考研英语长难句分析
考研英语的长难句
考研英语的长难句考研英语的长难句篇1一、逆序法逆序法即倒置法。
有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同,甚至语序完全相反,这就必须从原文的后面译起,逆着原文的顺序翻译。
例如:“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”该句可分为三部分①“There was little hope”;②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”;③“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前两层表结果,第三层表原因。
这句英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反,因此要打破原句的结构,按照汉语造句的规律重新加以安排。
译为:这一带我不熟悉,天黑以后继续进行调查,取得结果的希望不大。
二、顺序法有些英语长句按逻辑关系安排,与汉语的表达方式比较一致,或者叙述的一连串动作按发生的时间先后安排,这类句子可按原文顺序译出,相比较要容易一些,大家可以按照正常的思维翻译即可。
三、分译法有些英语长句的主句与从句或主句与修饰语间的关系并不十分密切,为使意思连贯,建议考生们可把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来叙述,有时还可适当增加词语。
例如:“He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.”该句有两个介词短语,代表两层意思。
因此,按照分译法,打破原句的结构翻译成:他五岁的时候,生了一场伤寒病,变成了聋子。
四、综合法另有一些英语长句用前三种翻译方法翻译时都有困难,需要用综合法。
即或按时间先后,或按逻辑先后,或按逻辑顺序,有顺有逆地进行综合处理。
例如:“The phenomenon y in which light physically scatters when it passes through particles in the earth’s atmosphere that are1/10 in diameter of the color of the light.”该句可以分解为四个部分①“The phenomenon describes the way”;②“in which light physically scatters”;③“when it passes through particles in the earth‘s atmosphere”;④“that are1/10in diameter of the color of the light.”其中,第一、二和三、四部分之间是修饰与被修饰的关系。
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析as well as
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析as well asThe amount the reader catches will usually depend on the amount of activity he puts into the process , as well as upon the skill with which he executes the different mental acts involved.【翻译】读者所理解的数量,除了他在执行所涉及到的不同的心理行为时所使用的技能之外,通常还取决于他在阅读过程中所投入的活动的量。
【语法分析】这是一个主从复合句。
句子的主干是the amount will depend on the amount of activity , as well as upon the skill.也就是说,在整个句子里,第二个the amount和the skill是并列关系。
当然,on和upon也是一个意思,depend on等于depend upon.除了主干,这个句子还包含了三个定语从句。
第一个定语从句是the reader catches,修饰前面的名词amount.第二个定语从句是he puts into the process, 修饰activity.第三个定语从句是with which he executes the different mental acts involved. 修饰skill. 其中involved是过去分词,修饰前面的acts.在定语从句里有时候会出现介词+which/whom的情况,例如,in /to which, for/with whom 等。
为什么会在从属连词的前面出现介词呢?原因就是先行词在定语从句里,作一个介词的宾语。
就像本句,如果把先行词还原到它在定语从句里本来的位置,就是He executes the mental acts with the skill.再如: This is the room in which he lived last year.(这就是他去年住过的房子。
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译go
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译1、Nothing worth having comes easy.It will test if you really deserve what you want.You have to show them that you are more than worthy for it.If something comes easy, then maybe it’s not for you.Easy come, easy go.有价值的事物不会轻易得到,它会考验你是否值得拥有它。
你需要证明自己完全值得所渴望的一切,如果事情来得太容易,未见得真属于你,因为来得容易去得快。
2、The quieter you become, the more you can hear.You have to settle down and listen to the voices around you.Make use of them to improve and learn.And most importantly, don't forget to listen to your heart.你的心越安静,越能听到更多,安住身心,倾听身边所有的声音,通过倾听学习和提升自己,最重要的,记得谛听自己的心声。
3、Life is not a race, it is a battle.We have different battle to take on in our lives.Struggles and problems to solve.We just have to figure out that it is the foundation of our strength.That we will be ourselves after winning the battle.生活不是一次比赛,而是一场战役。
(完整版)长难句重难点整理
长难句(1)考研英语长难句四大类型及五大特点一、长难句的特点英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句,复杂句里可能有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列或平行。
从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
英语长难句五大特点:1)结构复杂,逻辑层次多;2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申;3)常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断;4)并列成分多;5)修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长;二、考研英语长难句分析类别第一类:复杂修饰成分句子本不难,但是修饰成分多且长。
1、从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等)修饰;2、介词短语修饰;3、分词修饰;4、不定式修饰。
经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语,且都不止一个.例:The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential.分析:主语:The methods;谓语:come into being;that a community devises to perpetuate itself为定语从句,修饰the methods;不定式to表示目的状语;that community perceives as essential为定语从句,修饰the cultural legacy。
译文:一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。
第二类:大段的插入与或同位语,打断读者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,造成理解的困难。
我们称之为“打岔”。
例:Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.分析:在浏览该句时,发现句子中出现了双逗号,其中间的内容rather than representations为插入语,浏览的时候先跳过。
考研英语真题典型长难句解析结构分析附译文
考研英语真题典型长难句解析结构分析附译文We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.词汇突破:ornament [ˈɔːnəmənt]n. 装饰;[建][服装] 装饰物;教堂用品vt. 装饰,修饰结构分析:本句的主干结构是We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews。
published in England 是newspaper reviews 的后置定语。
between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II 是主句的时间状语,at a time是between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II 的同位语,进行解释说明,后面紧跟一个when 引导的定语从句,其中还含有一个介词加which 的定语从句修饰修饰the publications。
参考译文:从20世纪初到第二次世界大战前夕,英国报纸上发表的评论更加散乱,那时新闻纸非常便宜,时尚的艺术评论被视为出版物的点缀。
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.词汇突破:criticism [ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm]n. 批评;考证;苛求结构分析:本句是一个主从复合句,其主干结构是It is difficult to imagine a time。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析1、While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions,for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured、【译文】尽管警告常常就是适当而且必须得——比如对于药物相互作用得危险提出警告——许多警告还就是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出得,然而(我们) 并不清楚,如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告就是不就是确实可以使得生产者与销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中,it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured就是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语it,真正得主语就是that引导得从句,而that从句之后就是一个if引导得条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成,中间用and连接。
破折号之间得部分就是举例说明warnings得内容。
注意:many are required by state or federal regulations中得many就是指many warnings。
2、Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport 、【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起得各种问题也会对社会造成新得压力。
考研英语长难句分析
1.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise thanan intuitive one.词汇突破:cognitive 认知的〔后天习得的〕Intuitive 先天的与以上这组单词概念一样的表达还有:Nature先天;nurture后天;born ;先天的;made 后天的;innate天生的;Acquired后天习得;Determine 决定Coupled with 相当于and,想类似的表达还有along with ; combined with等。
主干识别:句子的主语是This success与later research ;谓语是led; 宾语是Ericsson; 不定式短语to conclude 做状语;主干构造是:this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that …其他成分:在research后面接一个现在分词短语做后置定语,在这个现在分词短语中that引导的从句做showing 的宾语;在不定式短语中that引导的从句做conclude的宾语;more…than构造翻译为与其说,不如说。
微观解析:由于主语中的第二个并列成分比拟长,且是用两个逗号隔开的,在阅读的时候可以跳读;把This success与动词led先连起来然后再来解析其他成分。
译文赏析:这种成功与后来说明记忆本身并不是先天决定的研究使爱立信总结道,记忆的行为与其说是一种先天的行为不如说是一种习得的行为。
2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.词汇突破:visualize 想象Figure out 发现与找出Suits 使…适合主干识别:句子主语是由how引导的一个主语从句,it是句子的形式主语;句子主干为: How …is not obvious.在主语从句中主语是capacity,谓语是suits 宾语是one ;其他成分:状语为to answer…主语后加上两个动词不定式做后置定语;动词不定式中的宾语questions后面接一个that引导的定语从句。
考研英语典型长难句及解析
1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。
since引导原因状语从句。
此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰the high-energy American fashion。
在定语从句中,that做主语,makes做谓语,it做形式宾语,不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部to combine是主干,few farmers是宾语,with high yields是状语),possible做宾语补足语。
this指代前句中提到的这种困境。
energy pinch 译为“能源的匮乏”;in…fashion译为“用…方法、方式”。
译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译much
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译1、Don't blame people for disappointing you. Blame yourself for expecting too much.不要埋怨别人让你失望,怪你自己期望太多。
2、No matter how much you think you hated school, you’ll always miss it when you leave.无论你觉得你曾有多讨厌上学,离开后你还是会一直怀念在那里的时光。
3、When I'm with you, hours feel like seconds.When we're apart, days feel like years.和你在一起的时候,时间飞逝。
和你分开的时候,度日如年。
4、Learning English is just like swimming.In order to be a swimmer,you’ve got to conquer your fear, you’ve got to survive and suck in water, yell for help, you’ve got to lose face many times before you can make it.学英语就像游泳一样,为了成为一名游泳运动员。
你必须生存和吸取水分,大声呼救,你必须丢很多次脸才能成功。
5、The two most important days in your life are:the day you were born, and the day when you find out why.两个生命中最重要的日子:你出生的那一天,你懂得你生存的意义的那一天。
6、If you left me without a reason,don’t come back to me with an excuse!如果你没有任何原因地离开了我,请别企图带着一个借口回来找我。
考研英语长难句精析(全)
考研英语长难句精析第一部分长难句基本句型近几年,考研英语出现了很多难句。
并且这些难句主要是长难句。
长难句的形成主要通过以下四种方式:复合从句、成分省略、使用插入语和改变句序。
这四种方式往往可以相互结合,从而形成更长的难句。
虽然形成长难句之方法有四,但是目的却只有一个,就是打断和打乱考生正常的阅读习惯和思维习惯,从而达到考察考生阅读能力和翻译能力的目标。
下面分别对这四种方式一一解析。
一、复合从句在考研中,复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。
复合从句可分为简单复合从句和复杂复合从句。
本文将分词作状语和定语也归入从句范畴,当作一种更为灵活的从句形式。
这种语法处理,并不是从语言学研究角度进行的,而是从教学角度出发做出的从简处理。
(一)简单复合从句简单复合从句可以分为套用从句和并列从句两种。
套用从句,其实是最简单的长难句。
这类句子就像一根锁链,只要抓住句子的各个连接点,理出句子层次,就完全可以把握住。
在翻译定语从句时,“这(些/个)”常用来作为拆分句子的必用手段。
阅读时,定语从句一般可以跳过,实在不放心可以略读。
一般情况下,考研基本上不会在这种从句中有出题点。
并列从句大致有四种情况:并列从句修饰主语、谓语和宾语。
也就是说并列从句一般作定语或状语。
其实,并列从句和并列短语在语法功能上完全相同,只不过并列从句一般较长,会使考生在阅读中渐忘句子结构。
并列从句修饰主语,就是说并列从句作状语。
这种句子很简单。
翻译时,可以直译,把从句作定语,直接放在主语前面。
如果从句很长,可以使用复指代词。
另外,翻译从句先行词时,要注意词性的转换,比如hope/ suggest之类的词有名动两种译法。
考生要切忌拘于词性。
并列从句修饰谓语就是说这些从句作状语。
一般情况下,这些从句都不完整,多为现在分词短语和过去分词短语。
事实上,现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语或者定语,都可以看作是从句的一种更加灵活的表达方式。
并列从句修饰宾语。
宾语有两种,一种是单纯宾语,另一种是介宾结构中的准宾语。
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析nothing but
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析nothing butThus we can roughly define what we mean by the art of reading as follows: the process whereby a mind with nothing to operate on but the symbols of the readable matter, and with no help from outside, elevates itself by the power of its own operations. The mind passes from understanding less to understanding more. The skilled operations that cause this to happen are the various acts that constitute the art of reading.【翻译】因此我们可以把阅读的艺术大致定义如下: 阅读的艺术是一个过程,通过这个过程,人的大脑只依靠自己对可以阅读的材料上的文字符号进行操作,也不需要来自外部的帮助,通过自己的操作能力就能够提升自己。
人的大脑从懂得更少逐渐过渡到懂得更多。
促使这件事情发生的技术操作就构成了阅读艺术的各种行动。
【语法分析】第一句是一个主从复合句。
主句是We can roughly define,从句是what we mean by the art of reading,作define的宾语。
as follows作状语。
这里的follows是一个名词,复数。
冒号后面的the process是同位语,作follows的同位语,具体解释follows的内容。
在the process的后面跟的是一个定语从句,修饰process. 定语从句的主干是whereby a mind elevates itself(大脑通过这个过程提升了自己)。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:ﻩ考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析1.While warningsare often appropriate and necessary —the dan gers of drug interactions,for example—and many are requiredby state or federal regulations,it isn't clear that they actuallyprotectthe manufacturersand sellers fromliabilityif a customer isinjured.【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们)并不清楚,如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中,it isn'tclear that theyactuallyprotect the manufacturersand sellers from liability if a customer is injured是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语it,真正的主语是that引导的从句,而that从句之后是一个if 引导的条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成,中间用and连接。
破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容。
注意:manyarerequiredby state orfederal regulations中的many是指many warnings。
2.Additional social stresses may also occur becauseofthe population explosion orproblems arisingfrom massmigration movement s—themselves made relativelyeasy nowadays bymodern means of tr ansport.【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析as well as
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析as well asIt's true, of course, that you should be able to remember what the author said as well as know what he meant. Being informed is prerequisite to being enlightened. The point, however, is not to stop at being informed.【翻译】当然下面的话肯定是对的,那就是你除了应该知道作者的意思,还要能记住他的话。
被告知是受到启迪的前提条件。
然而关键问题是,你不能只停留在被告知上。
【语法分析】第一句是一个主从复合句。
It's true是主句。
其中it是一个形式主义,而真正的主语则是后面的that从句。
that从句中be able 后面跟了两个不定式短语,一个是to remember,一个是to know.remember后面跟了一个宾语从句what the author said,而know 后面也跟了自己的宾语从句what he meant.这两个不定式之间用连词as well as连接起来。
前面讲过as well as的意思。
as well as意思是“除了......,......也”后面的意思是基础的意思,而as well as之前的那一层意思则是更深层次的,是作者想强调的意思。
所以不能把它的意思简单地理解成and.第二句是一个简单句。
结构是主系表状。
第三句也是一个简单句,句中的however,是插入语。
But whether it is a fact about the book or about the world that you have learned, you have gained nothing but information if you have exercised only your memory. You have not been enlightened. Enlightenment is achieved only when in addition to knowing what an author says, you know what he means, and why he says it.【翻译】但无论你所学到的是关于一本书的事实,还是关于世界的事实,如果你只动用了记忆力,那么你除了获得信息,其他什么都没有得到。
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析manage to do
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析manage to doIf he can manage to acquire that greater understanding, he is reading in the second sense. He has indeed elevated himself by his activity, though indirectly, of course, the elevation was made possible by the writer who had something to teach him.【翻译】如果他成功地获得了那份更深刻的理解,那么他的阅读就是在第二个意义上进行的。
他通过自己的阅读,切实提升了自己。
当然间接地来看,他的提升之所以成为可能,是有东西要教他的作者帮他实现的。
【语法分析】这两都句是主从复合句。
先看第一句。
逗号之前是条件状语从句,逗号之后是主句。
在if从句中动词用的是manage to do something,意思是成功的做到了。
manage to do和try to do意思是有区别的。
try to do是设法做,但没做到。
而manage to do则是做到了,有结果。
大家一定要牢记这两个词的意思的区别,不能用错了。
再看第二句,主句在前面,He(主)has indeed elevated(谓)himself(宾)by his activity(方式状语)。
从句是though引导的让步状语从句。
不过在连词though和它引导的从句之间有两个插入语indirectly和of course. 也就是说连词后面应该紧跟一个句子(主语+谓语等),这里却没有跟主语即名词或代词,被这两个词隔开了。
这样就可以判断,它们是插入语。
插入语使句子显得很啰嗦、琐碎、打破了意思的连贯性,但也更严谨、丰富。
在让步状语从句中,动词用的是被动语态the elevation was made possible by the writer. 其中形容词possible是主语elevation的补足语。
考研英语长难句经典200句解析
1.Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It‟s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”结构分析:本句的主干是elders used to say…。
直接引语中是主系表结构, 注意not…but 结构。
参考译文:出言谨慎的长辈们过去常说,“问题不是你在这个世界上想要什么,而是你能得到什么。
”2.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.结构分析:这句话是and连接的两个并列句。
在第一个分句中,as是连词,引导比较状语从句,把a mental blueprint of a desire和a blueprint of a house相比较。
第二个分句中的主干结构是:each of us is…making blueprints…。
第二个分句中用一般进行时表示经常发生的事情。
这样的结构常常用来表达经常发生的令人不快的、令人讨厌的事情。
参考译文:你可以在脑子里为你的愿望画一幅蓝图,就象给房子画蓝图那样。
实际上,在日常生活中,我们每一个人都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。
3.While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.结构分析:and 连接两个并列句。
考研英语长难句解析必考点详解
考研英语长难句解析必考点详解第1句:让步状语从句,定语从句Although happiness is a door that is always open, we are the ones whohave to decide if we are going to walk through the door.长句分析:1.although 引导让步状语从句;在该从句中that引导了一个定语从句,修习先行词a door, 并且在定语从句中充当主语的成分;2.在主句中,who引导定语从句,修饰先行词the ones,并且在定语从句中充当主语的成分;3.在定语从句who have to decide中,if引导宾语从句,做decide宾语;长句翻译:虽然幸福是一扇永远敞开的门,但我们是决定是否要走进这扇门的人。
第2句:宾语从句,强调句型He suddenly realized that in the past it was his laziness that made him poor and unhappy长句分析:1. Realized是主句的谓语动词,后面的that是一个宾语从句;2. That引导的宾语从句是一个强调句型:去掉it wash…that…, 宾语从句的正常语序为his laziness made him poor and unhappy;重要词汇语法解析:1. suddenly :突然;忽然;猛然;骤然;2. realize: 实现;意识到;领悟;理解;3. laziness: 懒惰;4. make + somebody + 形容词:使某人处于某种状态。
形容词为宾语somebody的宾语补足语,对宾语进行补充说明5. 强调句型的结构:It is(was) + 被强调的部分+ that(who) + 其他剩余部分。
该句型可以用来强调主语,宾语,状语,但是不可以强调谓语;6. 强调句型判断标准:去掉it is(was), that(who), 句子仍然是一个完整的句子。
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译lose
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译1、Courage is the discovery that you may not win, and trying when you know you can lose.勇气,就是明知自己可能会输,却还是一往无前。
2、We can complete it step by step however long the road is and it can't be completed however short the road is if you don't even mark your footprint.再长的路,一步步也能走完,再短的路,不迈开双脚也无法到达。
3、An unacceptable love needs no sorrow but time- sometime for forgetting. A badly-hurt heart needs no sympathy but understanding.一段不被接受的爱情,需要的不是伤心,而是时间,一段可以用来遗忘的时间。
一颗被深深伤了的心,需要的不是同情,而是明白。
4、Life is often playing jokes on us. What you’re expect will far away from you and the one you held tightly will finally hurt you most.生活时常和我们开着玩笑,你期待什么,什么就会离你越远;你执着谁,就会被谁伤害得最深。
5、Some questions are better left unanswered.有些问题的答案,还是不听为好。
6、I thought I don't deserve you but actually..you don't deserve me.曾以为我配不上你…事实上,是你不值得拥有我。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析-精选.pdf
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析1. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions,for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations,itisn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liabilityif a customer is injured.【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们) 并不清楚,如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中,it isn't clear that they actually protect themanufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语it,真正的主语是that引导的从句,而that从句之后是一个if引导的条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成,中间用and连接。
破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings 的内容。
注意:many are required by state or federal regulations中的many是指many warnings。
2. Additional social stresses may a lso occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made r elatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport .【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析where从句
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析where从句Successful communication occurs in any case where what the writer wanted to have received finds its way into the reader's possession. The writer's skill and the reader's skill converge upon a common end.【翻译】成功的沟通会在这样的情况下出现,即当作者希望将来某时已经接收了的信息,确实进入了读者的内心,为读者所拥有。
作者的技能和读者的技能在同一个目的上交汇在一起了。
【语法分析】第一句是一个主从复合句。
主句是where之前的部分。
从句是where 引导的定语从句,修饰前面的名词case.大家要注意where引导的从句并不一定是状语,这主要取决于把它放在什么位置上。
如果是单独存在,它就是一个状语,例如,Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。
如果跟在一个名词后面,像这一句,在名词case的后面,它就是定语。
当它出现在系动词后面时,where从句又成了表语,例如,This is where the twin tower used to be.这是双子塔曾经的所在地。
如果把它放在谓语动词之前,它可能就是主语从句,例如,Where he is isn't known yet.他在哪儿现在还不清楚。
好,接着再看,在where从句里又出现了一个主语从句,what the writer wanted to have received.主语从句就是当一个句子放在主语的位置上,作主语的时候,这个句子就叫主语从句。
要注意,主语从句作主语时,是被看作一个单数名词来对待的,所以如果是一般现在时,谓语要用单三来表示,加s.本句的谓语动词find就加了s.在主语从句中wanted to have received里,wanted后面跟的是不定式的现在完成时,表示将来完成时,即当时希望的、将来某个时刻已经接收到的信息,这是比较复杂的时态。
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解含翻译n
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解含翻译1. Bankers have been blaming themselves for their trouble in public . Behind the scenes , they have been taking aim at someone else : the accounting standard-setters .结构:•Bankers [主] have been blaming [谓] themselves for their trouble in public [宾] .•Behind the scenes [状], they [主] have been taking [谓] aim at someone else [宾] :•补充说明:the accounting standard-setters .单词:account n.账户客户报道vt.认为把...视为Accounting n.会计会计学账单v.解释叙述Setter n.制定者决定者词组:•Aim at 旨在瞄准针对•Accounting standard 会计准则解析:冒号表示补充说明,这里补充说明someone else直译:银行家一直在公共场合忏悔自己的错误。
在公共场合之外,他们一直针对会计准则制定者译文:在公开场合,银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎己身。
私底下,他们却一直将矛头对准他人:会计准则制定者重点:•Aim at 旨在瞄准针对•Accounting standard 会计准则•冒号表示补充说明,这里补充说明someone else2. Their rules , moan the banks , have forced them to report enormous losses , and it’s just not fair .结构:•Their rules [主] , moan the banks [插入语], have forced [谓] them to report enormous losses [宾] ,•and it’s [主系] just not fair [表] .单词:moan v.抱怨呻吟n.抱怨解析:•主谓之间有插入语,moan the banks直译:银行家抱怨,制定者制定的规则迫使他们报告巨大的损失,这是不公平的译文:银行抱怨,会计准则制定者所制定的规则迫使他们报告巨大的损失,这样是不公平的重点:•主谓之间有插入语,moan the banks3. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay , not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch .结构:•These rules [主] say [谓]•宾语从句:they [主] must value [谓] some assets at the price •定语从句:a third party [主] would pay [谓] , not the price •定语从句:managers and regulators [主] would like [谓] them to fetch [宾]单词:Asset n.资产Regulator n.监管人监管机构Fetch vt.卖的去取(物)去接(人)词组:Third party 第三方解析:•句子中有三个从句,一个宾语从句,两个定语从句•宾语从句包含这两个定语从句•They must...是宾语从句,省略引导词that• A third party...是定语从句修饰price,省略引导词that•Managers and regulators... 是定语从句修饰price,省略引导词that直译:这些规则规定,他们必须用第三方愿意支付的价格来评估某些资产,而不是用管理人和监管人认为他们能够卖出的价格评估译文:规则规定,银行必须以第三方愿意收购的价格,而非管理者和监管者期望他们能够卖的价格来评估部分资产重点:•句子中有三个从句,一个宾语从句,两个定语从句•宾语从句包含这两个定语从句•They must...是宾语从句,省略引导词that• A third party...是定语从句修饰price,省略引导词that •Managers and regulators... 是定语从句修饰price,省略引导词that4. Unfortunately , bank’s lobbying now seems to be working . The details may be unknowable , but the independence of standard-setters , essential to the proper functioning of capital markets , is being compromised .结构:•Unfortunately , bank’s lobbying now [主] seems to [系] be working [表] .•The details [主] may be [系] unknowable [表] , but the independence of standard-setters [主] , essential to the proper functioning of capital markets [插入语] , is being compromised [谓(被动)]单词:Lobby vt.游说n.大厅休息室游说议员的团体Hobby n.兴趣爱好嗜好Compromise n.折衷妥协和解v.违背是陷入危险词组:May be 可能解析:•But the independence...句子中有一个插入语直译:不幸的是,如今银行家的游说似乎起作用了,详细的内容可能不会被知道,但是规则制定者的独立性,对于资本市场的适当作用是必要的,正在被威胁译文:不幸的是,银行的游说似乎有了成效。
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/menu/201209/198057.shtml20121. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weaken the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.【分析】复合句。
主句主干为justices acted。
in several instances 和in ways作状语,that 引导定语从句修饰ways。
【译文】然而,在一些情况下,法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。
【临摹】不同于硅谷的那些企业,印度这些公司在思路上可能更有创意。
2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements.【分析】复合句,主句为That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语,真正的宾语是that 引导的名词性从句。
【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。
【词法拓展】it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间,指代不定式、动名词、从句等,此时,it 无实际意义。
这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面,如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。
3. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.【分析】复合句。
At the very least在句首作状语,that 引导定语从句修饰the code of conduct。
【译文】至少,法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。
4. They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.【分析】复合句。
主句为They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句,从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。
【译文】他们给予法官们终身任期,以便法官们能自由地推翻当权者,且无需拉拢政治支持。
5. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property.【分析】复合句。
主句为Constitutional law is political。
because 引导原因状语从句;其中分词短语rooted in... 作定语修饰choices, 介词短语like liberty and property 修饰concepts。
【译文】宪法是由植根于自由和所有权等基本社会观念的选择造成的,因此它是政治性的。
【临摹】意识形态总是植根于不断变化的权力结构与权力斗争中。
6.When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.【分析】多重复合句。
主句为the law...is inescapably political。
when 引导时间状语从句;it shapes 为省略引导词的定语从句,修饰the law, it 指代the court; which 引导非限定性定语从句,修饰主句,其中包含why 引导的表语从句。
【译文】当法院处理社会决策时,它适用的法律不可避免地具有政治性——这也就是为什么不同意识形态的决策容易被认为是不公正的而不予考虑。
7. The justices must address doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves accountable to the code of conduct.【分析】简单句。
句子主干为The justices must address doubts,介词短语about the court's legitimacy 修饰doubts,by making...作方式状语。
【译文】法官必须通过对行为准则负责来解除人们对于法院公正性的怀疑。
【点拨】1)address 在本句中作及物动词,意为“处理,对付”,如:to address an issue 处理问题。
2) accountable to 意为“对...负责”。
3) the code of conduct 意为“行为准则,行为规范”。
【临摹】当政府对人民负责时,国家才更有可能繁荣发展。
2011年1. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption.【分析】简单句。
句子主干为Laughter does produce short-term changes。
介词短语in the function of...作changes 的后置定语,句末的现在分词短语boosting...作伴随状语。
【译文】“笑”确实能给心血管带来短期的变化,提高心率以及对氧气的吸收。
2. But because hard laughter is diffficult to sustain, a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.【分析】复合句。
句首为because 引导的原因状语从句。
主句的主干为a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits,主句包含the way 引导的方式状语从句,say 作插入语。
【译文】但是,由于“大笑”很难持续,一场酣畅淋漓的大笑给心血管带来的好处,不可能会像散步和慢跑给心血管带来的好处那样明显可见。
3. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.【分析】复合句。
句首It 为形式主语,真正的主语为that 引导的从句。
从句由but 连接的并列复合句构成,第一个分句包含because 引导的原因状语从句,第二个分句包含when 引导的时间状语从句。
【译文】19世纪末曾有人提到:人类不是因为悲伤而哭泣,而是因为流泪而悲伤。
4. In an experiment pubished in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wurzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a disappointed expression.【分析】复合句。
句子主干为social psychologist FritzStrack ...asked volunteers to hold a pen...。
句首的介词短语作整句话的状语;either with ...or with... 作动词hold 的方式状语,第一个状语后的现在分词短语作目的状语,第二个状语后which 引导非限定性定语从句。
【译文】1988年发表过一项实验,德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨·斯特拉克和他的同事们招募了一批志愿者。
他们让一部分人用牙齿咬住一支笔,从而在脸上制造出“人工笑脸”;或是用嘴唇叼着笔,从而产生“沮丧表情”。
5. Those forced to exercises their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggeating that expressions may inflence emotions rather than just the other way around.【分析】复合句。
主句为Those... reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons,过去分词短语forced to...作后置定语修饰those。
than 引导比较状语从句,该从句中的主语those 由定语从句修饰,因其较长,谓语又因与主句重复而省略为did,所以用倒装语序。
suggeating... 为现在分词结构作结果状语,其中包含that 引导的宾语从句。
【译文】那些用牙齿咬着笔,表现出笑容的人比那些用嘴唇叼着笔、表现出沮丧神情的人在看搞笑的动画片时所作出的反应更丰富。
这就证明了表情能够影响情绪,而不是情绪影响表情。
【点拨】1) contract 作名词时意为“契约,合同;婚约”;作动词时意为“缔结,订契约;染上(恶习,疾病等);(使)收缩,(使)紧缩”。