了一定参考.【期刊名称】《山西冶金》【年(卷),期】2018(041)003【总页数】3页(P19-21)【关键词】步进式加热炉;棒线材生产;顺序控制;关键连锁【作者】任树朋【作者单位】山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司不锈线材厂,山西太原 030003【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG356.3山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司（以下简介太钢）不锈线材厂步进式加热炉于2017年投产，是棒线材轧制过程中的关键设备。

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1 introduction1.1 Step into the furnace1.1.1 Step into the furnace overviewAs western capitalist society in the 18 th century since the industrial revolution, the development of the society entered a new speed. According to the statistics in the industrial revolution in the world before the usage of the per capita steel is less than 5 kg. However, now of the social development to the ownership for 418 kg per capita steel. More and more steel structure appear in socialist construction. So steel has been now the main material of social development. And even once the shortage of supply. This prompted the steel industry is growing rapidly. To the year 2007, the world GangTieLiang has reached nearly nine hundred million tons. But because technology Co., LTD, add people to use more widely, steel emergence of steel more demand. So the steel and iron the smelting technology constantly improved.The first step in 1967 a beam furnace put into production. China 1979 years of production walking beam furnace is 32.5 meters long, production capacity of 270 tons per hour. Walking beam furnace stove than push steel have many advantages, thus become the first choice of rolling mills new furnace type. The scale of the steel rolling broadband is large development, walking beam furnace is one of the characteristics of furnace long from push steel, and can adapt to limit the length of mill production growth hour of the situation. Beijing steel design research institute nearly 20 years design of production more than 40 buildings stepping furnace, already pervaded strip, finances, great wire, strip steel, seamless tube, KaiPi, forging and other steel and steel belt factory, in 1994 have put in taigang, meishan strip factory of walking beam furnace rated output, respectively for 180 t/h and 280 t/h, chongqing iron and steel institute of design for pangang during the 1450 factory design walking beam furnace, rated output for 150 t/h, also put into production in 1992.Early heating furnace interior is a continuous type push with steel machine, it is the role of ingot or billet in turn push in charging. In the end the material, the furnace of steel machine can push will heating good from the other end of the billet reheating furnace out. In side out of the furnace of material, push the steel billet machine will be launched to the material position, again by the steel ingot machine will be out; Now most use is stepping type mobile device. Step into the furnace heating temperature even, heating time fast, high output, and big production flexibility and may, when necessary, will furnace empty blank. Heated, the blank of the surface of the water pipes under small black imprint, blank temperature even, heating efficiency is high. Heating special steel is, can be met on the surface quality of the blank (oxidation, decarburization, scratch, etc) height requirements; Heating large panel, as the slab temperature even, to reduce the thickness different rolling. So now stepping typefurnace in the hot rolled strip workshop and small and medium-sized steel rolling workshop have been widely used.From the 1950 s due to step into the furnace and the emergence of the mobile devices to mature, in many steel plate and small steel production are a good application. As a modern metallurgy industry is generally used a furnace, and his advantage worth learning.Step into the structure of the furnaceA, furnace bottom structureFrom the structure of the stove, see the step furnace is divided into heating stepping type furnace, heating up and down the step type furnace, double walking beam stepping type furnace, etc.On the step heating furnace heating device upside has only just as its name implies, fixed beam and mobile leung is heat-resistant metal production, fixed furnace bottom is refractory lining. The stove is basically no water-cooling elements, so the heat consumption is low. The stove can only single heating, general for a thin billet heating.And pushed steel as furnace, in order to meet the need of the billet heating big, stepping type furnace is also gradually development under the heating of the heat of the up and down, appeared to step into the furnace. The stove is equivalent to push steel type furnace of furnace bottom water pipe into a fixed beam and mobile beam. Fixed beam and mobile beam with water-cooled stand pipe support. By water cooling tube beam also form, with refractory plasticity bandage, outside a heat resistant alloy above the saddle type slippery course, similar to the guide on pusher-type reheating furnace of furnace bottom longitudinal pipe. Furnace bottom is of built on stilts, can realize double heating (step type furnace and billet is not close to the billet together, and there is a gap, can think is heated) all. Heating under general can only use side burner, because pillar blocking the end burner flame direction, if want to the burner, the need to change the structure of the pillar type. Heat can be used on axial end burner, you can also use the burner or top burner heating. Considering the axial burner flame along the length direction the temperature distribution and the control of the temperature, some each large step type furnace in each of the boundary between the heating furnace roof are clearly under pressure, and heating under paragraphs with between wall, in order to avoid the interference between each temperature; So this step type furnace stove temperature control along the length of the more flexibility, if the stove is larger, the flame length and width of the relatively short time, can be installed on the roof in flat flame burner.B, a transmission mechanismStepping type furnace is the key equipment moving beam transmission mechanism. The transmission way points mechanical transmission and hydraulic pressure drive two kinds. So far as the widely used hydraulic transmission way. Modern large-scale furnace mobile beam and the above billet weighs hundreds of tons, use hydraulic transmission mechanism, stable operation, the structure is simple, the operation speed control is accurate, cover an area of an area small, equipment, light weight, than the mechanical transmission has obvious advantages. Hydraulictransmission mechanism as shown in figure 2 to 12 as shown. Figure 2 to 12 b, figure 2 to 12 c, figure 2 to 12 d three structural type is now more common. Our country to apply more common for figure 2 to 12 c shows the inclined piece of slippery wheel. To the piece of slippery wheel as an example of the action principle: walking beam (mobile beam by lifting the use under) walking beam and the crust with a beam of two parts. Crust beam through the roll wheel, the next step into the role the beam, the next step beam by tilting the slider bearing in the roll. Fluctuation walking beam respectively by two hydraulic oil cylinder driving, beginning crust beam stationary, and rising hydraulic cylinder drive walking beam along the slider cant drive up, finish up movement. Then rises hydraulic cylinder makes the next step beam stationary, and level hydraulic cylinder will affect beam along horizontal direction, forward trip ends, in the same way down the action of a back and finish, ending a movement cycle.In order to avoid in the process of lifting vibration and impact, in the up and down and accept billet, walking beam should slow down among. When a start and stop the level should be considered a buffer to slow down, to ensure the smooth movement of the beam, avoid the beam slab wipe move. Way is to change the flow of variable speed pump to adjust walking beam operation speed. Due to step into type furnace is very long, excessive temperature difference fluctuation two sides, the different linear expansion will cause the beam bending and uplift. In order to solve this problem, the beam will present some into segments, paragraphs with the expansion of the gap between certain deformation, though, but can't avoid bending degree is reduced greatly, and not affect the normal work of the stove.C, seal institutionsIn order to guarantee the step furnace activities (bed) can beam normal unimpeded movement in activities, (bed) and beam fixed beam (bed) to have enough between the gap, gap is commonly 25 mm or 30 mm, the step for the beam supporting beams is (or conduit) through the furnace bottom part is that it sports large enough the holes. Those cracks or although the existence of hole is necessary, but also easy to inhaled air cooling, heating quality and reduce the influence fuel efficiency, also may cause furnace gas to escape and harm the furnace of steel rolling equipment, under to step into the oven with sealing problem must be considered, there are two sealing structure, a slide type is a water seal, is, the former seal is bad, especially when a skateboard heated deformation after sealing function, couldn't be more water is the most used structure, sealed effect is better, the water seal water and water to seal groove by the sword of two parts, the separation of type and closed two kinds of structure, type structure have move bed and fixed bed double sword for clear water, slag; Closed structure only move water bed knife, take up the space is little, the advantages of compact. Move the width of the slot water bed end to ensure that more than moving bed the length of the water level, the trip has set a slag, open by a crack in the furnace bottom dropped oxidized scale with flow out regularly.Have to mention here, are used only in the 1950 s (relatively) steel industry, for steel because of the special hydraulic drive itself that made its develop very slowly. To the 20 th century hydraulic transmission technology from theory to practice of using just basic mature. In the 21 st century hydraulic technology application willmark a national base level of industrial development. In step furnace mobile device hydraulic transmission systems, hydraulic transmission as providing dynamic beam the power source of the sports plays a vital role. How to design and high quality hydraulic device is directly affect the quality of a billet sintering.Early heating furnace interior is a continuous type push with steel machine, it is the role of ingot or billet in turn push in charging. In the end the material, the furnace of steel machine can push will heating good from the other end of the billet reheating furnace out. In side out of the furnace of material, push the steel billet machine will be launched to the material position, again by the steel ingot machine will be out; Now most use is stepping type mobile device. Step into the furnace heating temperature even, heating time fast, high output, and big production flexibility and may, when necessary, will furnace empty blank. Heated, the blank of the surface of the water pipes under small black imprint, blank temperature even, heating efficiency is high. Heating special steel is, can be met on the surface quality of the blank (oxidation, decarburization, scratch, etc) height requirements; Heating large panel, as the slab temperature even, to reduce the thickness different rolling. So now stepping type furnace in the hot rolled strip workshop and small and medium-sized steel rolling workshop have been widely used.Heating furnace stepping type mobile device hydraulic transmission system is mainly composed of dynamic and static beam of beam. When billet reheating furnace was pushed it in the static beam, this time the billet heating temperature began to be. Heating furnace of steel rolling industry is must be equipped with heat treatment equipment. With the continuous development of industrial automation technology, modern rolling mills shall be equipped with large, highly automated walking beam furnace, the production should be consistent with high yield, good quality and low consumption, energy saving, pollution-free, and production automatic operation process requirement, in order to improve the quality of its products, enhance the market competitiveness of products. The heating furnace of steel rolling industry in our country, which has pushed steel type furnace and step into the furnace two kinds, but pushed steel type furnace is short, low yield of length, the burning of the big, improper operation will stick by the problem on the steel production to realize the automation management. Due to push steel type furnace is difficult to overcome shortcomings, and walking beam furnace is special stepping on organization, in furnace rectangular steel pipe to do exercise to leave space between, steel pipe, steel tube and can be walking beam no friction between steel pipe, come out by over to completely eliminate the device slippery course scratching, steel tube heating section temperature difference is small, even heating furnace, long is not limited, high output, and production operation is flexible and other characteristics, its production meet high yield, high quality, and low consumption, energy saving, pollution-free, and production automatic operation process requirement. The continuous, full automatic step furnace.1.1.2 To choose a backgroundIn the hot rolling steel rolling mills, need on billet heating. In order to better ensure steel surface quality, make the billet is heated evenly, using a step heating mode.Billet heating process goes forward in the movement for rectangular; That activity, from rising beam slab fixed beam raise; Activities, before the forward beam slab step one time. Activities, will be put down beam slab fixed beam; Beam back to the original position activities to complete a work cycle.Step heating overcome transductive billet heating surface and support beam (fixed beam) produced by the mobile friction surface wear; At the same time, overcome the transductive of interactions between the billet close, can make the billet away through the bottom of the oven, be helpful for billet heating. Because of the advantages of the unique step heating, so that in the modern metallurgical plant a wide range of applications. Step into the billet reheating furnace type products of good quality and high thermal efficiency, flexible operation, apply to DuoZhong profiles of the blank continuous type heat.Stepping type continuous reheating furnace by furnace bottom or metal beams of the rising water cooling down, forward, backward, the action of the material base step by step forward to the continuous reheating furnace. The stove has fixed furnace bottom and step into the bottom of the oven, or have fixed beam and walking beam. The former is called stepping bottom type furnace, the latter is called walking beam furnace.The furnace by fixed bed beam and walking beam composition. Walking beam to more than double round by the axis, the support frame go by lifting cylinder driving wheel, which makes walking beam rise or fall for sport. The upper roller directly and hold walking beam, and walking beam directly by another hydraulic cylinder driving, can be in roller on back and forward movement, which makes walking beam back and forward for sport.Through the operation of the cylinder, walking beam do mark movement, paragraphs rectangular forms of movement can adjust and operation method can continuously or manual operation. The same hydraulic oil source provide walking beam transmission, can also or alternating movement; And can reverse movement, used as a empty furnace of billet with.Hydraulic transmission has its irreplaceable superiority, mainly displays in:A, can get A output force or torque, and structure is not complex;B, can reach large range of stepless speed regulation, and in operation of direct regulation;C, easy to realize the overload protection;D, action quick, start, stop, and the reversing of fast response, the impact is small;E, the lubrication performance is good;F, easy to realize the generalization, the series and standardization, design assembly short cycle;G, easy to realize the automation and intelligent and numerical control technology combined.This topic design content is to design a step into the furnace roof up synchronous hydraulic system.1.1.4 Design schemeStep into the oven mechanical structure of the roller type is the slope of hydraulic drive. Level and movements are made by moving the hydraulic cylinder driving, step below the roller along the framework and inclined mesa.This structure has two layers framework, and the lower layer is to promote the framework. The upper level for mobile frame. In the ascension of the frame above and below are Ann, each wheel under a roller on the mesa, roller translation framework for the mobile use, mobile cylinder through the crank connecting and rotary joints with the framework connection, ascension cylinder by rotary joints under direct and framework connection. With the framework for guidance, with the roller framework level guidance. RollThe heating furnace step institutions and hydraulic system mainly by the double step into the frame, hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pump and various valve parts is composed. As shown in figure: a layer to the next layer, marching framework for lifting frame. Travel by support roller and framework is fall in lifting frame on the table, lifting frame also through the back-up roller and roller falls on basis. When lifting frame in lifting the hydraulic cylinder driving in along the inclined rail left lifting movement, walking beam and travel with a framework for the vertical direction, lifting movement in the translation of the hydraulic cylinder of drive, in a horizontal direction for a movement, thus completing the whole cycle action.Hydraulic system improvementThe original system in lifting the hydraulic cylinder level pull move up part of the beam, can change it to the hydraulic cylinder placed in furnace bottom, while rising and the hydraulic cylinder roller cant keep the same Angle. This effectively solve the tension, hydraulic cylinder cavity push rod no stem cavity movement power do, also reduced the size of the hydraulic cylinder, easy to design and installation.Walking beam action as shown in figure 1 shows:Figure 1 walking beam action schemesWalking beam and move the peace all use electrohydraulic proportional valve to control, its advantage is flexible and convenient adjustment control, work smoothly. In the design process, should consider stepping liangping move may cause a lot of inertial impact, achieve accelerated, slowing down, constant speed, so as to realize the beam to characterize the dynamic thermal light, light, and has put by adding, deceleration effectively reduce the move motion inertia caused by the beam mechanical impact, falls on its own weight down.Through the PLC programming and deceleration curve, both set to avoid the impact of the damage the equipment, and improve the system of the positioning accuracy, through the PLC control synchronization roof up accuracy.。