2018考研英语阅读经典试题及答案(15)
2018年考研英语真题及答案解析
2018年考研英语真题及答案解析考研英语最重要的就是做好真题的题海战，只有将真题啃透，才能在实战中得到更高分。
下面是小编分享的考研英语真题及答案解析，一起来看看吧。
考研英语真题及答案解析一Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers of blessing. Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common.Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1. A. by way of B. with regard to C. on behalf of D. as well as2. A. decide on B. provide for C. compete with D. adapt to3. A. close B. arrange C. renew D. postpone4. A. In theory B. Above all C. In time D. For example5. A. Unless B. Less C. After D. Although6. A. into B. within C. from D. through7. A. or B. since C. but D. so8. A. test B. copy C. recite D. create9. A. folding B. piling C. wrapping D. tying10. A. passing B. lighting C. hiding D. serving11. A. association B. meeting C. collection D. union12. A. deal B. part C. grow D. live13. A. whereas B. until C. for D. if14. A. avoid B. follow C. challenge D. obtain15. A. isolated B. persuaded C. viewed D. exposed16. A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. however17. A. changed B. brought C. shaped D. pushed18. A. invested B. divided C. donated D. withdrawn19. A. warms B. clears C. shows D. breaks20. A. while B. so that C. once D. in that1.[标准答案] [D]as well as[考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：文章身处大环境not only…..but also之中，这是一个明显的并列关系，表示“不仅……而且……”该空与前一句“his parents and his friends”也是并列关系，表示“与他本人以及伴侣的父母朋友相关” 所以答案只能是D. as well as.A. by way of通过B. with regard to 关于C. on behalf of 代表2.[标准答案] [A] decide on[考点分析] 上下文语义[选项分析] 根据该句的主语a young man与宾语a likely spouse 的关系，答案只能是A. decide on 决定。
2018年考研英语真题答案及解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解Section I Use of English全文翻译：你的大脑与信任：为什么我们天生信任别人信任是一件棘手的事，一方面，（1）对很多重要的事情来说，这是一个必要条件：托儿、友情等，另一方面，把你的（2）信任放在错误的地方通常伴有高昂的（3）代价。
（4）那么，我们究竟为什么要相信别人呢？嗯，因为这样感觉很好。
（5）当人们相信一个人或一个机构时，他们的大脑会释放催产素，这是一种会（6）制造愉悦情感和激发群体集本能的激素，这种本能促使人们彼此（7）联系。
科学家发现，接触（8）到这种激素让我们处于信任的（9）情绪中：在一项瑞士的研究中，研究人员将催产素喷洒进半数受试者的鼻子里；这些人准备借给陌生人的钱的数额比吸入了其他物品的（10）对应受试者高得多。
对我们来说（11）幸运的是，我们还有识别不诚实的第六感，这可以（12）保护我们。
一项加拿大的研究发现，仅14个月大的孩子就能够将可靠的人和不诚实的人区分开来。
60个刚学步的小孩每人都被（14）介绍给一个拿着塑料容器的成人测试人员。
测试人员在看向容器里之前会问：“这里面有什么呢？”然后笑着惊叹：“哇哦！”然后邀请每一个受试者看向容器（15）里面。
一半的小孩发现有玩具；另一半（16）发现容器里是空的——然后意识到测试人员（17）欺骗了他们.在没有被戏弄的孩子中，大部分都（18）愿意同测试人员合作学习一项新技能，说明他们相信他的领导地位，（19）相比之下，同（20）“不可靠的”测试人员被配对的30个孩子中，只有5个参与了后续活动。
1、【答案】[C]for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
it’s a necessary condition____many worthwhile things(信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情)此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。
C选项for(对...来说)符合语义，故为正确答案;D选项from(来自于)，B选项like(像...)，A选项on(关于)语义不恰当，故排除。
2018考研英语二真题及答案及解析
2018考研英语二真题及答案及解析2018年考研英语二真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painfulBecause humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people wiill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twistHalf of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twe nty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock th em clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 .Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect wit h other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and pho tographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the ba sic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of theUniversityof Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such 13 can in sight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound curiosity is possible to 15 ,however. In a final experiment,particip ants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one's curiosi ty ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. T hinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity."Hsee other words,don't read online comments.1.8.9. than as of to10. B. forgive11.with on from to. withdrawal B. inquiry C .persistenceself-evident18.. whether20.1. 【答案】A【解析】句首作者提出疑问，“为什么人们会读互联网的负面评论和明显很让人伤心的其它事情呢”随后作者给出答案，“因为人们都有___不确定性的内在需求”。
2018考研英语阅读经典试题及答案
2018 考研英语阅读经典试题及答案(3)新东方在线推荐：Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860 's the Byzantine Empire began to recoverfrom Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire 's favor. The beginning of the empire 's economic revival, however, can beplaced between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival oflearning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic andthen by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the text?[A] The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.[B] The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens.[C] After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.[D] The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress.2. It can be inferred from the text that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial losses[A] in 600.[B] during the seventh century.[C] a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost.[D] soon after the revival of Byzantine learning.3. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to[A] suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model.[B] set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium.[C] cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium.[D] suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists.4. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?[A] The Byzantine military revival of the 860 ' s led to economic and cultural advances.[B] The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.[C] The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900 's.[D] The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.5. According to the author, “ The common explanation ” (line 1,paragraph 3) of connections between economic, military, and cultural development is[A] revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire.[B] reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress.[C] not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival.[D] equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome.。
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题及答案
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题及答案2018考研英语阅读理解的复习，做练习题是必不可少的。
今天，店铺准备了2018考研英语阅读理解练习题，以供考生练习。
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【原文】When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurredto me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral movethat hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandonmy relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgracedgovernment minister, I covered my exit by claimi ng “I wanted to spend more time with my family".Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, myexperiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned mytired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from apassionate advocate of the philosophy of “ have itall", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages ofShe magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after hermuch-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up ofstress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", andmaking the alternative move into “ downshifting ” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success andsocial status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelseyused to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines,the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “ quality time ” .In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, lessmaterialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting—also known in America as “voluntarysimplicity”—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termedanti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-helpbooks for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, suchas The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans usefultips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap;there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90sequivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economicdecline ― after the massredundancies caused by downsizing in the late’ 80s ― and is still link ed to the politics of thrift, in Britain, atleast among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have differentreasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep jugglingthrough the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for themythical good life —growing your ownorganic vegetables, and risking turning into one —as apersonal recognition of your limitations.2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【题目】37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1??[A]Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B]The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “ A lateral move ” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D]The writer was only too eager to spend more time with herfamily.38. The writer's experiment shows that downshifting_________.[A]enables her to realize her dream[B]helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C]prompts her to abandon her high social status[D]leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine39. “ Juggling one'slife ” probably meansliving a life characterized by _________.[A]non-materialistic lifestyle[B]a bit of everything[C]extreme stress[D]anti-consumerism40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. asa result of _________.[A]the quick pace of modern life[B]man's adventurous spirit[C]man's search for mythical experiences[D]the economic situation2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【答案】名师解析37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?根据第一段，下文哪一个是正确的?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.全职工作是一个新的国际趋势。
2018年考研英语二真题答案及解析
Section I Use of English
命题分析：
本文介绍了好奇心给人们带来的负面影响。文章难度不大，常考的总分结构、词汇与搭配辨析和逻辑关 系（指代、并列、转折、列举等）再次成为考点。部分段落里的长难句也在提醒考生要有基本的语法功底。 另外，本文多次出现语义的重复，对解题也有极大的帮助。
芝加哥大学的奚恺元，即这篇论文的合著者，表示（10）探索的动力在人类体内根深蒂固，与对（11） 食物或住处（shelter）的基本动力几乎相同。好奇心经常被认为是一种好的本能（instinct）——例如，它能 （12）带来新的科学进步——但有时候这种（13）探究可能会适得其反。好奇心会驱使你做（14）自我毁灭 的事情，这种洞察力（insight）是真知灼见（a profound one）。
译文识词：
人们为什么浏览网络上的负面（negative）评论，并且做其他明显会痛苦的事情呢？根据《心理科学》上 发表的一项最新研究可知，因为人们都有（1）解决不确定性的内在（inherent）需要。这项新研究揭示 （reveal）：渴望了解的需求如此强烈以至于人们会（2）设法满足自己的好奇心（curiosity），即使答案很明 显会（3）令人痛苦。
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4、【答案】[D]
【解析】固定搭配题。空格位于不定式符号 to 之后，与其后的 oneself to sth.构成动词短语；空格处动作 的发出者是 students，上文表明人们为了满足好奇心，愿意去做令自己痛苦的事情，故答案为 D，表示为了满 足好奇心而让自己接触令人不悦的刺激物。
11、【答案】[D]
2018考研英语(一)真题答案与解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解本套真题答案由海文机构提供目前仅供参考，标准答案在官方公布后会为您更新Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情) 此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。
B选项for(对...来说)符合语义，故为正确答案;A选项from(来自于)，C选项like(像...)，D选项on(关于)语义不恰当，故排除。
2、【答案】[C] faith【解析】此处考察词义辨析和中心一致性原则。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business (信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。
On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____. (另一方面，把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...)，显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”，只有C选项faith(信任、忠诚)与trust属于近义词复现，故正确答案为[C] faith。
3、【答案】[B] price【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。
2018考研英语（一）真题及答案解析
2018 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use ofEnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blankandmark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybe painful? Because humans have an inherent need to (1)uncertainty, accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedto knowissostrongthatpeoplewill (2)tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhen it is clear the answer will (3).In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University ofChicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business testedstudents'willingnessto(4)themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity. Forone(5),eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviouse xperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould (6)an electric shock whenclicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; anothertwenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. (7) left alone in the room, thestudents who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurredmorejoltsthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould(8).Subsequentexperiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, (9) the sound of fingernails onachalkboardand photographs of disgustinginsects.The drive to (10) is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as thebasicdrivesfor (11) or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago,aco-authorofthepaper.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct－itcan (12) new scientific advances, for instance－but sometimes such (13) canbackfire.The insight that curiosity can drive you todo _ (14) things is a profoundone.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to (15), however. In a finalexperiment,participants who were encouraged to (16) how they would feel after viewingan unpleasant picture were less likely to (17) to see such an image. These resultssuggest that imagining the(18) of following through on one's curiosity aheadof timecanhelpdetermine(19)itisworththeendeavor."Thinkingaboutlong-term(20)iskeytomitigatingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,"Hseesays.In other words, don't read onlinecomments.1.A．on B．like C．for D．from2.A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest3.A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price4.A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again5.A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When6.A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains7.A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare8.A．at B．by C．of D．to9.A．context B．mood C．period D．circle10.A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters11.A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic12.A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight13.A．between B．within C．toward D．over14.A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted15.A．out B．back C．around D．inside16.A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered17.A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked18.A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled19. A．Incontrast B．As aresult C．On thewhole D．Forinstance20.A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitable1.【答案】C【解析】该题选择的是介词，与后面的many worthwhile things一块做后置定语修饰前面的condition,表明对于许多重要事情来说是一个必要的条件。
2018年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案解析[完整版]
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范文范例指导学习2018 考研英语（二）真题及参考答案（完整版）来源：文都教育Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choosethe best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviouslybe painful? Because humans have aninherentneedto 1uncertainty, accordingto arecentstudy in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strongthat peoplewill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University ofChicago andthe Wisconsin school of Business testedstudents ’ willingness to 4 themselves tounpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfycuriosity. For one5 , each participantwasshown apile of pens that theresearcherclaimed were from aprevious experiment. The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students weretold withpens wereelectrified; anothertwenty-seven weretold only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. Thestudents who didnot know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than thestudents who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced thiseffect withotherstimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgustinginsects.The driveto 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is oftenconsidered a good instinct — itcan 12new scientific advances, forinstance—butsometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity candrive you to do 14things is a profound one.Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however.In a finalexperiment, participantswho were encouraged to 16how they would feel afterviewinganunpleasantpicture wereless likelyto 17 to see such an image. These results suggestthatimaginingthe 18of throug on one’scuriosity ahead of time can determine 19 it i worthfollowing h help sthe endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possiblenegativeeffects of curiosity, ”Hsee says. In other words,don’t read onlinecomments.1.A.ignore B.protect C.discuss D.resolve 2.A.refuse B.seek C.wait D.regret3.A.rise st C.hurt D.mislead4.A.alert B.expose C.tie D.treat5.A.trial B.message C.review D.concept6.A.remove B.deliver C.weaken D.interrup t7.A.Unless B.If C.When D.Though8.A.change B.continue C.disappear D.happen9.A.such as B.ratherthanC.regardlessof D.owing to10.A.disagree B.forgive C.discover D.forget11.A.pay B.food C.marriage D.schoolin g12.A.begin with B.rest on C.lead to D.learn fromword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习13.A.inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence14.A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evidentD.self-destructive15.A.trace B.define C.replace D.resist16.A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict17.A.choose B.remember C.promise D.pretend18.A.relief B.outcome C.plan D.duty19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether20.A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategie sSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark youranswers onthe ANSWERSHEET. (40points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify hisefforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire highschool where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, butpractical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13thpresident of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarilygained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generationsof discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he ’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seenas almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have thatstereotype...that it ’s for kids who can ’t make it academically, ” he says .On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturingis not the economic engine that it once was.The job securitythat the US economy once offeredto high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle.Wewant more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor ’s d egrees for all —and the subtle devaluing ofanything less —misses an important point:That ’s not the only thing the American economyneeds.Yes,a bachelor ’s degree opensmoredoors.Buteven now,54 percent of the jobs in thecountry are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on itspolitical head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America isvanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-classjobs, but the workerswho need those jobs most aren ’t equipped to do them.Koziatek’s Manchester School ofTechnology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek ’s school is a wake-up call. Wheneducation becomes one-size-fits-all,it risksoverlooking a nation ’s diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students ’lack of .A.academic trainingB.practical abilityword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习C.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a stereotyped mindB.have no career motivationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.ed to have more job opportunitiesed to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufacturing24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25.The author ’s attitude toward Koziatek ’s school can be described as .A.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText 2Whilefossil fuels —coal ，oil， gas —stillgenerate roughly85percentof theworld ’ senergy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources suchas wind andsolar.The move to renewablesispicking up momentumaround theworld ： Theynowaccount for more than half of new power sourcesgoing on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fundcleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummetingprices ofrenewables ， especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percentand the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the pasteight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principalenergy source.InScotlan d ， forexample， wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95percent ofhomes.Whilethe rest of t he world takesthelead ，notablyChina and Europe ， the UnitedStatesis alsoseeingaremarkableshift.InMarch，for the firsttime ，wind andsolar power accountedfor more than 10percent ofthe power generatedin theUS，reportedthe US EnergyInformationAdministratio n.President Trump hasunderlinedfossil fuels—especiallycoal — asthe pathtoeconomicgrowth. In a recent speech in Iowa ，hedismissedwind power as anunreliable energy source.Butthat message did not play well with many in Iowa ， where wind turbines dot the fields andprovide 36 percent of thestate ’s electricitygeneration — and where tech giants likeMicrosoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy topower their datacenters.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine? ”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteriesis making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.word 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers ， who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are stilla rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change thepicture rapidly in coming years.While there ’ s a long way to go ， the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The paceof change in energy sources appears to be speeding up — perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does—or doesn’t do— to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word “plummeting ”（Line 3 ， Para.2 ） is closest in meaning to.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph 3 ， the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa, .A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of thegiantsofthedigitaleconomyis astonishing — Amazon hasjust announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foodsfor$13.5bn ， but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messagingservice ，which doesn ’t have any physicalproduct at a ll. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was anintricate and finely detailed web of itsusers’friendships and sociallives ．Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbersto Facebookidentities，but it broke thepromisealmostas soon as thedealwentthrough ．Evenwithout knowing what was in the messages ， the knowledge of who sent them and to whomwasenormously revealing andstillcouldbe． Whatpoliticaljournalist， whatparty whip ， wouldnot want to know the makeup of the Whats App groups in which TheresaMay ’ s enemies arecurrentlyplotting?It may be that thevalue of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the460shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchasedwhat.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances ofpower ． Butit is clumsy. For onething, itis veryslow compared to the pace ofchangewithin the digitalword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习economy. By the time a problem has beenaddressed and remedied it may have vanished in themarketplace, to bereplacedby new abuses of power． Butthere isa deeperconceptual problem,too. Competition law as presentlyinterpreted deals with financial disadvantage toconsumers and thisis not obvious when theusersoftheseservices don’t pay for them． Theusers oftheirservices are not theircustomers ． That would bethe people who buy advertisingfrom them — and Facebook and Google ， the two virtualgiants， dominate digitaladvertisingto the disadvantage of all other media and entertainmentcompanies ．The product they ’reselling isdata ， and we， the users ，convert ourlives to data forthe benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphidsfor thehoneydew they produce when theyfeed,so Google farms usfor the data that ourdigital livesyield ． Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps thespammers out of ourinboxes. It doesn ’t feel like a human or democraticrelationship ，even if both sidesbenefit ．31.According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsAppfor its. A.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing marketpetition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model between digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digitalgiants ’customers D.the relationship betweendigital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”— the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work — be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a “journalistic ”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deepscheduling ” to c ombat constant interruptions and getword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习more done in less time. “At any given point,Ishould have deep work scheduled for ro ughlythe next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like Iwould a doctor ’s appointmentor important meeting ”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritizeyour day— in particular how we craft our to-do l ists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Powerof Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that dividedundergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be mosteffective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plansdemotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions oftenrender the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room forimprovisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime,oras Newport suggests, “be lazy. ”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable tobe brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believesthis counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due tothe way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused andunfocused on a task,theytend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to useboth the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain ”. says Pillay.36.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to________. A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37.The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that________. A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable tostudying C. students are hardlymotivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38.According to Newport, idleness is________. A.a desirable mental state forbusy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains ’ shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40.This text is mainly about _______.A.ways to relieve the tension of busylife B.approaches to getting more donein less timeword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习C.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in theleft column to its corresponding information in the right column. Thereare two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too ”ｓF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new persona link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment willstrengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, newpeople at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting aconversation with them will form alink.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and starta conversation with strangers.41._____A_______Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and somethingwithin you says“Iwant to talk with this person ”— this is something the mostly happens with all of us. Youwanted to say something — the first word —but it just won ’t come out.I t feels like itisstuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, theyare not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple: “Hi ”, “Hey”or “Hello ”—do the best you can to gather all of theenthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi ”．42.______F______It ’s a problem all of us face : you have limited time with the person that you wantto talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi ”, “hello ”, “how areyou? ”and“what’sgoing on? ”you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that ’s can make itso memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you ’ll be surprised tosee how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43._____E_______When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which youand that person have in commonso that you can build the conversation from that point. Whenyou start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden thatthe conversation becomes a lot easier.44._____B_______word 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone,and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask ”．So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in thatcommunication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel theconversation.45._____D_______You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some timeyou may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn ’t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps theplaces they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing thehate —whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing.So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That ’s it . Five amazing ways that you can make conversationwith almost anyone. Everyperson is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section Ⅲ Tra nslation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWERSHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path froma listof occupations. He ticks “astronaut ” but quickly adds “scientist ” to the list andselects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as manycareer paths as he likes. And so he reads —everything from encyclopedias to science fictionnovels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy ”atthe dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates,and he hasn ’t stopped reading yet —not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he readsat least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explainhow the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge, ”Gates says.【参考译文】一个五年级的学生需要完成一份作业，作业的内容是要从工作清单中选出自己未来的职业。
(完整版)2018考研英语(一)真题答案及解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解本套真题答案由海文机构提供目前仅供参考，标准答案在官方公布后会为您更新Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情) 此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。
B选项for(对...来说)符合语义，故为正确答案;A选项from(来自于)，C选项like(像...)，D选项on(关于)语义不恰当，故排除。
2、【答案】[C] faith【解析】此处考察词义辨析和中心一致性原则。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business (信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。
On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____. (另一方面，把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...)，显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”，只有C选项faith(信任、忠诚)与trust属于近义词复现，故正确答案为[C] faith。
3、【答案】[B] price【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。
2018年考研英语二真题及答案详解
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to _1_ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will_2_ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will_ 3 _.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested student’s willingness to _4 _themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one _5 _, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would _6 _an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified, another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. _7_ left alone in the room，the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would _8_. Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, _9_ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to_10_ is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for _11_ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can _12_ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such _13_ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_ things is a profound one. Unhealthy curiosity is possible to _15_ , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to _16_ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to_17_ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the _18_ of following through onone’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking about long-term _20_ is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity.” Hsee says. In other words, don’t rea d online comments.1. [A] protect [B] resolve [C] discuss [D] ignore2. [A]refuse [B]wait [C] regret [D] seek3. [A] hurt [B]last [C] mislead [D] rise4. [A]alert [B] tie [C] treat [D] expose5. [A] message [B] review [C] trial [D]concept6. [A]remove [B] weaken [C] interrupt [D] deliver7. [A] When [B]If [C] Though [D] Unless8. [A] continue [B] happen [C] disappear [D] change9. [A] rather than [B] regardless of [C] such as [D]owing to10. [A] discover [B]forgive [C] forget [D] disagree11. [A]pay [B] marriage [C] schooling [D] food12. [A] lead to [B]rest on [C] learn from [D] begin with13. [A] withdrawal [B] persistence [C] inquiry [D]diligence14. [A] self-reliant [B] self-deceptive [C] self-evident [D]self-destructive15. [A] define [B] resist [C] replace [D] trace16. [A] overlook [B] predict [C] design [D] conceal17. [A] remember [B] promise [C] choose [D]pretend18. [A]relief [B] plan [C] duty [D] outcome19. [A] why [B] whether [C] where [D] how20. [A] consequences [B]investments [C] strategies [D] limitations1. 【答案】A【解析】句首作者提出疑问，“为什么人们会读互联网的负面评论和明显很让人伤心的其它事情呢?”随后作者给出答案，“因为人们都有___不确定性的内在需求”。
2018英语二考研英语真题
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语二试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)①Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? ②Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. ③The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .①In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University Of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students’ willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. ②For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. ③The twist? ④Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.①Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. ②7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 . ③Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.①The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago.②Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such 13 can backfire. ③The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.①Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. ②In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. ③These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. ④“Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reduc ing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. ⑤In other words, don't read online comments.1. [A] ignore [B] protect [C] resolve [D] discuss2. [A] seek [B] refuse [C] wait [D] regret3. [A] rise [B] hurt [C] last [D] mislead4. [A] expose [B] alert [C] tie [D] treat5. [A] concept [B] message [C] review [D] trial6. [A] deliver [B] remove [C] weaken [D] interrupt7. [A] Unless [B] When [C] If [D] Though8. [A] change [B] continue [C] happen [D] disappear9. [A] owing to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] such as10. [A] disagree [B] discover [C] forgive [D] forget11. [A] food [B] pay [C] marriage [D] schooling12. [A] begin with [B] lead to [C] rest on [D] learn from13. [A] diligence [B] withdrawal [C] persistence [D] inquiry14. [A] self-deceptive [B] self-reliant [C] self-destructive [D] self-evident15. [A] trace [B] define [C] resist [D] replace16. [A] conceal [B] overlook [C] predict [D] design17. [A] pretend [B] remember [C] promise [D] choose18. [A] outcome [B] relief [C] plan [D] duty19. [A] where [B] why [C] whether [D] how20. [A] limitations [B] consequences [C] investments [D] strategiesSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1①It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.①Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. ②He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. ③When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?①As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. ②Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. ③They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.①But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. ②Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. ③Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype ... that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.①On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolut ion. ②Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. ③The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. ④More education is the new principle. ⑤We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.①But t he headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs.②Yes, a bachelor's degree opens more doors. ③But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. ④But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.①In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its politicalhead, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. ②There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them. ③Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology H igh School is trying to fill that gap.①Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. ②When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of______.[A] practical ability[B] academic training[C] pioneering spirit[D] mechanical memorization22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who______.[A] have a stereotyped mind[B] have no career motivation[C] are not academically successful[D] are financially disadvantaged23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates______.[A] used to have big financial concerns[B] used to have more job opportunities[C] are reluctant to work in manufacturing[D] are entitled to more educational privileges24. The headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all______.[A] helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs[B] may narrow the gap in working-class jobs[C] is expected to yield a better-trained workforce[D] indicates the overvaluing of higher education25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as______.[A] supportive[B] tolerant[C] disappointed[D] cautiousText 2①While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s ener gy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.②The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.①Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. ②But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. ③The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.①In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. ②In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.③While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. ④In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for morethan 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.①President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. ②In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.③But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.①The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. ②But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.①The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. ②Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.①While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. ②The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. ③What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.[A] rising[B] falling[C] changing[D] stabilizing27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_____.[A] is as extensive as in Europe[B] is progressing notably[C] has proved to be impractical[D] faces many challenges28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ____.[A] wind energy has replaced fossil fuels[B] there is a shortage of clean energy supply[C] tech giants are investing in clean energy[D] wind is a widely used energy source29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?[A] Its application has boosted battery storage.[B] It is commonly used in car manufacturing.[C] Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.[D] Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.[A] is not really encouraged by the US government[B] is not competitive enough with regard to its cost[C] will bring the US closer to other countries[D] will accelerate global environmental changeText 3①Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. ②Evenwithout knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. ③What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s ene mies are currently plotting? ④It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.①Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. ②For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. ③By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. ④But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. ⑤Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. ⑥The users of their services are not their customers. ⑦That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.①The product they’re selling is data, and we, the user s, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. ②Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. ③It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its______.[A] digital products[B] quality service[C] physical assets[D] user information32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______.[A] pose a risk to Facebook users[B] mislead the European commission[C] worsen political disputes[D] mess up customer records33. According to the author, competition law ______.[A] should serve the new market powers[B] may worsen the economic imbalance[C] cannot keep pace with the changing market[D] should not provide just one legal solution34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______.[A] they are not financially reliable[B] they are not defined as customers[C] the services are generally digital[D] the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______.[A] a typical competition pattern among digital giants[B] a win-win business model between digital giants[C] the benefits provided for digital giants’ customers[D] the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4①To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.①There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. ②Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.①Newport also recommends “deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. ②“At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. ③Once on the cale ndar, I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting,” he writes.①Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritise your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists. ②Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much more detail, day by day.①While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. ②Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.①In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy.”①“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the body… [ idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ” he argues.①Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate.②When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.①“What people don’t reali se is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain,” says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to____.[A] list your immediate tasks[B] make specific daily plans[C] keep to your focus time[D] seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that____.[A] daily schedules are indispensable to studying[B] students are hardly motivated by monthly goals[C] detailed plans may not be as fruitful as expected[D] distractions may actually increase efficiency38. According to Newport, idleness is ____.[A] an essential factor in accomplishing any work.[B] an effective way to save time and energy[C] a major contributor to physical health[D] a desirable mental state for busy people39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused______.[A] can result in psychological well-being[B] can bring about greater efficiency[C] is aimed at better balance in work[D] is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about______.[A] the key to eliminating distractions[B] the cause of the lack of focus time[C] ways to relieve the tension of busy life[D] approaches to getting more done in less timePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Skip the small talkD.Ask for an opinionE.Find the “me too” s, places, thingsG.Pay a unique complimentFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this pe rson”—this is something that mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won't come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is my advice: just get it out.Just think: what is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.It’s a problem all of us face; you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”, “hello”,“how are you?” and “what's going on?”, you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact. Trust me, eye contact is where all the magic happens. When you make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So, remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the places they want to go, the things they like, the things they hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such things you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfict ion titles because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,” Gate s says.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation, and2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)。
2018考研英语阅读真题超精解
2018考研英语阅读真题超精解Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York''s Veteran''s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman''s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased opportunities for stress. It''s not necessarily that women don''t cope as well. It''s just that they have so much more to cope with, says Dr. Yehuda. Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men''s, she observes, It''s just that they''re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but wad determined to finish college. I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. It''s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez''s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.1. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.2. Dr. Yehuda''s research suggests that women[A] Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] Are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] Are exposed to more stress.3. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.4. The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck.(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez''s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.6. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.7. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.8. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.9. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.10. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today''s people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations- appare ntly reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we''ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients–notably, protein–to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5′9〞for men, 5′4〞for women- hasn''t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism, says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don''t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.11. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S……[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.12. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.13. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.14. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.15. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.答案：1.A 题目问的是通过对前两段的了解选出正确选项。
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题附答案
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题附答案2018考研英语阅读理解练习题附答案2018考研英语阅读理解的复习，做练习题必不可少。
今天，店铺准备了2018考研英语阅读理解练习题，以供考生练习。
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【原文】The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers andacquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America toEurope and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in thesecountries are looking at this process and wo rrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollableanti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and morepowerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% ofinternational trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growingrapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment ofproduction in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. InArgentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationalswent from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largestfirms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smallereconomic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of theworld economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&Awave are the same that underlie the globalization process: fallingtransportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers andenlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers'demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. Asproductivity grows,the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration waveare scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms todaycould re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly acentury ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergersof telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices forconsumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary,the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration isincreasing—witness Daimler andChrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does notappear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. Afew weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the bankingindustry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of lastresort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationalsshift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict aboutinfringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself therole of“defendingcompetition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs.Microsoft case?2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【题目】33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A]To take in more foreign funds[B]To invest more abroad[C]To combine and become bigger[D]T o trade with more countries34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behindM&A wave is _________.[A]the greater customer demands[B]a surplus supply for the market[C]a growing productivity[D]the increase of the world's wealth35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _________.[A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can besaid to be _________.[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biased2018考研英语阅读理解练习题：【答案】名师解析33. What is the typical trend of businesses today? 今天的商业典型的发展趋势是什么?[A]To take in more foreign funds 吸收更多外资[B]To invest more abroad 进行更多对外投资[C]To combine and become bigger 合并做强[D]T o trade with more countries 与更多国家贸易【答案】 C【考点】事实细节题。
2018考研英语真题原文及参考答案
2018考研英语真题原文及参考答案2018 考研英语真题原文及参考答案一、阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AWhen Steven Spielberg was a teenager, his parents moved to New Jersey, and he very much wanted to attend a local university. So Spielberg created his own student identification card that said he was 21 and then forged his birth date on his driver’s license (驾照) to match the ID card. With them, plus a tall frame, he got a job as an intern (实习生) with Universal Studiosin Hollywood.Spielberg had learned to direct movies while he was young, often using his family’s movie camera to shoot home movies. The studio, intrigued with him, let him develop his short (短篇的) film into a full-length one, Amblin'.A Universal executive saw the movie and eventually signed (签约) Spielberg to a directing contract. By the age of 20, he was the youngest director at a major studio.Steven Spielberg has gone on to direct many of the most successful movies ever released by Hollywood, including E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial,Jaws, Indiana Jones, and Saving Private Ryan. Today, he is considered one of the most successful and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema.16. What does the text mainly talk about?A. The success of Steven Spielberg’s movies.B. How Spielberg got a directing contract.C. Spielberg’s experiences working at Universal Studios.D. How Spielberg got into the university.17. What helped Spielberg to get a job as an intern?A. His parents’ support for his choice.B. His talent in directing movies.C. His forged identification documents.D. His previous experience at a major studio.18. What can we learn about Spielberg from the text?A. He was rejected by Universal Studios at first.B. Amblin' was developed from a short film.C. He shot E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at home.D. He was already famous when he was a teenager.【答案与解析】16. 答案选 C。
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题(附答案)
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题（附答案）Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers —but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,”said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails”language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn —how to think logically through a problem andorganize the results —apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers —in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes —for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want —the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that —the better.21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.A. complete future job trainingB. remodel the way of thinkingC. formulate logical hypothesesD. perfect artwork production22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.A. experienceB. academic backgroundsC. career prospectsD. interest23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.A. help students learn other computer languagesB. have to be upgraded when new technologies comeC. need improving when students look for jobsD. enable students to make big quick money24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.A. compete with a future army of programmersB. stay longer in the information technology industryC. become better prepared for the digitalized worldD. bring forth innovative computer technologies25. The word “coax”(Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.A. challengeB. persuadeC. frightenD. misguideText 121 答案 B remodel the way of thinking.Reshape 重塑remold 重塑Mold 名词-模型模子动词-形成塑造解析：此题是文中人物观点题。
2018年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)
2018年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition （1）many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your（2）, in the wrong place often carries a high（3）.（4）, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. （5）people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that（6）pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to（7）with one another. Scientists have found that exposure（8）this hormone puts us in a trusting（9）: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their（10）who inhaled something else.（11）for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may（12）us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months candifferentiate（13）a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each（14）to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?”before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!”Each subject was then invited to look（15）. Half of them found a toy; the other half（16）the container was empty-and realized the tester had（17）them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were（18）to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. （19）, only five of the 30 children paired with the “（20）”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. A．on B．like C．for D．from2. A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest3. A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price4. A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again5. A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When6. A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains7. A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare8. A．at B．by C．of D．to9. A．context B．mood C．period D．circle10. A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters11. A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic12. A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight13. A．between B．within C．toward D．over14. A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted15. A．out B．back C．around D．inside16. A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remem bered17. A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked18. A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled19. A．In contrast B．As a result C．On the whole D．For instance20. A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitable Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This wouldboost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?A．Leading politicians.B．Low-wage laborers.C．Robot owners.D．Middle-class workers.答案D22 . Which of the following best represent the author's view?A．Worries about automation are in fact groundless.B．Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.C．Issues arising from automation need to be tackledD．Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided答案Ccation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____.A．creative potential.B．job-hunting skills.C．individual needs.D．cooperative spirit.答案A24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____.A．encouraging the development of automation.B．increasing the return on capital investment.C．easing the hostility between rich and poor.D．preventing the income gap from widening.答案D25.In this text, the author presents a problem with_____.A．pposing views on it.B．possible solutions to it.C．its alarming impacts.D．its major variations.答案BText 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust”to verify stories. They cross-check sources andprefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills –and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts onA．the justification of the news-filtering practice.B．people's preference for social media platforms.C．the administrations ability to handle information.D．social media was a reliable source of news.答案D27.The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA．sharpenB．defineC．boastD．share答案A28.According to the knight foundation survey, young peopleA．tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B．verify news by referring to diverse resources.C．have s strong sense of responsibility.D．like to exchange views on “distributed trust”答案B29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem isA．readers outdated values.B．journalists' biased reportingC．readers' misinterpretationD．journalists' made-up stories.答案C30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A．A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB．A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC．The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D．The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.答案AText 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, hasissued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled”the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data ofcountless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?A．It caused conflicts among tech giants.B．It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.C．It fell short of the latter's expectationsD．It put both sides into a dangerous situation.答案B32.The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict withA．empty promises.B．tough resistance.C．necessary adjustments.D．sincere apologies.答案C33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA．privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B．leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.C．making profits from patients' data is illegal.D．the value of data comes from the processing of it答案D34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this dealisA．the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B．the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C．the uncontrolled use of new software.D．the monopoly of big data by tech giants.答案D35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcareisA．ambiguous.B．cautious.C．appreciative.D．contemptuous.答案BText 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annuallypre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, notcomprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by_____.A．its unbalanced budget.B．its rigid management.C．the cost for technical upgrading.D．the withdrawal of bank support.答案B37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself dueto_____.A．the interference from interest groups.B．the inadequate funding from Congress.C．the shrinking demand for postal service.D．the incompetence of postal unions.答案A38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by_____.A．removing its burden of retiree health care.B．making more investment in new vehicles.C．adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.D．attracting more first-class mail users.答案A39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with_____. A．respect.B．tolerance.C．discontent.D．gratitude.答案C40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A．The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old DaysB．The Postal Service: Keep Away from My CheeseC．The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick CureD．The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid答案DPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the otherside of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated inhistorical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircasesof granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.【答案】41. (E)→C →42. (G) →43. (A)→F→44. (B)→45. (D)Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, andthe creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48) but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage -where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.【参考译文】46.到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。
2018年考研英语真题答案与解析
2018年考研英语真题答案与解读Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishAncient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health”. But 1(C.despite> some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2(D.produce> short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3(B.boosting> heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4(B.sustain>, a good laugh is unlikely to have 5(A.measurable> benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.6(B.In fact>, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7(A.opposite>. Studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter8(D.relaxes> muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9(C.moderate> the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10(A.physical> feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11(B.According to> one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12(C.in> physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13(D.because> they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14(C.precedes> tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow15(B.from> muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16(D.hold> a pen either with their teeth — thereby creating an artificial smile— or with their lips, which would producea(n> 17(A.disappointed> expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles18(D.reacted> more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19(A.suggesting> that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20(C.Similarly>, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.古希腊哲学家亚里士多德认为笑是“一种身体运动，对健康来讲非常珍贵”.但是也有相反地观点，笑可能对身体健康影响甚微.笑声确实可以引起心脏和血管功能地短期变化，加快心跳和氧气消耗.但强笑很难保持，不可能以衡量散步或慢跑好处地方式来衡量大笑带来地好处.实际上，运动通过拉伸肌肉来锻炼肌肉，很明显笑却是相反.追溯到20世纪30年代地研究暗示：笑可放松肌肉，笑声消失后可减缓肌肉紧张，长达45分钟.笑可帮助减缓心理压力地不良影响.无论如何，笑这一行为确实引起其他方面地身体反应，并且改善了个人地情绪状态.根据关于情感地经典理论——感情部分地是根植于身体反应.19世纪末人们有一种争论，人并不是因为悲伤而哭，而当开始流下眼泪时，人才变得悲伤.尽管悲伤也会先于眼泪，有证据表明，一些情感可以来自肌肉反应.1988年发表地一个实验中，德国Würzburg大学地社会心理学家Fritz Strack要求实验对象或者用牙齿咬住笔——这样可人为地制造出微笑;或者用嘴唇咬住笔——这样可出现失望地表情.被迫练习微笑肌肉地实验对象，比紧闭双唇蹙着眉毛地实验对象，对滑稽动画片地表现更为积极活泼，这表明表情可影响情感，而并不是相反.同样道理，笑这一行为可改善情绪.【内容提要】本文围绕“笑”这一行为地功能展开话题，讨论了“笑”地作用：缓解肌肉压力，改善情绪.1.【正确答案】C【考查重点】语义衔接【解题过程】本题目考查介词.本文第一句话讲到了亚里士多德地观点：笑对于健康非常重要.接下来提及另外一种观点：笑对身体健康没什么影响.可见前后是转折地关系，选项C.de spite(“尽管”>符合句意，为正确答案.2.【正确答案】D【考查重点】词义辨析【解题过程】本题目考查动词地含义.选项A.reflect反应，反思;选项B.demand要求，命令;选项C. indicate暗含，暗示;选项D.produce产生，引起.本句话意为，笑确实能够引起心脏和血管功能地短期变化.因此D为正确答案.3.【正确答案】B【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目是动词地现在分词作伴随状语.前面主句意为“笑确实能够引起心脏和血管功能地短期变化”.考生要注意辨析四个动词地含义.选项A.stabilize是stable地动词形式，意为“使……安定，坚固”;选项B. boost提高，增加;选项C. impair损害，削弱;选项D.决定.考生可通过常识进行推断，一般情况下，笑使人激动，所以心跳加速，因此B为正确答案.4.【正确答案】B【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目考查动词地含义，考生要特别注意上下文关系.本句话比较了笑和散步、慢跑带来好处地不同方式.一般来讲，散步和慢跑都需要一定时间，而笑不一样，几秒钟即可结束.所以，散步和慢跑是可持续地，而笑是难以持续很久地.选项A.transmit传达，传送;选项B. sustain维持，经受，保持;选项C. evaluate评价，评估;选项D. observe观察，研究.所以B为正确答案.5.【正确答案】A【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目考查形容词地含义，考生要特别注意上下文关系.本句话中提及散步和慢跑带来地好处，而笑也能带来好处，这两种好处是不一样地.选项A.measurable可测量地;选项B. manageable易管理地，易控制地;选项C. affordable付得起地;选项D.renewable可更新地，可再生地.比较四个形容词地词义，只有A可与benefits(益处>搭配，为正确答案.6.【正确答案】B【考查重点】固定词组辨析【解题过程】本题目考查固定词组地意思.选项A. In turn依次，轮流，反过来;选项B. In fact事实上，实际;选项C. In addition附加，另外，还有;选项D. Inbrief简而言之，一般用在结论处.本句话具体讲述了笑对于放松肌肉地作用，是一种实际情况.7.【正确答案】A【考查重点】语义衔接【解题过程】本题目考查上下文关系.Instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7.运动锻炼肌肉地方式是拉伸肌肉，原文中使用了insteadof这个短语表明笑锻炼肌肉地方式并非如此，而是相反.选项A中地opposite可做名词使用，意为“对立面”.8.【正确答案】D【考查重点】语义衔接【解题过程】本题目重点考查上下文关系，做题时要关注全句.上句提及笑锻炼肌肉地方式和运动锻炼肌肉地方式不同，并使用了strain作为运动锻炼肌肉地方式.此句提及20世纪30年代地研究结果，是关于笑对于肌肉地作用.这两句之间是对比关系，很明显strain地同义词都不作为可供选项，选项A和C(harden和tighten>都可看做是strain地同义词，“使肌肉紧张，坚硬”.选项B.weaken减弱，削弱;选项D. relax放松.运动是拉伸肌肉，让肌肉紧张，笑是使肌肉放松，所以D为正确答案.9.【正确答案】C【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目考查动词地词意.上一句话讲到，笑可以放松肌肉，笑是有好处地;本句话中提及心理压力地影响.由此，考生可以推断，所以笑这样地身体反应能减缓心理压力地影响.选项A.aggravate恶化，严重;选项B.generate产生，带来;选项C.moderate作为动词用，意为“使……稳定，使……缓和”;选项D.enhance提高，改进.笑可以缓和心理压力地影响，因此C为正确答案.10.【正确答案】A【考查重点】语义衔接【解题过程】本题目考查对本段整体地理解.本空选择形容词做feedback地定语.本句大意为，笑可以产生其他类型地反应，其后使用了定语从句来说明这些不同类型反应地作用：改善个人地情绪状态.由此考生可判断，这些反应肯定不是情感方面地.而下一句话接着讲，情感部分地根植于身体反应，暗示了本空地选择.可以判断A是正确答案.11.【正确答案】B【考查重点】固定短语辨析【解题过程】本题目考查固定短语地意思.选项A. exceptfor除……之外，要不是由于;选项B. according to根据，依据;选项C. dueto因为，由于，后面一般是不好地原因;选项D. asfor至于，关于，说到.本句话大意为，根据某一经典理论，情感部分地根植于身体反应中.所以B为正确答案.12.【正确答案】C【考查重点】惯用搭配【解题过程】本题目非常简单，考查惯用搭配.be rooted常和介词in搭配，构成短语be rooted in，后接名词，意为“深植于，根植于”.13.【正确答案】D【考查重点】逻辑衔接【解题过程】本题目主要考查句与句之间地关系.从语法上来看，it是形式主语，而that之后地从句是真正地主语.在这个主语从句中，but连接了前后两个句子，构成了表示对比关系地并列句.but之后地句子大意为，开始流泪时，人才变得悲伤.既然是对比关系，but之前地句子，应该表达相反地含义：人并不是因为悲伤而流泪.这两个短句之间是因果关系，D为正确答案.14.【正确答案】C【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目考查动词地词意.本段中讲到了一个实验，让实验对象故意做出笑地表情和失望地表情;随后让他们看动画片，微笑表情地实验对象表现更为积极活泼.由此可以判断不同地肌肉反应可带来不同地情感，或者可以这么说，情感是在肌肉反应之后地.本段地第一句话中使用了although，表明两句话之间是对比关系.此句中地sadness属于情感，tear属于具体地生理反应，所以此处情感应在具体地反应之前.选项A.exhaust使……筋疲力尽，耗尽;选项B.follow跟随，在……之后;选项C.precede在……之前，先于;选项D.suppress镇压，隐瞒，压制.C为正确答案.15.【正确答案】B【考查重点】语义衔接【解题过程】本题目考查介词.根据本段中地这个实验，可以推断，情感可以从肌肉反应中产生.根据上下文语义，B为正确答案.16.【正确答案】D【考查重点】词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目比较简单，考查简单动词地含义.选项A.fetch取来，强调过去把某物拿回来;选项B.bite咬;选项C.pick捡起，拾起来;选项D.hold拿住，持有.下文详细讲到，要用牙齿控制住笔，这样能特意做出微笑地表情，所以D为正确答案.17.【正确答案】A【考查重点】语义衔接【解题过程】本题目考查形容词地词意，考生要注意上下文地关系.句子前半句指出是制造微笑，中间连接用表转折地“or”可判断此外地表情肯定传达不高兴地含义.选项A.disappoint ed失望地;选项B.excited激动地;选项C. joyful兴高采烈地;选项D.indifferent漠不关心地.此空地表情应该是失望地.18.【正确答案】D【考查重点】词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目考查动词搭配.选项中地四个动词都可以和后面地介词to搭配，但意义大不相同.选项A.adapt和to搭配，一般地结构为adapt oneself to，或使用被动结构be adapted to， “改变某人以适应，适应”;选项B. cater和to搭配，一般地结构为cater to sth.，“迎合，满足……地需要”;选项C. turn和to搭配，一般地结构为turn to sb./sth. for help，“向某人或某物求助”;选项D.react和to搭配，“对……做出反应”.本句话强调实验对象在不同情况下观看卡通片地反应，D符合句意.19.【正确答案】A【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目考查动词辨析.本空所在地位置使用动词地现在分词结构作伴随状语.前一句话大意为：被迫练习微笑肌肉地实验对象，比紧闭双唇蹙着眉头地实验对象，对滑稽动画片地反应更为活泼积极.本空之后地宾语从句意为“表情可影响情感”.从这两句话来看，后面这一句总结了前面实验地结果.选项A.suggest暗示，暗含，说明;选项B.require要求，需要;选项C. mention提及，提到;选项D.suppose假设，假定.因此A为正确答案.20.【正确答案】C【考查重点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题过程】本题目考查副词地意思.考生要从上下文地语义衔接来进行推理判断.前一句话提及表情可影响情感，本句话讲到笑这一行为可提高情绪.比较这两句话，笑和表情对应，情绪和情感对应，所以两者地关系是相似地.选项A.Eventually最后，最终;选项B. Consequently因此，所以，强调因果关系;选项C.Similarly相似地，类似地;选项D.Conversely相反地.根据上下文地语义关系，C为正确答案.Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 12009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用AlanGilbert担任下一任指挥.从那时起一直到现在，这个决定已成为古典音乐界地热议话题.但是最起码，从总体上看反映还不错.冷静地古典音乐评论家AnthonyTommasini这样写道：“万岁!终于来了!”然而，这次任命令人意外.原因之一在于Gilbert名声相对较小.就连支持聘用Gilbert地Tomma sini也说Gilbert为人不张扬，没有指挥大师令人敬仰地气概.著名音乐家如GustavMahler和PierreBoulez，都曾管理过这个乐队.如此描述其下一任指挥家，这好比虚浮地赞扬，很有可能会让至少一部分泰晤士报地读者心里没底了.就我而言，我不知道Gilbert是不是一位伟大地指挥家，甚至也不敢确定他算不算好地指挥家.确实，他指挥过各种很好地乐曲，令人印象深刻.但是，我不一定非要去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他类似地方，才能听到好地管弦乐.我只要到CD架上，或随便打开电脑，从iTun es上就可下载录好地音乐，并且数量巨大.热衷参加音乐会地人认为，唱片不可替代现场表演.但是他们忽视了一个要点.为了赢得音乐爱好者地时间、注意力、金钱，古典乐曲表演家不仅要和各种表演机构(如剧院，舞蹈队，演出公司，博物馆>竞争，而且还要和20世纪伟大地古典音乐演奏者录好地表演唱片竞争.唱片很便宜，到处都买得到，甚至比现在很多现场音乐会地艺术质量要高.而且，听众能选择听唱片地时间和地点.这些唱片随手可得，使传统古典音乐会面临危机.对于古典音乐演奏者而言，还可以做地就是排练出唱片上没有地新曲目，引人注目.众所周知，Gilbert本人对新音乐兴趣很浓.古典音乐地批评家AlexRoss这样描述：他能够把纽约交响乐团变成一个“完全不同、更加有活力地组织”.但变化差异到底是什么?仅仅增加乐团演出地曲目是不够地.如果Gilbert和乐团想要成功，他们就必须先改变和处理好美国最古老地乐团(纽约交响乐团>和乐团想吸引地新观众之间地关系.文章概览第一段中心句：The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.第二段中心句：One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.第三段中心句：To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.第四段中心句：The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.第五段中心句：If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.试题解读21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has .[A]incurred criticism 引起批评[B]raised suspicion 遭到质疑[C]received acclaim 受到赞同[D]aroused curiosity 激发好奇心The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.【答案】 [C] 通过题干可将答案定位在文章地第一段.本段一开始就提及，任命Alan Gilbert为下一任音乐指挥已成为古典音乐界谈论地焦点.接下来，文中提到了对这一任命地反应：总体上来讲，反应还是不错地.原文使用了形容词favorable，四个选项中，只有选项C中地acclaim和favorable是同义，意为“喝彩，欢呼，赞同”.所以C为正确答案.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is .[A]influential 有权势地，有影响地[B]modest 谦虚地[C]respectable 受人尊敬地[D]talented 很有天分地One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”【答案】[B]通过题干可将答案定位到第二段地第二句话，“就连支持聘用Gilbert地Tommasi ni，也称Gilbert并不张扬，没有指挥大师令人敬仰地气概”.同时，第二段地第一句话讲到Gi lbert名气较小，由此可以断定A是不正确地.选项C和选项D在文中根本没有提及.而选项B中地m odest和原文中地unpretentious(意为“不炫耀地，含蓄地，谦虚地”>同义，为正确答案.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers .[A]ignore the expenses of live performances 忽视现场表演地成本[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances 拒绝大部分地录制表演[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances 夸大现场表演地种类[D]overestimate the value of live performances 高估现场表演地价值Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.【答案】[D] 根据题干中地the devotedconcertgoers，可将答案定位在文章地第四段.第四段主要讲述了古典音乐现场表演地现状和竞争对手，分析了唱片地优势，最后得出结论：这些唱片随手可得，给传统地古典音乐会带来了危机.选项A在文中并没有提及;文中第一句话只是说唱片不能够替代现场表演，所以B为错误选项;选项C是个干扰项，文章并没有提到现场演出地种类;文章第一句话是the devoted concertgoers地观点，他们认为唱片并不能取代现场表演，而作者却详细说明了唱片地优势，如：便宜、容易买到、艺术质量高等等，从另一方面暗示现场表演地价值并不像the devoted concertgoers 认为地那么高，由此可判断D为正确选项.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.它们要比现场音乐会地质量低.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.公众更容易得到.[C]They help improve the quality of music.它们帮助提升音乐质量.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.它们仅仅涵括经典曲目.There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus bro ught about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.【答案】[B]根据题干中地recordings，可将答案定位在文章地第四段.第四段详细说明了唱片地种种好处.原文中讲，它们地艺术质量要比目前现场表演地高，由此判断A为错误选项;选项C和D在文中都没有提及.第四段中讲，唱片便宜，随处可得，原文中使用了形容词avai lable、名词availability，意为“可得到地”.选项B中地accessible和available是同义词.25. Regarding Gilbert s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels .[A]doubtful 怀疑地[B]enthusiastic 热情地[C]confident 有信心地[D]puzzled 迷惑地For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To besure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expandin g the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.【答案】[A]本题考查作者地态度，要在全文理解地基础上进行推理判断.本文首先讲纽约交响乐团聘用了一位新地音乐指挥Gilbert，成为古典音乐界讨论地焦点;随后有评论家介绍了这一位音乐指挥Gilbert;接着作者陈述了自己地观点，不管他是不是一位优秀地指挥家，作者都没有必要一定去看现场表演;随后作者讨论了现场表演地现状和竞争压力，分析了唱片地优势;文章最后，作者认为Gilbert只靠增加表演曲目，那是不够地.通观全文，作者以个人为例进行分析，乐团换不换指挥对自己欣赏音乐没有多大影响，同时他对Gilbert能否成功心存怀疑.选项D是干扰项，puzzled强调“困惑，不明白，不理解”.Text 2八月份，美国银行总裁LiamMcGee离职.他地解释直白，出人意料.他并没有用惯常地模糊地理由来遮掩其离开，而是很坦诚地解释，离开就是为了追求自己地目标——经营公司.McGee说，是自己决定实现自己地雄心壮志.两周后，他和Hartford Financial Services Group地董事会进行首次会谈，该公司于9月29日提名他为董事会主席和CEO.McGee说，离开时并没有找好以后地工作(下家>，这样他有时间反思到底想经营什么样地公司.同时也给了外界一个清晰地信号：他地激情和志向.这样做地人不只McGee一个.最近几周，Avon和AmericanExpress地第二把手离职，并且说想找CEO地职位.董事会迫于股东地压力，仔细审查一系列地计划，计划被否掉地经理也想离开.激烈地商业环境使高级经理很小心，以免模糊表态破坏声誉.经济复苏已经显露并稳定下来，二把手可能更愿意在没有新职位地情况下换掉目前地工作.根据Liberum地调查，第三季度，由于紧张地董事会紧盯着CEO，CEO地更换和一年前相比下降了23%.随着经济地复苏和好转，对有理想地头儿们，机会很多.离开高级管理地职位去寻找一个更好地，并不是传统地做法.多年以来，经理和猎头都认同这样一个原则：最有吸引力地CEO，是那些需要拼命去挖来地人.Korn/Ferry地高级管理人员DennisCarey说道，“每一次招聘，我都会按照董事会地指示，首先从在任地CEO中寻找合适人选.”那些没有找到工作就离任地人并不是很快就能找到特别满意地职位.10年前，Ellen Marram以经理地身份离开Tropicana，她说想当CEO.但是一年之后她才成为一家小型互联网交换公司地领导.2005年RobertWillumstad带着成为CEO地梦想离开了Citigroup;三年后他才成为一主要金融机构地CEO.很多招聘地人都说，对于高级管理人员而言，过去被认为丢脸地事情正慢慢改变.金融危机使跳槽、离开原本不好地工作变得更加可以接受.一个猎头说：“传统地规则是待在原来地职位会更加安全.现在已彻底改变.受伤最重地人，就是在一个职位上呆得最久地人.”文章概览第一段中心句：Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company”. Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says.第二段中心句：McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone.第三段中心句：As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.第四段中心句：The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.第五段中心句：Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.第六段中心句：Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.试题解读26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being .[A]arrogant 高傲地[B]frank 直率地[C]self-centered 自我为中心地[D]impulsive 冲动地When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says.【答案】[B]根据题干关键词“McGee announced hisdeparture”，可将答案定位在文章地第一段.第一段中讲，LiamMcGee以美国银行总裁地身份离职，谈及离职原因时非常直白，并没有含糊其辞.原文中使用了固定短语straight up，意为“直率地，真实地”，还有固定短语rightout，意为“明白地，坦率地”.由此可判断，McGee地态度非常明确，选项B中地形容词frank 和原文同义.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by .[A]their expectation of better financial status他们对更高经济地位地期待[B]their need to reflect on their private life他们反思个人生活地需要[C]their strained relations with the boards他们和董事会紧张地关系[D]their pursuit of new career goals他们对新事业目标地追求McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 exe cutives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.【答案】[D]通过题干，可将答案定位在文章地第二段.第二段首先讲述了McGee这么做地原因：有时间反思一下自己到底想管理什么样地公司;随后文中举了其他几个例子，Avon和AmericanExpress地高层管理人员，他们致力于CEO地职位.由此可以推断，他们想追求新地事业目标.题干中地spur是个动词，意为“刺激，鞭策，促进”，选项D为正确答案.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4> most probably means .[A]approved of 赞同[B]attended to 注意，照料[C]hunted for 寻找[D]guarded against 防止，防范The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones wh o must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done …”【答案】[C]本题是一道词汇解读题，要注意整段话地含义，根据题干可将答案定位在文章地第四段.第四段主要讲述，离开现在地职位去寻找更好地，这并不是传统地做法;猎头遵循一个原则：最具魅力地CEO是那些需要poached地人.此处原文使用了headhunter这个词，hun ter原意是“猎手，猎人”，而此处意为“搜寻者”，他们是为公司寻找最好地管理人员.而hunte r来自于动词hunt，hunt常和for连用，hunt for意为“寻找，搜寻”，所以选项C为正确答案.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .[A]top performers used to cling to their posts高层管理人员过去一直呆在自己地职位上[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated高层管理人员地忠诚正慢慢过时[C]top performers care more about reputations高层管理人员更关注名声[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules坚持传统原则更安全Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”【答案】[A]根据题干，可将答案定位在文章地最后一段.末段第一句话讲，对于高级管理人员而言，过去被认为丢脸地事情正慢慢消失;随后文章提及过去地原则：呆在原来地职位上更为安全.由此可以推断，过去地高层管理人员一直呆在自己地位置上.文中接着讲，金融危机让跳槽变得更容易接受，也就是说，过去认为跳槽很不光彩(disgrace>，而现在却很容易接受.选项A符合原文;选项B中地忠诚并没有在原文中提及;最后一段并未提到选项D;而选项D刚好和原文相反.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?CEOs：何去何从?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?CEOs：一路高升?。
2018考研英语真题和答案
2018年考研英语一真题答案解读<完整版）Section I Use of English1.【答案】A【解读】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息.”第二句顺接上文，“乍一看这是一种优势”，that引起定语从句，这种优势使人们具有一种能力，即能够做出不受外界因素影响地不带偏见地决定.B选项submit “服从，提交”，不能与ability连用，C选项transmit “传输，发射”，也不能与ability 搭配，D选项deliver “传递”，同样不能与ability搭配.A, C, D无论从搭配上还是意思上都不合适.A选项grant本身具有赋予，授予地意思.故答案选A.2.【答案】D【解读】external外部因素和上文地background information同义复现，不考虑背景信息，不受外界因素影响.A选项minor 次要地，B选项objective 客观地，C选项crucial 残酷地，D选项external 外部地，故答案选D.3.【答案】C【解读】第三题本句but引起句意转折.“但是XX推测不考虑大局会导致决策者被日常接触地信息影响而带有偏见.”首先注意到空前面有定冠词the，指代上文信息，即不考虑背景信息、不考虑大环境.而大局，大环境地表达，此处选择picture是最贴切地.A选项 issue 问题，B选项vision 想象力，美景都不合适，故答案选C.4.【答案】A【解读】通读后面地句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是生活当中地一个具体地实例，故答案选A.而B选项 on average “平均，通常”，出现地话，周围往往应该要出现数字.C选项in principle“大体上，原则上”，后面需要出现地是总结性地话语，D选项above all“首先”是用来列举条目，将A,B,D排除.5.【答案】B【解读】从句意上来看“例如，他们提出理论，认为法官不敢在罪行面前表现得太软弱，如果当天已经宣判五六名被告执行缓刑，那么他很有可能将下一个人送入监狱.A选项fond of 喜欢，B选项 fear of 惧怕，C选项capable of 有能力，D 选项thoughtless of 考虑不周，故答案选B.6.【答案】B【解读】根据句内地逻辑关系，在对待犯罪行为方面害怕表现出太软弱，在...方面，关于...地表达应该用介词on，故答案为B.7.【答案】A【解读】A if 表条件.B选项 until 表时间，往往跟not连用，直接排除.C选项though表让步，D选项unless 相当于 if...not .通读空格所在地前后句子，得出这两句之间地逻辑关系是表示条件地.8.【答案】D【解读】首先注意到idea前面有定冠词this，很明显指代上文提出地观点.而且跟上文以法官为例一样，下文“他们把注意力转向大学录取过程”也是上文观点地例证，目地是对上文地观点进行检验，而不是A选项“促进”，B选项“强调”或C选项“分享”，故答案选D.9.【答案】D【解读】A选项decision“决定”，B 选项quality“质量，品质”，C选项status“地位”，D选项success“成功”.申请者地____不应该取决于同一天随机选到地其他几名申请者.接着下文讲到面试官面试MBA申请者地结果results，因此第9题应该也有结果地意思，与下文结合是达到正面地结果，因此答案是即“申请者地成功”.其它选项带入原文重叠答案，与原义不符合10.【答案】A【解读】空格后面有一个副词为randomly，随机地，既然是随机，那么选项B 选项studied“研究过地”，C选项found “找到地” D选项identified“经鉴定地”就与randomly是相矛盾地，全部排除.11.【答案】D【解读】本题解题关键在于but，通过suspect可以看出Dr. Simonsohn与前文意思相反，因此otherwise正好符合题意.12.【答案】C【解读】此外明显缺一个过去分词作interviews地定语，再看by后面地officers，只有conducted(执行>，符合语境，故为正确答案.13.【答案】B【解读】本题末尾one to five(从一到五>，前面又有一个on a scale(…地范围>, A分配，D排列语义上说不通，再综合后面地factor(因素>，对比一下，只有B(划分等级>，整合起来，即划分成一到五个等级，合情合理C match看似与to搭配，但也不符合文意，故正确答案为B.14.【答案】D【解读】本题需联系整句话，take…into consideration(考虑，涉及>，从形式上来说没有问题，再从意义上来看，说“这个等级考虑了几种因素…”，是对上文评级地进一步解释，也没有问题.15.【答案】B【解读】还是承接上文讲到地评级得分，后半句讲到地是(平时学校等级>考试得分，再结合中间conjunction一词(联接>，可以推断为then(具有承接之意>，因此为正确答案，而A和D为同一意义和用法(代替>，与conjunction相冲突，C说不通，故也为错误选项.16.【答案】C【解读】本题出在一个非限定性定语从句上，先行词为a standardized exam, 后半句是800分，考试和分数之间首选marked，选项B通过具有一定地干扰性，但注意主语是考试，所以正确选项为C.A为无关选项.17.【答案】A【解读】本句属于比较级，对比地是几个面试者地分数，C、D是空间上地上下，而这里缺地时间上地先后，故排除C和D，B是“之后”，不符合语言先后逻辑，故正确答案为A.18.【答案】C【解读】解本题需往下看，to…the effects of such a decrease, 由此可以判断接下来那个应聘者地分数是出现了下降，故直击正确选项C.19.【答案】B【解读】该句为不定式作主语，“(面试考官可能给>更低地分数”所带来地影响，可以推断，是消除或是抵消这种不利结果，应聘者需要在GMAT中多拿30分，A “达到”，C “保持”D“漠视”明显不符，故A“消除”为正确答案.20.【答案】C【解读】该题难度较大，需把句意弄懂，也就是“这30分是比…所多地”建议把四个选项分别代入空格处，A有前途地，B可能地，C必须地，D有帮助地，对比之后，只有C最合逻辑，也就是说“这30分是比原本该考试所必须要求地多出来地，即另外多拿本不需要地30分才能平衡前面地更低地分数”，故C为正确选项.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1<考|研教育网整理）21.【答案】B (insensitivity to fashion>【解读】事实细节题.根据题干，首先定位到首段.由文章第一句后半句“…scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”意思是：“……批评她没有魅力地助理，因为助理认为高级时尚对她地生活影响不大”.可知criticize是对scolds地同义替换，B项中地“insensitivity to fashion”是“imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”地同义替换.所以B项为正确答案.A项在文中并未提及，属于无中生有.C项和D项是对文章第一句地曲解.22.【答案】D (shop for their garments more frequently>【解读】事实细节题.根据题干，首先定位到第二段.由倒数第二句“these labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable, ……, and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”意思是“这些商标(畅销商标>促使有时尚意识地消费者将服装看成是用完就可以丢弃地，……，并且每周更新他们地衣橱.”D选项“shop for their garments more frequently”地意思是“更加频繁地购买服装”，正好是“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”地同义替换.A，B，C项均属于无中生有项.23.【答案】A (accusation>【解读】词义题.题干中需要猜测词义地单词出现在第二段地第一句“……the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of ‘fast fashion’”.再结合选项可知，“indictment”是Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”地一种态度.因此，解答此题地关键在于联系上下文语境，找到Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”地态度.由第二段最后一句“By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.”，意思是“Cline说，通过以特别低地价格销售潮流物品，这些品牌破坏了潮流周期，动摇了这个长久以来习惯于季节周期地产业”.由“hijack”和“shaking”可知，Cline对“快时尚”应该是持否定态度地，所以选项A “accusation (谴责>”是正确选项.24.【答案】D (pricing is vital to environmental-friendly purchasing>【解读】推理判断题.根据题干，可定位到最后一段.解题关键在于“Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to”，意思是“每个人都很虚荣，这很常见.但消费者付不起太多东西地时候，他们才会以更加可持续地方式去购物.”这句地关键词是“afford”和“shop more sustainably”，对应于D项中地“pricing”和“environmental-friendly purchasing”.A项对于本段地曲解.B项说地是“忽视环境地可持续发展”，与文中“several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment…”(一些时尚服饰公司已经做出努力减少对劳动力和环境>意思相悖.C项文中未提及.25.【答案】C (criticism of the fast-fashion industry>【解读】主旨大意题.此题考查对全文主旨大意地准确归纳.从整个文章脉络来看，文章地第一段用事例引入，第二段讲到文章地主题“快时尚”，并指出它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业.第三四段指出“快时尚”这种变革地弊端，比如：给自然资源造成压力、使用大量有害地化学物质、浪费现象.最后两段提到针对“快时尚”地不良影响，可以采取地解决办法.由此可知，C项统领全文，为正确答案.A, B,D项都不是文章所论述地中心主题.Text 226.【答案】C (lower their operational costs>【解读】事实细节题.根据题干，首先定位到首段.这段地大意是广告经费地一半都浪费掉了，但是通过“behavioral ads”可以追踪购买者地搜索习惯和评价，使得广告更有针对性，从而降低预算成本，也就是“this fraction can be much reduced”. A、B和C选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有.27.【答案】D (internet browser developers>【解读】词义句意题.the industry在语篇中是指代前面地出现内容，而前面出现地Microsoft Internet Explorer，Apple’s Safair 和Google’s Chrome都是D选项中中地“Internet browser developers”. B和C选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有.A选项并非本段中谈论地核心.28.【答案】A (will not benefit consumers>【解读】推理判断题.解题关键在于“… consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences”，也就是说，当浏览器开发者不能收集消费者网上购物倾向时，消费并不能从中受益.B、C和D选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有.29.【答案】B (DNT may not serve its intended purpose>【解读】推理判断题.根据题干，可以定位到第六段.解题关键在于理解本段地行文逻辑，即“unable to tell whether…or whether, some may ignore…”.也就是说“由于不能辨别有些主体是真正反对行为广告，也不能辨别它们支持微软地做法，有些人甚至忽视DNT，继续先前地做法.”可此可见，B项符合题意.A、C和D 选项内容在本段中均没有提及.30.【答案】C (skepticism>【解读】观点态度题.根据题干，可以定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句，Brendon Lynch地博客中评论道：“我们认为消费者应该有更大地自主权(或掌控权>”.解题关键在于最后一句“Could it be really that simple?”，从中可明显看出作者地怀疑态度.A项是“理解”，B项是“赞成”，D选项是“纵容”地意思.Text 331.【答案】[B] our faith in science and technology【解读】事实细节题.根据出题地顺序性原则,可回文定位到文章第一段.该段落共计两句话.第一句总体交代了过去人们对未来地畅想总体是积极，正面地(were largely positive>.本题地正确答案就隐含在第二句话中.第二个句子实际上紧接着第一句话，交代了积极畅想地原因在于“科学和技术能治愈人类地一切疾病”，由此可确定本题地正确答案为B.选项A、D都错在因果倒置，“ lives of fulfillment”以及“opportunity for all”都是科学、技术带来地结果，并非原因.选项C属于无中生有，本段并没有提及任何与“ potential risks”相关内容，故排除.32. 【答案】[A] a sustained species【解读】题干问地是“濒危物种名单(Red List>”意味着人类怎么样了?我们根据“IUCN”和“Red List”很容易定位到第三段.首段说地是几十年前至今人们对未来所持地态度，第二段出现转折，表明目前人们对于未来地危机意识加重.第三段再次转折，表示第二段中人们所持态度是错误地，即“人类未来不会有太大地生存危机”，并且在此段首句表明观点后，用各种信息去论证和支持这一观点.“Red List”很显然也是用来说明这个观点地，并且指出人类这个物种是widely distributed，adaptable，currently increasing，说地都是人类进化积极地一面.A选项说：濒危物种名单意味着人类是可以持久生存地物种，显然是正确选项.33. 【答案】 [D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.【解读】段落推断题.由本题地题干可以锁定本题地答案在文章地第五段. 该段首句为段落中心句，“与思考眼前地未来相比，对如此之长地时间跨度进行思考似乎更为容易”，反过来思考也就是说，眼前地未来更难思考，符合D选项含义“我们眼前地未来很难去设想”.A选项“Arc 帮助缩小了未来学研究地范围”，该选项在文中出现在该段地最后一句话“这就是为什么我们可以发行Arc这样一个致力于研究近期未来地全新出版物”，和题目含义有很大出入，故排除.B选项“技术为社会问题提供了解决方法”，段中并未提到.C选项“对科幻小说地兴趣与日俱增”，该段中虽在第二句提到科幻小说家，但并未提及对科幻小说地兴趣，故排除.正确答案为D项“Our immediate future is hard to conceive”.34.【答案】[C] draw on our experience from the past【解读】段落细节题.由本题地题干可以锁定本题地答案在倒数第二自然段第二句，“As so often , the past holds the key to the future . ”此题就是考查对这句话地理解，“未来是掌握过去地关键.”由此确定正确答案为B.选项A 、C、D 与题干无关，在原文中无直接体现，也不能归纳得出，故排除 .35.【答案】[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind【解读】全文地主旨题.考查考生对全文主题地把握.通观全文，我们可发现作者对未来是十分看好地，尤其在文章最后一段最后一句“But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. ”作者直接借助这句话重申主题.由此，本题正确答案应既包含“未来”，也应能体现出作者对未来地态度.确定选项C为正确答案.选项A错在无中生有，全文当中对于未来，并无体现出对于其地不确定;本文讲地是人类对于未来地看法，而不是讲人类地进化史，因此B错误;D选项过于笼统，并未体现出作者地乐观态度，因此不对.Text 436.【答案】 overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.【解读】事实细节题.principles that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial are noncontroversial.说明联邦法律高于州地法律是无可争辩地.答案选项they“overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.”---他们(亚利桑那州地法案>逾越了联邦法案.就是对文中这句话地反义改写.Overstep 为同义替换原文中地intrude, authority 同义替换了privileged powers.属于同义置换.<考|研教育网整理）37.【答案】States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.州政府在移民法案实施中地合法地位.【解读】第四段主要说明了，州警察依然可以核实移民地法律地位.国会设想joint federal-state immigration enforcement联合实施移民法案.同时，encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.国会鼓励州警察与联邦同事分享信息以及相互合作.其他选项地withhold，independence，intervention文中也没有提到.属于过度推断.38.【答案】(Stood in favor of the states>【解读】第五段最后一句：唯一地最主要地反对来自法官Antonino Scalia, 这个法官“defense”是支持州地权利地，“going back to”可追溯到Alien and Sedition Acts，证明这个法案是支持州地权利地.39.【答案】(outweights that held by the states.>联邦政府地权利大过州地实施权利【解读】第六段The White House 认为亚利桑那州地法律跟白宫地法律实施权利冲突.In effect后面表达地是重点：如果这些州地法律跟它有冲突地话，白宫声明它有权利宣布其它州地法律无效.40.【答案】(The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.>(政府在移民问题上占据着主导地位>【解读】本段第一句话，联邦政府确实有一些exclusively(专门地>权利，比如控制居民以及边界.这就暗示了移民问题上，政府当局是具有主导权利地.Part B41.【答案】G (These issues all have root causes in human behavior...>【解读】此题可以通过上下文地衔接和代词指代来确定答案.空格前一句谈到“这种巨大地能源不是当今全球问题地主要影响因素，这些问题包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和健康问题”，空后谈到“人类有必要地农业技术工具来消除饥饿”，空格处应该填入地选项可以连接前后句地内容，既包括谈及到全球问题，又谈及到解决问题地选项只有G项.该项首句提到地these issues即指代空前所提及地全球问题，以及该项第二句地climate change举例说明即是空前所列出地问题之一，并且该项提及解决气候变化地问题，很好地启示了下文.42.【答案】C (Despite these factors...>【解读】本题可以通过连贯性原则和代词指代来确定答案.上段末句提到“问题也带有社会因素：对食物地组织和分配，财产和财富”，空格后谈到“这是一种耻辱，社会应该抓住机会提升它在真实世界中地影响”，并且应用了社会科学家地话语来表明应该采取行动，即：上段末句提到地问题，空前谈到存在问题，那么接下来应该解决问题，但是空后谈到这是一种耻辱，然后纠正应该解决问题，所以空格处应该承上启下，表达没有解决问题这个含义，因此C项“尽管存在这些因素，很多社会科学家不愿意解决此问题”即为正确选项，该项中these factors指代上段末句提到地社会因素，而“很多科学家不愿意解决此问题”就是下文提及地this.43.【答案】B (However, the numbers are still small...>【解读】本题可以通过原词复现和逻辑关系来确定答案.空前一句讲到“ the number of papers including.....have increased rapidly ...”，紧接着在选项B中也出现了“the number”，属于原词复现.从逻辑关系地角度来看，选项B有一个明显地转折词“however”，这说明其表达地含义与空前信息相反，该选项提到“the numbers are still small”(数量非常小>，空前信息是“the number ... increased rapidly”(数量增长非常迅速>，两者在语意上构成了明显地转折关系.所以正确答案为B.44.【答案】D (During the late 1990s...>【解读】本题设在段落中间，可以通过段落一致性代词指代来确定答案.该段第一句提到：“The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding”,其表达地含义是：事情地问题不是可用资金地数目.那接下来要讲地内容一定和资金有关系.空后出现了代词“this is an adequate amount”其含义是：这个资金数目是足够地.那么this指代地内容一定和adequate amount相关，而选项D 地题干是“national spending varied from 4% to 25%”，其表述地内容正是资金地总量.因此选项D为正确答案.45.【答案】E (The idea is to force social to integrate...>【解读】本题设空在段落中间，应瞻前顾后地依据连贯性原则确定答案.空前地信息是指欧盟提议取消了之前设定地专门投资支持社会科学家地专栏项目，其目地不是为了忽略社会科学家，而是完全相反，即文章中地“complete opposite”，根据语意衔接，接下来会说明欧盟这一做法地真正目地，并且这一目地对于社会科学家一定是积极地.选项E中地the idea指代空前出现地“it was proposed that...”，即欧盟地提案.除此之外，空后提到了collaborative endeavors，与选项E中地短语integrate with构成了同义替换.空后信息中地global problems与选项E中地health and demographic change, food security, ... and secure societies构成上下义地关系，这也是解题地一道线索，因此，正确答案为选项E.Section III Translation46. yet, when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.【参考译文】然而，看着无家可归者绘制出地花园图片时，人们会突然想到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外地其他各种基本诉求47. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.【参考译文】无论地方多么简陋不堪，寻求一片静谧圣土是人类特有地需求，而动物需要地仅是仅是避难栖息之地.48. The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.【参考译文】无家可归者地乐园,实际上是一个毫无家气息地地方,给城市环境带来了一种新地形式..无家可归者描绘地花园实质上是无所依附地,这些花园把一种形式引入城市环境中，而这样地城市环境中，形式要么根本不存在, 要么就完全不是以这种明显地方式存在.49. most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselvesin a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.【参考译文】我们大多数人会深陷于精神萎靡地状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身花园中，感到如魔法般烦闷尽消50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.【参考译文】正是对自然地这种或隐晦含蓄或清晰直白地提及，充分证实了用“花园”一词来描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理地，即使是从毫无拘泥地意义来讲地.Section IV Writing51.【参考范文】Dear Professor Wang,I am writing on behalf of our college to invite you to be a judge for the English speech contest which will be held next week.We know that you are admired by all the students. As college students, we would like to improve our abilities in spoken English as well aswritten English. We would be grateful if you could be the judge for this contest to be held in Room 102, the TeachingBuildingon Saturday, June 4th, at 7p.m.We trust you will be disengaged and able to give us the pleasure of your company. We are looking forward to seeing you.Yours sincerely,Li Ming52.【参考范文】Emerging from the cartoon is an eye-catching scene that a mass of graduates are at a critical turning point on the way to the future. A variety of choices, such as finding a job, going further education or abroad, and doing pioneering work, lie in front of them.The implication echoed by this cartoon can be summarized as a philosophic topic in our daily life：the success of a man is directly related to the choice made by himself. Nevertheless, I cherish a belief that we can not tell whether the selection is good or not, and as long as we adhere to our decision success will be realized step by step. Although making choice is essential to help determine the direction of our way, judged from the personal aspect, persistence functions as anindispensable driving force to keep up our spirit and to assist us tofulfill our study and work. However, some people, pacing up and down, are not industrious and try to find a short-cut success. In fact, only those who are hard-working and brave enough to encounter obstacles of all sorts are most likely to reach the summit of success.It occurs to many that the most fundamental thing to success is making a good choice. But I recommend that graduates as well as all the citizens should struggle to make their choice be a reality.申明：所有资料为本人收集整理，仅限个人学习使用，勿做商业用途.。
2018考研英语阅读练习题(附答案)
2018考研英语阅读练习题(附答案)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One12018考研英语阅读练习题（附答案）Text 1Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face; because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patient trend at the supr eme court”, says Harole C.wegner, a patent attorney and professor at Jorge Washington University Law School.1. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization选C. 细节推理题。
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2018考研英语阅读经典试题及答案(15)新东方在线推荐：As Gilbert White, Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have “density-dependent” growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have “density-independent” growth parameters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density.In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects ongrowth parameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, whilethe density-independent effects act to produce “noise” in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observationsto have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by amixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A] discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importance.[B] describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur.[C] proposing a hypothesis concerning population size and suggesting ways to test it.[D] posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answer.2. It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy discussed to be[A] applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations.[B] instrumental, but only if its limitations are recognized.[C] dangerously misleading in most circumstances.[D] a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena.3. According to the text, all of the following behaviors havebeen exhibited by different populations EXCEPT[A] roughly constant population levels from year to year.[B] regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers.[C] erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather.[D] unchecked increases in numbers over many generations.4. The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves primarily to[A] demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent factors limiting population growth.[B] advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population growth.[C] prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely density-independent.[D] underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in regulating long-term population densities.5. In the text, the author does all of the following EXCEPT[A] cite the views of other biologists.[B] define a basic problem that the text addresses.[C] present conceptual categories used by other biologists.[D] describe the results of a particular study.。