Pajek操作手册
pajek时间网络使用方法
pajek时间网络使用教程时间网络(temporal network)分为两种类型一种是Time Events,在某个时间点发生改变;另一种是time intervals,在某个时间段网络状态维持不变。
文件后缀。
tim。
文件显示时间网络以lin_rel4。
NET文件为例该文件是以时间延续1.1读文件File/Network/Read->lin_rel4。
NET1.2生成时间网络Network/Temporal Network/Generate in Time各参数含义:∗All – Generate all networks in specified times. 生成指定时间所有网络∗Only Different – Generate network in specified time only if the new network will differ in at least one vertex or line from the last network which was generated。
与上次网络相比发生变化时生成网络∗Interval – Generate network with vertices and lines present in selected interval 在选定的时间间隔生成网络此处我们选择第二项,各设置参数如下可以看到Network文件框中生成了169个网络每个网络就代表了该时刻网络的结构状态。
1.3绘制网络(1)选择从第二个网络开始(其实这是时间网络的初始网络),选择Draw/Network(2)点击Previous和Next可以动态绘制各时间节点的网络2.tim文件显示时间网络2.1读取时间文件File/Network/Read Time Events—>carlyle.tim2.2生成时间网络与1.2相同2.3绘制网络与1。
3相同参考文献:1 官网start with pajek教程http://mrvar。
pajek中文使用手册
Pajek分析和可视化大型网络的程序参考手册List of commands with short explanatio nversion 1.16Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar翻译:先红、一生有我、傻大师、沧海回眸、AndyChang、comp network、遥遥、大头、三叶草整理:饭团Ljubljana, October 4, 20061996, 2006 V. Batagelj, A. Mrvar. Free for noncommercial use.PdfLaTex version October 1, 2003Vladimir BatageljDepartment of Mathematics, FMF University of Ljubljana, Slovenia http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/****************************.siAndrej MrvarFaculty of Social Sciences University of Ljubljana, Slovenia http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/***********************.si目录1.Paje k介绍 (1)2.数据对象 (3)3 主窗口工具栏 (7)3.1 File(文件) (7)3.2 N et(网络) (11)3.3 N ets(网) (26)3.4 Operation(操作) (28)3.5 Partitio n(分类) (34)3.6 Partitions(分类) (35)3.7 Vector(向量) (35)3.8 V ect ors(向量) (36)3.9 Permutation(排序) (37)3.10 Cluster(类) (37)3.11 Hierarchy(层次) (37)3.12 Options(选项) (38)3.13 Info(信息) (40)3.14 Tools(工具) (40)4 绘图窗口工具 (42)4.1 主窗口绘图工具 (42)4.2 Layout(布局) (42)4.3 Layers(图层) (43)4.4 GraphOn l y(仅图形) (44)4.5 Previous(退回到前一次操作) (44)4.6 Redraw(重绘) (44)4.7 N ext(下一步) (44)4.8 Options(选项) (45)4.9 Export (导出) (47)4.10 Spin(旋转) (49)4.11 Mo ve(移动) (49)4.12 Info (信息) (49)5 Exports to E PS/SVG/VRML (50)5.1 Defaults (默认值) (50)5.2 Parameters in EPS,SVG and VRML Defaults Window(在EPS/SVG/VRML默认窗口中的参数) (50)5.3 Exporting Pictures to EPS/SVG —在输入文件中定义参数 (52)6 在Pajek中使用Macros(宏) (57)6.1 什么是Macro(宏)? (57)6.2 怎样标明一段宏? (57)6.3 如何运行宏? (57)6.4 例子 (57)6.5 重复最后的命令 (57)附加信息 (59)希望对使用Pajek 进行网络分析有一个概览,请阅读NICTA 工作室的幻灯片:Batagelj V.: Workshop on Network Analysis, Sydney, Australia: 14th to 17th June 2005; at Nicta (National ICT Australia). http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/doc/#NICTA2.数据对象Pajek 是专门用来分析大型网络(含有成百上千个结点)的专用程序。
pajek使用手册
pajek使用手册Pajek使用手册1:简介1.1 Pajek是什么?1.2 Pajek的特点和优势1.3 Pajek的主要应用领域2:安装与配置2.1 和安装Pajek2.2 配置Pajek的环境变量2.3 打开Pajek界面3:数据导入与导出3.1 导入网络数据3.2 导入节点属性数据3.3 导入边属性数据3.4 导出网络数据3.5 导出分析结果4:基本操作4.1 创建新项目4.2 打开已有项目4.3 添加、删除和编辑节点4.4 添加、删除和编辑边4.5 设置节点和边属性4.6 图形操作:缩放、平移、旋转和放大 4.7 保存和关闭项目5:网络分析5.1 度分布分析5.2 群聚系数分析5.3 中心性分析5.4 社区检测算法5.5 强连通分量分析5.6 可视化网络分析结果5.7 导出分析结果数据6:高级功能6.1 模型拟合与预测6.2 动态网络分析6.3 多网络拓扑分析6.4 插件和扩展功能7:常见问题与解决方案7.1 Pajek运行缓慢怎么办?7.2 如何导入大规模网络数据?7.3 如何处理缺失数据?7.4 如何解释分析结果?8:附件本文档附带的附件包括演示数据、示例项目和额外资料,以帮助读者更好地理解和运用Pajek。
9:法律名词及注释- 知识产权:指人们在创作上所享有的权益。
- 数据隐私:指对个人或组织的数据进行保护,防止未经授权的访问和使用。
- 著作权:指对文学、艺术作品享有的独占权利。
- 许可证:指授权他人使用某一产品或服务的合法凭证。
注:本文档仅供参考使用,未经许可不得用于商业目的。
pajek 中文使用手册
Pajek分析和可视化大型网络的程序参考手册List of commands with short explanationversion 1.16Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar翻译:先红、一生有我、傻大师、沧海回眸、AndyChang、comp network、遥遥、大头、三叶草整理:饭团Ljubljana, October 4, 20061996, 2006 V. Batagelj, A. Mrvar. Free for noncommercial use.PdfLaTex version October 1, 2003Vladimir BatageljDepartment of Mathematics, FMF University of Ljubljana, Slovenia http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/ vladimir.batagelj@fmf.uni-lj.siAndrej MrvarFaculty of Social Sciences University of Ljubljana, Slovenia http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/ andrej.mrvar@fdv.uni-lj.si目录1.Pajek介绍 (1)2.数据对象 (3)3 主窗口工具栏 (7)3.1 File(文件) (7)3.2 Net(网络) (11)3.3 Nets(网) (26)3.4 Operation(操作) (28)3.5 Partition(分类) (34)3.6 Partitions(分类) (35)3.7 Vector(向量) (35)3.8 Vectors(向量) (36)3.9 Permutation(排序) (37)3.10 Cluster(类) (37)3.11 Hierarchy(层次) (37)3.12 Options(选项) (38)3.13 Info(信息) (40)3.14 Tools(工具) (40)4 绘图窗口工具 (42)4.1 主窗口绘图工具 (42)4.2 Layout(布局) (42)4.3 Layers(图层) (43)4.4 GraphOnly(仅图形) (44)4.5 Previous(退回到前一次操作) (44)4.6 Redraw(重绘) (44)4.7 Next(下一步) (44)4.8 Options(选项) (45)4.9 Export (导出) (47)4.10 Spin(旋转) (49)4.11 Move(移动) (49)4.12 Info (信息) (49)5 Exports to EPS/SVG/VRML (50)5.1 Defaults (默认值) (50)5.2 Parameters in EPS,SVG and VRML Defaults Window(在EPS/SVG/VRML默认窗口中的参数) (50)5.3 Exporting Pictures to EPS/SVG — 在输入文件中定义参数 (52)6 在Pajek中使用Macros(宏) (57)6.1 什么是Macro(宏)? (57)6.2 怎样标明一段宏? (57)6.3 如何运行宏? (57)6.4 例子 (57)6.5 重复最后的命令 (57)附加信息 (59)1.Pajek介绍Pajek 运行在Windows环境,用于带上千及至数百万个结点大型网络的分析和可视化操作。
派贝克服装CAD操作手册2009
目录目录 (1)第一章系统介绍 (3)第一节派贝克®(PAYBACK)服装CAD系统简介 (3)第二节派贝克®(PAYBACK)服装CAD系统制作流程 (3)第三节派贝克®(PAYBACK)服装CAD系统的价值 (4)第二章软件操作说明(基础编) (5)第一节菜单栏介绍 (5)一.文件 (5)二.素材库 (5)三.输入 (7)四.系统设置 (9)五.尺码表 (11)第二节纸样中心 (12)一.纸样中心常用工具 (12)二.纸样中心专用工具 (15)I.画线工具组: (15)II.求点工具组: (18)III.专用工具组 (19)IV.点线编辑工具组 (21)V.省褶工具组; (23)VI.生成裁片 (26)第三节裁片中心 (26)一.裁片中心常用工具 (26)二.裁片中心专用工具 (29)I.裁片标识 (29)II.工艺线 (31)III.裁片分割 (32)IV.褶裥 (33)V.旋转修整 (34)VI.放码 (35)第四节排料中心 (38)一.设置 (38)二.排料 (39)三.显示 (40)四.检测 (41)五.清除 (41)六.对条格 (41)七.排料报告 (41)八.其它 (42)九.裁片区 (43)十.混排 (44)第五节打印输出 (44)一.绘图仪输出 (44)二.切割机输出 (46)三.打印机输出 (46)第六节文件格式转换 (47)一.PLT格式文件 (47)二.DXF格式文件 (47)I.打开DXF格式文件 (47)II.保存DXF格式文件 (47)三.裁床格式文件 (47)第七节帮助 (48)一.主题 (48)二.快捷键列表 (48)I.文件处理快捷键 (48)II.纸样中心快捷键 (48)III.显示快捷键 (48)IV.裁片中心快捷键 (49)V.排料中心快捷键 (49)三.关于 (49)第三章智能模式(高级编) (50)第一节纸样设计 (50)一.绘图功能 (50)二.编辑功能 (52)三.特殊功能 (55)四.右键菜单 (57)第二节裁片处理 (58)一.缝边标记 (58)二.缝角处理 (60)三.内部线及工艺线设置 (61)四.裁片分割 (62)五.移动裁片 (62)六.点放码 (62)七.右键菜单功能 (65)八.空白处右键功能 (67)第三节快捷键功能 (69)第四章实例 (69)第一节女短裙 (69)第二节女裤 (73)第三节女衬衫 (81)第四节八片开身西服 (86)第一章系统介绍第一节派贝克®(payback)服装CAD系统简介由上海千派服装科技有限公司最新推出的派贝克®(payback)智能服装CAD系统是至今为止智能化程度最高的服装CAD系统。
帕克双设点控制器操作手册说明书
Cylinder Division 1000 6th Street East Owen Sound, Ontario Canada N4K 5P1(519) 376-2691Cylinder Division (U.S.A)500 South Wolf Road Des Plaines, IL 60016(847) 298-2400Service Bulletin 0971-G-B2Series SRX Dual Set Point Controller Operation ManualIssued: August 2002Supersedes: NoneSeries SRX – Dual Set Point Controller Operation ManualThe Parker Dual Set Point Controller relies on information provided by the position feedback sensor located inside the cylinder. The position sensor is a Linear Resistive Transducer (LRT) that acts as a voltage divider when a DC voltage is applied to it. The feedback signal produced by the LRT is dependent on the voltage input supplied. When a DC voltage is applied to the LRT, a relative output voltage (relative to piston position) is produced and sent back to the controller.There are four models available (see Figure 1). Each controller has two relay outputs whose on/off points are adjustable for different application needs.Model Number Input Power Scalable Output1493440002120 VAC 0-10 VDC 1493440003120 VAC 4-20 mA 149344000412-24 VDC 0-10 VDC 149344000512-24 VDC4-20 mAFigure 1. Dual Set Point Controller ModelsEach controller is equipped with two adjustable relay outputs that act as adjustable limit switches. These outputs come with Normally Closed (NC) and Normally Open (NO) contacts. If more than two outputs are needed, up to three controllers may be slaved off of one master unit.Standard electrical connections for each controller are shown in Figure 2. Detailed instructions for connecting power and the LRT are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.Figure 3. Power ConnectionsFigure 4. LRT ConnectionsFigure 2. Standard Electrical ConnectionsStandard electrical connections produce standard output operation. Standard output operation is defined by ananalog output signal that is at a minimum when the cylinder is fully retracted, and increases linearly to a maximum when the cylinder is fully extended. Figure 5 on the following page shows ideal voltage output versus cylindertravel and the corresponding relay output actions.Figure 5. Output ConfigurationsThe outputs from Relay 1 and Relay 2 are adjustable over the entire range of cylinder movement. Set-Point 1 can be adjusted beyond Set-Point 2. If the Continuous Cycle Mode is used, Set-Point 2 must be adjusted beyond Set-Point 1. See Figure 5. Figures 6-A thru 6-D show relay contact configurations for standard operating modes.Figure 6-AFigure 6-BFigure 6-CFigure 6-DIndependent Relay ModeNon-Inverted OperationInstall load to Normally Open (NO) side of the relays. Pin 10 for Relay 1 and Pin 13 for Relay 2. Refer to Figure 2for electrical connections. When the load is connected to the NO sides of the relays, the output will turn on when the analog output is greater than its set point and turn off when the analog output is less than its set point.Inverted OperationInstall load to Normally Closed (NC) side of the relays. Pin 9 for Relay 1 and Pin 12 for Relay 2. Refer to Figure 2for electrical connections. When the load is connected to the NC sides of the relays, the output will turn off when the analog output is greater than its set point and turn on when the analog output is less than its set point.Limit Switch OperationInstall load to one Normally Closed (NC) relay lead and one Normally Open (NO) relay lead. Pin 9 for Relay 1 and Pin 13 for Relay 2. Refer to Figure 2 for electrical connections. This arrangement turns on Relay 1 when the analog output is less than Set-Point 1, and turns on Relay 2 when the analog output is greater than Set-Point 2.Continuous Cycle ModeInstall load to Normally Open (NO) side of the relays. Pin 10 for Relay 1 and Pin 13 for Relay 2. Refer to Figure 2 for electrical connections. When the load is connected to the NO sides of the relays, the output will turn on when the analog output is greater than its set point, and turn off when the analog output is less than its set point.As one output turns on, the other turns off and vice-versa. This mode of operation allows for continuous cyclingof a cylinder between two adjustable limits. Set-Point 1 control potentiometer is used to set the inner limit andSet-Point 2 control potentiometer is used to set the outer limit. Set-Point 1 must be less than Set-Point 2.To activate the Continuous Cycle Mode, move Jumper 1 to Position B (see Figure 7). This enables the Continuous Cycle Mode and disables the Independent Relay Mode.As illustrated in Figure 7, the Independent Relay Mode of operation is factory enabled with Jumper 1 in Position A.Position A Independent Relay ModePosition B Continuous Cycle ModeFigure 7. Operating Mode Selection Using Jumper 1Jumper 1 is located on the bottom side of the circuit board. The jumper can be accessed by removing all four corner screws of the controller. At this point, the cover and circuit board should come out of the base. Turn the cover and circuit board over so that the bottom of the circuit board is visible. The jumper is located in the upper right-hand corner. The jumper can be moved into Position A or B by pulling up on the black jumper and placing it over the appropriate pins as illustrated in Figure 7.When the jumper is located in the desired position, place the circuit board and cover back into the base and tighten all four corner screws.Setting the Switch Points of OutputAt this point, make sure all electrical connections have been made properly and apply power to the controller. Each controller has the same controls and uses the same set-up procedure.To set the switch point of output 1:1.Turn Set-Point potentiometer 1 (Set 1) fully counter-clockwise.2.Move the cylinder piston to the desired position where output 1 should switch on and off.3.Observe Set-Point 1 LED.4.Rotate Set-Point potentiometer 1 (Set 1) clockwise until Set-Point 1 LED just changes state (on to off orvice-versa).To set the switch point of output 2:1.Turn Set-Point potentiometer 2 (Set 2) fully clockwise.2.Move the cylinder piston to the desired position where output 2 should switch on and off.3.Observe Set-Point 2 LED.4.Rotate Set-Point potentiometer 2 (Set 2) counter-clockwise until Set-Point 2 LED just changes state.Scalable OutputThere are two different types of output: 0V to 10V and 4mA to 20mA. Each type is available for AC or DC power.Output Boundaries and ActionsStandard output operation produces minimum analog output at minimum cylinder extension and maximum analog output at maximum extension. Figure 8 plots ideal analog output versus cylinder travel.For some applications, it may be desirable to reverse this operation and have maximum analog output at minimum extension and minimum output at maximum extension. This can be achieved by switching the wires at Pins 3 and 5 of the control unit as shown before in Figure 2. The resulting output is reversed and is illustrated in Figure 9.Figure 8. Standard Analog Output Figure 9. Reversed Analog OutputScaling the OutputScaling is a feature that allows a controllers output boundaries to be adjusted to individual application needs.The minimum analog output point (offset) is adjustable, as well as the distance from the minimum output that the cylinder must travel until maximum analog output is achieved. This distance is the span. The output boundaries provide minimum and maximum output with linear output between the two limits.Figure 10 illustrates the allowable output adjustment range for standard output operation as a percentage of full cylinder extension. Figure 11 illustrates the allowable output range for reversed output operation. The shaded region of each graph represents the allowable area where full analog output can be achieved.Figure 10. Standard Output Range Figure 11. Reversed Output RangeThe figures illustrate two important facts:1.The maximum offset is 50% of the cylinder stroke.This is the right boundary.2.The minimum span is 50% of the cylinder stroke.This is the left boundary.Figures 12 and 13illustrate acceptable and unacceptable calibrations, respectively, for a cylinder with a 12" stroke.Line #Offset Max. Position Span10"12"12"22"10"8"35"11"6"Figure 12. Acceptable Calibration Schemes Line #Offset Max. Position Span12"7"5"24"8"4"34"Figure 13. Unacceptable Calibration SchemesThe setting of the analog output is accomplished by adjusting the potentiometers “OFFSET” and “SPAN”.ØThe “OFFSET” adjustment is used to set the desired minimum analog output point.ØThe “SPAN” adjustment is used to set the desired maximum analog output point.Clockwise = Output Increases Counterclockwise = Output DecreasesSetting Scalable OutputThe procedure used to set the analog output is as follows:Setting the Offset (minimum output point)1.Move the cylinder piston to the minimum position desired.2.On 0-10 VDC controllers: Place a voltmeter across Pins 6 (Analog Out) and 7 (Analog Gnd).3.On 4-20 mA controllers: Place an ammeter in series with the load to be driven. Current sources from Pin 6(Analog Out) and returns to Pin 7 (Analog Gnd).4.Adjust the offset potentiometer until the desired minimum output is reached. Setting the Span (distance between minimum and maximum analog output)1.Move the cylinder piston to the maximum position desired.2.On 0-10 VDC controllers: Place a voltmeter across Pins 6 (Analog Out) and 7 (Analog Gnd).3.On 4-20 mA controllers: Place an ammeter in series with the load to be driven. Current sources from Pin 6(Analog Out) and returns to Pin 7 (Analog Gnd).4.Adjust the span potentiometer until the desired output is reached.Repeat steps 1 and 2 respectively in order to fine tune the retract and extend output signals.This completes the scaling procedure. At this point, the controller is set up and ready for use.TroubleshootingThe controllers operate on very fundamental principles, which greatly reduce the likelihood of problems. If a problem arises, there are several items to check before consulting your distributor.1.Verify that all connections have been made properly.2.Verify that the required power source is working.3.Verify that the LRT output (0 to 10 VDC) at Pin 4 is changing with cylinder movement.If all of these check out, contact the Cylinder Division for further assistance.System SpecificationsEnclosure Dimensions: 1.31” H x 5.56” W x 3.31”DShipping Weight: 0.80 lbsPower Input Requirements: AC Models 120 V 60 Hz 0.1 AmpsDC Models 12-24 VDC0.1 AmpsInput Fuse: 0.25 AmpsOutput Specification – Set Points:Relay (2) 6 Amps @ 28 VDC6 Amps @ 120/300 VACOutput Specifications: 0-10 VDC, 1 mA MAX output current into 10kΩMIN impedance4-20 mA, into 500Ω MAX impedanceMaximum Zero Offset: 50% of cylinder strokeMinimum Span Range: 50% of cylinder strokeElectronics T emperature Range: 40°F to 160°FFigure 14. Controller DimensionsApplication - Continuous Cycling Using a Three-Position Valve Desired Result: A cylinder/system that will cycle between two adjustable limits.Equipment:Parker Dual Set Point Controller (Continuous Cycle Mode)Double solenoid (24VDC) 3 position valveSeries SRX CylinderFigure 15. Continuous Cycling Electrical Connections Figure 15 illustrates the internal connections of a typical application. Movement of the cylinder is controlled by the double solenoid three position valve. For any movement to occur, an output must be activated.In this application, Relay 1 is used to retract the cylinder and Relay 2 is used to extend the cylinder.By using the Continuous Cycle Mode of the controller, the cylinder will continuously cyclebetween the two set point limits.Figure 16. Output ConfigurationsFigure 16 illustrates the output actions and theideal analog output signal versus cylinder pistontravel.The analog signal can be monitored at Pins 6and 7 (Analog Out and Analog Gnd). Controlpotentiometer 1 (Set 1) is used to adjust Set-Point 1 and control potentiometer 2 (Set 2) isused to adjust Set-Point 2.Relay 1 will be activated while the cylinder isretracting to Set-Point 1. When the pistonreaches Set-Point 1, Relay 1 will deactivate andRelay 2 will be activated.Relay 2 will cause the cylinder to extend untilthe piston reaches Set-Point 2, where Relay 1will activate and the process will repeat.Application – Independent Mode Limit Switch OperationDesired Result: A cylinder/system that will activate a warning light if the system is operating outside of the desired limits.Equipment:Parker Dual Set Point Controller (Independent Relay Mode)Motion Control System (e.g. PLC, Valves, Warning Light)Series SRX CylinderFigure 17. Limit Switch Electrical Connections Figure 17 illustrates the internal connections of a typical limit switch application. Movement of the cylinder is controlled by the Motion Control System.By using the Independent Relay Mode with Limit Switch Operation, the controller will monitor the position of the cylinder. As long as the cylinder is within the two set point limits, the warning light will remain off. But if the cylinder moves outside either limit point, the warning light will activate.Figure 18. Output Configurations Figure 18 illustrates the output actions and the ideal analog output signal versus cylinder piston travel.Control potentiometer 1 (Set 1) is used to adjust Set-Point 1 and control potentiometer 2 (Set 2) is used to adjust Set-Point 2.Relay 1 output will be activated when the cylinder retracts beyond Set-Point 1.Relay 2 output will be activated when thecylinder extends beyond Set-Point 2.。
Parker产品操作手册说明书
Operating ManualThank you for your choice of Parker product. Please read this operating manual carefully and use the product correctly. Keep this operating manual in case questions arise about this product in the future. If this operating manual becomes unreadable or lost, consult our distributors or Parker sales offices.For Safety UseThe following safety precautions are provided to prevent damage and injury to personnel and to provide instructions on the correct usage of this product. These precautions are classified into 3 categories: “CAUTION”, ”WARNING”, and “DANGER” according to the severity of possible injury or damage and the likelihood of such injury or damage. Be sure to comply with all precautions. Also comply with safety regulations such as JIS B 8370(*1), Industrial Safety and Health Law, and High Pressure Gas Safety Law, and ISO 4414(*2).Danger:Indicates an impeding hazardous situation whichmay arise due to improper handling or operationand could result in serious personal injury or death.Warning:Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which may arise due to improper handling or operationand could result in serious personal injury or death.Caution:Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which may arise due to improper handling or operationand could result in personal injury or property-damage-only accidents.*1 JIS B8370 : General Rules for Pneumatic Systems*2 ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power recommendations for the application of equipment totransmission control system.● This product is designed for air blowgun.Do not use it for other purposes.● Use compressed air from an air compressor.Do not use air from a high pressure tank or any other gas.● Do not blow air from air blowgun towards personnel or animals.Direct air blow or substance blown by air blow can potentially cause injury for humans or animals.● Wear safety glasses and ear plugs.Regardless of the use of this product, wear safety glasses and earplugs when operating an air blowgun. Without proper protection, injury to eyes due to blown dust or noise induced deafness would be potentially caused.● Do not disassemble or modify this product.Disassembling or modification may causes safety accidents in addition to operation failure.● Attach a pipe fitting or joint properly.If a pipe fitting or joint are attached improperly, it may cause danger such as hose whip due to unplugged piping. Confirm the connection of hose, tube or coupler joint is tight as well as the connection to this product prior to use.● Do not use for medical equipment or cooking equipmentThis product contains a small amount of lubricant. If there is concern for contamination due to lubricant, do not use.SpecificationsFluid Compressed air Pressure Range 0.35 to 0.8MPaMaximum Flow *1 1300L/min (@0.5MPa) Ambient Temperature*210 to 50℃ Pulse Adjustment Range5 to 15HzPort SizeIN Rc1/4OUTR1/4Weight155g*1 “Maximum Flow” in this case is the flow capacity of this product,and actual flow consumption is depending on the attached air blowgun.*2 If the temperature is under the specified temperature, pulse blowmay be unstable. In this case, please use it as continuous blow temporally for a while to reach specified temperature. This product works correctly within the specified ambient temperature.Connection≪取付例≫1. Before Piping, thoroughly flush the inside of each pipe toremove chips, machining oil, and dust etc. If sealing tape is used for the thread, leave 1.5 to 2 thread turns unwrapped. Do not use liquid sealant. It has possibility to contaminate the product and may cause malfunction.Push-in fitting or joint such as coupler(Sold Separately) Air Saver Unit for Air Blowgun“Air Saver Module” HASV08R9IM-E009-aIssued :Jan.14.2016Air blowgun“Air Saver Module”HASV08R Reference blowgun:Parker LegrisPart Number: 0659 00 13(Sold Separately)WarningCaution<Example of attachment>2.When installing piping or a joint, prevent contamination of chips or sealing agent. Also tightening torque should be within the range indicated below.Port Size Tightening Torque (N ・m)R ・Rc1/412 to 143.An air filter (Nominal filtration rating of 5 micron or smaller) must be placed upstream of piping. There is no need for additional lubrication.4. Attach the piping towards the direction of air flow described on the body. If it is opposite direction, this product does not work.5.This product must be attached directly to an air blow gun. If connected with any part such as coupler, it has the possibility to decrease the capability due to pressure loss.6.This product is not water & drip proof. Do not install this product in a place with direct water contact (rain, etc). Also install this product in a place without dew condensation or direct sunlight.Product Function[Pulse Adjustment Screw]This is a throttle valve for pulse ON time adjustment (Approx.5 to 15 Hz). When tightening this screw clockwise with flat-bladedscrewdriver, the air ON time will be longer. When loosening the screw counter clockwise, the air ON time will be shorter. The air OFF time is fixed for approx. 30ms. Adjust the air ON time in accordance with using air blowgun or object. Control angle is approx. single rotation of the screw. When tightening at the end of clockwise, it will stop air output, however it is not malfunction.[Pulse/ Continuous Switching Button]Press this button when requiring continuous blow. When pushing this button, air blows continuously. To keep continuous blow, press this button and turn the button 90 degrees. To release from this mode, press this button and turn counter clockwise for pulse blow mode.DimensionsNotes for Usage● Discharge drain from upstream air filter periodically. If periodic drain discharge is difficult, Parker recommends setting up an air filter with automatic drain.● Maintenance compressor periodically. If sludge, which isproduced in compressor oil, enters pneumatic equipment, it will cause operation failure of pneumatic equipment. Coalescing filter removes oil and sludge which cannot be removed by air filter. Parker recommends setting up a coalescing filter.Effect of Pulse BlowIn many factories, air blow accounts for more than 50% of total compressed air consumption. Pulse blow can be a measure forsaving energy by reducing the consumption of compressed air while maintaining the same capability of air blow operation.・Hole machining, tap, chip removing of complex shape work ・Removing stuck dust or viscous liquid ・Blowing at narrow space・Reducing load of compressor ・Energy saving activityPulse blow is especially effective for works listed above, however it is not for all applications. There is a possibility to reduce the removal effectiveness depending on the air blowgun. Parker recommends attaching to an air blowgun that has nozzle diameter bigger than I.D.2mm and low pressure loss.Also, for the case of using reduced pressure for air supply, installing this product without regulator enables a low energy loss circuit, which provides improved blow effectiveness compared to the current circuit.Kuroda Pneumatics Ltd(Parker Hannifin Automation Division Japan)10243 Kamakazu, Asahi city, Chiba 289-2505, JapanE-mail:********************10HzWhen screwing, seal tape may enters the product and cause malfunction.Leave space of 1.5 -2 turnsUse half width seal tape. It may reduce cost as well. Cut with knife.(Not good)(Good) Air Blow Gun Connecting Port (R1/4)Pulse Control Trimmer[Note] ● Please contact our distributors or Parker for after-sales service. ● Please keep this operating manual.15HzPressure Supply Port (Rc1/4)Vent HolePulse/ContinuousSwitching ButtonFlow Flow Current Circuit Pulse Blow A i r C o n s u m p t i o n L /m i nA i r C o n s u m p t i o n L /m i nTime (sec)Time (sec) Pulse Adjustment Screw (ON Time Control)Pulse/ Continuous Switching button Time Time。
Pajek操作手册
关键词:复杂网络,可视化,抽象化,有向图,无向图,权值
EMULATOR OF COMPLEX NETWORK
ABSTRACT
The idea of complex network, with thousands of vertices and lines, have been widely applied in many different areas, including computer, biology, physics and social science, to name but a few. Although the types of complex networks are innumerable, all of them can be described by a common model, which is known as graph. Based on graphs and using six data structures, Pajek, which is very efficient and humanized, is a program designed for the emulation of complex network. The basic set of efficient algorithms are implemented in it to analyze the topology of complex networks, including analysis of the local nature of vertices and lines, abstraction to get a global view of network, transformation between different types of networks, generating random networks and so on. Pajek provide the user with some powerful visualization tools on a three-dimensioned reference frame. The user can further improve the picture manually or automatically by moving vertices or spin. Moreover, we can define an often
pajek简介基本资料
Pajek 简介、基本资料Pajek 简介、基本资料、2013 版最新软件包与使用说明为什么Pajek 叫做蜘蛛软件?Pajek 软件是由Batagelj 和Mrvar 共同编写,由于Pajek 在斯洛文尼亚语中是蜘蛛的意思,因此导致该软件的Logo 就是一只蜘蛛,暗示其具有网络绘制的功能。
Pajek 主要是基于Windows 的应用软件,可以应用于大型网络可视化,主要基于数学中的图论、网络分析等理论发展而来。
一、最新Pajek 3.11 版本支持32、64 位的windows ,仅限于非商业用途。
二、Pajek向以下网络提供分析和可视化操作工具:合著网、化学有机分子、蛋白质受体交互网、家谱、因特网、引文网、传播网(AIDS 、新闻、创新)、数据挖掘(2-mode 网)等。
三、Pajek 主要识别net 文件和mat 文件类型的数据。
转化net 文件,有三种方法:第一是从txt 转化,用到的软件是txt2pajek ;第二个是从excel (注意,是2003 版)中转化为net 文件,用到的是excel2pajek ;第三种就是在txt 中按照net 文件的格式把数据写下来,然后把后缀名由txt 改成net ,这算一个小技巧。
mat 文件只能用上述第三种方法。
这个第三种方法只能适用于较少数据的输入,对于大规模数据处理来讲还是转换吧。
附件内容:(1)2013 年最新Pajek 3.11 (含32 位和64 位两种版本)以及所有模拟数据集;(2)《Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek 》PDF版(英);(3)Pajek 学习指南(PPT );(4)Pajek 使用手册(英文)PDF ;5)Pajek 使用手册(中文)PDF。
pajek中文使用手册
pajek中文使用手册Pajek分析和可视化大型网络的程序参考手册List of commands with short explanatio nversion 1.16Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar翻译:先红、一生有我、傻大师、沧海回眸、AndyChang、comp network、遥遥、大头、三叶草整理:饭团Ljubljana, October 4, 20061996, 2006 V. Batagelj, A. Mrvar. Free for noncommercial use.PdfLaTex version October 1, 2003Vladimir BatageljDepartment of Mathematics, FMF University of Ljubljana, Sloveniahttp://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/****************************.si Andrej MrvarFaculty of Social Sciences University of Ljubljana, Slovenia http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/***********************.si目录1.Paje k介绍 (1)2.数据对象 (3)3 主窗口工具栏 (7)3.1 File(文件) (7)3.2 N et(网络) (11)3.3 N ets(网) (26)3.4 Operation(操作) (28)3.5 Partitio n(分类) (34)3.6 Partitions(分类) (35)3.7 Vector(向量) (35)3.8 V ect ors(向量) (36)3.9 Permutation(排序) (37)3.10 Cluster(类) (37)3.11 Hierarchy(层次) (37)3.12 Options(选项) (38)3.13 Info(信息) (40)3.14 Tools(工具) (40)4 绘图窗口工具 (42)4.1 主窗口绘图工具 (42)4.2 Layout(布局) (42)4.3 Layers(图层) (43)4.4 GraphOn l y(仅图形) (44)4.5 Previous(退回到前一次操作) (44)4.6 Redraw(重绘) (44)4.7 N ext(下一步) (44)4.8 Options(选项) (45)4.9 Export (导出) (47)4.10 Spin(旋转) (49)4.11 Mo ve(移动) (49)4.12 Info (信息) (49)5 Exports to E PS/SVG/VRML (50)5.1 Defaults (默认值) (50)5.2 Parameters in EPS,SVG and VRML Defaults Window(在EPS/SVG/VRML默认窗口中的参数) (50)5.3 Exporting Pictures to EPS/SVG —在输入文件中定义参数(52)6 在Pajek中使用Macros(宏) (57)6.1 什么是Macro(宏)? (57)6.2 怎样标明一段宏? (57)6.3 如何运行宏? (57)6.4 例子 (57)6.5 重复最后的命令 (57)附加信息 (59)希望对使用Pajek 进行网络分析有一个概览,请阅读NICTA 工作室的幻灯片:Batagelj V.: Workshop on Network Analysis, Sydney, Australia: 14th to 17th June 2005; at Nicta (National ICT Australia). http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/doc/#NICTA2.数据对象Pajek 是专门用来分析大型网络(含有成百上千个结点)的专用程序。
pajek 中文使用手册
pajek 中文使用手册Pajek 中文使用手册本文档是Pajek软件的完整使用手册,旨在帮助用户全面了解和使用Pajek进行数据分析和可视化。
下面将详细介绍Pajek软件的功能和操作方法,并提供示例和说明。
第一章:软件简介1.1 Pajek的概述1.2 Pajek的安装与配置第二章:数据导入与导出2.1 导入数据文件2.2 数据文件格式2.3 数据预处理2.4 导出结果第三章:网络创建与编辑3.1 创建网络3.2 添加、删除节点3.3 添加、删除边3.4 网络属性编辑3.5 网络可视化第四章:网络分析与测度4.1 网络描述统计4.2 网络中心性测度4.3 社区发现与分析4.4 小世界网络4.5 网络动态演化第五章:可视化与布局5.1 网络布局算法5.2 图形属性设置5.3 节点大小与颜色编码5.4 边粗细与颜色编码5.5 图形导出第六章:高级功能与扩展6.1 基于Pajek的编程扩展6.2 Pajek插件安装与使用6.3 Pajek与其他软件的集成6.4 高性能计算与大规模网络分析附录:附件一、示例数据文件附件二、Pajek软件常见问题解答法律名词及注释:1:著作权:指对作品享有的版权,包括复制权、发行权等。
2:商标:指商业标识符号,用于区别商品或服务来源的标识,享有独占权。
3:专利:指对发明创造的技术方案享有的专有权,包括发明专利、实用新型专利等。
4:许可:指著作权人授权他人使用其作品的权利。
本文档涉及附件:附件一、示例数据文件(data:csv)附件二、Pajek软件常见问题解答(FAQ:pdf)本文所涉及的法律名词及注释:1:著作权:指对作品享有的版权,包括复制权、发行权等。
2:商标:指商业标识符号,用于区别商品或服务来源的标识,享有独占权。
3:专利:指对发明创造的技术方案享有的专有权,包括发明专利、实用新型专利等。
4:许可:指著作权人授权他人使用其作品的权利。
PA系统使用手册第一章 机床操作
第一章机床操作213456 78910111. 运行按钮2. 暂停按钮3. 点动按钮4. 进给速度比率按钮5. 主轴转速比率按钮6. 手轮移动量旋钮7. 手轮移动轴选择旋钮8. 主轴控制按钮9. 释放按钮10. 电源开关11. 机床就位指示灯PA系统操作面板213451. 主任务栏2. 状态栏3. 机床状况栏4. 报警信息栏5. 子任务栏PA系统主控面板1.1 手动方式在选择机床后的第一个界面,或用户在点击“手动方式”按钮后,系统将切换到手动方式界面,如图1-1-1所示。
此时可选择不同的手动方式来移动机床,如回原点、增量移动机床等(具体操作详见3.1.2“机床回零”和3.4“对基准”中的PA系统介绍)。
但需在处于“机床准备好”状态才可实现(在紧急停止状态时,可用Ctrl+“C”键来取消)。
图1-1-1注:在进入PA系统后需进行两步最基本的操作:第一步需取消紧急停止状态(Ctrl + “C”),第二步就是将所有可移动轴回原点,否则不能进行任何其它手动操作和自动运行程序。
1.2 自动方式点击主任务栏中“自动方式”按钮后,系统切换到如1-2-1所示的界面。
在此界面下可以进行与工件加工程序有关的各种运行方式的选择。
状态栏中显示哪一个NC程序将要以何种方式运行。
位置栏中为机床当前位置,终点坐标为当前程序行中指定要移动到的位置。
图1-2-11.2.1 选择工件程序如果用户还没有选择需要运行的程序或者需要更换运行程序,则选择“选择工件程序”,进入图1-2-2的下一界面。
此时子任务栏有以下命令可供选择:图1-2-21)选择程序号:用“选择程序号”命令来选择将要执行的程序,此时界面如图1-2-3所示,程序列表及程序号为当前已调入到CNC存储器中的NC程序。
图1-2-32)选择程序段:用“选择程序段”命令来选择从现在程序的某一程序段开始运行。
如图1-2-4所示。
此时允许用户选择从当前程序中某一程序段开始执行,这使得继续执行中断的工件程序成为可能。
Pajek:学习讲义
多个颜色的网络图,鼠标放在某类节点边上按住左键拖动,即可拖动所有此类节点 还有多个命令,比如将两个partition进行合并
• 3.三种简化网络的方式:
抽取网络的一部分 Operations>Extract from Network>partition 注意:我们无法看到某个洲国家在全球的地位(因为subnetwork的顶点数和partition的 定点数不同) 有补救措施! 选择国际地位partition为第一partition,洲partition为第二,从第二个partition中抽取第 一个partition.DONE!
图中移除一个component • Operations>extract from network>partition 通过k-core的方式进行聚类 • Net>partitions>core>input/output/all 六、桥和中间人 概念解释 • .桥:是一条连线,移除该线可以增加网络中的组件个数 • 关键点cut-vertex:是一个顶点,移除该顶点可以增加网络中的组件个数 • 二组件bi-component:是一个组件,最小规模是3,并且不包括关键点 寻找bi-component、桥和关键点 Net>component>bi-component
• 2.以World_trade.paj为例进行演示
• • • • •
• •
对被选的图创建新的partition Partition>create Null Partition 在绘图板上操作小贴士: Shift键+鼠标点击vertex:class数值加1 Shift+鼠标不在vertex上点击:all class数值加1 alt键+鼠标点击vertex:class数值减1(如果class大于零) alt+鼠标不在vertex上点击:all class数值减1 (如果class大于零)
PA数控加工仿真系统使用手册2(2021年整理精品文档)
PA数控加工仿真系统使用手册2编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望(PA数控加工仿真系统使用手册2)的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈,这将是我们进步的源泉,前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改,如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅,最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步,以下为PA数控加工仿真系统使用手册2的全部内容。
图2—4-12。
4.1 拷贝拷贝一个已经存在的程序并赋予此拷贝程序一个新的文件名.如图2-4—2界面。
其步骤为: 1)在“复制文本”对话框中,在“从”文本框中输入要拷贝的程序,或从程序目录中选择,其程序号自动出现在文本框中.2)在“到”文本框中输入目标程序名,点击确定按钮或按回车键,可将当前程序复制为一个新程序。
图2-4-22.4.2 删除从NC存储器中删除文件,在删除对话框中输入程序名或直接在程序目录中选择要删除的文件,点击确定按钮或按回车键,可将当前选择的程序从内存中删除。
其界面如图2—4-3.注:对于当前数据类型为程序时,删除程序使内存中不再有此程序.对于其它数据类型,此操作只是将数据全置为零。
图2-4—32.4。
3 更名将当前程序名更改为输入程序名。
选择好程序后在“到”文件框内输入新的程序名,点击确定按钮或按回车键。
如图2-4—4。
图2-4—42.4.4 删除所有工作程序当点击“删除所有工作程序"后,系统弹出对话框如图2-4-5所示,点击“是”按钮后将删除内存中的所有程序,点击“取消"可取消此操作。
图2-4-5第三章参数设置3。
1 参数P1)点击“数据”子任务栏中的“数据类型选择",出现如图3—1—1界面。
点击其上的“参数P”命令。
图3—1-12)点击“数据”子任务栏中的“修改数据”。
如图3-1-2。
pajek中文使用手册
Andrej Mrvar Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ljubljana, Slovenia http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/ andrej.mrvar@fdv.uni-lj.si
目录
1.Pajek介绍 ....................................................................................................................................... 1 2.数据对象........................................................................................................................................ 3 3 主窗口工具栏...............................................................................................................................7
欧帕机器手操作程序讲解
欧帕机器手操作程序讲解欧帕机器手操作程序讲解欧帕机器手是一种先进的工业机器人,广泛应用于制造业、物流业等领域。
它具有高精度、高速度、高稳定性等特点,能够完成各种复杂的操作任务。
为了能够正确地操作欧帕机器手,我们需要了解其操作程序。
一、机器手基本操作1. 机器手上电启动:将机器手的电源接通,按下启动按钮,机器手将开始自检程序,完成后进入待机状态。
2. 机器手示教模式:在机器手待机状态下,按下示教模式按钮,机器手进入示教模式。
在示教模式下,可以通过手动操作机器手完成一系列动作,并将这些动作记录下来,以便后续的自动操作。
3. 机器手自动模式:在示教模式下,按下自动模式按钮,机器手将进入自动模式。
在自动模式下,机器手将按照之前示教的动作序列进行自动操作。
二、机器手示教操作1. 机器手示教点设置:在示教模式下,可以通过手动操作机器手将其移动到所需的位置,并按下示教点设置按钮,将当前位置记录为一个示教点。
2. 机器手示教动作设置:在示教模式下,可以通过手动操作机器手完成所需的动作,并按下示教动作设置按钮,将当前动作记录下来。
3. 机器手示教程序保存:在示教模式下,可以按下示教程序保存按钮,将之前示教的动作序列保存为一个程序。
三、机器手自动操作1. 机器手程序选择:在自动模式下,可以通过操作面板选择之前保存的程序。
2. 机器手程序启动:在自动模式下,按下程序启动按钮,机器手将按照选择的程序进行自动操作。
3. 机器手程序停止:在自动模式下,按下程序停止按钮,机器手将停止当前的自动操作。
四、机器手安全操作1. 机器手急停:在任何模式下,按下急停按钮,机器手将立即停止所有动作。
2. 机器手限位设置:在示教模式下,可以通过手动操作机器手将其移动到限位位置,并按下限位设置按钮,将当前位置设置为限位。
3. 机器手碰撞检测:在自动模式下,机器手会自动进行碰撞检测,如果检测到碰撞,机器手将停止当前的自动操作。
五、机器手故障排除1. 机器手故障显示:在操作过程中,如果机器手出现故障,操作面板将显示相应的故障代码。
pajek使用手册
PajekProgram for Analysis and Visualization of Large Networks Reference ManualList of commands with short explanationversion1.10Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar Ljubljana,October28,2005c 1996,2005V.Batagelj,A.Mrvar.Free for noncommercial use. PdfLaTex version October1,2003Vladimir BatageljDepartment of Mathematics,FMFUniversity of Ljubljana,Sloveniahttp://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/vladimir.batagelj@fmf.uni-lj.siAndrej MrvarFaculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Ljubljana,Sloveniahttp://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/andrej.mrvar@fdv.uni-lj.siContents1Pajek3 2Data objects5 3Main Window Tools73.1File (7)3.2Net (11)3.3Nets (27)3.4Operations (29)3.5Partition (38)3.6Partitions (39)3.7Permutation (40)3.8Permutations (41)3.9Cluster (41)3.10Hierarchy (41)3.11Vector (41)3.12Vectors (42)3.13Options (43)3.14Info (46)3.15Tools (47)4Draw Window Tools494.1Main Window Draw Tool (49)4.2Layout (49)4.3Layers (51)4.4GraphOnly (52)4.5Previous (52)4.6Redraw (53)4.7Next (53)4.8Options (53)4.9Export (57)4.10Spin (59)4.11Move (59)4.12Info (60)5Exports to EPS/SVG/VRML615.1Defaults (61)5.2Parameters in EPS,SVG and VRML Defaults Window (61)5.3Exporting pictures to EPS/SVG–defining parameters in inputfile6516Using Macros in Pajek706.1What is a Macro? (70)6.2How to record a Macro? (70)6.3How to execute the Macro? (70)6.4Example (70)6.5Repeating last command (71)7Colors in Pajek73 8Citing Pajek752Pajek–Manual31PajekPajek is a program,for Windows,for analysis and visu-alization of large networks having some thousands or evenmillions of vertices.In Slovenian language the word pa-jek means spider.The latest version of Pajek is freelyavailable,for noncommercial use,at its home page: http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/We started the development of Pajek in November1996.Pajek is im-plemented in Delphi(Pascal).Some procedures were contributed by Matjaˇz Za-verˇs nik.The main motivation for development of Pajek was the observation that there exist several sources of large networks that are already in machine-readable form.Pajek should provide tools for analysis and visualization of such net-works:collaboration networks,organic molecule in chemistry,protein-receptor interaction networks,genealogies,Internet networks,citation networks,diffusion (AIDS,news,innovations)networks,data-mining(2-mode networks),etc.See also collection of large networks at:http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/data/The design of Pajek is based on our previous experiences gained in devel-opment of graph data structure and algorithms libraries Graph and X-graph,col-lection of network analysis and visualization programs STRAN,RelCalc,Draw, Energ,and SGML-based graph description markup language NetML.Figure1:Pajek/SpiderV.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,20054Pajek–ManualFigure2:Approaches to deal with large networks The main goals in the design of Pajek are:•to support abstraction by(recursive)decomposition of a large network into several smaller networks that can be treated further using more sophisticated methods;•to provide the user with some powerful visualization tools;•to implement a selection of efficient(subquadratic)algorithms for analysis of large networks.With Pajek we can:find clusters(components,neighbourhoods of‘impor-tant’vertices,cores,etc.)in a network,extract vertices that belong to the same clusters and show them separately,possibly with the parts of the context(detailed local view),shrink vertices in clusters and show relations among clusters(global view).Besides ordinary(directed,undirected,mixed)networks Pajek supports also multi-relational networks–2-mode networks(bipartite(valued)graphs–net-works between two disjoint sets of vertices),and temporal networks(dynamic graphs–networks changing over time).V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek–Manual5 2Data objectsIn Pajek six types of objects are used:Figure3:Pajek’s Main Windowworks–main objects(vertices and lines).Default extension:.net.Network can be presented on inputfile in different ways:•using arcs/edges(e.g.12–line from1to2)•using arcslists/edgeslists(e.g.123–line from1to2and from1to3)•matrix format•UCINET,GEDCOM,chemical formats...Additional information for network drawing can be included in inputfile as well.This is explained in the section Exports to EPS/SVG/VRML.2.Partitions–they tell for each vertex to which class vertex belong.Defaultextension:.clu.3.Permutations–reordering of vertices.Default extension:.per.4.Clusters–subset of vertices(e.g.one class from partition).Default exten-sion:.cls.5.Hierarchies–hierarchically ordered vertices.Example:Rootg1g2g11g12v5,v6,v7v1,v2v3,v4V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,20056Pajek–Manual Root has two subgroups–g1and g2.g2is a leaf–cluster with verticesv5,v6and v7.g1has two subgroups–g11and g12...Default extension: .hie.6.Vectors–they tell for each vertex some numerical property(real number).Default extension:.vec.By double clicking on selected network,partition,...you can show the object on screen.The procedures in Pajek’s main window(see Figure3)are organized accord-ing to the types of data objects they use as input.Permutations,partitions and vectors can be used to store properties of vertices measured in different scales:ordered,nominal(categorical)and numeric.Figure4:Spider web;Photo:Vladimir Batagelj.V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek–Manual7 3Main Window Tools3.1FileInput/Output manipulation with the six data objects.•Network–N–Read network from Asciifile.–Edit network.Choose vertex,show its neighbors and then:∗add new lines to/from selected vertex(by left mouse double click-ing on Newline);∗delete lines(by left mouse double clicking);∗change value of line(by single right mouse clicking);∗subdivide line to two orthogonal lines using new invisible vertex(by single middle mouse clicking).–Save selected network to Asciifile.–Export Matrix to EPS–write matrix in EPS format:∗Original–using default numbering(for1-mode and2-mode net-works).∗Using Permutation–using current permutation.Additionallylines can be drawn to divide different classes defined by selectedpartition.Option can be used for1-mode and2-mode networks.∗Using Partition–using current partition.In the text windownumber and density of lines among classes(and vertices in se-lected two classes)are displayed.Additionally matrix is exportedto EPS where density is expressed using shadowing:1.Structural–Densities are normalized according to maxi-mum possible number of lines among classes(suitable fordense networks).2.Delta–Densities are normalized according to vertices havingthe highest number of input and output neighbors in classes(suitable for sparse networks).∗Only Black Borders–If checked all squares in matrix will haveblack borders,otherwise dark squares will have white and lightsquares will have black borders.–Change Label of selected network.–Dispose selected network from memory.V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,20058Pajek–ManualTable1:List of time events.Event ExplanationTI t initial events–following events happen whentime point t startsTE t end events–following events happen whentime point t isfinishedAV vns add vertex v with label n and properties sHV v hide vertex vSV v show vertex vDV v delete vertex vAA uvs add arc(u,v)with properties sHA uv hide arc(u,v)SA uv show arc(u,v)DA uv delete arc(u,v)AE uvs add edge(u:v)with properties sHE uv hide edge(u:v)SE uv show edge(u:v)DE uv delete edge(u:v)CV vs change vertex property–change property of vertex v to sCA uvs change arc property–change property of arc(u,v)to sCE uvs change edge property–change property of edge(u:v)to sCT uv change type–change(un)directedness of line(u,v)CD uv change direction of arc(u,v)PE uvs replace pair of arcs(u,v)and(v,u)by single edge(u:v)with properties sAP uvs add pair of arcs(u,v)and(v,u)with properties sDP uv delete pair of arcs(u,v)and(v,u)EP uvs replace edge(u:v)by pair of arcs(u,v)and(v,u)with properties s•Time Events Network–N–Read Time Events–Read time network described using time events.See Table1.List of properties s can be empty as well.If several edges(arcs)canconnect two vertices,additional tag like:k(k-th line)must be given todetermine to which line the command mand HE:31437results in hiding the third edge connecting vertices14and37.Example of time network described using time events:*Vertices3*EventsTI1V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek–Manual9AV2"b"TE3HV2TI4AV3"e"TI5AV1"a"TI6AE131TI7SV2AE121TE7DE12DV2TE8DE13TE10HV1TI12SV1TE14DV1See also other possibility:description of time network using time in-tervals.–Save–Save time network in time events format.•Partition–C–Read partition from Asciifile.–Edit partition(put vertices to classes).–Save selected partition to Asciifile.–Change Label of selected partition.–Dispose selected partition from memory.•Permutation–P–Read permutation from Asciifile.–Edit permutation(interchange positions of two vertices).–Save selected permutation to Asciifile.–Change Label of selected permutation.–Dispose selected permutation from memory.•Cluster–S(list of selected vertices)–Read cluster from Asciifile.V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,200510Pajek–Manual–Edit cluster(add and delete vertices).–Save selected cluster to Asciifile.–Change Label of selected cluster.–Dispose selected cluster from memory.•Hierarchy–H–Read hierarchy from Asciifile.–Edit hierarchy(change types and names of nodes,or show vertices(and subtree)belonging to selected node).–Save selected hierarchy to Asciifile.–Change Label of selected hierarchy.–Dispose selected hierarchy from memory.•Vector–V–Read vector from Asciifile.–Edit vector(change components of vector).–Save selected vector(s)to Asciifile.If cluster representing vector id’sis present,all vectors with corresponding id numbers will be saved tothe same outputfile.Vector’s id can be added to cluster by pressingV on the selected vector(empty cluster should be createdfirst).Allvectors must have the same dimensions.–Change Label of selected vector.–Dispose selected vector from memory.•Pajek Project File–*.paj–Read Pajek projectfile(file containing all possible Pajek data ob-jects–networks,partitions,permutations,clusters,hierarchies andvectors).–Save all currently loaded objects as a Pajek projectfile.•Repeat session–During program execution all commands are written to file*.log.In this way you can repeat any execution by running selected logfile.If you change in the logfile a name of afile to?,program will ask for name when running logfile next time(so you can repeat the same sequence of steps–logfile with different input data).If startup logfile(Pa-jek.log)exists(in the same directory as Pajek.exe),it is automatically exe-cuted every time when Pajek is run.V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek–Manual11•Show Report Window–Bring the report window in the front in the case that it was closed or is not visible.•Exit program.3.2NetOperations,for which only a network is needed as input.•Transform–Transpose–Transposed network of selected network:∗1-Mode-Change direction of arrows.∗2-Mode-Interchange Rows and Cols.–Remove∗all edges–Remove all edges from selected network.∗all arcs–Remove all arcs from selected network.∗multiple lines–Remove all multiple lines from selected network.1.Sum Values–Values of all deleted lines are added to notdeleted line between corresponding two vertices.2.Number of Lines–Value of line between two vertices in anew network correspond to the number of lines between thetwo vertices in original network.3.Min Value–Minimum value of all lines between two verticesis selected.4.Max Value–Maximum value of all lines between two ver-tices is selected.5.Single Line–Value of line between two vertices in a newnetwork is1.∗loops–Remove all loops from selected network.∗lines with value1.lower than–Remove all lines with value lower than specifiedvalue.2.higher than–Remove all lines with value higher than speci-fied value.3.within interval–Remove all lines with values within speci-fied interval.∗all arcs from each vertex exceptV.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,200512Pajek–Manual1.k with lowest line values–Sort lines around vertices in as-cending order according to output line values.Keep only se-lected number of lines with lowest values.2.k with highest line values–Sort lines around vertices indescending order according to output line values.Keep onlyselected number of lines with highest values.–Add additional vertices,lines or vertices/lines labels to network.∗Vertices–Copy network to new network.Dimension can be en-larged for selected number of vertices(additional vertices withoutlines are added).∗Source and Sink–If network is acyclic,add uniquefirst and lastvertex(new network has two artificial vertices).∗Sibling edges–Add sibling edges to vertices with a common1.Input–arc-ancestor2.Output–arc-descendant∗Vertices Labels from File–Change the default vertices labels(v1,v2...)with labels given in input networkfile.∗Line Labels as Line Values–replace labels of lines(or createnew if there are no)with line values.Number of decimal placesis the same as used in Draw window for marking lines with linevalues.–Edges→Arcs–Convert all edges to arcs(in both directions)(makedirected network).–Arcs→Edges∗All–Convert all arcs to edges(make undirected network).∗Bidirected only–Convert only arcs in both directions to edges:1.Sum Values–Value of the new edge is the sum of values ofboth arcs.2.Min Value–Value of the new edge is the smaller of valuesof arcs.3.Max Value–Value of the new edge is the larger of values ofarcs.–Line Values–Transformations of line values:∗Recode–Display frequency distribution of line values accordingto selected intervals and recode line values in this way.∗Multiply by a constant.V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek–Manual13∗Add Constant to line values.∗Absolute line values.∗Absolute+Sqrt–square root of line values.∗Truncate–truncated line values.∗Exp–exponent of line values.∗Ln–natural logarithm of line values.∗Power–selected power of line values.∗Normalize1.Sum–normalize so that the sum of line values will be12.Max–normalize so that the maximum line value will be1–Reduction∗Degree–(Recursively)delete from network all vertices with de-gree lower than selected value(according to Input,Output or Alldegree).Operation can be limited to selected cluster.∗Hierarchical–Recursively delete from network all vertices thathave only0or1neighbor.Results:simpler network and hierarchywith deleted vertices.Original network can be later restored(if weforget directions of lines).∗Subdivisions–Recursively delete from network all vertices thathave exactly2neighbors(together with corresponding two lines)and(instead of that)add direct line between these two neighbors.Result is simpler network(for drawing).Original network cannotbe restored!∗Design(flow graph)Reduction of all structural parts of networkaccording to McCabe(for programs–flow graphs)[35].–Generate in Time–Generate network in specified time(s).Inputfirsttime,last time and step(integers).Additional parameters when vertices and lines are active should begiven in network to perform this operation.They must be given be-tween signs[and]:-is used to divide lower and upper limit of interval,,is used to separate intervals,*means infinity.Example:*Vertices31"a"[5-10,12-14]2"b"[1-3,7]3"e"[4-*]*EdgesV.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,200514Pajek–ManualFigure5:Part of Reuters Terror News network on the36th day.V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek–Manual15121[7]131[6-8]Vertex’a’is active from times5to10,and12to14,vertex’b’in times1to3and in time7,vertex’e’from time4on.Line from1to2is ac-tive only in time7,line from1to3in times6to8.The lines and vertices in a temporal network should satisfy the consis-tency condition:if a line is active in time t then also its end-verticesare active in time t.When generating time slices of a given temporalnetwork only’consistent’lines are generated.Note that time records should always be written as last in the rowwhere vertices/lines are defined.See also other possibility of describing time network:description oftime network using time events.∗All–Generate all networks in specified times.∗Only Different–Generate network in specified time only if thenew network will differ in at least one vertex or line from the lastnetwork which was generated.–2-Mode to1-Mode–Generate an ordinary(1-mode)network from2-mode(affiliation)network.Result is a valued network.To storea2-mode network in inputfile use Pajek or Ucinet format(look atDavis.dat from Ucinet dataset).∗Rows–Result is a network with relations among row elements(actors).The value of line tells number of common events of thetwo actors.∗Columns–Result is network with relations among column ele-ments(events).The value of a line tells number of actors that tookpart in both events.∗Include Loops–If checked,loops with value telling the totalnumber of events for each actor(total number of actors for eachevent),are added.∗Multiple Lines–Generate nonvalued1-mode network,wheremultiple lines among vertices can exist.The label of the gen-erated line corresponds to the label of the event/actor that servedto induce the line.If partition of the same dimension is present,multirelational network can be generated.∗Normalize1-Mode–Normalize the obtained1-Mode network.1-Mode network must be obtained with option include loops checked,and multiple lines not checked:V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,200516Pajek–ManualGeo ij=a ij √a ii a jjInputij =a ija jjOutputij =a ija iiMin ij=a ijmin(a ii,a jj)Max ij=a ij max(a ii,a jj)MinDir ij= a ija iia ii≤a jj 0otherwiseMaxDir ij= a ija jja ii≤a jj 0otherwiseThe obtained network is usually not sparse.To make it sparser useNet/Transform/Remove/lines with value/lower than–Multiple Relations∗Extract Relation(s)–Extract one or selected list of relationsfrom selected multiple relations network.∗Canonical Numbering–Enumerate relations with sequential num-bers1,2,...∗Line Values−>Relation Numbers–Store line values as rela-tion numbers(absolute truncated values).∗Relation Numbers−>Line Values–Store relation numbers asline values.∗Change Relation Number/Label–Change selected relationnumber to new relation number with corresponding label.–Sort Lines–∗Neighbors around Vertices–For each vertex sort lines con-nected to it in ascending order according to other end-vertex.∗Line Values–Sort lines in ascending or descending order accord-ing to line values.•Random Network–Generate random network of selected dimensionV.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek –Manual 17–Total No.of Arcs –Generate random directed network of selected dimension and given number of arcs.–Vertices Output Degree –Generate random directed network of se-lected dimension and output degree of each vertex in given range.–Erdos-Renyi –Generate undirected,directed,acyclic,bipartite or 2-mode random network according to model defined by Erdos and Renyi:each line is selected with the given probability p .Instead of p ,which is for large and sparse networks (very)small number,in Pajek a more intuitive average degree d is used.They are connected with relations d =1n v ∈V deg(v )=2m n and m =pM where n =|V |,m =|L |and M is the number of lines in maximal possible network –for example,for undirected graphs M =n (n −1).–Scale Free –Generate scale free undirected,directed or acyclic net-work.The procedure is based on a refinement of the model for gener-ating scale free network s,proposed in [40].At each step of the growth a new vertex and k edges are added to the network N .The endpoints of the edges are randomly selected among all vertices according to the probabilityPr (v )=αindeg (v )|E |+βoutdeg (v )|E |+γ1|V |where α+β+γ=1.It is easy to check that v ∈V Pr (v )=1.–Extended Model –Generate random network according to extended model defined by Albert and Barabasi [2].•Partitions –Partitioning Network.Result is a Partition.–Degree∗Input –Number of lines into vertices.∗Output –Number of lines out of vertices.∗All –Number of neighbors of vertices.–Domain –For each vertex compute its domain according to input ,output or all neighbors.Results are:∗Partition containing size of domain -number of reachable ver-tices.∗Vector containing the normalized size of domain -normalizationis done by total number of vertices –1.V .Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek 1.10/October 28,200518Pajek–Manual∗Vector containing the average distance from/to domain.Proximity Prestige index can be computed by dividing the normalizedsize of domain by average distance.–Core–k-core is a subnetwork of given network where each vertex hasat least k neighbors in the same core according to:∗Input...lines coming into vertex.∗Output...lines going out of vertex.∗All...all neighbors.∗2-Mode–core partition of a2-mode network.Given minimumdegree infirst(k1)and minimum degree in second subset(k2)a new partition is generated where0means that vertex does notbelong to the core of prespecified k1and k2,1means that vertexbelongs to that core.∗2-Mode Review–Given starting values of k1and k2the follow-ing list is computed:k1k2Rows Cols Compwhere k1is minimum degree in thefirst,k2minimum degree inthe second subset,Rows and Cols are number of vertices infirstand second subset respectivelly and Comp,number of connectedcomponents in network induced by k1and k2.k1and k2are in-cremented until the resulting network is empty.–Valued Core–Generalized k-core:Instead of counting lines(neigh-bors)use values of lines.sum of lines or maximum value can be usedwhen computing valued core:Sum valued core of threshold val is a subnetwork of given networkwhere the sum of values of lines to(from)the members of the samecore is at least val.Max valued core of threshold val is a subnetwork of given networkwhere the maximum value of all lines to(from)the members of thesame core is at least val.Threshold values must be given in advance.Two different ways todetermine thresholds:∗First Threshold and Step–Selectfirst threshold value and stepin which to increase threshold.∗Selected Thresholds–Thresholds(increasing numbers)are givenusing vector.Additionally,Input,Output or All valued cores can be used.–DepthV.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek–Manual19V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,200520Pajek–Manual∗Acyclic Partition acyclic network according to depths of vertices.∗Genealogical Partition genealogy network according to layers ofvertices.–p-Cliques Partition network according to p-Cliques(partition to clus-ters where vertices have at least proportion p(number between0and1)neighbors inside the cluster.∗Strong...for directed network.∗Weak...for undirected network.–Vertex Labels–Partition vertices with same labels to the same classnumbers(for molecule).–Vertex Shapes–Partition vertices with same shapes(ellipse,box,dia-mond)to the same class numbers(used in genealogy to show gender).–Islands–Partition vertices of network with values on lines(weights)to cohesive clusters(weights inside clusters must be larger than weightsto neighborhood):the height of vertex(vector)is defined as the maxi-mum weight of the neighbor lines.Two options:∗Line Weights∗Line Weights[Simple]New network with only lines constituting islands can be generated ifGenerate Network with Islands is checked.–Bow-Tie–Partition vertices of directed network(graph structure ofthe web)to the following classes:1–LSCC,2–IN,3–OUT,4–TUBES,5–TENDRILS,0–OTHERS.–2-Mode–Partition of vertices of a2-mode network into two subsets.•Components–Strong–Strong Components of selected network.–Strong-Periodic–Strong Periodic Components of selected network-strongly connected components are further divided according to peri-ods.–Weak–Weak Components of selected network.–Bi-Components–Biconnected Components of selected network.Ar-ticulation points belong to several classes,so the result cannot bestored in partition–biconnected components are stored in hierarchy!Minimal number of vertices in components can be selected.Addition-ally,partition containing articulation points is produced:number of V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005Pajek–Manual21Figure7:Bow-tie–Graph structure in the web[16]biconnected components to which each vertex belongs is given.Par-tition containing vertices belonging to exactly one bicomponent,ver-tices outside bicomponents and articulation points is also produced:vertices outside bicomponents get class zero,each bicomponent isnumbered consecutively(from1to number of bicomponents)and ar-ticulation points get class number9999998.•Hierarchical Decomposition–Clustering*–Hierarchical clustering procedure.Input is dissimilar-ity network(matrix),which can be obtained using Operations/Dissimilarityor read from inputfile.∗Run–Hierarchical clustering procedure.Result is hierarchy withnested clusters and dendrogram in EPS.∗Options–Select method for hierarchical clustering procedure(general,minimum,maximum,average,ward,squared ward).–Symmetric-Acyclic–Symmetric-Acyclic decomposition of network.Result is hierarchy with nested clusters[22].•NumberingV.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,200522Pajek–Manual–Depth First–Depthfirst numbering of selected network...∗Strong...taking directions of arcs into account.∗Weak...forget directions(or undirected network).–Breadth First–Breadthfirst numbering of selected network...∗Strong...taking directions of arcs into account.∗Weak...forget directions(or undirected network).–Reverse Cuthill-McKee–RCM numbering.See paper.–Core+Degree–Numbering in decreasing order according to all corepartition.Within the same core number vertices are ordered in de-creasing order according to number of neighbors which have the sameor higher core number.•Citation Weights–If a network represents citation network,weights of lines(citations)and vertices(articles)can be computed.Results are:–Network with values on lines representing importance of citations.–Binary partition with vertices on the main path.–Network containing only main path.–Vector with importance of vertices(articles).Different methods of assigning weights[30]:–Search Path Count(SPC)–pute from Source to Sink.–Search Path Link Count(SPLC)–method.Each vertex is consid-ered as Source.–Search Path Node Pair(SPNP)–method.Weights can also be normalized(usingflow or maximum value)or logged.•k-neighbors–Select all vertices–Input...from which we can reach selected vertex in at most k-steps.–Output...that can be reached from selected vertex in at most k-steps.–All...Input+Output(forget direction of lines)Result is partition where vertices are in class numbers equal to the dis-tance from given vertex,vertices that cannot be reached from selectedvertex are in class number9999998.After you have a partition youcan extract subnetwork.V.Batagelj and A.Mrvar Pajek1.10/October28,2005。
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2 Pajek 的主要特点
简单的说,Pajek 的特点主要表现在三个方面。在本章的三小节中将一一简单介绍。
2.1 计算的快速性
Pajek 为用户提供了一整套快速有效的算法,可用于分析大型的(节点书数以万计的)
一般来说,图的分类有两种方法。根据图中的边是否具有方向性,可以将图分为有向图 和无向图两种。实际上,当我们忽略边的方向的时候,或者反过来看认为任何一条边都是双 向的时候,有向图就成为无向图。因此,关于无向图的所有性质都可以在有向图中研究。另 外,根据图中是否考虑各条边的权重,可以将它分为有权图和无权图。同样地,如果将有权 图的各边权值都设为 1,有权图就称为无权图。因此,关于无权图的所有性质也可以在有权
used sequence of elementary operations as a macro and run it as a single command. Using systems of macros, Pajek is adapted to special groups of users. In this article, with some typical examples, the main applications of Pajek are discussed to analysis the topology of complex networks.
复杂网络仿真平台
摘要
复杂网络的概念已经在计算机、生物、物理以及社会科学等各个领域中得到广泛的应用。 尽管复杂网络的类型举不胜举,但是所有的复杂网络都可以用共同的模型——图来描述。 Pajek 以网络图的模型为基础,以六种数据类型为形式,以其快速有效性和人性化的特点, 为复杂网络的分析提供了一个仿真平台。它集成了一系列快速有效的算法用于分析复杂网络 的拓扑结构,包括从局部的角度分析网络节点和边的性质、利用抽象化的手段分析网络的全 局结构、实现各种类型网络图之间的相互转换以及随即图的生成等。Pajek 利用一个三维的 可视化界面,为用户提供了一系列可视化工具。允许用户通过手动或者自动的调节节点位置、 旋转网络图等方法,从视觉的角度直观地分析网络模型。此外,Pajek 中的宏文件允许用户 将一系列常用的操作保存为一个文件,从而能够有效地满足各种类型用户的不同需求。本文 将结合具体的实例,分章节讨论 Pajek 在分析复杂网络拓扑结构中的应用。
6.4.1 1-模与 2-模复杂网络的概念 28 6.4.2 利用 Pajek 实现 2-模到 1-模复杂网络的转换 30 6.4.3 其他附属选项 31 7 利用 Pajek 生成复杂网络 34 7.1 生成复杂网络 34 7.2 生成 ER 随机网络 35 7.3 生成无尺度(scale-free)复杂网络 35 8 Pajek 的可视化 37 8.1 复杂网络图的绘制 37 8.1.1 绘制复杂网络图 37 8.1.2 绘制不同类节点的复杂网络图 37 8.1.3 绘制不同大小节点的复杂网络图 38 8.1.4 绘制不同权值的边的复杂网络图 38 8.2 调整复杂网络图的布局 38 8.3 复杂网络图的旋转 41 9 Pajek 中的宏 42 9.1 宏的作用 42 9.2 宏的定义 42 9.3 宏的使用 42 9.4 宏的应用实例 42 10 结论 44
1.2 Pajek 的产生背景
与一般计算机图的结构相比,复杂网络的复杂性最主要表现在节点数目庞大,通常达到 几千甚至几万个。比如,一个大型的家谱图,它的节点数(即人数)可以达到一万个。另外, 一个高分子的结构图中,通常也包含几千个原子。因此,复杂网络的结构比一般的计算机图 的结构要复杂得多。目前,虽然已经存在不少算法来对复杂网络的这种拓扑结构进行分析, 但它们通常都是基于复杂网络的矩阵表达形式,因而非常耗时耗空间,它们仅仅适用于中等 规模(即节点数为几百)的网络。因此,当务之急就是需要一种快速有效的软件来分析和仿 真复杂网络。Pajek 就是这样一种软件[13]。
1 引言
1.1 复杂网络的ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้本概念以及研究历史
近几年来,复杂网络的研究正处于蓬勃发展的阶段[1,2],其思想已经充斥到科学和社 会的每一个角落。复杂网络可以用来描述人与人之间的社会关系[3],物种之间的捕食关系 [4],计算机之间的网络联接[5],词与词之间的语义联系[6],科学家之间的合作关系[7],蛋 白质之间的相互作用 [8],科研文章之间的引用关系[9] 以及网页的链接结构[9]等等。总之, 从因特网到万维网,从生物体的结构网络到动物之间的食物链,从人体的神经网络到社会关 系网络等等,可以说,复杂网络,无处不在。复杂网络的研究正渗透到物理、生物甚至社会 学科等各个领域,因而,复杂网络的定性和定量研究已经成为当今科学的一大主题。
每一个系统中的复杂网络都有其自身的特殊性质,有其紧密联系在一起的独特现象,有 其自身的演化机制,但是不同的复杂网络在其结构特征上都呈现出一定的共性[10]。研究复 杂网络的共性,首先需要一种描述这种不同类型复杂网络的共同数学模型。
复杂网络模型的研究,最早可以追溯到十八世纪,由伟大的数学家欧拉建立。欧拉所研 究的问题,就是起源于当时俄国的一个小镇,这个小镇中有一些河流,在此镇中一共建了 7 座桥,小镇的人希望找到一条行走路线,能够通过所有的桥,并且每座桥只能经过一次。当 时人们反复尝试也没有找到这样的路线,最后欧拉发现这样的路径是不存在的。他分析这个 问题基本的手段,就是把这个问题用一个抽象的图来表示。具体做法即把这些河流分割开的 四个陆地区域,每一个区域用一个结点来表示,而把桥梁当成连接这些结点的连线。这样一 种图的表示方法,就演变成为表述复杂网络一种共同的模型。比如对 Internet 而言,每一个 结点表示一个路由器,如果两个路由器之间直接通过光纤连接,则这两个节点就通过一条边 相连。以人类社会关系网络而言,每一个人就可以看成一个结点,两个人如果是朋友关系, 那么这两个人之间就有一条边直接相连。因此,尽管复杂网络的类型是千差万别的,但是它 们都可以用共同的模型——图描述出来[11]。
Keywords: complex network, visualization, abstraction, directed network, undirected network, weight
目录
1 引言 1 1.1 复杂网络的基本概念以及研究历史 1 1.2 Pajek 的产生背景 2 2 Pajek 的主要特点 3 2.1 计算的快速性 3 2.2 可视化 4 2.3 抽象化 4 3 Pajek 的数据结构 6 3.1 Network(网络) 6 3.2 Partition(分类) 9 3.3 Permutation(排序) 9 3.4 Cluster(类) 10 3.5 Hierarchy(层次) 10 3.6 Vector(向量) 10 4 利用 Pajek 分析复杂网络基本性质 12 4.1 度的计算 12 4.2 两点间的距离 13 4.2.1 两点间的最短路径 13 4.2.2 复杂网络的直径 15 4.2.3 K 步之内的路径 15 4.2.4 复杂网络的测地矩阵(Geometric Matrices) 15 4.3k 近邻(k-neighbors) 16 4.4 聚类系数 17 4.4.1 CC1--- 聚类系数 17 4.4.2 CC2--- 2 近邻聚类系数 19 5 利用 Pajek 分析复杂网络结构 20 5.1 复杂网络图的遍历 20 5.1.1 深度优先搜索遍历 20 5.1.2 广度优先搜索遍历 21 5.2 复杂网络图的核心(Core) 21 5.3 复杂网络图的连通分量(components) 23 5.4 复杂网络的关键路径 24 6 利用 Pajek 转换复杂网络 26 6.1 无向边与有向边的转换 26 6.1.1 有向边转换为无向边 26 6.1.2 无向边转换为有向边 26 6.2 改变复杂网络图的结构 26 6.2.1 添加节点 26 6.2.2 添加兄弟边(sibling edges) 27 6.2.3 删除边 27 6.3 复杂网络图的缩减 27 6.4 2-模到 1-模网络图的转换 28
1
图中研究。 利用图对复杂网络建模后,可以看到其结构具有很多相同的共性。例如关于顶点度值、
聚类系数、平均路径长度[12]的分析方法以及大量不同复杂网络中存在的相同的统计特征, 再如随机去点与选择性攻击对复杂网络结构的影响及其分析方法[10]。研究复杂网络的几何 性质,复杂网络的形成机制,复杂网络演化的统计规律,复杂网络上的模型性质,以及复杂 网络的结构稳定性,并把它与具体系统结合起来就是复杂网络研究的中心内容。
Pajek 在斯拉夫语中表示的意思是“蜘蛛”。众所周知,蜘蛛是生物中的织网高手,它编 织网络的能力令人叹为观止。而 Pajek 这个软件不仅为用户提供了一整套快速有效的用来分 析复杂网络的算法,而且还提供了一个可视化的界面。让用户可以从视觉的角度更加直观地 了解复杂网络的结构特性。
接下来的几个章节,第二章简单介绍了 Pajek 功能的三个主要特点;第三章中初步介绍 了 Pajek 的六种数据类型;第四章到第七章将结合复杂网络的拓扑结构特点详细分析 Pajek 的功能,并且给出具体的应用实例;第八章讨论了 Pajek 的可视化特点,从视觉的角度分析 复杂网络图的结构;第九章介绍了 Pajek 中宏文件的应用。
关键词:复杂网络,可视化,抽象化,有向图,无向图,权值
EMULATOR OF COMPLEX NETWORK
ABSTRACT
The idea of complex network, with thousands of vertices and lines, have been widely applied in many different areas, including computer, biology, physics and social science, to name but a few. Although the types of complex networks are innumerable, all of them can be described by a common model, which is known as graph. Based on graphs and using six data structures, Pajek, which is very efficient and humanized, is a program designed for the emulation of complex network. The basic set of efficient algorithms are implemented in it to analyze the topology of complex networks, including analysis of the local nature of vertices and lines, abstraction to get a global view of network, transformation between different types of networks, generating random networks and so on. Pajek provide the user with some powerful visualization tools on a three-dimensioned reference frame. The user can further improve the picture manually or automatically by moving vertices or spin. Moreover, we can define an often