连锁超市物流论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

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零售业供应链英文文献及译文毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

零售业供应链英文文献及译文20 Since the 1990s, China's rapid development of the retail impressive, but compared with developed countries, China's retail business is still an enormous gap exists. China's accession to the WTO, foreign retail giants have entered the Chinese market, China's retail industry to directly face the international market amid fierce competition. And the globalization of the economy, market conditions, Business and competition among enterprises has evolved into the supply chain and the an integrated management ideas and methods, supply chain management around the core business, through the flow of materials, funds, information flow, will be suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retail customers until the final composition of the supply chain together into an overall management model. At present, China's large retail enterprises in the supply chain management awareness has remained only at the operational level, not to treat it as a corporate strategy to implement an important component of the it is only through the supply chain management of strategic thinking, with the types of goods used to build the supply chain to acquire strategic match, can we make our retail enterprise supply chain management to implement a qualitative leap.1.An efficient supply-chain and supply-chain reactionSupply chain there are two main functions : to the logistics function and flow function. Supply chain logistics functions refer to the minimum cost of the raw materials processed into components, semi-finished products, products and their supply chain from a node to another node; supply chain to flow function refers to the market demand to make rapid response, to ensure an appropriate product in the appropriate place and time to meet the needs of customers. Logistics functions to flow and function needs some costs, which together constitute the total supply chain costs, with the main logistics costs including transport, storage, packaging, handling, distribution processing, distribution costs, flow to the cost of including an oversupply of commodities price losses, and supply of stock losses and the resulting loss of potential income customers The general sense is the supply chain and logistics business flow between these two functions of the balance, responsiveness and efficiency cost trade-off between the level. Supply chain management is an integrated management ideas and methods, in the increasingly fierce market competition, the rapid development of information technology today, the supply chain tends to shorten the response time to meet the evolving needs of users. In this time based on the competition, supply chain operations with the needs of the market simultaneously, not only faster response speed, and a flexible response to the magic. Supply chain reaction capacity available supply chain following tasks ability to measure : Is able to demand significant changes to respond; whether it can satisfy customers in a shorter period of Availability; whether it will provide customers with more varieties of products; the possibility of providing innovative products; ability to provide a high level of customer service. Supply chain has more of the above capacity, the supply chain reaction capability will be. However reaction of the increase must also pay the cost of the price increase. For example, to meet the demand for the drastic change in, it needs higher inventory levels, leading to a declining level of efficiency. Therefore, each raising a strategic response capability will have to pay additional costs, thereby reducing efficiency levels, and vice versa.Supply chain efficiency is to achieve a supply chain logistics functions as a major objective, that is, at a minimum cost of raw materials into parts, and finished products, and eventually sent to the hands ofconsumers. Efficient supply-chain needs of the market, the characteristics of the product and related technologies are relatively stable, thus the supply chain nodes of the enterprise can focus on access to the benefits of economies of scale, improve equipment utilization, lower production, transportation, warehousing and other aspects of the associated costs, so as to minimize product costs. Supply chain reaction was achieved in the supply chain to flow function as a major objective, that the right to make changes in market demand, rapid response, such as supply chain for products, the market demand is very great uncertainty, or a shorter product life cycle, product or technology developed rapidly, products or seasonal fluctuations in demand strong. Supply Chain Reaction need to maintain a higher adaptability to the market and achieve flexible production, thereby reducing product obsolescence and the risks of failure. Supply chain strategy is in the supply chain-reaction capability and efficiency levels between the balance Once the retail enterprise supply chain strategy, stress reaction of the supply chain must be all the functions strategy designed to enhance its response capabilities, emphasizing efficiency and the level of the supply chain, it must allow all the functions of the strategies used to improve efficiency and make contribution.2. Retail enterprise sales of household items, refrigerated food, food processing temperature. Functional value of the life cycle length, needs stability can accurately forecast, so that supply and demand can achieve almost perfect balance, This makes it easy to adjust the market, the business flow costs can be omitted. Retail enterprises can concentrate almost all his energy to reduce logistics costs, with the upstream suppliers, in close cooperation accelerate inventory turnover, timely inventory and to adopt high-efficiency low-cost procurement and the right to choose suppliers on cost and quality, According to market forecasts to ensure balanced effectively meet the needs of its customers bring the whole of the supply chain to minimize inventory and maximize efficiency. Clearly, the functional efficiency of the process of commodity requirements, operators such goods retail enterprises should adopt efficient supply chain.Innovative products refers to the design or services, and so on innovative products, such as fashion, high-end appliances Fashion and luxury goods such. These commodities can bring higher profits, but because of its short life cycle and commodity diversification, demand is difficult to predict accurately, a large number of fake products and the emergence of innovative products will weaken the competitive edge, Enterprises had to undergo a series of more new innovations, so that the demand for more unpredictability. Innovative products with a high degree of market uncertainty, increased the risk of an imbalance in supply and demand, Therefore the main cost is not the cost of business flow logistics costs, Retail enterprises need to market changes fast and flexible response to customer demand. Choice of suppliers to not consider the low-cost, but access speed and flexibility; inventory and production capacity in key decision-making is not to minimize the cost, but the speed and flexibility of response. to minimize the market demand for the uncertainty caused by the loss. Clearly, innovative products to respond quickly to the request process, the operation of such goods retail enterprises should adopt reactive supply chain. If the retail business is a function of the value of goods they used reactive supply chain, Or maybe the operators are innovative products that have adopted efficient supply chain, supply chain strategy will be a fundamental error, it is necessary to redesign the supply chain. Retail enterprise supply chain management strategy implementation1. Recognition of the value of retail enterprises demand characteristics, we can commodity production cycle, demand predictability, and the market value of diversity into view with the standard of service and so on to identify the characteristics of the demand for commodities. In general, the functional value of the longer life cycle (more than two years), innovative products and the life cycle is short (3 months to 1 year);functional value less variety (10-20 kinds of deformation), innovative products more varieties (usually up to 10 million species of deformation); functional commodity demand forecast error is less (10%), innovative products forecast larger deviations (40%~100%); Functional value of the average stock lower rate (1% ~ 2%), innovative commodity stock average rate higher (10 to 40%); functional commodity market into a longer term (6 months to 1 year), innovative products into the market for a shorter period (1 day to 2 weeks); Functional commodities lower profit contribution rate (is 5% -20%), innovative products higher profit contribution rate (20% ~ 60%). Criterion use these can be effective in identifying characteristics of the demand for commodities.2. Implementation of retail merchandise categories manage retail commodity categories management refers to a retail commodity groups as a strategic business unit management, to concentrate on transmission and consumers realize the value, in order to obtain better operating performance. Specifically, the retail enterprises operating on all goods by category classification, identification and measurement of each functional category of commodities, income, growth and other indicators, and the types of goods divided into functional goods and innovative products. On this basis, consider combining various types of commodity inventory levels and display shelves, and other factors, the development of commodity varieties, the entire merchandise category management, enhance customer service levels and achieve overall commodity categories of overall revenue maximization.3. According to the types of goods respectively corresponding supply chain strategy for functional products should focus on lowering the cost of logistics. using efficient supply chain, the implementation of effective customer response (ECR) system. From the enhancement of the efficiency of the supply of goods start. and upstream suppliers and manufacturers between the use of modern information technology to establish mutual coordination modes of supply, Retailers use POS systems, the sales and distribution of synchronous operation and sharing of logistics facilities and storage resources, lower distribution costs, minimizing production and distribution processes may produce the waste. For innovative products should focus on lowering costs to flow, using reactive supply chain, the implementation of rapid response (QR) system. Raising the speed of response to customers, and supply chain parties to establish strategic partnership and cooperation mechanism EDI use of EDI technology nodes of the supply chain division of the enterprise collaboration and information sharing, reduce the volume of the design and production cycle, the implementation of JIT production, multiple varieties of small batch production and the high frequency of small batch delivery, and lower supply chain inventory levels, quickly meet customers personalized and customized demand, improve the entire supply chain response capability.20世纪90年代以来，我国零售业的迅速发展令人瞩目，然而与发达国家相比，我国零售业仍然存在着巨大差距。

互联网连锁企业物流管理外文翻译文献

互联网连锁企业物流管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)An internet-based logistics management system for enterprise chainsN. Prindezis, C.T. KiranoudisSchool of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University, 15780 Athens,GreeceReceived 13 September 2003; received in revised form 20 December 2003; accepted27 January 2004Available online 10 December 2004AbstractThis paper presents an Internet-Based Logistics Management System to coordinate and disseminate tasks and related information for solving the heterogeneous vehicle routing problem using appropriate metaheuristic techniques, for use in enterprise chain net works. Its architecture involves a JA V A Web applet equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. The system was developed in distributed software fashion technology for all computer platforms utilizing a Webbrowser, focusing on the detailed road network of Athens and the needs of the Athens Central Food Market enterprises. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Decision support system; e-Logistics; Transportation; Vehicle routing problem1.IntroductionEnterprise chains are the business model of the present and future regarding markets that involve small and medium company sizes. Clearly, grouping activities towards a focused target facilitates an understandably improved market penetration guaranteed by a successful trade mark of a leading company in the field. Several collaboration models that basically include franchising are introduced as a part of this integrated process. When such a network is introduced in order to exploit a commercial idea or business initiative and subsequently expanded as market penetration grows, several management issues arise regarding the operations of the entire network. Such a network is the ideal place for organizing and evaluating in a more centralized way several ordinary operations regarding supply chain and logistics Infact, tools developed for organizing management processes and operational needs of each individual company, can be developed in a more centralized fashion and the services provided by the tool can be offered to each network member to facilitate transactionsand tackle operations similarly. Web-based applications are an ideal starting place for developing such applications. Typically such systems serve as a central depot for distributing common services in the field of logistics. The commercial application is stored in a central server and services are provided for each member of the group. A prototype of such a server is described in a previous work (Prindezis, Kiranoudis, & Marinos-Kouris,2003). This paper presents the completed inter net system that is installed in the central web server of the Athens Central Food Market that deals with the integrated problem of distribution for 690 companies that comprise a unique logistics and retail chain of enterprises. The needs of each company are underlined and the algorithms developed are described within the unified internet environment. The problem solved and services provided for each company is the one involving distribution of goods through a heterogeneous fleet of trucks. New insights of the metaheuristics employed are provided. A characteristic case study is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for a real-world problem of distribution through the detailed road network of Athens.2. Distribution through heterogeneous vehicle fleetsThe fleet management problem presented in this paper requires the use of a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles that distribute goods through a network of clients (Tarantilis, Kiranoudis, & Vassiliadis, 2003, 2004).Therefore, the system was designed in order to automatically generate vehicle routes (which vehicles should de- liver to which customers and in which order), using rational, quantitative, spatial and non-spatial information and minimizing simultaneously the vehicle cost and the total distance travelled by the vehicles, subject to the following constraints:●each vehicle has a predetermined load capacity, typically different from all othervehicles comprising the fleet (heterogeneous nature),●the capacity of a vehicle cannot be exceeded,● a single vehicle supplies each customers demand,the number of vehicles used is predetermined.The problem has an obvious commercial value and has drawn the attention of OR community. Its great success can be attributed to the fact that it is a very interesting problem both from the practical and theoretical points of view. Regarding the practical point of view, the distribution problem involved definitely plays a central role in the efficiency of the operational planning level of distribution management, producing economical routes that contribute to the reduction of distribution costs, offering simultaneously significant savings in all related expenses (capital, fuel costs, driver salaries). Its Importance in the practical level, motivated in tense theoretical work and the development of efficient algorithms.For the problem by academic researchers and professional societies in OR/MS, resulting in a number of papers concerning the development of a number of Vehicle Routing Information Systems (VRIS) for solving the problem. The problem discussed is an NP-hard optimization problem, that is to say the global optimum of the problem can only be revealed through an algorithm of exponential time or space complexity with respect to problem size. Problems of this type are dealt with heuristic or metaheuristic techniques. Research on the development of heuristic algorithms (Tarantilis & Kiranoudis, 2001,2002a, 2002b) for the fleet management problem has made considerable progress since the first algorithms that were proposed in the early 60s. Among them, tabu search is the champion (Laporte, Gendreau, Potvin, & Semet,2000). The most powerful tabu search algorithmsare now capable of solving medium size and even largesize instances within extremely small computational environments regarding load and time. On the algorithmic side, time has probably come to concentrate on the development of faster, simpler (with few parameters) and more robust algorithms, even if this causes a small loss in quality solution. These attributes are essential if an algorithm is to be implemented in a commercial package. The algorithm beyond the system developed is of tabu search nature. As mentioned before, since the algorithms cannot reveal the guaranteed global optimum, the time that an algorithm is left to propose a solution to the problem is of utmost importanceto the problem. Certainly, there is a trade-off between time expected for the induction of the solution and its quality. This part was implemented in a straightforward way. If the system is asked by the user to produce a solution of very high quality instantly, then an aggressive strategy is to be implemented. If the user relaxes the time of solution to be obtained, that is to say if the algorithm is left to search the solution space more effciently, then there is room for more elaborate algorithms.The algorithm employed has two distinct parts. The first one is a generalized route construction algorithm that creates routes of very good quality to be improved by the subsequent tabu phase. The construction algorithm takes into account the peculiarities of the heterogeneous nature of fleet and the desire of the user to use vehicles of his own desire, owned or hired, according to his daily needs.The Generalized Route Construction Algorithm employed, is a two-phase algorithm where unrouted customers are inserted into already constructed partial solutions. The set of partial solutions is initially empty, and in this case a seed route is inserted that contains only the depot. Rival nodes to be inserted are then examined.All routes employed involve single unrouted customers. The insertion procedure utilizes two criteria c1(i,u,j) and c2(i,u,j) to insert a new customer u between two adjacent customers i and j of a current partial route. The first criterion finds the best feasible insertion point (i *,j *) that minimizes the Clark and Wright saving calculation for inserting a node within this specific insertion point,C1(i,u,j)=d(I,u)+d(u,j)-d(I,j) (1) In this formula, the expression d(k,l) stands for the actual cost involved in covering the distance between nodes k and l. The Clark and Wright saving calculation introduced in this phase serves as an appropriate strong intensification technique for producing initial constructions of extremely good quality, a component of utmost necessity in tabu improvement procedure.The second phase involves the identification of the actual best node to be inserted between the adjacent nodepair (i* ,j *) found in the first phase (Solomon, 1987).From all rival nodes, the one selected is the one that maximizes the expressionC2 (i*, u, j *)=[d(0,u)+d(u,0)]- C1(i*, u, j *) (2)where 0 denotes the depot node. The expression selected is the travelling distance directly from/to the depot to/ from the customer and the additional distance expressed by the first criterion. In all, the first phase of the construction algorithm seeks for the best insertion point in all possible route seeds and when this is detected, the appropriate node is inserted. If no feasible node is found, a new seed route, containing a single depot, is inserted.The algorithm iterates until there are no unrouted nodes. It must be stretched that the way routes are filled up with customers is guided by the desire of the user regarding the utilization of his fleet vehicles. That is to say, vehicles are sorted according to the distribution and utilization needs of the dispatcher. Vehicles to be used first (regarding to user cost aspects and vehicle availability) will be loaded before others that are of lower importance to the user. Typically, all users interviewed expressed the desire for the utilization of greater tonnage vehicles instead of lower tonnage, so vehicles for loading were sorted in descending order of capacity.For the subsequent aggressive part of the algorithm a tabu search metaheuristic was implemented. The basic components of this algorithm employed in this application are the neighbourhood definition, the short-term memory and the aspiration criterion.2.1. NeighbourhoodThe neighbourhood is defined as a blend of the most favorable local search moves that transforms one solution to another. In particular, in its tabu search iteration the type of move adopted is decided stochastically. A predefined probability level is assigned to each move type. After that, it is decided whether the move operation is performed within a single route or between different routes, once more stochastically. This time, for both operations, the probability level is assigned a value of 50%. Subsequently, the best neighbour that the selected move implies is computed. The move types employed are the 2-Opt move (Bell et al., 1983), the 1–1 Exchange move (Evans& Norback , 1985), the1–0 Exchangemove (Evans & Norback, 1985), on both single route and different routes.2.2. Short-term memoryShort-term memory, known as tabu list, is the most often used component of tabu search. Tabu list is imposed to restrict the search from revisiting solutions that were considered previously and to discourage the search process from cycling between subsets of solutions. For achieving this goal, attributes of moves, more precisely the reversals of the original ones, are stored in a tabu list. The reversal moves that contain attributes stored in tabu list are designated tabu and they are excluded from the search process. Regarding the tabu search variant implemented, these attributes are the nodes involved in the move (all the moves used in the this method can be characterized by indicating only two nodes) and the corresponding routes where these nodes belong to. The number ofiterations that arcs’mobility is restricted is known as tabu list size or tabu tenure. The management of the tabu list is achieved by removing the move which has been on the tabu list longest.2.3. Aspiration criterionThe aspiration criterion is a strategy for overriding the short-term memory functions. The tabu search method implemented, uses the standard aspiration criterion: if a move gives a higher quality solution than the best found so far, then the move is selected regardless its tabu status.Tabu Search algorithm terminates when the number of iterations conducted is larger than the maximum number of iterations allowed.3. Developing the internet-based application toolWeb services offer new opportunities in business landscape, facilitating a global marketplace where business rapidly create innovative products and serve customers better. Whatever that business needs is, Web services have the flexibility to meet the demand and allow to accelerate outsourcing. In turn, the developer can focus on building core competencies to create customer and shareholder value. Application development is also more efficient because existing Web services, regardless of wherethey were developed, can easily be reused.Many of the technology requirements for Web services exist today, such as open standards for business to-business applications, mission-critical transaction platforms and secure integration and messaging products. However, to enable robust and dynamic integration of applications, the industry standards and tools that extend the capabilities of to days business-to-business interoperability are required. The key to taking full advantage of Web services is to understand what Web services are and how the market is likely to evolve. One needs to be able to invest in platforms and applications today that will enable the developer to quickly and effectively realize these benefits as well as to be able to meet the specific needs and increase business productivity.Typically, there are two basic technologies to be implemented when dealing with internet-based applications; namely server-based and client-based. Both technologies have their strong points regarding development of the code and the facilities they provide. Server-based applications involve the development of dynamically created web pages. These pages are transmitted to the web browser of the client and contain code in the form of HTML and JA V ASCRIPT language. The HTML part is the static part of the page that contains forms and controls for user needs and the JA V ASCRIPT part is the dynamic part of the page. Typically, the structure of the code can be completely changed through the intervention of web server mechanisms added on the transmission part and implemented by server-based languages such as ASP, JSP, PHP, etc. This comes to the development of an integrated dynamic page application where user desire regarding problem peculiarities (calculating shortest paths, execute routing algorithms, transact with the database, etc.) is implemented by appropriately invoking different parts of the dynamic content of such pages. In server-based applications all calculations are executed on the server. In client-based applications, JA V A applets prevail. Communication of the user is guaranteed by the well-known JA V A mechanism that acts as the medium between the user and code.Everything is executed on the client side. Data in this case have to be retrieved, once and this might be the time-consuming part of the transaction.In server-based applications, server resources are used for all calculations and this requires powerful server facilities with respect to hardware and software. Client-based applications are burdened with data transmission (chiefly related to road network data). There is a remedy to that; namely caching. Once loaded, they are left in the cache archives of the web browser to be instantly recalled when needed.In our case, a client-based application was developed. The main reason was the demand from the users point of view for personal data discretion regarding their clients. In fact, this information was kept secret in our system even from the server side involved.Data management plays major role in the good function of our system. This role becomes more substantial when the distribution takes place within a large and detailed road network like this of a major complex city. More specifically, in order to produce the proposed the routing plan, the system uses information about:●the locations of the depot and the customers within the road network of the city(their co-ordinates attached in the map of the city),●the demand of the customers serviced,●the capacity of the vehicles used,●the spatial characteristics of road segments of the net work examined,●the topography of the road network,●the speed of the vehicle, considering the spatial characteristics of the road and thearea within of which is moved,●the synthesis of the company fleet of vehicles.Consequently, the system combines, in real time, the available spatial characteristics with all other information mentioned above, and tools for modelling, spatial, non-spatial, and statistical analysis, image processing forming a scalable, extensible and interoperable application environment.The validation and verification of addresses of customers ensure the accurate estimation of travel times and distances travelled. In the case of boundary in the total route duration, underestimates of travel time may lead to failure of the programmedrouting plan whereas overestimates can lower the utilization of drivers and vehicles, and create unproductive wait times as well (Assad, 1991). The data corresponding to the area of interest involved two different details. A more detailed network, appropriately for geocoding (approximately 250,000 links) and a less detailed for routing (about 10,000 links). The two networks overlapped exactly. The tool that provides solutions to problems of effectively determining the shortest path, expressed in terms of travel time or distance travelled, within a specific road network, using the Dijkstra’s algorithm(Winston,1993). In part icular, the Dijkstra’s algorithm is used in two cases during the process of developing the routing plan. In the first case, it calculates the travel times between all possible pairs of depot and customers so that the optimizer would generate the vehicle routes connecting them and in the second case it determines the shortest path between two involved nodes (depot or customer) in the routing plan, as this was determined by the algorithm previously. Due to the fact, that U-turn and left-,right-turn restrictions were taken into consideration for network junctions, an arc-based variant of the algorithm was taken into consideration (Jiang, Han, & Chen, 2002).The system uses the optimization algorithms mentioned in the following part in order to automatically generate the set of vehicle routes (which vehicles should deliver to which customers and in which order) minimizing simultaneously the vehicle costs and the total distance travelled by the vehicles This process involves activities that tend to be more strategic and less structured than operational procedures. The system helps planners and managers to view information in new way and examine issues such as:●the average cost per vehicle, and route,●the vehicle and capacity utilization,●the service level and cost,●the modification of the existing routing scenario by adding or subtractingcustomers.In order to support the above activities, the interface of the proposed system providesa variety of analyzed geographic and tabulated data capabilities. Moreover, the system can graphically represent each vehicle route separately, cutting it o? from the final routing plan and offering the user the capability for perceiving the road network and the locations of depot and customers with all details.4. Case studyThe system developed was used in the Central Food Market of Athens, Greece. The specific Market involves 2 an area of 320,000m in the south-west region of Athens greater area (Agios Ioannis Rentis, Athens, Greece) at the boundary of port of Pireaus, Greece. This Market is basically a hybrid of two submarkets; the first one involves fresh vegetables and fruits and the second one fresh meat. A Central Food Market is an organization that involves numerous small enterprises that sell and distribute fresh food products, chiefly fresh vegetables, fruits fish and meat. It is considered to be the place where supply and demand come together and where prices are determined in conditions of transparency and open exchange. Every day, the market is visited by thousands of operators and traders who consider it the best place in which to carry out their transactions. The market is used by companies specializing in the food sector, traditional retailers, the city markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets, hotel and catering establishments.The fresh vegetables and fruits market involves 690 small and medium enterprises that cover an area of 2 7,100m , while the Meat market involves 105 small 2 and medium enterprises that cover an area of 6050m . As a complementary area to the Markets, Athens Central Food Market has a Services and Warehouses Area, to serve the growing economic activity generated by the Food Unit. Cash& Carry, purchase centers, distribution and logistics, storage, handling and packaging, cold stores available for rent, motor vehicle services .Inshort, all the services operators required. The market need for effcient logistics requires specialization and investment (trucks, cold stores, etc.), in order to be competitive and provide the growing level of service demanded. Every day, this market complex offers a selection of fruits andvegetables, both in the range of products and varieties and in the sheer volume on offer, which makes it the largest fruit and vegetable market in Greece and one of the largest in Europe. Athens Central Market responds to the challenge of effciently and reliably serving the most important food sector in Greece, offering a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, meats, meat products in unrivalled conditions of hygiene and safety. The Meat Market is concerned not only with distribution but also with production. Many farmers participate directly in the Athens Central Market, as it actively promotes products with denomination of origin and quality certificates. Athens Central Market installations involve roughly 500 parking places.The application can be found at the internet address, through secure cookie entrance. The system was appropriately coded in the form of a java applet encapsulated in a Web page accessible by the users through the Web Server of the organization. There were several restrictions that were taken into consideration as user requirements. The application had to be compact, user-friendly, the data entered that would concern a specific enterprise could not be transparent to others, including the organization and full reports ready to use by truck drivers had to be generated.5. ConclusionsThis paper presented an system to coordinate and disseminate tasks and related spatial and non-spatial information for solving the heterogeneous vehicle routing problem using metaheuristic algorithms. This system used to automatically generate vehicle routing plans such that all customers demands were met, no constraints were violated and a combination of vehicle costs and distance travelled was minimized. The architecture of the system was based on an integrated JA V A Web Applet equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. The system that was developed in distributed software fashion technology for all Web browsers running on any platform, and it was successfully applied to the area of Greater Athens for the benefits of Athens Central Food Market enterprises.基于互联网的连锁企业的物流管理系统N. Prindezis，C.T. Kiranoudis化工学院，国立技术大学，15780雅典，希腊收到2003年9月13日，在经修订的形式收到的2003年12月20号，接受2004年1月27日可在线二〇〇四年十二月十日摘要本文介绍了一种基于Internet的物流管理系统，以协调和传播解决异构车辆路径问题采用适当的启发式技术，任务和相关信息，为企业的连锁网络作品的使用。

物流外文文献翻译(DOC)

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve completecontrol, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systemsapproach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including theintegration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. Theestablishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends tomajor aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。

物流配送外文翻译文献

物流配送外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Logistics distribution1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditionalmanufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobile industry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, V olkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not beachieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response to sales demand and timely replenishment. This is also a large-scale cross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage.3.4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel.This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it isnew to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented to manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects. "Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated. Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management. Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in the management of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in the fixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings. "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make astable and lasting.5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:（1）Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate andfast delivery of goods and information.In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. Value of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist the revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc.link. Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.（2）Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "物流配送1 导言物流通常被认为是将恰当的产品以最低的成本，在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。

物流配送外文文献及翻译

1、 INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to theright place at the right time for the least cost、 Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions、Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking wasthe emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition、Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of botha cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage、 The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by、China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growthover the past three years、 Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the restof the world、 As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the、 In particular in the automobileglobal consumer brands have established operations thereindustry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers、 Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011,、 InChina is expected to surpass Japan to become the wor ld’s second largest auto marketorder to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed、Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment、China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure、 This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies、Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most globalOEMs, is an emergent consideration in China、 Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise inthe joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management e xperiences and methods from the OEMs、All these factors increase the、difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers2、 The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2、1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goodsin general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective、 United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, r etail and warehouse-type three types、2、2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role inthe process of 、2、3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities、Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers、 Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-techinformation network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system、2、4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms、3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3、1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers、 With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development、However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role,the process of distribution of the low level of modernization、China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow、Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability、 And domestic retailers in this、area has just started, or have not yet started3、2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center、Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing,"、 The which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name onlyother has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low、 Uniform distribution logistics center can notbe achieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not、materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths3、3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database、Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days、 And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high、 Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation、Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development、The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses o f the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response t o sales demand and timely replenishment、This is also a large-scalecross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage、3、4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel、This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks、Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it is new to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated systemof systems、4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented t o manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects、"Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated、Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management、Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in themanagement of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in thefixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings、 "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make a stable and lasting、5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development ofthird-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:(1)Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services、 If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role、 Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities、 Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing、 Itis produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book、 Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy、 Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect、The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction、 The aim ofLean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services、Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system、 It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate and fast delivery of goods and information、In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness、the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage、 Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key、 As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics、 Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the、 Value analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantageof the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities、Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities、 Basic activities of supporting activities is to assistthe revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other、 Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logisticsenterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics、 Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, d oes not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc、 link、 Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play、 Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities、Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses、(2)Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development、Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity、Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength、Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics、 Integrated logistics virtualization technology as ameans of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service、Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization、Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources、 Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environmentre-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics、 Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors、 "1 导言物流通常被认为就是将恰当的产品以最低的成本,在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。

(完整word版)物流外文文献翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in: 1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their coreenergy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price atthe right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in thecompetition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies. 4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development ofenterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。

连锁经营运作体系超市连锁研究外文文献翻译最新译文

文献出处: Medics D. The study on retail chain enterprise management operation system [J]. European Management Journal, 2015, 12(3): 31-41.原文The study on retail chain enterprise management operation systemMedics D.AbstractRetail is one of the most important industries of the third industry; it is closely related to a country's economy and people's life. Since the reform and opening, profound changes have taken place in China's retail business. Some retail enterprises to introduce chain mode of operation, and achieved great success. Called the third circulation revolution, chain operation, in the world of retail enterprises have become the dominant mode of operation and organization way, it will also change of retail enterprises have a huge and far-reaching influence.Keywords: Chain operation; Retail enterprise; Operation system1 IntroductionIn today's world of business development, chain operation has become an important business management form; it is more serious especially in the retail business. In sales of the top of the world's large retail stores, noting have is not a chain store. As the market competition is intense, business failures are common. But statistics show that the chain business enterprise failure rate is very low. Chain operation of commodity sales, has accounted for a country over a third of the total social retail, in the United States has reached to 70%.Chain operation has the advantages of the industry consensus. Since the 1960 s, some emerging industrialized countries and regions have introduced chain operation, promote the development of the business trend.2 Related concepts in this paper2.1 The definition of chain operationChain management refers to the same kind of goods and services of a number of enterprises, under the leadership of the core enterprise or headquarters, the standardized management, achieve economies of scale and operation form and organization form. Chain system branch distribution around like a chain formed a strong sales network. Usually, we set up in this business form of business enterprise is called the chain. Chain management is the essence of the principle of the modern industrial production application in the retail industry, to implement the standardization ofbusiness activity, specialization, unification; this is an important prerequisite for its economic benefits. On the one hand, advanced marketing techniques can be large-scale promotion and realize resources sharing in numerous stores; On the other hand, the cost of investment and risk and can be Shared in a wide range of shops, so as to reduce the unit cost of goods. Therefore, chain operation has other business form incomparable superiority.2.2 Three forms of chain operationRegular chain and chain, retail chain, is the sense of the chain. It is to point to in the same stage of circulation, by the same headquarters, with the same capital, unified leadership, directly engaged in the same type of goods and services more than son home retail enterprise form. All formal chain of the main features is: unity, unified management, centralized management, decentralized sales. Store chain system of personnel, labor, and marketing share all orders according to the headquarters. The main body of the chain is not branch, tightness of the highest in the three forms.Also is called voluntary chain free chain. Japan under the voluntary chain is defined as: "scattered around many retailers, both maintained their independence, and concluded the permanent chain relationship and make the purchase of goods and business together, and sharing in order to achieve scale economy. The purpose of the shop is characterized by voluntary chain members of ownership, management. Accounting is independent, is the body of the chain members shop rather than headquarters. Members of the shop on the premise of maintain their independence, through consultation resources together, work together, unified purchase, unified management, joint activities, decision management policy consultation, marketing strategy, development plan, etc. Headquarters is the nature of the service, not for the purpose of profit.Franchise chain, also called contract franchising chain or contract. Refers to the franchisees to have trademarks (including service marks), trade name, products, patents and proprietary technology, management pattern and so on in the form of a franchise contract awarded to the franchisee to use, as stipulated in the contract by the franchisee, engaged in business activities in franchisees uniform business mode.3 Retail enterprise chain-like management operation characteristicsChain management as a modern form of business organization not only has the scale operation of mass production advantages, at the same time has dispersed flexible managementadvantage. The formation of its advantages is depending on the chain as a characteristic.3.1 The size of the retail chain businessEconomies of scale exist is the root cause of the production and business activities "inseparable", under certain conditions, the enterprise's long-term average cost with the expansion of production or business operations, and it is an economy of scale. Otherwise, the scale is not the economy; the emergence of economies of scale is the inevitable result of social production development. Due to economies of scale is a common requirement for economic benefits of all economic activity, so the enterprise is a kind of pursuit of economies of scale inherent impulse. With the enlargement of the scale, cost reduction, profits rise, enable enterprises to compete with scale, to secure their own market position. Chain management is the use of the principle of economies of scale in the field of circulation. This mode of operation of scale economy characteristics embodied in the chain with the enterprise's expansion, expanding market share, reduced operating costs, so as to establish the scale operation of enterprises advantage.3.2 Retail chain enterprise's specializationDivision of labor theory the founder of the British is classical economics Adam Smith in his book "the wealth of nations, suggests that the main argument is that division of labor can improve labor productivity. Specifically, division of labor through the following ways to improve the labor productivity: first, the division of professional producers will make labor production activities focused on less standardized operation, can quickly improve production quantity. Second, laborer is fixed on a post job, not only proficient skills, but also saves the time of the loss due to change jobs. Third, the division of labor workers to save the manufacturing cost of material and Labor tools. Fourth, the professional division of labor made possible the adoption of advanced technology and equipment. Fifth, complex labor to professional division of labor, reduces the complexity of the management, improve the management efficiency. Chain management on the one hand, the circulation field independent functions organically unify, on the other hand, within the enterprise executes more detailed division of labor and specialization. Chain of specialized division of labor embodied in multiple levels: first, is based on the operating procedures and operating features of chain formed by the division of sports, namely chain enterprise procurement, inventory, distribution, management, sales promotion, the professional division of labor, make the circulation enterprises to adapt to the needs of the development of social production, to expandscale, high efficiency of commodity procurement organization. Second, based on chain organization structure mode and the management pattern, implements the enterprise internal division of professional, divided by the function of headquarters and branch, has realized the decision making and operations, decision-making and management of the division of labor. Third, chain post division of labor; this is the deepening of professional division of labor. Main jobs are to identify skills, quantitative work achievement, make whole enterprise human resource allocation in the best state. Chain is mainly through the standardized management of professional division of labor.3.3 Retail chain principles of standardizationMeans for continuous production, sales forecast quality of the goods and set both reasonable and ideal state, condition and can be repeated operation management system. Set, in general, the best quality of the specifications of the goods is easy, but to ensure continuous production and sales enterprise basic not the best quality goods. Because the operation process, operation methods, such as operation condition requirements of too high, not easy to get the workers to maintain and abide by, no matter how hard work, the operator can't realization of the expected quality of commodity production and sales. As chain operation, therefore, in the judgment of standardization, to ensure its operation process, operation methods, such as operation condition can be continued to perform, homework personnel can according to the operation standard to carry out the continuous operation. That way, you can provide the desired quality goods to customers, also can provide the goods in a standard time, can reduce customer of waiting time, also can reduce the manufacturing cost and cost of sales, because of efficient service, speed up the flow of traffic.4 Retail chain enterprises operating efficiencyDue to the scale of chain enterprise and efficient operations, forming chains competition dominance of strong position and circulation, so it is to create conditions and multi-channel profit sources may, also has the obvious overall efficiency advantage.4.1 Scale sales profitChain enterprises can realize large-scale sales, which mean that it than the chain to achieve more sales profit. Sales profit obtained is not only a high market share, many stores still rely on low-cost replenish stock, so that the chain enterprises to realize the general market price under the high profits. As the market is driven by competition, chain enterprises to implement below marketaverage sales price, and will get the supplier on the sales promotion with all the aspects of support, low market prices, organized the implementation of modern marketing make sales scale based on a strong competitive position, high turnover of goods and the consumer benefit sharing basis, it is the rationality of the franchising sales profit.4.2 Profits of wide-area market channelsThe development of chain stores more is a wide area of market possession, the final channel network set up allowing into goods and services to scale up. Because the chain has been investing in scale, high efficiency and high market share of the final channel, from commercial and service industry and other industry specialization analysis, who want to enter and use this channel, which will pay, the channel profit is generated. Channel profit form is typically comes into play, stores, advertising, sales promotion, etc. For chain channel profit is the return on investment, is reasonable, but must be controlled within a reasonable limit. Chain is to compound chain, subjectivity chain to chain compound together with other function to enhance the attraction for consumers, subjectivity chain will continue to increase the channel profit. In addition, the chain enterprise reasonable use network channels all sorts of function will produce more profits, as some chain enterprise in each year from chain stores recycled goods packing can increase the non-operating income of millions, and implement the green marketing at the same time.译文零售企业连锁经营运作体系研究摘要零售业是第三产业中最重要的产业之一，它与一国的经济和人民生活息息相关。

连锁企业物流管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

连锁企业物流管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)An internet-based logistics management system forenterprise chains.Developing the internet-based application toolWeb services offer new opportunities in business landscape, facilitating a global marketplace where business rapidly create innovative products and serve customers better. Whatever that business needs is, Web services have the flexibility to meet the demand and allow to accelerate outsourcing. In turn, the developer can focus on building core competencies to create customer and shareholder value. Application development is also more efficient because existing Web services, regardless of where they were developed, can easily be reused.Many of the technology requirements for Web services exist today, such as open standards for business to-business applications, mission-critical transaction platforms and secure integration and messaging products. However, to enable robust and dynamic integration of applications, the industry standards and tools that extend the capabilities of to days business-to-business interoperability are required. The key to taking full advantage of Web services is to understand what Web services are and how the market is likely to evolve. One needs to be able to invest inplatforms and applications today that will enable the developer to quickly and effectively realize these benefits as well as to be able to meet the specific needs and increase business productivity.Typically, there are two basic technologies to be implemented when dealing with internet-based applications; namely server-based and client-based. Both technologieshave their strong points regarding development of the code and the facilities they provide. Server-based applications involve the development of dynamically created web pages. These pages are transmitted to the web browser of the client and contain code in the form of HTML and JA V ASCRIPT language. The HTML part is the static part of the page that contains forms and controls for user needs and the JA V ASCRIPT part is the dynamic part of the page. Typically, the structure of the code can be completely changed through the intervention of web server mechanisms added on thetransmission part and implemented by server-based languages such as ASP, JSP, PHP, etc. This comes to the development of an integrated dynamic page application where user desire regarding problem peculiarities (calculating shortest paths, execute routing algorithms, transact with the database, etc.) is implemented by appropriately invoking different parts of the dynamic content of such pages. In server-based applications allcalculations are executed on the server. In client-based applications, JA V A applets prevail. Communication of the user is guaranteed by the well-known JA V A mechanism that acts as the medium between the user and code.Everything is executed on the client side. Data in this case have to be retrieved, once and this might be the time-consuming part of the transaction.In server-based applications, server resources are used for all calculations and this requires powerful server facilities with respect to hardware and software. Client-based applications are burdened with data transmission (chiefly related to road network data). There is a remedy to that; namely caching. Once loaded, they are left in the cache archives of the web browser to be instantly recalled when needed.In our case, a client-based application was developed. The main reason was the demand from the users point of view for personal data discretion regarding their clients. In fact, this information was kept secret in our system even from the server side involved.Data management plays major role in the good function of our system. This role becomes more substantial when the distribution takes place within a large and detailed road network like this of a major complex city. More specifically, in order to produce the proposed the routing plan, the system uses information about:●the locations of the depot and the customers within the road networkof the city (their co-ordinates attached in the map of the city),●the demand of the customers serviced,●the capacity of the vehicles used,●the spatial characteristics of road segments of the net work examined, ●the topography of the road network,●the speed of the vehicle, considering the spatial characteristics of theroad and the area within of which is moved,●the synthesis of the company fleet of vehicles.Consequently, the system combines, in real time, the available spatial characteristics with all other information mentioned above, and tools for modelling, spatial, non-spatial, and statistical analysis, image processing forming a scalable, extensible and interoperable application environment. The validation and verification of addresses of customers ensure the accurate estimation of travel times and distances travelled. In the case of boundary in the total route duration, underestimates of travel time may lead to failure of the programmed routing plan whereas overestimates can lower the utilization of drivers andvehicles, and create unproductive wait times as well (Assad, 1991). The data corresponding to the area of interest involved two different details. A more detailed network, appropriately for geocoding (approximately250,000 links) and a less detailed for routing (about 10,000 links). The two networks overlapped exactly. The tool that provides solutions to problems of effectively determining the shortest path, expressed in terms of travel time or distance travelled, within a specific road network, using the D ijkstra’s algorithm(Winston,1993). In particular, the Dijkstra’s algorithm is used in two cases during the process of developing the routing plan. In the first case, it calculates the travel times between all possible pairs of depot and customers so that the optimizer would generate the vehicle routes connecting them and in the second case it determines the shortest path between two involved nodes (depot or customer) in the routing plan, as this was determined by the algorithm previously. Due to the fact, that U-turn and left-,right-turn restrictions were taken into consideration for network junctions, an arc-based variant of the algorithm was taken into consideration (Jiang, Han, & Chen, 2002).The system uses the optimization algorithms mentioned in the following part in order to automatically generate the set of vehicle routes (which vehicles should deliver to which customers and in which order) minimizing simultaneously the vehicle costs and the total distance travelled by the vehicles This process involves activities that tend to be more strategic and less structured than operational procedures. The system helpsplanners and managers to view information in new way and examine issues such as:●the average cost per vehicle, and route,●the vehicle and capacity utilization,●the service level and cost,●the modification of the existing routing scenario by adding orsubtracting customers.In order to support the above activities, the interface of the proposed system provides a variety of analyzed geographic and tabulated data capabilities. Moreover, the system can graphically represent each vehicle route separately, cutting it o? from the final routing plan and offering the user the capability for perceiving the road network and the locations of depot and customers with all details.一个基于互联网的连锁企业的物流管理系统发展基于互联网的应用工具Web服务提供的商业景观的新机会，促进全球市场在业务快速推出创新的产品和客户提供更好的服务。

物流分拣中英文对照外文翻译文献

物流分拣中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)由一个单一的存储/检索机服务的多巷道自动化立体仓库存在的拣选分拣问题摘要随着现代化科技的发展，仓库式存储系统在设计与运行方面出现了巨大的改革。

自动化立体仓库（AS / RS）嵌入计算机驱动正变得越来越普遍。

由于AS / RS 使用的增加对计算机控制的需要与支持也在提高。

这项研究解决了在多巷道立体仓库的拣选问题，在这种存储/检索（S / R）操作中，每种货物可以在多个存储位置被寻址到。

提出运算方法的目标是，通过S/R系统拣选货物来最大限度的减少行程时间。

我们开发的遗传式和启发式算法，以及通过比较从大量的问题中得到一个最佳的解决方案。

关键词：自动化立体仓库，AS / RS系统，拣选，遗传算法。

1.言在现今的生产环境中，库存等级保持低于过去。

那是因为这种较小的存储系统不仅降低库存量还增加了拣选货物的速度。

自动化立体仓库（AS / RS），一方面通过提供快速响应，来达到高操作效率；另一方面它还有助于运作方面的系统响应时间，减少的拣选完成的总行程时间。

因此，它常被用于制造业、储存仓库和分配设备等行业中。

拣选是仓库检索功能的基本组成部分。

它的主要目的是，在预先指定的地点中选择适当数量的货物以满足客户拣选要求。

虽然拣选操作仅仅是物体在仓储中装卸操作之一，但它却是“最耗时间和花费最大的仓储功能。

许多情形下，仓储盈利的高低就在于是否能将拣选操作运行处理好”。

（Bozer和White）Ratliff和Rosenthal，他们关于自动化立体仓库系统（AS/RS）的拣选问题进行的研究，发明了基图算法，在阶梯式布局中选取最短的访问路径。

Roodbergen 和de Koster 拓展了Ratliff 和Rosenthal算法。

他们认为，在平行巷道拣选问题上，应该穿越巷道末端和中间端进行拣选，就此他们发明了一种动态的规划算法解决这问题。

就此Van den Berg 和Gademann发明了一种运输模型(TP)，它是对于指定的存储和卸载进行测算的仪器。

物流外文文献翻译精选文档

物流外文文献翻译精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of percent, the average flow of goods from days to days, stock % lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits ofmutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over toothers, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regionalbranches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。

物流管理专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献

物流管理专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献附录英文资料原文:From the perspective of modern logistics systems, storage is an important part of logistics is the logistics system, distribution center, hoping for effective logistics warehouse here, scientific management and control, so that the logistics system more smoothly, more reasonable to run. In this paper, the importance of starting from the warehouse, combining theory and practice, through an enterprise storage andlogistics activities in the "space" and "cargo space" to analyze how the activities in the warehouse through the "space" and "cargo space "management to improve storage efficiency, reduce storage costs.Case Background: Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd. of a storage management. A Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd. located in Guangdong Huizhou Jinyuan Industrial Zone, which was established in 1998, is a professional lighting devices and electrical equipment manufacturers, it is the industry's leading enterprises. With excellent product quality, excellent service, the access to the customer's extensive approval and praise. In order to adapt to the new form of strategic development needs, the Company's existing network of integrated customer relationship, across the country set up the 35 operations centers, improve the company's supply chain, logistics, warehousing and distribution systems and customer service system. The company is headquartered Total finishedgoods warehouse 3, namely a set of finished products warehouse, finished products and finished second group of three storage warehouses. They are based on different types of products in different product sub-warehouses: one product a warehouse on the first floor is to facilitate the shipment into, so it is relatively types of goods stored there are more point, such as lamp, lamp panel and so on. And all of the export goods are stored in a group. Finished second group is mainly warehouse track lights, metal halide lamp, T4 lamp, T5 lamp and light. The company's several light sources are stored in the warehouse two groups finished. Three major stored product warehouse specific grid lamps, ceiling lamps, track lights, and some other companies products.1 An analysis of warehouse storage spaceWarehouse storage system's main elements include storage space, goods, personnel and equipment and other factors. Storage is the storage of the core functions and key links, storage area plan is reasonable or not directly affect the operational efficiency of warehouse and storage capacity. Therefore, the effective use of storage space as warehouse management is one important factor of good or bad. The company'sproducts sell well. Frequency of a large warehouse storage, goods flow also great. The company's warehouse space layout is stored on theshelves of goods, three-dimensional space utilization is not high, sohe's warehouse is not very high degree of mechanization, storage, only forklifts, including hand trucks and electric forklift. Warehouse operation methods, generally with a forklift, rarely manpower for thereceipt of goods, which are materials used to send and receive cards, every time shipping and receiving cards will be done in the send and receive registration materials, so we usually check very convenient goods such as some of the follow-up results from the present work seems to still relatively high efficiency, operation is quite easy. So the whole way of operating the company's warehouse is quite reasonable. The warehouse usually because the storage space is often not enough and the goods stored in the work space position. Particularly in the sales season, the warehouse storage products especially crowded, working up inside people feel a little depressedfeeling. So not very reasonable storage operating environment. The warehouse, data storage costs a statistical look fairly reasonable, because it costs very little equipment, fixed storage cost is not very high, while the storage cost is the cost of the class structure, so storage costs are therefore not very high.Storage warehouse for storage of goods that is as functional space.Storage space = potential use of physical space + space + space + operations useless space. Physical space, which means the goods were in fact occupied the space. The company's warehouse, its physical space accounted for 75% of the warehouse; the potential use of space accounted for 10%; work space and accounts for about 10% as the company's warehouse mechanization is not high, so a small point of space does not work What effect, its security is also essential to meet the requirements intermittent; his useless space accounted for about 5%. Onthe whole, the warehouse space utilization is high, there is a little crowded phenomenon. Analysis: the relative reduction should be the use of some physical space to increase the number of intermittent operations such as space, safety of space use. In addition, space and vertical space from the plane of view, the level of space has been put to good use, but the use of vertical space is not high, it can be considered top shelf, or high-level automatic three-dimensional shelf, to make better use of vertical space.2 rack management analysisRack management refers to the goods into warehouse, on the goods handling, how to put, place, etc. where a reasonable and effective planning and management. The disposal of goods, how to place, mainly by the strategic decision taken by the storage of goods of a specific storage location, will have to combine the principles of location assignment related to the decision. The company's warehouse storage rack management approach is used in positioning guidelines to follow. Positioning refers to each type of storage or storage of goods are fixed for each cargo space, cargo space of goods can not be interoperable. Therefore, when planning cargo space, cargo space for each volume of goods shall not be less than the possible maximum amount in the bank. However, in actual operation, the positioning of different storage conditions generally done in accordance with appropriate adjustments, it will make changes based on the actual situation. Cargo space in the warehouse management in the work by the staff of the company, combiningtheory with practice, carried out positioning, fixed-point, quantitative management principles, therefore, Ta cargo-bit capability is not Quanbu Anzhaozuida conducted in the library volume positioning, as the company's products belong to relatively large seasonal variations in the product, if the maximum amount set in the library space utilization will fall to the warehouse, so wastage of resources.- As all the libraries in the digital warehouse are stored with the principles of positioning, in accordance with the current situation of the company's warehouse, all use the principle of positioning is not very reasonable storage should be in accordance with the different characteristics of products and storage requirements, the product classification For important product, a small number of products used variety store positioning. And because almost all of the company's products feature the same features they are not mutually exclusive, this product features from the point of view is they could be put together randomly.In addition, the company's warehouse management, distribution of cargo spaces You are also a number of principles: (1) FIFO principle, Ji is the ancestor of goods, first-out library library principles, the principles generally applicable to a short life cycle of goods. (2) the principle of facing channel, referring to the goods of the mark, name the face of passageways so that theoperator can easily simple identification, it allows the retentionof goods, access to easy and efficient manner, which is to the warehouseto be fluent in the basic principles of operation. (3) weight characteristics of the principle, meaning that according to the weight of different goods to determine the level of goods in the storage location of places. In general, the weight should be kept on the ground or the lower shelf position, light goods were kept in the upper shelf location. In the case of manual handling operations carried out when the people of waist height for the custody of heavy or large items, while above the waist height of the light used to keep the goods or small items. This principle, the use of the safety and shelf manual handling operations have great significance. According to this principle, the company's warehouse stocking on the use of the fruit picking type. In this way, the storage requirements of the company's present situation is very reasonable, but also for staff is also very convenient.In the specific cargo space management process, we can see that the above description: they still use more modern management methods and principles. These methods and principles. For most of the moretraditional business management for storage or a more scientific and reasonable. Of course, in the management of the process there will be issues, such as operation in practice, some operators do not pay attention, not careful, careless also makes some of the principles of our implementation is not good enough. In the company's product sales, and warehouse management appears cargo space confusion, some products will be stored in the operating channel and the secure channel, so that is not conducive to our operations, warehouse operations particularlyaffect the safety of personnel, there are security risks. Because these problems often are especially prominent when the season, so these problems, the author suggested that some of the goods stored in the open yard, but the time to do well in the storage protection. 3 proposed ABC Classified Management ApplicationsTo conduct an effective inventory management and control, we mustfirst sort of inventory, only then can we better manage the goods and control. Therefore, I analyzed that in the original storage facilities under the same conditions, using ABC classification of goods for the implementation and management. This can effectively use the original storage space and cargo space. Through the analysis of goods to identify the primary and secondary, classification queue. According to Barrett curve reveals the "critical few and minor majority" rule should be applied in the management. Therefore, in accordance with product value, sales, shortage cost, or order in advance of other indicators toclassify the product. A class of products which are the highest value of inventory, general inventory of its total inventory of 15%, while the value of it is accounted for 70% ~ 80%; B products are middle of the stock value of these species 30% of the total inventory value of the total value of 15% to 25%; while the C class product is the value of the bottom of the inventory, its value is only 5% of the total value, but it accounts for the total inventory stocks 55%. Storage can be classified by goods and different products for each type of different management strategies developed to implement different control measures. In themanagement process, the products for A to require warehousing products are all everyday to inspect and inventory, the operation should be careful, can significantly embodiment up such products other products Butong between, were the focus of management; on B products, managed by sub-key can be 2 to 3 days to inspect and inventory. At the same time,do not neglect the management of products on the C, C products every week to conduct an inspection and inventory.We know from the analysis, storage operations, "space", "cargo space" and its scientific and rational management is an important partof warehouse management, warehousing costs alsoaffect the cost of important factors. Through practical examples of some of the storagemanagement problem analysis and research, through analysis and study of these issues, so wehave deeper storage management to understand, storage has its own management principles, weshould abide by and seriously the implementation of these principles. When in use thecombination of theory and practice, so that our warehouse and our theory more in tune with theactual operation. Only the combination of theory and practice to our knowledge to the limits.中文译文从现代物流系统观点来看,仓储是物流的一个重要环节,是物流系统的调运中心,希望在仓储这里对物流进行有效、科学地管理与控制,使物流系统更顺畅、更合理地运行。

超市管理系统外文翻译中英文参考

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)译文字数：4400多字文献出处：G kim. Design of Supermarket Management System [J]Advanced Materials Research, 2015, 9(5) 16-26.英文原文Design of Supermarket Management SystemG kimAbstractIn recent years, with computer information and the popularity of the Internet, the use of advanced systems and software to develop enterprise-level functional software has become an important form of employee work. However, the operation status of small and medium-sized supermarkets in the domestic market is its information speed and some of them are far less than large-scale supermarkets. The timeliness and practicality of the manual operation and summary information mode currently adopted by small- and medium-sized supermarkets need to be improved. Manual information error rates are also extremely high. Therefore, for the management of personnel and personnel of these companies, the storage and processing of relevant information is also very important. Today, with the rapid economic development, it is necessary to have efficient treatment methods andoptimized management methods in order to adapt to market competition. Therefore, it is urgent to speed up the information process of domestic small and medium-sized supermarkets. The use of computer software to centrally manage relevant information and eventually form centralized, accurate and authoritative commodity information is an inevitable trend.Supermarket management system is a typical computer management system. Similar to other management systems, its development process also mainly includes two aspects: the establishment of background data table structure and table relationships, and the development of front-end application programs. For the development of applications, the basic requirements for the development of full-featured, easy to use. For the establishment of the database, the main concern is the consistency, integrity, and data security of the data. When the system was under construction, it fully investigated and investigated the entire process of purchase, sales, and storage of several small and medium-sized supermarkets, making full use of the existing software and hardware environment, trying to control the software construction funds, and shortening the software development cycle so as to minimize the time Meet the maximum user's work needs in time.This article starts from the practical application of supermarket management work, analyzes and designs in the process of system requirements analysis, strictly according to the thought and method ofsoftware engineering; in the process of system development, the overall design from the two aspects of functional structure and technical structure, and finally A very practical management system has been formed. The overall structure of this dissertation is as follows: First, in the first chapter of the system, the research background and the significance of the topic selection of the supermarket management system are introduced; in the second chapter, the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of the system are analyzed, and The demand model of the supermarket management system was introduced in detail, and finally the system design and system testing. The system is mainly designed and developed from the following three aspects: the outline design of the supermarket management system, system database design and detailed system design. The system uses a typical MVC three-tier structure. The presentation layer adopts the traditional jsp technology. The middle layer adopts the popular Fitter+Hibernate. The Fitter technology runs through the entire middle layer and seamlessly combines the web layer, service layer, and DAO layer. Integration. The data service layer is used to service data. The interaction between the front desk and the back office adopts html as the data exchange medium, and the information is distributed in the form of internet. After strict tests, the system is feasible.Keywords: management system; Fitter; MVC; HibernateIntroductionThe formation of supermarkets in China in the early 1990s has now become an important form of China's retail industry, which has played an important role in the development of the national economy. With the rapid development of supermarkets, their operations and management have become more complex. The early forms of salesperson station counters can no longer meet the development of existing sales, and thus urgently require the introduction of new management technologies. The supermarket form has various advantages, but in the current situation, it still has a backward side shared by retail enterprises. For example, it cannot effectively manage each type of goods, the collection and payment settlement speed is slow, and it is prone to business errors. It is not appropriate to carry out commodity price adjustment. , inventory efficiency is low, and in the daily management of supermarkets, merchandise, sales, sales, deposits and other decisions based on experience, the lack of real-time analysis capabilities, management personnel on the timely transfer of data requirements have not been met. With the rapid development of supermarkets, the management of these supermarkets has become increasingly complex. The amount of data that needs to be processed daily has also gradually increased. The intermediate links of business operations are also increasing. The original manual management has been unable to cope with this complex market. To this end, I chose the supermarket management system design theme,relying on modern computer information processing technology to manage supermarkets, which saved a lot of manpower, material resources, improved the working conditions of employees, reduced labor intensity, and can quickly reflect the goods The analysis of the status of advancement, sales, deposits, and various feedback information enables managers to quickly make appropriate decisions on changes in the market and speed up the efficiency of supermarket operations and management.1 Research purpose and significanceComputer technology is a major trend in the development of society today. In recent years, the development of informatization has become even more rapid. It should be widely used and has become one of the essential tools for use in various industries. At present, the informationization of small and medium-sized supermarkets in the domestic market is far less than that of large-scale supermarkets. For these enterprises, it is necessary to have efficient treatment methods and management methods in order to adapt to market competition. Therefore, it is very urgent to speed up the informationization process of supermarkets. Supermarkets play a very important role in the daily lives of Chinese citizens. They also play an important role in satisfying people's daily diversified needs and serving as transit hubs for various industries. However, traditional supermarket management still faces many problems. From the sources of supermarkets, there are numerousgoods and various types of goods, which are frequently imported and shipped. From the perspective of supermarket staff, their employees are generally more and their positions are also numerous. Classification, management is also relatively complicated. Prior to the development of software systems, people used traditional manual methods to manage them. However, there are many shortcomings in this manual management method. For example, the management efficiency of the management is low, and the accuracy rate is difficult to guarantee. With the increase of time, manual work has produced a large number of documents and data, which is not only inconvenient to save, but also brings many difficulties for searching, updating, and maintenance. With the rapid economic development, people have not satisfied the current manual methods. In addition, the requirements of companies and customers on various links have also been increasing. As for supermarket management, procurement personnel are required for all aspects of supermarket management. Purchasers may need to press Assignment of work areas or job responsibilities, etc., as well as shipments, purchases, etc. The close link between each link is also an integral part of the relationship. Errors in one link lead to other issues such as data errors or time delays. If employees are classified strictly, they need various professional talents. Therefore, Need to have corresponding management. Therefore, the current small and medium-sized supermarkets urgently need a well-developedmanagement system. This will not only reduce the operational burden on managers, but also free management personnel from heavy physical labor and turn them into mental work.The main purpose of the design and development of this system is to realize the information, intelligence, and convenience of the management of small and medium-sized supermarkets, and to reduce some of the losses caused by over-complicated cargo management, human resources management, and inventory management. As a part of computer applications, the use of computers to manage supermarket-related goods information has advantages that cannot be matched by manual management. For example: rapid information retrieval, high data reliability, large amount of data storage, good operational confidentiality, and increased information lifespan Wait. These advantages can greatly improve the efficiency of supermarket management and at the same time bring certain economic benefits to the development of the company.2 Problems with the current systemAs a comprehensive goods transit hub, there are many problems in its system operation process. The main performance is as follows: Stand-alone single-user system: With the development of the network, the existing stand-alone single-user system is far from meeting the needs. At the same time, the original database does not support multi-user network operating environment.Poor system independent use: The original system is a program written using the development tools provided by the database. Therefore, the use of the system is greatly constrained by the database and the program performance is not good. It also cannot support new databases such as Access. The use of enthusiasm is not high: In addition, because information lacks a unified portal, the resulting information cannot be assigned to the responsible person, which ultimately results in poor applicability of information.Poor modularity: Since the original system is not a complete programming language, the system cannot achieve modularization of the code and inconveniences the expansion of the function.3 Research contentThe information provided by the supermarket management system is characterized by large amounts of information, high accuracy, and wide coverage. During the construction of the system, the system fully investigated and researched the business processes of existing neutral supermarkets in Changchun, and fully utilized the existing software and hardware environment. Try to control the software construction funds and shorten the software construction period so as to meet the needs of the largest users in the shortest possible time.The main work of the dissertation is to use the architecture of J2EE to implement the design of the platform system based on the requirementsanalysis. The following issues that the user concerned are concerned about are mainly considered in the system development process: The speed of the software: The speed of the system is the key factor that initially gives the user a good or bad impression. Regardless of how clear the requirements are, if the operation speed is too slow, it will affect the user's emotions. Therefore, the system design fully considers this problem. . In order to solve this problem, the project redesigned the software based on the hardware provided by the user, improved the business processing capability, and met the requirements of the traffic management department to improve the management speed of the complaints and reporting system business. At the same time, it also improved System functions;The efficiency and real-time nature of system data release: The traffic management department has a wide range of business interactions, and some of the focus of the reported cases have high requirements on the data's real-time performance. Therefore, in response to the demand for “data effectiveness”, this system should be Focus on considerations in order to achieve high efficiency and real-time performance of data release and transmission;System availability and system maintenance at a later stage: In addition to providing a friendly and convenient operation interface, a clear and clear system function and operating speed within the expectedrange, the system should have a certain degree of security. Therefore, in the design of the system, you should consider providing a regular backup and manual one-click backup function. Using this design will facilitate the user's operation of the system and help the use and maintenance of related personnel.In order to make the supermarket management system truly simple and practical, it fully considers its functional requirements in the design process. In addition, its operation process is simple, and it is compatible with the mainstream database and any operating system, and truly realizes the information. The integrated functions of collection, classification, statistics and management.The system provides flexible data collection, data import and export, personnel scheduling and other means. In addition, system administrators can implement strict system functions such as identity entry and permission granting to ensure information security. The entire system consists of four modules, which are inventory management, sales management, stock management, and personnel management. Several modules work in coordination with each other, and finally realize the integration of sales, sales, and storage.4 Technical feasibilityFrom the user's point of view, technical feasibility can refer to whether the products developed in the current technology can be usedquickly by users. In system development, the application pages are as user-friendly as possible, and the interface is relatively simple to operate. At the same time, the current popularity of computers and the improvement of the quality of employees in supermarkets, whether it is management or ordinary business personnel, have a corresponding computer operation basis. Therefore, when the new system is put into use, a small amount of training for employees can basically meet the requirements for the smooth operation of the system.In addition, another aspect of the technical feasibility analysis is to analyze whether the current technology level, software conditions and hardware can meet the required development work requirements. Through the analysis of the system, this system intends to adopt the development mode of B/S three-tier structure. The advantage of this mode is that it provides a cross-platform, simple application environment, thus avoiding the development of multiple different operating systems. The repeated operation of the application system truly realizes the separation of the development work from the environment. Therefore, the use of the B/S architecture facilitates the expansion of the user group and the management of the application system.For the choice of development languages, the system is planned to adopt java language. As a programming language, java language has the characteristics of simplicity, object orientation, portability, etc. In addition,java language can maximize the use of the network, and it can also not Limited by CPU and environment. The database of this system is planned and open to enable it to run on some mainstream platforms. The high-performance features of sqlserver2005 make oracle maintain a world record of TPC-D and TPC-C under the open platform because its use risk is relatively low. , and can also be fully backward compatible. The application of sqlserver2005 has been widely recognized by users. Using sqlserver2005 database, sqlserver2005 database has the characteristics of openness, high performance and low trial risk. The technical feasibility is also reflected in the hardware. From the current user-supplied hardware conditions, it can be seen that its capacity and reliability meet the basic requirements of the system. From the above information we can see that this system is technically feasible.5 Economic feasibilityThe economic feasibility of the analysis system is also an integral part of the system construction. From the standpoint of the advantages of computer software, first of all, the network transmission of information is not limited by distance, thus saving manpower and material resources incalculable; on the other hand, the convenience of the system Sex and convenience can improve the sales efficiency of supermarkets, and can also provide data support that helps managers make decisions. At the same time, they can greatly improve the economic efficiency ofsupermarkets. Therefore, the economic benefits are substantial, so it is economically feasible. For sex, the system is completely feasible.(1) Supermarkets have the ability to bear system development costsDealers who operate products have strong financial support. Therefore, during the development of the system, the enterprise is fully capable of assuming the required development costs. In addition, the product relies entirely on the existing hardware infrastructure of the supermarket at the time of design, and it also saves development costs to some extent.(2) The system will bring certain economic benefits for the enterpriseThe economic benefits obtained in the management will be a comprehensive comprehensive benefit, so it is difficult to quantitatively analyze it. However, the economic benefits brought by the new system are very obvious. Its main performance is that it liberates employees from some tedious affairs. Through the new system, it can solve a large number of manual work and analyze the decision-making work, etc. It not only saves a lot of time, but also provides valuable information for the company's various decisions and brings certain economic benefits to the company.中文译文超市管理系统的设计G Kim摘要近年来，随着计算机信息和互联网的普及，利用先进的系统和软件开发企业级功能软件已成为员工工作的重要形式。

物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。

物流外文文献中译英英译中

一、英译汉Unit1 Exercise1（1）flow of goods 货物流通（2）point of consumption 消费地（3）requirements of consumers 消费需求（4）time and place utility 时间与地点效用（5）military logistics 军事物流（6）production logistics 生产物流（7）third-party logistics 第三方物流（8）supply chain management 供应链管理（9）inbound logistics 进货物流（10）outbound logistics 出货物流Unit2 Exercise2（1）infant formula 婴幼儿配方奶粉（2）specialized technical test 专业技术测试（3）mad-cow disease 疯牛病（4）foot-and-month disease 手足口病（5）agenda item 议程项目（6）U.S. bottoms 美国货船（7）Federal Transition Administration 美国联邦公共交通总署（8）cargo preference rules 货物优先规则Unit3 Exercise3（1）per-captia income 人均收入（2）inherent incentives 内在激励（3）technological leapfrogging 技术跨越（4）stepchild model 继子模式（5）routinely stockpile 例行库存（6）outright theft 公然盗窃（7）corrupt practice 腐败行为（8）excess manufacturing capacity 产能过剩（9）hazardous wastes 危险废物（10）fraudulent price 价格欺诈二、汉译英Unit1 Exercise1（1）增值过程value adding process（2）出货量batch size（3）追踪追寻track and tracing（4）正向货流forword flow of goods（5）逆向货流reverse flow of goods（6）文件流documentation flow（7）处理退货handling returns（8）订单处理order processing（9）废物处理salvage scrap disposal（10）内部运作perform in-houseUnit2 Exercise2（1）空运垄断Air carrier monopoly （2）施加压力keep the pressure on（3）移民部门immigration agents（4）双边协定bilateral agreements（5）价格均衡rate equalize（6）政府抵制governments' boycott （7）海上禁运maritime blockade（8）全球配额global quota（9）四四二分成the 40/40/20 split（10）坚强后盾the strong backingUnit3 Exercise3（1）过期食品outdated food（2）兽医用品veterinary products（3）完税价格dutiable value（4）货币储备reserves of currency（5）优惠汇率preferential exchanges rates （6）产业政策industrial policy（7）发展重点development emphasis （8）机场重建airport reconstruction （9）游牧人口nomadic populations （10）伦理困境ethical dilemma。

连锁超市物流论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

物流管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:The Research of Regional Logistics CompetitivenessAbstractAt present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization. At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly. Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Regional economic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics. On the other hand, the regionaleconomic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness.Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index 1 IntroductionThe rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope. Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree become to measure a country's modernization degree and comprehensive national strength, one of the important marks is known as the "third profit source" of the enterprise, its role is more and more big, became the current after the IT industry, financial industry's hottest emerging industry a new growth point of national economy, and caused widespread social attention. Regional logistics is an important component of regional economy, is the important force in the formation and development of regional economy, it is to improve the efficiency and economic benefit in the field of regional circulation, improve the competitive ability of regional market, etc., plays a positive role in active. Behind the rapid development of modern logistics, however, there are still many problems; including logistics competitiveness level is lower than the level of logistics development is particularly prominent. Choosing logistics competitiveness development level evaluation index, since there is no uniform standard, can only use freight or freight turnover scale to measure logistics. Implementation of goods transport is the process of logistics spatial displacement at the center of the link, with the two indicators to measure logistics scale has certain scientific, but it can't reflect the outline of the regional logistics. Estimates of logistics demand, typically based on GDP and total retail sales of social consumer goods such as index of national economic accounting. This is just a simple measure of the macro level, the proportion of different researchers use different, ranging from teens to twenty percent, there are large difference between the results and gives theoreticalanalysis greater difficulties. At the same time, the logistics industry's economic statistical data shortage, there is no comprehensive logistics demand statistics, which made us qualitative understanding of the level of understanding of logistics.2 Literature reviewAbout the Core Competence theory, Core Competence (Core Competence) of the original intention is the Core skills or Core skills, this concept is in 1990 by the American strategic management experts made (C.K.P rahalad) and Britain's strategic management experts hamer (c. amel), refers to the enterprise organization of accumulating knowledge, especially about how to coordinate different production skills and integrate a variety of technical knowledge, and on the basis of advantage over other competitors unique ability, namely Core Competence is built on the basis of enterprise Core resources, is the enterprise intelligence, technology, products, management, culture and other elements in the reflection of comprehensive advantage in the market. At present there are three typical academic argument: the ability theory represented by Rossby and Christie's school; School represented by porter's theory of market structure; Represented by Werner Phil and Penrose's theory of resource school. Core competitiveness is value, the ability to integrated, uniqueness, extensibility and inherent characteristics.Related theory, the study of regional logistics, the logistics research of Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries, focus on the enterprise level, is committed to providing enterprise optimization strategy. And regional logistics system and competitiveness research, involved. According to literature review, the regional international logistics field of research mainly includes the following aspects: (1) from the perspective of multinational company research the global logistics resources configuration and coordination problems. Specific include logistics infrastructure, market competition mechanism and the problem of logistics supply chain operation. Such research quantification technology such as using the operational research tools, more for the global network of supply chain facility location positioning, and coordinate the factory more support, strategic distribution system design problem. This is an extension of the logistics enterprise level optimization study, the commonly used methods include mathematical analytical method, system simulation method and heuristic methods, etc. If only one method and graphical method solving the problem of the layout of the site; Mixed integer programming solve the problem of siteselection of logistics center and logistics planning, etc.(2) from the perspective of urban economy and the environment, the research of urban traffic network Settings. For example Tanjguchietal from the city level, using a dynamic traffic simulation model, quantitative research economic growth, the transport demand, as well as the related road congestion and environmental pollution.(3) from the point of view of the city government, study its role in macro logistics development and utility. For example MeirJ. R and Senblatt, studied the global supply chain management in infrastructure financing, transportation and regional trading rules, corporate tax law of the government subsidies, and other effects of the main factors of global production and distribution network, etc.3 Introduction to the theory of regional logistics related3.1 The definition of regional logisticsAcademic definition of regional logistics has not yet unified, a more accepted view is that regional logistics is the geographical environment in a certain area, with large and medium-sized cities as the center, based on the regional scale and scope economy, combined with effective logistics service scope, area inside and outside of all kinds of goods from the supplier to accept to effective entity flow; Is the transport, storage, loading and unloading, handling, distribution, packaging, circulation processing, information processing, such as integrated logistics activities, to service in the composite system of regional economic development. It requires the integration, the integration of logistics management, namely to meet user needs for the purpose, to the goods, services and related information from the supplier to accept to the efficient flow of planning, execution, and control activities, is the organic unity of cash-flow, information flow and cash flow.3.2 Relationship of regional logistics subject, object and carrierRegional logistics has the characteristics of multi-level and multi-dimensional structure, its basic elements include logistics main body, object and logistics carrier, and the structure of the basic elements and their complete system, each element show different features, thus forming the function of the regional logistics. Regional logistics main body is directly involved in or specialized is engaged in the economic organization of regional logistics activity, including the owner of the goodsFlow, the third party logistics enterprise, storage and transportation enterprise, etc. Logistics is the supply chain logistics channels, the starting point and end point ofconnection in the whole course of the regional logistics activity plays a dominant and decisive role. Elements of the integrated logistics subject is the essential characteristic of modern logistics. Therefore, the elements of logistics as one of the main body, logistics has a decisive role in the development of logistics industry. Similar accumulation and regional economy industry, regional logistics also emphasizes the logistics main body accumulation, logistics main body in space is beneficial to promote the logistics activities of large-scale, intensive, body development, it is also a regional logistics park, logistics center, the objective basis of the formation of distribution centers, and regional logistics park, logistics center and distribution center determines the spatial structure of the regional logistics system.3.3 Regional logistics and regional economic relationsRegional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Logistics is always accompanied by business flow, the more advanced the regional economy, manufacturing and trading more active, the logistics industry as a service industry will have a good customer base and market infrastructure, the greater the chance of large-scale development. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Thus, regional logistics and regional economy is the unity of interdependence. Regional economy is the premise and foundation of regional logistics development, is the dominant force in the regional logistics development; Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, is the regional economic support system, and serve the regional economy. Regional logistics development goal and strategy must obey and serve the regional economic development goals and strategies.4 Regional logistics competitivenessRegional logistics competitiveness refers to a certain space range (generaladministrative area as the border, across regions), the logistics industry are different from other areas of the assignment of resources was made in the advantage, the logistics enterprises, government policy support and industrial innovation ability, eventually embodied through regional internal benign competition will be more than all kinds of resources, the ability to effectively integrate to form a complementary and integrated ability system, reflect the regional comparison of competitive power in the logistics activity, reflect the size of the regional logistics service ability and the logistics industry development level of high and low. The competitiveness of the regional logistics is mainly composed of six basic elements constitute: social and economic development level, scale of logistics demand and supply condition of logistics, the logistics development of logistics industry in the enterprise information development level, development level, the macro environment.4.1 The social and economic development levelComprehensive social and economic development level reflects the regional logistics competitiveness level of social economic basis, is the guarantee of development of regional logistics competitiveness, to provide support for the sustainable development of regional logistics, from the other side also reflects the competitiveness of regional logistics development potential and power.4.2 The logistics demand scaleLogistics demand scale is mainly refers to the logistics services in the field such as production, consumption and circulation quantity and scale, to some extent, restricted by local resource conditions, it reflects a region, the demand for logistics service level and size: the size of the logistics demand, determines the size of the logistics market capacity, is the premise of existence and development of regional logistics industry and the foundation.4.3 Logistics supply conditionThe supply condition of logistics refers to the logistics infrastructure provided for the development of the logistics industry, all kinds of logistics technology and equipment, is engaged in the logistics services enterprises and the corresponding professionals such as the number and size of traffic capacity and regional situation, the comprehensive reflection of regional logistics supply capacity and service level, reflects the effect on the development of the logistics industry to promote and satisfaction, is the main factor of the formation and development of regional logisticscompetition.4.4 Logistics enterprise development levelLogistics enterprise comprehensive development level reflects the regional logistics main body's ability to provide logistics services and meet customer demand, embodies the subject of logistics operation level, mainly including the enterprise competition ability, profit ability and performance level, reflect a certain period of logistics enterprises in the area of the overall level of development, is the key factor for the formation of regional logistics competitiveness.4.5 Information development levelMainly refers to the regional information development level of information degree and the level of information technology. Logistics is based on information flow, logistics has become more and more rely on the whole process of access to information. Many logistics enterprises have established their own information management system as a crucial to the development of its core competitiveness, the development level of information is the one important factor for the formation of regional logistics competitiveness level.4.6 Logistics macro environmentMacro environment refers to the logistics industry development of logistics industry development planning, land use policy, tax policy, market access policy, talent training, such as the soft environment, affecting the development of logistics industry reflects the external environment for the development of the logistics industry to provide favorable conditions and the environment support.译文:区域物流竞争力研究摘要当前，物流的发展正呈现出物流需求快速上升、市场容量不断扩大、物流基础设施建设加速、第三方物流快速成长的趋势，整个物流产业正朝着信息化、全球化和专业化的方向发展。

绿色物流大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

绿色物流大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：绿色物流文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14目录1 外文参考文献译文1 (1)2 外文参考文献原文1 (6)3 外文参考文献译文2 (14)4 外文参考文献原文2 (21)摘要：自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来，连锁超市就开始在农村地区发展起来。

物流和分配是连锁超市运作过程中的纽带，在超市的平稳运作中起到重要作用。

本土超市涌现出的很多问题，现在逐渐成为超市发展的瓶颈。

在这篇论文中，作者将会分析现今存在于中国农村超市的物流和分配方面的问题，然后提供一些相应策略解决这个问题。

关键词：农村地区，货品分配，策略规划，物流，连锁超市。

1 介绍自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来，连锁超市作为一个新的运作系统及销售模式，开始在广阔的农村地区发展。

这些连锁超市带领农民提高消费水平、缩小城乡差异、提升农村地区和农村市场现代流通的发展。

连锁超市在农民中很受欢迎。

然而，物流和分配是连锁超市的核心，却仍非常薄弱。

分配的优势是超市运作成本、利润及相关合伙人附加利润的关键。

在当前经济危机的形势下，解决农村超市物流及分配方面的问题，对农村市场的发展、经济的发展以及建设一个社会主义新农村都非常关键。

1.1农村连锁超市物流及分配的一些概念和特点分配是一个经济活动，是企业家基于消费者需求，用最有效的方式在分配中心或其它地点储存货物，并且把这些货物运送到在合理经济框架内的其他客户。

它包含购买、储存、分类、货物处理、递送及其它活动。

它是一个物流活动的方式，结合了特别的、完整的业务流程。

在农村地区，农民和农产品独特，所以，与城市物流分配相比，有着一些不同的特点。

1.2农村地区的主要物流和分配问题A．低均匀分布率和高运作成本根据商务部调查，自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来，农村连锁超市的覆盖率已经达到超过60%，但是分配率却只有40%。

物流配送外文文献及翻译

2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview
2.1 gistics development
Twenty—first century from the 60s onwards, the rationalization of distribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First， the warehouse will replace the old distribution center： The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks， on the loading and unloading， handling， custody， standardized operation, improve operating efficiency； Third， the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain—effective。 United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale—based， retail and warehouse-type three types。
2。3 European modern development of logistics
Countries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub—goods distribution， the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities。 Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center， from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers。 Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high—techinformation network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.

连锁超市配送系统【外文翻译】

外文翻译原文The Distribution Systems of SupermarketChainsMaterial Source:《The Service Industries Journal》Author: Alan C. McKinnon This article considers the benefits supermarket chains may achieve from setting up their own distribution systems and attempts to explain differences in distribution strategies. These differences appear to be closely related to differences in the way chains have grown, management investment preferences and turnover composition, taken in conjunction with total sales, branch size and geographical extent of the business.The investigation of structural change within the tertiary sector can be seriously constrained by the way in which service activities are classified. This is particularly true of wholesaling and retailing. The traditional distinction between wholesaling and retailing has become blurred as firms have extended their control along the distributive channel to encompass both these activities. In most trades the integration of retail and wholesale functions has been achieved mainly as a result of multiple retailers dealing direct with producers and assuming responsibility for the storage and movement of supplies 'upstream' of the shop. Using statistics currently available, however, it is not possible to measure the extent to which retailers have taken on wholesale functions. Investment and employment data for multiple retailers are presented in highly aggregate form and fail to distinguish between their warehousing and retailing operations.The nature and location of investment and employment clearly differs between shops and warehouses. Although these two spheres of activity are closely inter-related, their growth potential can also differ significantly. The scale of the retail operation is largely determined by the volume and spatial distribution of consumer expenditure. Even if the level of retail activity remains constant a multiple can vary the demands placed upon its own storage and delivery system by altering the allocation of flows between distributive channels. A multiple retailer can, for example, increase its dependence on its own system of distribution by requiringmore manufacturers to deliver supplies in bulk loads to its warehouse(s) rather than in small consignments direct to branch stores (Pettit, 1983). The pressures on multiples to vary their reliance on their own distribution systems are often quite independent of the factors affecting the scale and character of their retail operations.THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF RETAILERS' WAREHOUSESBetween 1938 and 1982, multiple retailers increased their share of grocery sales from 24 per cent to 65 per cent (Jefferys, 1950; Institute of Grocery Distribution, 1983). In the 1950s and 1960s, while their share of the grocery market was expanding, supermarket chains channeled an increasing proportion of their supplies through their own warehouses (usually referred to as 'central warehouses'). By 1967, grocery multiples were directing, on average, about 60 per cent of their supplies through their own warehouses (Pettit, 1983). This proportion changed little between 1967 and 1972 (Thorpe et. al., 1973) but during the 1970s it declined, partly as a result of the development of superstores capable of receiving supplies in bulk loads direct from producers and partly because of the disproportionately large growth of some chains, such as Tesco and Asda, whose dependence on central warehouses was much less than the average for grocery multiples. In terms of the volume of business handled, the retailer's central warehouse has already become the most important node in the grocery distribution system. It is estimated that, overall, supermarket chains possess (or rent) around 850,000 square meters of warehouse floor space, roughly one square meter for every 3.2 square meters of retail floor space in their shops.REASONS FOR MULTIPLE RETAILERS DEVELOPING THEIR OWN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSMultiple retailers have several motives for channeling supplies through their own warehouses. These motives will be considered fewer than eight headings:1 Buying Terms: By receiving goods in bulk loads into their warehouses multiple retailers can qualify for bulk discounts (usually of 1-2 per cent of selling price). These discounts are never large enough, however, to finance multiples' warehouse and transport operations, which are estimated to average around3 per cent of turnover (Thorpe and Shepherd, 1977). To justify incurring the additional distribution costs, the multiple retailers must, therefore, benefit from centralized delivery in other ways. These are listed below.2. Minimum order restrictions: In some cases, distribution via central warehouse is made necessary by a manufacturer's refusal to deliver less than a certain amount direct to the store. Some alternative channel is needed, therefore, to provide small branch stores with supplies in amounts of less than this. (Larger chains often wield sufficient bargaining power, however, to force manufacturers into waiving minimum drop-size restrictions for their smaller branches.)3. Product availability: By holding large central stocks and operating their own store delivery, retailers can reduce the risk of 'stock-outs"(i.e., shops being out of stock in particular products). By offering more frequent deliveries, they can reduce lead times and accelerate the replenishment of fast-moving lines.4. Stock control: The profitability of retailing is critically dependent on the rate of 'stock-turn'. This is defined as the ratio of annual sales to the value of stocks held at the end of the financial year. It is important, therefore, not only to maximize sales, but also to minimize stock levels. The centralization of inventory reduces the total volume of stock that must be held to ensure a given level of service (Maister, 1976). In addition to this, stockholding can be more easily monitored and controlled when it is centralized (Millar, 1983). Where delivery is direct from the manufacturer, it is usually the store manager who decides how much to order. This dispersal of responsibility for ordering is particularly inefficient in a trade, such as the grocery trade, where product lines abound and differ greatly in their turnover rates.5. Use of shop space: By relieving shops of the need to hold large amounts of stock, much of the space otherwise used for storage can be used as selling space; thereby raising the productivity of the retail floor space .It is more cost-effective to concentrate stocks in central warehouses located in peripheral areas where site costs are lower.6. Labour costs: These costs comprise around 50 per cent of average supermarket operating costs (Dawson, 1982). According to one large supermarket chain these labour costs can be disaggregated as follows:Management 10 per centCustomer service 10 per centCheckout 30 per centGoods handling (i.e. unloading vehicles, shelf filling, price marking)40 per centPersonnel/miscellaneous 10 per centOf these activities, management and goods handing, together representingaround half the total labour costs, can benefit most from centralized distribution. In the case of management, less of the manager's time need be spent meeting sales representatives, drawing up orders and processing invoices. Madigan (1980) describes the case of one supermarket at which 79 separate calls were made by salesmen, taking up 26 hours of the manager's time and requiring the processing of 79 invoices. Goods handling can also be rationalized by the arrival of supplies in fewer, larger loads. The scope for rationalization of this type was indicated by a survey of deliveries to a supermarket in Edgware. Fifty per cent of this supermarket's supplies arrived in the form of large consolidated loads from a central warehouse and took 45 minutes to off-load. The remainder came in 132 small drops directly from suppliers and took in total around 25 hours to unload. The GLC Freight Unit (Greater London Council, 1975) also quotes an example of a supermarket receiving 60 per cent of its throughput from a central warehouse in five consolidated deliveries (average load size = 740 cases). The remaining 40 per cent was received in 95 direct deliveries from suppliers (average load size = 26 cases). The extent of possible cost and time savings from consolidation has been indicated by Kirby (1975). He notes that one order of 500 packs is 31 per cent cheaper and 47 per cent quicker to assemble and unload than five orders of 100 packs.7. Security: It is widely acknowledged that the loss of stock through theft (euphemistically termed 'shrinkage') correlates closely with the number of separate deliveries to the shop and 'number of times the back door is opened'. By greatly reducing the number of deliveries and making it possible to supervise the delivery operation more closely, the centralization of deliveries can significantly reduce pilferage.8. Product range: Many suppliers are too small to be able to offer direct delivery economically. This is particularly true in the recently developed frozen food industry. By making it possible for the small supplier to deliver in bulk to a central warehouse, the multiple retailers are able to include more specialized goods and lesser brands in his product range.V ARIATIONS IN THE PROPORTION OF CENTRALISED DELIVERIES BETWEEN CHAINSDespite the numerous advantages of centralized delivery, firms differ widely in the proportion of turnover they channel through their central warehouse(s). This is a variation that many people within the trade find baffling. Walters (1976)lightheartedly suggests that there are as many views on why this should be so as there are retailers. The variation is sometimes ascribed rather vaguely to differences in 'business philosophy' or 'trading behavior', expressions that need clarification.Thorpe et. al. (1973) identify eight factors thought to influence the choice of distribution strategy: number, dispersal, size of branch stores, growth history, commodity mix, vertical integration, sales density and site costs. They do not adequately explain the role of these factors, however, and represent the relationships between them and the level of centralized delivery in a series of graphs, several of which show trends that are neither self-evident nor substantiated by empirical evidence. These variables will be considered fewer than five major headings:1. Number and size of shops: There is no significant relationship between the number of shops in a chain and the proportion of centralized deliveries. The number of shops and their sizes (measured in turnover) will together determine the aggregate turnover that will have to exceed a certain threshold level to justify the establishment of a central warehouse. As all the retailers surveyed were large enough to operate at least one central warehouse, it is not possible here to comment on the minimum viable size of a centralized delivery system but above a possible lower size limit, there is no significant relationship between the degree of centralization and turnover.The relationship between the proportion of centralized delivery and sizes of shop in the chain is complicated by the fact that most chains comprise shops varying widely in size (measured both in floor space and turnover). Despite this, most chains claim to standardize the proportion of supplies each store receives from the central warehouse. While the shop size profile is likely to influence the level at which this proportion is standardized, in the absence of shop floor space and turnover data it is not possible to test this relationship. Nevertheless, it should be noted that some chains, notably those that include superstores, do vary the proportion of warehouse delivery with shop size.2. Spatial distribution of shops: Thorpe et al. (1973) suggest that the level of centralized delivery falls with increasing dispersal of branch stores. Although not made explicit, this suggestion is probably based on the reasoning that more dispersed chains would be more costly to supply from a central warehouse (for a given level of service). This would be particularly so where shops lay beyond the daily range of a delivery vehicle. Deliveries beyond this range, however, are very exceptional. Most chains with a centralized grocery delivery system have all their。

超市管理系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

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大多数操作员对物流不了解，对物流的运作原则、业务分部接口、运作流程、行业标准、服务标准和现代信息技术运用更是知之甚少。在这种背景下，物流人才在农村地区尤其稀缺，迫切需要培养懂农村、农民，并且能抓住当代农村物流发展特征的物流人才。
1.3农村连锁超市的物流和分配策略
A.选择合适的分配方式
连锁超市的物流和分配有四种方式：自己运送、第三方物流、公共运送以及供应商运送。由于农村地区、农民及农产品的特殊情况，中国零售业的发展和未来合伙重组的开展联系在一起。因此，对农村连锁超市来说，采用公共运送模式更合适。近年来，连锁超市建立了各自的的分配系统来有效利用物流资源，第三方物流和第四方物流逐渐发展起来。因此，复合型分配模式对中国农村连锁超市更合适。中小型超市由于资金欠缺，建立自己的分配系统有一些困难。即使他们有能力建立自己的分配系统，也很难产生规模效应。薄弱的连锁超市应该通过融资联合建立分配中心，管理连锁超市的所有分配业务。这样不仅能达到物流资源的最有配置，提高物流运作的效率，也能减少投资成本。它可以提供联合采购。同时，超市也应该把更多注意力放在与第三方物流公司的合作上。对于那些鲜活商品、冰冻商品，超市可以不统一分配。分配中心可以外包给第三方物流公司，以此达到快速反馈及及时运送。有分配中心的超市可以通过委员会和委托人发展公共运送。如果他们购买少量商品，他们应该委托分配中心给予共同运送。大型的资金雄厚的连锁超市，为了追求物流和分配的高效，可以建立自己的分配中心，达到每个分部的具体需求。他们可以接受中小型连锁超市的佣金，来实施共同运送。诚然，大型连锁超市有时也有大量的物流业务，即使他们有自己的分配中心和分配系统。他们仍需要和第三方第四方物流公司在一些运作方面进行合作，尤其是在长距离运输、地区仓库及其它业务区域。外包的优势很明显，不仅可以解决供应链的库存、运输问题，同时也可以解决采购问题，管理超市和供应商之间的关系。
B.加强分配中心的构建以达到现代化
决定分配中心的规模。不同分部产品的数量和类型不同，因此，要综合分析物流市场以及未来发展需求，全面预测物流容量大小、物流中心合理的大小及规模，然后优化分配中心的规模、地点和功能。完善分配中心的功能。分配中心有许多服务功能，比如仓库、运输、采购、装卸、分配加工、分配、信息加工以及反馈。农产品和其它商品可以和其相应信息一起加工。信息来源于农民，他们可以提供大量高质量产品，保持不同功能的和谐。加强硬件和软件的建设。
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
摘要：自从“一万村”市场项目开展以来，连锁超市就开始在农村地区发展起来。物流和分配是连锁超市运作过程中的纽带，在超市的平稳运作中起到重要作用。本土超市涌现出的很多问题，现在逐渐成为超市发展的瓶颈。在这篇论文中，作者将会分析现今存在于中国农村超市的物流和分配方面的问题，然后提供一些相应策略解决这个问题。
关键词：农村地区，货品分配，策略规划，物流，连锁超市。
1介绍
自从“一万村”市场项目开展以来，连锁超市作为一个新的运作系统及销售模式，开始在广阔的农村地区发展。这些连锁超市带领农民提高消费水平、缩小城乡差异、提升农村地区和农村市场现代流通的发展。连锁超市在农民中很受欢迎。然而，物流和分配是连锁超市的核心，却仍非常薄弱。分配的优势是超市运作成本、利润及相关合伙人附加利润的关键。在当前经济危机的形势下，解决农村超市物流及分配方面的问题，对农村市场的发展、经济的发展以及建设一个社会主义新农村都非常关键费潜力是巨大的，但是农民的购买力却有限。他们不会在短时间内接受设计好的产品。同时，也存在很多问题。比如，需求分散、农村物流运作的高成本、小规模、设施不够、资金欠缺、没有主导企业。很难达到物流、分配、管理以及经济规模效应。分配中心缺少专业的人才，尤其是那些熟悉中国农村市场的物流专业人才。雇员总体素质较差，
1.1农村连锁超市物流及分配的一些概念和特点
分配是一个经济活动，是企业家基于消费者需求，用最有效的方式在分配中心或其它地点储存货物，并且把这些货物运送到在合理经济框架内的其他客户。它包含购买、储存、分类、货物处理、递送及其它活动。它是一个物流活动的方式，结合了特别的、完整的业务流程。在农村地区，农民和农产品独特，所以，与城市物流分配相比，有着一些不同的特点。
B．不合理的物流和分配模式，导致信息读取效率不高
最近，农村连锁超市的物流和分配渠道主要由分配中心、农产品和供应市场合作社、第三方物流和分配系统组成。事实上，这三种分配方式也同样面临着高物流成本的问题。许多连锁超市没有建立自己的分配中心，因而不能满足分配服务的需求。即使一些连锁超市建立了自己的分配中心，也仍然存在很大问题。大多数农村超市规模较小，缺少建立分配中心的资金，因此，一些分配中心不能满足超市分配的需求。农村连锁商店分布较广，单个的连锁超市分配还是比较有限。收入比分配中心的建立和运作成本还要低。
D．不充分的信息共享系统
农村连锁超市的信息系统构建是相对落后的。电子订货系统、电子数据互换系统以及增值网络系统都还没有使用。决策和信息管理系统也远远不够。很难在连锁超市、分配中心和供应商之间进行信息交流。所有这些都导致了不及时的采购及补充，进而导致供应缺口。很难在总部和分部之间得到及时的运作指引、销售、管理、货物运送和调动。此外，关于产品和服务的信息不能及时得到反馈。没有体现当地特色和农民需求的产品配送可能会影响连锁超市的发展。
C．分配中心的延后建立、低下技术水平、低分配水平
农村连锁超市的分配中心改造和扩大都是基于原来的仓库，这并不能满足连锁超市的服务需求。这些分配中心只能用来当仓库、储存及运输，缺少了深层的货品加工容量、信息加工以及反馈功能。这些基础设施不够，也缺少了机械化的检测、加工、冰冻、冷藏、包装及其它设备。电脑信息管理系统也远远不够，导致了不能及时进行与供应商、总部以及分部的数据交换。很难有效地管理物流信息，所以所有功能的协作及整合程度仍然非常低。
1.2农村地区的主要物流和分配问题
A．低均匀分布率和高运作成本
根据商务部调查，自从“一万村”市场项目开展以来，农村连锁超市的覆盖率已经达到超过60%，但是分配率却只有40%。这个数字不仅低于国内连锁超市60%的平均运送率，也大大低于国外连锁超市高于80%的运送率。均匀分配有利于统一采购。商店不能得益于连锁。这就会导致高物流成本。

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