世界各国城市化率
中国城市化的历史进程
中国城市化的历史进程作者：朱铁臻来源：中国城市发展网添加日期：10年03月29日人类从山林走向平原，从江河走向湖海，从农村走向城市，这是人类祖先遗传的群居基因和人类经济社会发展的必然要求。
工业革命是城市化的主要动因。
工业化过程是一个不断增强集聚性的过程。
世界城市化经历了近三个世纪，是一个逐步扩展的历史进程。
由于一个国家城市化可达到的水平，既受经济发展水平的影响，又受人口、地理、资源等自然条件的制约。
因此，世界各国城市化的历史进程速度和途径有着差异，城市化所达到的最高水平也不相同。
中国的城市化真正的发展阶段应该从中华人民共和国成立算起。
它是伴随着中国工业化和经济改革而发展的。
它与世界城市化有着基本的共同点，又有着自己的特殊性。
中国由于工业化起步较晚，新中国成立后，城市发展又走了一大段曲折的道路，城市化进程具有明显的阶段性。
我国早期阶段的城市化步履蹒跚，1949～1957的正常发展阶段；1958～1965年城市化大起大落、不稳定发展阶段；1966～1977年城市化停滞阶段；1978年以后城市化为复苏和发展阶段。
由1949年的城市化起点7.3%，到1998年的城市化率30.4%，整整用了50年。
前30年城镇人口年均增长为3.4%，其中，自然增长部分接近50%，其余部分为机械增长，即农村人口迁徙入城镇。
1966年至1978年城市化率一直在12%左右徘徊。
从1979年开始，城市人口逐渐上升，进入了第二个黄金时期。
由1978年的全国城镇人口11402万人，占全国总人口的11.8%，增至1985年全国城镇人口为21197万人，占全国总人口的20.3%。
特别是1986年以后，全国城镇人口发展较快由23317.65万人，占全国总人口的21.9%，到1994年增长为34301万人，占全国总人口的28.62%。
1995年全国城镇人口为35174万人，占全国总人口的29.04%。
1979～1997年，城镇人口年均增速度为4.1%，比前30年加快，而且机械增长是城镇人口增加的主要方式。
国外城市化与国内城市化的模式对比(同名9890)
国外城市化与国内城市化的模式(móshì)对比摘要：尽管现在我国城市化水平已经超过了发展中国家平均水平（37%），但中国的城市化水平同世界（75%）相比仍有不小差距。
为此，提高城市化水平，推进城市化进程成为新世纪我国国民经济发展再上新台阶的重大战略抉择。
然而，由于(yóuyú)时空的差异和中国的具体国情特点，盲目追求城市化的量化指标，照搬发达国家的城市化模式，将不利于中国城市化积极稳妥健康地发展。
为此，本文通过对中外城市化模式进行比较与分析，以有利于提出更适合于中国国情的发展模式。
关键词：城市化启动机制动力(dònglì)机制模式工业革命以前，一个国家的人口规模与经济发展水平呈现出正相关，并且(bìngqiě)，人口城乡构成与经济发展的相关度较低，即一个国家总人口规模与大，经济越发达，人口规模增长较快，经济发展也就越快。
但是，在经济发展过程中，人口的城乡构成变化不大。
工业革命以后，经济增长的特征发生了显著变化，人口规模及其增长与经济发展和经济发达水平呈现出负相关。
从人口城乡构成来看，一个国家的城市人口占全国人口比重越高，经济就越发达，即随着经济发展，人口的城乡构成发生了显著变化。
这种农村人口不断地转变为城市人口的现象，就被称为城市化。
近260年的经济发展史表明，城市化是一个国家由贫穷走向富裕的必由之路。
城市化是社会经济发展的必然趋势，无论是发达国家还是发展中国家都不可能脱离这一人类(rénlèi)社会发展的客观规律。
迈入新世纪，人类将开创一个新的城市纪元。
全世界60亿人口中的绝大部分将居住在城市这在人类有史以来是第一次。
中国作为发展中国家，过去30多年的时间内，中国城市化率从不到20%增长至如今的50%以上（年均增长率达到3%）。
到2011年，世界城市化水平已经超过50%。
无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，大城市的发展正成为世界城市化的标志。
当代世界城市化的特点及发展趋势
当代世界城市化的特点及发展趋势窦金波来源：经济研究导刊发达地区的城市化始于18世纪中叶的产业革命。
二战以后，由于发达国家在经济上普遍得到恢复和发展，以及经济动力主要从工业化转向信息化，所以城市的进度进一步加快并带有后现代的特征。
而发展中国家的城市化也有了较快的发展，特别是20世纪80年代后，发展中国家城市化增长尤其迅速，发展中国家的城市化已构成当今世界城市化的主体。
当代城市化的另一个重要特征是大城市化趋势明显，发展中国家和发达国家大城市的数量都在急剧增加，而且出现了城市集聚区和大都市带等新的城市空间组织形式。
一、城市化进程大大加速，发展中国家城市化速度尤其引人注目1950年世界城市化水平为29.2%，1980年上升到39.6%，增加了10.4个百分点，年平均增长0.347个百分点。
在此期间，发达国家1950年城市水平已达53.8%，1980年上升到70.2%，上升了16.4个百分点，年平均增长0.547个百分点；而发展中国家1950年城市化水平为17.0%，1980年为29.2%，上升了12.2个百分点，年平均增长0.407个百分点。
从50年代至80年代发达国家城市化率增长最快。
这里面有一个疑点是：为什么发达国家城市化上升了16.4个百分点，与发展中国家城市化上升了12.2个百分点都超过世界城市化上升的10.4个百分点？其实在1975年左右，发展中国家城市总人口已超过发达国家，开始进入比发达国家更快的城市增长率。
1950年发达国家的城市人口为734百万，而发展中国家的城市人口仅为287百万；1970年发达国家城市人口为698百万，发展中国家城市人口已攀升到673百万，基本上与发达国家持平。
发展中国家城市人口增长如此迅速，为什么城市化率水平上升低于发达国家，且城市化年平均增长水平低于发达国家？其原因是：发展中国家人口基数大，虽然城市人口上升快于发达国家，而城市化率上升水平低于发达国家。
从1980～2002年，发达国家城市化率由70.2%上升到74.4%，仅上升了4.2个百分点，年平均增长0.21个百分点，城市人口仅攀升了152百万；而发展中国家则由1980年的29.2%上升到2000年的39.3%，上升了10.1个百分点，年平均增长0.505个百分点，城市人口则由966百万上升到1904百万，与发达国家城市人口之比为2：1，2020年时将为3.5：1。
分析我国城市和城市化的发展趋势
一、我国城市化的现状据建设部最新统计,截至1999年底,中国城市数量已增加到666个。
其中, 百万人口以上的特大城市有32个，人口在50万至100万的大城市有43个，人口在20万至50万的中等城市有192个，人口在20万以下的小城市有近400个，均比前几年大幅度增长. 在长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、辽东半岛和京津唐等地区, 目前已形成比较完整的城市群体,其中有200多座城市在原来小城镇的基础上迅速发展成为中等城市。
目前，东部地区、西部地区的城市数量分别占全国总数的44％和19%.广大中西部地区城市化发展速度加快，城市布局正逐步由疏到密，促进了全国经济的整体发展。
建设部专家预计，中国城市化进程在21世纪初将迅速加快, 到2010年,中国城市人口将达到 6.3亿,城市化水平将提高到45%.中国城市化水平为36％,据报道，中国当前的城市化水平严重滞后于工业化水平，已经显现出对经济增长的制约; 下一步中国的现代化进程必然要以提高城市化水平为重大课题。
现在世界的平均城市化水平约为47％,发达国家和地区约二、我国城市化的发展趋势随着改革开放的进一步深化, 中西部地区的大开发, 以及各项政策措施的不断完善，我国城市化进程将进入又一个高速发展时期。
近来，国家和各省市出台了一些户籍管理的新措施, 这些措施更加灵活, 如在城市有了自己的住房，有稳定的职业, 有稳定的收入，就可将户口转到所在城市。
这样，使原来“打工族” 的一部分就转为真正的市民，加快了城市人口的增长，促进城市化进程。
另外, 随着中西部地区大开发的深化，经济的快速发展，大批的开发者、投资商将不断地涌向中西部城市,使中西部地区城市化进程加快，新城市不断增加。
未来20年每年有1200万农村人口要转移到城镇地区,今后一个时期我国将每年增设20个左右的新城市, 设市坚持向中西部倾斜。
大量农村人口转移到城镇地区，这将大大加快我国城市化进程。
再过20年我国的城市将达1000个以上, 城市人口将占全国总人口的60％以上,达到世界发达国家水平。
专题资料（2021-2022年）城市化率与工业化率比较世界发展模型
图1. 城市化率与工业化率比较世界发展模型资料来源：钱纳里（1988）图2. 美国城市化率与工业化率关系的变动资料来源：沃尔特·W·威尔科克斯（1979）图3. 中国城市人口与工业化率的变动注：工业化率为工业增加值占GDP的比重。
城市化率为市、镇全部常住人口占总人口的比重。
资料来源：国家统计局（1990、1998、1999）图4. 城市化水平与人均GDP的比较资料来源：世界银行（1997）图5. 城市化水平与人均GDP（按购买力平价）的比较资料来源：世界银行（1997）表1 1947－1996年各规模城市、建制镇数量（个）#100万人口以上城市50－100万人口城市50万人口以下城市建制镇1947 6 10 53 # 1952 9 10 138 5402（0.6）1964 13 18 138 2000注：括号内数据是该规模城市平均人口（万人）。
数据来源：中国国土经济学研究会（1982）,国家统计局（1997），国家统计局综合司（1986）,国家统计局城调队（1997）,刘国光等（1986），民政部（1998）表2 1979－1996年各规模城市、建制镇人口数量比较（万人）数据来源：同表1。
表3 城市规模收益与外部成本：拟合值（GDP=100%）数据来源：计量分析和计算结果表4 各类城市部分经济指标注：综合要素生产率为生产函数的相对残差，根据各组城市GDP、劳动力、净资本（固定资本净值和流动资金之和）的合计值计算，以全部城市为100%。
劳动和资本弹性分别取0.636和0.364，来自生产函数估计结果（见附录：表A1）。
统计数据来自城调队《城市统计年鉴1990》，为1989年数据。
图8. 分组的城市综合要素生产率计算结果A．9年TFPB．1994年TFP注：横坐标为城市规模，纵坐标为综合要素生产率。
根据各类城市GDP、劳动力、固定资本净值和流动资金的加权平均值计算。
劳动和资本弹性按生产函数估计结果分别取0.65和0.35（见附录：表A1）。
国内外关于城镇化水平的衡量标准
国内外关于城镇化水平的衡量标准本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！中央明确指出，解决好“三农”问题，必须协调推进工业化、城镇化和农业现代化，努力形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局；国务院在批复北京城市总体规划时，也提出了“以建设世界城市为努力目标，不断提高北京在世界城市体系中的地位和作用”的要求。
这都促使北京积极稳妥地加快城镇化步伐。
为更好地理解城镇化的实质，我们就如何衡量和比较国内外城镇化水平的问题，进行了研究。
一、城镇化水平的核算方法城镇化与城市化并没有实质的区别。
我国长期存在“城市化”和“城镇化”两种提法，指的都是相对于“乡”而言的“城”发展壮大的过程，相对应的英文也是同一个词（Urbanization，为避免翻译不准确影响读者理解，个别地方引用了原文）。
中国城市与区域规划学界和地理学界1982年召开的“中国城镇化道路问题学术讨论会”，曾指出城市化与城镇化为同义语，并建议以“城市化”替代“城镇化”。
国家正式文件曾使用过“城市化”的提法。
2000年发布的《中共中央、国务院关于促进小城镇健康发展的若干意见》提出“加快我国城镇化进程”，此后国家正式文件都使用“城镇化”的提法。
之所以使用“城镇化”而不是”城市化”的提法，主要是因为我国曾长期实行“控制大城市规模，合理发展中等城市，积极发展小城市”，以及“避免农民向大中城市盲目流动”的政策；而“城”一般被理解为县级市或更高级别的地方，“镇”则一般理解为建制镇或集镇，“城镇化”的提法可以引起对“镇”的重视，防止片面发展大中城市的倾向。
只要我们正确理解党的十七大提出的“走中国特色城镇化道路，按照统筹城乡、布局合理、节约土地、功能完善、以大带小的原则，促进大中小城市和小城镇协调发展”，就不会对“城镇化”的理解产生歧义。
下面一般使用“城镇化”的提法，涉及国外部分则使用“城市化”的提法。
世界各国或地区城市化率(1960-2015)
Data SourceLast Updated Date国家名Country Name（国家名）阿鲁巴Aruba安道尔Andorra阿富汗Afghanistan安哥拉Angola阿尔巴尼亚Albania阿拉伯世界Arab World阿拉伯联合酋长国United Arab Emirates阿根廷Argentina亚美尼亚Armenia美属萨摩亚American Samoa安提瓜和巴布达Antigua and Barbuda澳大利亚Australia奥地利Austria阿塞拜疆Azerbaijan布隆迪Burundi比利时Belgium贝宁Benin布基纳法索Burkina Faso孟加拉国Bangladesh保加利亚Bulgaria巴林Bahrain巴哈马群岛Bahamas, The波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那Bosnia and Herzegovina白俄罗斯Belarus伯利兹Belize巴慕大Bermuda玻利维亚Bolivia巴西Brazil巴巴多斯Barbados文莱达鲁萨兰国Brunei Darussalam不丹Bhutan博茨瓦纳Botswana中非共和国Central African Republic加拿大Canada中欧和波罗地海Central Europe and the Baltics 瑞士Switzerland海峡群岛Channel Islands智利Chile中国China科特迪瓦Cote d'Ivoire喀麦隆Cameroon刚果Congo, Rep.哥伦比亚Colombia科摩罗Comoros佛得角Cabo Verde哥斯达黎加Costa Rica加勒比Caribbean small states古巴Cuba塞浦路斯Cyprus捷克共和国Czech Republic德国Germany吉布提Djibouti多米尼加Dominica丹麦Denmark多米尼加共和国Dominican Republic阿尔及利亚Algeria东亚和太平洋（高收入除外）East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)Early-demographic dividend东亚和太平洋East Asia & Pacific欧洲和中亚（高收入除外）Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)欧洲和中亚Europe & Central Asia厄瓜多尔Ecuador埃及Egypt, Arab Rep.欧元区Euro area厄立特里亚Eritrea西班牙Spain爱沙尼亚Estonia埃塞俄比亚Ethiopia欧盟European UnionFragile and conflict affected situations芬兰Finland斐济Fiji法国France法罗群岛Faroe Islands密克罗尼西亚Micronesia, Fed. Sts.加蓬Gabon英国United Kingdom格鲁吉亚Georgia加纳Ghana直布罗陀Gibraltar几内亚Guinea网比亚Gambia, The几内亚比绍Guinea-Bissau赤道几内亚Equatorial Guinea希腊Greece格林纳达Grenada格陵兰Greenland危地马拉Guatemala关岛Guam圭亚那GuyanaHigh income香港Hong Kong SAR, China洪都拉斯HondurasHeavily indebted poor countries (HIPC)克罗地亚Croatia海地Haiti匈牙利HungaryIBRD onlyIDA & IBRD totalIDA totalIDA only英属曼岛Isle of Man印度IndiaNot classified爱尔兰Ireland伊朗Iran, Islamic Rep.伊拉克Iraq冰岛Iceland以色列Israel意大利Italy牙买加Jamaica约旦Jordan日本Japan哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan肯尼亚Kenya吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国Kyrgyz Republic柬埔寨Cambodia基里巴斯Kiribati圣基茨和尼维斯St. Kitts and Nevis韩国Korea, Rep.科索沃Kosovo科威特Kuwait拉美和加勒比海（高收入除外）Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high inco 老挝Lao PDR黎巴嫩Lebanon利比里亚Liberia利比亚Libya圣卢西亚St. Lucia拉美和加勒比海Latin America & CaribbeanLeast developed countries: UN classificationLow income列支敦斯登Liechtenstein斯里兰卡Sri LankaLower middle incomeLow & middle income莱索托LesothoLate-demographic dividend立陶宛Lithuania卢森堡Luxembourg拉脱维亚Latvia澳门Macao SAR, China圣马丁（法国部分）St. Martin (French part)摩洛哥Morocco摩纳哥Monaco摩尔多瓦Moldova马达加斯加岛Madagascar马尔代夫Maldives中东和北非Middle East & North Africa墨西哥Mexico马绍尔群岛Marshall IslandsMiddle income马其顿Macedonia, FYR缅甸Myanmar中东和北非（高收入除外）Middle East & North Africa (excluding high inc 黑山共和国Montenegro蒙古Mongolia北马里亚纳群岛Northern Mariana Islands莫桑比亚Mozambique毛里塔尼亚Mauritania毛里求斯Mauritius马拉维Malawi马来西亚Malaysia北美North America纳米比亚Namibia新喀里多尼亚New Caledonia尼日尔Niger尼日利亚Nigeria尼加拉瓜Nicaragua荷兰Netherlands挪威Norway尼泊尔Nepal瑙鲁Nauru新西兰New Zealand经合组织OECD members阿曼OmanOther small states巴基斯坦Pakistan巴拿马Panama秘鲁Peru菲律宾Philippines帕劳Palau巴布亚新几内亚Papua New Guinea波兰PolandPre-demographic dividend波多黎各Puerto Rico韩国Korea, Dem. People’s Rep.葡萄牙Portugal巴拉圭Paraguay太平洋岛国Pacific island small statesPost-demographic dividend法属玻里尼西亚French Polynesia卡塔尔Qatar罗马尼亚Romania俄罗斯联邦Russian Federation卢旺达Rwanda南亚South Asia沙特阿拉伯Saudi Arabia苏丹Sudan塞内加尔Senegal新加坡Singapore所罗门群岛Solomon Islands塞拉利昂Sierra Leone萨尔瓦多El Salvador圣马力诺San Marino撒哈拉以南非洲（高收入除外）Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)南苏丹South Sudan撒哈拉以南非洲Sub-Saharan AfricaSmall states圣多美与普林希比共和国Sao Tome and Principe苏里南Suriname斯洛伐克共和国Slovak Republic斯洛文尼亚Slovenia瑞典Sweden斯威士兰Swaziland圣马丁Sint Maarten (Dutch part)塞舌尔Seychelles阿拉伯叙利亚共和国Syrian Arab Republic特克斯和凯科斯群岛Turks and Caicos Islands乍得Chad东亚和太平洋East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)欧洲和中亚Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries)多哥Togo泰国Thailand塔吉克斯坦Tajikistan土库曼斯坦Turkmenistan拉美和加勒比海Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD coun 中东和北非Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countri 东帝汶Timor-Leste汤加Tonga南亚South Asia (IDA & IBRD)撒哈拉以南非洲Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries)特立尼达和多巴哥Trinidad and Tobago突尼斯Tunisia土耳其Turkey图瓦卢Tuvalu坦桑尼亚Tanzania乌干达Uganda乌克兰Ukraine中上等收入Upper middle income乌拉圭Uruguay美国United States乌兹别克斯坦Uzbekistan圣文森特和格林纳丁斯St. Vincent and the Grenadines维纳瑞拉Venezuela, RB英属维尔京群岛British Virgin Islands维尔京群岛（美国）Virgin Islands (U.S.)越南Vietnam瓦努阿图Vanuatu约旦河西岸West Bank and GazaWorld萨摩亚Samoa也门Yemen, Rep.南非South Africa刚果Congo, Dem. Rep.赞比亚Zambia津巴布韦ZimbabweWorld Development Indicators2016/10/14Country Code（国家代码）Indicator Name（指标名）Indicator Code ABW Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS AND Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS AFG Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS AGO Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ALB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ARB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ARE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ARG Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ARM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ASM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ATG Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS AUS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS AUT Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS AZE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BDI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BEL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BEN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BFA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BGD Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BGR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BHR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BHS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BIH Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BLR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BLZ Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BMU Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BOL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BRA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BRB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BRN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BTN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS BWA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CAF Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CAN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CEB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CHE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CHI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CHL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CHN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CIV Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CMR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS COG Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS COL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS COM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CPV Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CRI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CSS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS CUB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZSDJI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS DMA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS DNK Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS DOM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS DZA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS EAP Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS EAR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS EAS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ECA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ECS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ECU Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS EGY Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS EMU Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ERI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ESP Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS EST Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ETH Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS EUU Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS FCS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS FIN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS FJI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS FRA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS FRO Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS FSM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GAB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GBR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GEO Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GHA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GIB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GIN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GMB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GNB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GNQ Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GRC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GRD Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GRL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GTM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GUM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS GUY Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS HIC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS HKG Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS HND Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS HPC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS HRV Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS HTI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS HUN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS IBD Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS IBT Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS IDA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZSINX Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS IRL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS IRN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS IRQ Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ISL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ISR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ITA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS JAM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS JOR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS JPN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KAZ Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KEN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KGZ Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KHM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KIR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KNA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KOR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KSV Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS KWT Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LAC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LAO Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LBN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LBR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LBY Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LCA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LCN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LDC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LIC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LIE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LKA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LMC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LMY Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LSO Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LTE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LTU Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LUX Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS LVA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MAC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MAF Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MAR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MCO Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MDA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MDG Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MDV Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MEA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MEX Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MHL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MIC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MKD Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZSMNG Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MNP Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MOZ Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MRT Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MUS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MWI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS MYS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NAC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NAM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NCL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NER Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NGA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NIC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NLD Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NOR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NPL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NRU Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS NZL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS OED Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS OMN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS OSS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PAK Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PAN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PER Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PHL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PLW Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PNG Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS POL Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PRE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PRI Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PRK Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PRT Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PRY Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PSS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PST Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PYF Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS QAT Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ROU Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS RUS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS RWA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SAS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SAU Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SDN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SEN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SGP Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SLB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SLE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SLV Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SMR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZSSST Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS STP Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SUR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SVK Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SVN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SWE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SWZ Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SXM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SYC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS SYR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TCA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TCD Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TEA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TEC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TGO Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS THA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TJK Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TKM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TLA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TMN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TLS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TON Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TSA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TSS Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TTO Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TUN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TUR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TUV Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS TZA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS UGA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS UKR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS UMC Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS URY Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS USA Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS UZB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS VCT Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS VEN Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS VGB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS VIR Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS VNM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS VUT Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS PSE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS WLD Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS WSM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS YEM Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ZAF Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS COD Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ZMB Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS ZWE Urban population (% of total)SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS196019611962196319641965196650.77650.76150.74650.7350.71550.750.68558.4560.98363.46265.87268.20570.44572.5938.2218.5088.8059.119.4269.7510.08510.43510.79811.20411.62412.05812.50412.96530.70530.94331.01531.08631.15831.2331.30231.294834132.03687932.784441233.556102734.356486335.197033535.993963773.574.38375.24876.09376.91977.72378.50873.61174.21774.76775.30975.84476.36976.88851.27552.14753.01953.88954.75855.62256.48366.21166.64167.06867.49367.91668.33468.7539.65639.0438.42737.81737.21136.6136.01281.52981.94182.33782.72783.1183.48583.85564.7264.81464.86364.91364.96265.01165.06152.66352.36452.06451.76451.46451.16450.8642.077 2.115 2.154 2.193 2.233 2.294 2.39592.4692.55492.67992.83592.98893.13793.2849.2759.85610.4711.11811.80112.51913.2754.7 4.796 4.893 4.9935.095 5.198 5.3035.135 5.278 5.498 5.727 5.9646.211 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缅甸人口年龄-城市化率
缅甸人口年龄-城市化率缅甸女性人口数量：27468620(50.7%)缅甸男女比例：约为49.3:50.7缅甸人口增长率：1.47%(2014)缅甸人均寿命：无数据缅甸人均国民收入水平：无数据缅甸国土面积：676581平方公里缅甸人口密度：73.9人/平方公里或191.5人/平方英里/km2缅甸人使用语言：缅甸语缅甸人口概况及种族分布缅甸68%为缅族。
主要的法定少数民族为掸族(9%)、克伦族(7%)、孟族(2%)、克钦族、克伦尼族28517301 2.45% (1%)、钦族(2%)、若开族以及华人(3%)、印度人、孟加拉人，但缅甸官方不承认华人、印度19721973 29209751 2.43% 1974 29916891 2.42% 1975 30640635 2.42% 1976 31379211 2.41% 1977 32130628 2.39% 1978 32896129 2.38% 1979 33677496 2.38% 1980 34474755 2.37% 1981 35288662 2.36%1982 36114948 2.34% 1983 36942428 2.29% 1984 37756446 2.20% 1985 38546211 2.09% 1986 39307611 1.98% 1987 40042444 1.87% 1988 40753329 1.78% 1989 41445433 1.70% 1990 42123003 1.63% 1991 42782387 1.57% 1992 43422423 1.50% 1993 44052710 1.45% 1994 44686091 1.44% 1995 45329862 1.44% 1996 45991828 1.46% 1997 46664455 1.46%1998 47321204 1.41% 1999 47925630 1.28% 2000 48453000 1.10% 2001 48894203 0.91% 2002 49261313 0.75% 2003 49577152 0.64% 2004 49875169 0.60% 2005 50181020 0.61% 2006 50500070 0.64% 2007 50828959 0.65% 2008 51174018 0.68% 2009 51540490 0.72% 2010 51931231 0.76% 2011 52350763 0.81% 2012 52797319 0.85% 2013 53369642 1.08%2014 54154879 1.47% 缅甸国家馆：在和谐生态系统中城市化缅甸地处东南亚，是我国的友好邻邦，两国人民交往密切，素来有“胞波”的美称。
城市化水平的高低
城市化是社会发展的历史过程，是工业革命的伴生现象，一般是指工业化过程中社会生产力的发展引起的地域空间上城镇数量的增加和城镇规模的扩大；农村人口向城镇的转移流动和集聚；城镇经济在国民经济中居主导地位，成为社会前进的主要基地；以及城市的经济关系和生活方式广泛地渗透到农村的一种持续发展的过程。
随着城市化程度的提高，城市在社会经济发展中的作用会不断增大。
城市化程度也是一个国家经济发达程度，特别是工业化水平高低的一个重要标志。
中国城市化进程始于建国，但中国城市化的发展步伐非常缓慢。
1949～1978年近30年的时间里，中国实行的是高度中央集权的计划经济体制，城市化的发展模式是政府发动和包办型的自上而下的城市化，广大农村和众多农民被游离于工业化的进程之外，大量的剩余劳动力滞留在农村。
改革开放以来，中国城市化进程明显加快，进入到加速发展的新时期。
但长期实施的城市化方针却严重阻碍了中国城市化向更高层次的迈进。
城市化水平较低、城市化地区性差异明显、城市化滞后于工业化、农村剩余劳动力增长与城镇容量间的矛盾突出等成为中国城市化进程中出现的主要问题。
(一) 城市化水平较低按第五次人口普查资料，到2000年，中国的城市化率为36.06%，这个指标，不仅低于世界上同等经济发展水平国家，也与自身工业化程度和经济发展水平不协调。
目前世界城市化平均水平已近50%，发达地区国家为75%，发展中国家也在40%。
中国的城市化水平除了受制于工业化以及经济社会发展水平之外，还要受到体制、政策与形势等的影响。
实践证明，城市化的主要动力是市场推动，而不在于政府的行政推动。
城市的核心是“市”，城市化的核心是“市场化”。
然而目前的城市化进程中依然强调政府去“抓”，而没有真正依靠市场来“育”。
所以中国的城市化要变“政府推动”为“市场推动”，要打开城门，让市场去调节，降低城市发展的非市场成本。
国际经验也说明，城市化是市场经济的必然要求，市场经济是城市化的推进器。
中国_世界城市化能带给中国哪些启示
Macro Economy 宏观经济
33
国际金融 INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
2011.01
（三）拉美模式 ：过度城市化
过度城市化亦称超前城市化（Over-urbanization）， 即城市化明显超过了工业化，造成城市化与经济发 展阶段相脱节。由于存在经济社会发展的二元结构， 城市具有极大的拉力和农村具有极强的推力，导致 许多发展中国家存在过度城市化现象，以拉美国家 为典型。二十世纪 30~70 年代，大多数拉美国家先 后进入了现代化的起飞阶段，城市化也进入了快车 道。1920 年，拉美地区城市化率仅为 22%，到 1950 年达到 41.8%，1980 年进一步提高到 64%，1998 年 已达 78%（参见表 1）。拉美国家城市化所取得的成 就是有目共睹的，但由于是在相对短的时期内实现 的，拉美国家城市化过程中缺少统筹规划，致使城 市化充满“无序”和“混乱”。主要表现在 ：
国家名称
人均 GDP （美元）
非农劳动 力比重 （%）
非农产业 城市化 比重（%） 水平（%）
中国
3263
60.4
88.7
43.1
埃及
1997
68.6 （2006）
85.9
42.7
印度
1068
---
82.4
29.5
巴基斯坦
1013
56.4 （2007）
79.6
36.2
资料来源 ：《中经网统计数据库》，《中国统计摘要 2010》，中国银行
二是城市贫困和社会问题突出。由于农民短期 内大量涌入城市，城市经济发展缓慢，正规就业岗 位有限，大部分人或者找不到工作，或者在非正规 部门就业，导致居民收入很低，城市贫困问题异常 突出。根据联合国拉美经委会报告，“20 世纪 90 年 代拉美地区有 30％ ~40% 的人处于极端贫困状态， 20% 的人的收入占社会总收入的 4%”。从 1999 年 到 2003 年，拉美贫困率不仅没有降低，反而有所 上升（从 43.8% 增至 43.5%），贫困人口达到 2.25 亿； 极端贫困率增加了 0.9 个百分点，达到 19.4%，近 1 亿人口。阿根廷 2002 年的贫困率比 1999 年上升了 22.7 个百分点，达到 45.4%，乌拉圭贫困人口从 9.4% 上升到 15.4%。
什么是城市化率
比较突出的是徐州市，在三环路建成、城市总体规划批准后，把铜山县九个半乡划入市区，使徐州市区城市人口从1985年的72.74万人上升到1996年100.21万人，进入特大城市，徐州市谋求淮海经济区中心城市的目标已经实现。原临沂县先改为县级市，继而升格为地级市，设立兰山、河东、罗庄三区，临沂市区城市人口从1985年的19万人发展到1996年的57.19万人，进入大城市行列，该市请中国权威设计院武汉勘察设计院（该院曾给乌鲁木齐等编制城市规划）调整了城市规划，在沂河两岸拉
Hale Waihona Puke 2.3城市化的措施之一——工业化
世界各国的城市化都是伴随着工业化而发生发展的。工业革命的发源地英国1851年城市化水平就达到50%，美国1921年城市化水平达到50%，而到1992年，则高达97.2%，同年日本为93.6%，德国为96.9%。我国的鞍山、阜新、洛阳、淄博、攀枝花、宝鸡、石嘴山、包头、金昌、伊春等市尤其是典型的工矿业城市，象法国的图卢兹市就是由于航空工业的崛起而发展成为一个新型工业城市。
2.5 城市化的措施之三——调整行政区划
改革开放前，辽宁省率先实行市管县体制，当时目的是为工业产品在县里就近配套和解决城市蔬菜、肉类副食品供应，通过行政手段解决专署的分割和限制，这一做法很快被江苏、广东效仿，随后波及浙江、吉林、湖北、黑龙江、河南等省。江苏省1983年全部实行市管县，1984年国务院批准连云港、南通设立经济技术开发区，使这一行政措施成为对外开放的前奏。
我国近十多年来，由于城市化进程加快，各方面都注意研究这个问题。到1996年，全国设市城市666个，建制镇17000个，而1981年，设市城市只有233个，15年时间内，数量增加了1.75倍，建制镇增加了5.23倍。城市化率由1978年的17 .9%增加到1995年的29%左右，即平均每年增加0.65个百分点（也有些专家测算实际增加为0.67、0.68个百分点）。作为对问题本质的讨论，如果以0.65个百分点看作今后一个时期的年平均增长速度，那么到2010年，全国总人口达16亿人，城市人口6.5亿人，城市化率为35%（也有些专家预测2010年城市化率达到40%-50%，认为这是加速期的必然）。不论是低限（5600万人）还是高限（1亿多人）的城市人口增长，对中国的城市发展乃至整个经济、社会、环境、科技、文化、教育、生活……，都是至关重要的大事。
世界城市化率标准
世界城市化率标准城市化率是指城市人口占总人口的比例，是衡量一个地区城市化程度的重要指标。
随着经济的发展和人口的迁移，城市化率逐渐成为衡量一个国家或地区发展水平的重要指标之一。
世界各国和地区对于城市化率的标准并不完全一致，因此，在国际上并没有一个统一的标准。
然而，根据联合国的统计数据和国际上的一些研究，可以总结出一些常见的世界城市化率标准。
首先，发达国家的城市化率通常较高。
发达国家的城市化率一般在70%以上，例如美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国家的城市化率都在80%以上。
这是因为发达国家的经济相对发达，城市化进程较为成熟，人口大部分已经聚集在城市中。
其次，发展中国家的城市化率也在逐步提高。
随着经济的快速发展和农村人口的城市化迁徙，许多发展中国家的城市化率也在不断增加。
例如中国的城市化率从1978年的17.9%增长到2018年的59.6%，城市化进程迅速。
其他一些发展中国家如巴西、印度、南非等也面临着快速的城市化进程。
然而，并不是所有国家和地区的城市化率都高。
一些欠发达国家和地区的城市化率较低。
这些国家和地区的经济相对较弱，农村地区的人口占比较高。
例如，非洲的撒哈拉以南地区的城市化率普遍较低，一些中东和北非国家的城市化率也相对较低。
城市化率的高低与国家的发展水平、经济发展、工业化程度、农村人口的迁徙等因素密切相关。
城市化率的提高可以促进经济的发展和社会的进步，但也会带来一系列的挑战和问题。
城市化率的过高可能导致城市资源的紧张和环境的恶化，城市贫困和社会不平等等问题也需要引起重视。
因此，世界城市化率的标准并不是固定的，各个国家和地区的城市化率标准会因地区的不同而有所差异。
但无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，城市化进程都是一个普遍的趋势。
对于每个国家和地区来说，合理规划和管理城市化进程，保证城市化的可持续发展，是一个重要的挑战和任务。
综上所述，世界城市化率标准是一个相对而言的概念，各个国家和地区的标准会有所不同。
发达国家的城镇化进程的特点和规律
发达国家的城镇化进程的特点和规律大国崛起的历史经验表明，工业化、城镇化是国家崛起的必然趋势。
目前，城镇化在许多国家以不同的形式，在不同的水平上，正轰轰烈烈地推进着，并积累了不少经验。
吸取和借鉴这些国家成功的城镇化经验，不仅可以从社会发展战略的角度来审视我国城镇化发展的轨迹，而且也可以使我们少走弯路，更好更快地推进我国城镇化发展的进程。
（一）全球城镇化总体情况。
20世纪是全球城镇化快速发展的时期，尤其是二战以后，全球城镇化率到20世纪末达到48%，据统计，世界发达国家城镇化水平达80％以上，一些发展中国家已达55－60％，而我国仅为32％。
全球百万人口以上的大城市，1950年71座，2000年增加到388座。
人口超过1000万的巨型城市是20世界后半期出现的。
有些发达地区出现了以一个或几个大城市为核心，周围分布着成组成群中小城镇的都市连绵区。
这种特大城市组群形态的出现是经济发展，特别是交通运输条件发展所促成。
可见，全球城镇化不仅表现在数字上和比重的提高，还包含着丰富的、空间形态上的发展变化，表现出多样的形势和特点。
（二）国外城镇化发展的规律、特点及模式。
●城镇发展具有一定的规律性。
综观世界各国城镇化发展，它不仅仅是人口的简单聚集，而且是整个社会基本形态由农业型社会向更高一级城市型社会的转型，是经济增长和社会发展的晴雨表。
它的发展水平往往是与工业化和经济发展相适应的，其进程一般沿着起步—快速发展—高位趋缓的轨迹来发展。
在这一过程中，城镇化的形态特征与内在机制都发生着较明显的变化，体现出鲜明的初期阶段、中期阶段、后期阶段三个阶段。
初期阶段——城镇化水平在30%以下，该阶段第一产业所能提供的生活资料不够丰富，国民经济总体实力薄弱，第二产业发展所需的社会资本短缺，所以城镇化的速度比较缓慢。
中期阶段——城镇化水平在30%一70%之间，该阶段城镇化发展进入加速期。
人口和经济活动迅速向城市集聚，城镇化水平大约每年提高一个百分点。
城中村改造与城市化建设的目的和重要意义1
城中村改造与城市化建设的目的和重要意义一、城中村改造与城市化建设的目的和重要意义：党的十八大报告对推动城乡发展一体化作出了重要部署，明确指出要加快发展现代农业，着力促进农民增收，坚持和完善农村基本经营制度，加快完善城乡发展一体化体制机制。
这些论述，和每一位农民朋友关系重大，将会给大家带来实实在在的好处，也会给农村的发展指明方向。
十八大报告中关于农业的论述如下：“解决好农业农村农民问题是全党工作重中之重，城乡发展一体化是解决“三农”问题的根本途径。
要加大统筹城乡发展力度，增强农村发展活力，逐步缩小城乡差距，促进城乡共同繁荣。
坚持工业反哺农业、城市支持农村和多予少取放活方针，加大强农惠农富农政策力度，让广大农民平等参与现代化进程、共同分享现代化成果。
加快发展现代农业，增强农业综合生产能力，确保国家粮食安全和重要农产品有效供给。
坚持把国家基础设施建设和社会事业发展重点放在农村，深入推进新农村建设和扶贫开发，全面改善农村生产生活条件。
着力促进农民增收，保持农民收入持续较快增长。
坚持和完善农村基本经营制度，依法维护农民土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权，壮大集体经济实力，发展多种形式规模经营，构建集约化、专业化、组织化、社会化相结合的新型农业经营体系。
改革征地制度，提高农民在土地增值收益中的分配比例。
加快完善城乡发展一体化体制机制，着力在城乡规划、基础设施、公共服务等方面推进一体化，促进城乡要素平等交换和公共资源均衡配置，形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农、城乡关系。
”结合我国2020年要全面实现小康社会，必须先彻底解决“三农”问题，在我国全面实行工业化、市场化、城市化。
才能解决农村的落后状况，提高农民的生活素质，人们常说：“农村的出路在农村之外，在城市化建设的进程中”。
在目前城市化发展和城中村改造中，城中村由此走向城市化，从其城市化的历史进展轨迹中，我们探讨其经验、规律、问题的解决方法，有着重大的理论意义和现实意义。
城市化的本质是社会现代化
城市化的本质是社会现代化城市化与社会现代化都体现社会转型的过程。
城市化的本质属性在社会现代化这一概念中得到了体现。
城市化的动态运行将社会现代化的社会转型过程集中体现出来。
从这样的意义上说，城市化的本质就是社会现代化。
标签：城市化；社会现代化；城市社会；转型；本质中共十七大报告在谈到深入贯彻落实科学发展观的时候，强调要正确认识和妥善处理中国特色社会主义事业的重大关系，要坚持统筹兼顾的原则。
“统筹城乡发展”是我们要处理好的重大关系之一，城乡统筹问题的一个重要方面是城市化。
城市化关系到经济学问题，但它更多地反映了社会学问题。
近期在社会学领域，人们十分关注这样一个概念，就是社会现代化。
城市化的过程在本质上就是社会现代化的过程。
一、城市化与社会现代化的内涵1、城市化的含义国家建设部1998年制定的《城市规划基本术语标准》提出了城市化这一概念。
并对其进行了定义，这一定义为我们理解城市化提供了帮助。
所谓城市化，是指人类生产和生活方式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史过程，表现为乡村人口向城市人口的转化以及城市不断发展和完善的过程。
城市化是与城市的产生和发展密切联系。
城市是城市化的载体，没有城市，无从谈城市化。
中外城市的发源和发展已有数千年的历史，但真正意义上的城市化是工业社会的产物，是随着工业化的发展而快速兴起的。
英国是城市化的发祥地。
目前，英国城市化水平超过了90％，是世界上城市化水平最高的国家。
国际上，衡量城市化水平的指标主要是城市化率，即城市人口占总人口的百分比。
目前世界城市化平均水平为48.8％，高收入国家城市化率为75％，中等收入国家为62％，低收入国家为30％。
世界各国在城市化进程中，都由农村人口占大多数，逐步变为城市人口占大多数。
18世纪世界上绝大多数人口生活在农村，今天世界上已经有近半数的人口生活在城市。
城市化是世界各国社会结构变化发展的共同趋势。
2、社会现代化的含义现代化这个术语开始被学者们广泛使用是在1958年。
世界概况-各国城市化率
世界各国城市化率国名1960年1965年1970年1975年1980年1985年1990年1995年中国香港特区85.2086.4087.7089.7091.5092.9099.50100.00中国澳门特别行政区95.3096.2097.0097.9098.5099.4099.8099.90直布罗陀100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00新加坡100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00摩纳哥100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00开曼群岛100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00百慕大100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00科威特74.9079.3085.7089.4094.8097.9098.0098.10波多黎各44.5051.5058.3062.8066.9069.2072.2087.10比利时92.5093.1093.8094.5095.4095.9096.4096.80卡塔尔85.2087.2088.4088.9089.4090.1092.2094.10英属维尔京群岛（美属）56.5063.3069.6075.2080.1084.3087.7090.40马耳他90.1089.8089.7089.7089.8089.8090.4090.90圣马力诺48.9054.4059.8071.5081.2088.3090.4091.70委内瑞拉61.6067.0071.9075.8079.2081.9084.3086.80关岛50.1055.5061.9083.6093.8092.3090.8092.10美属萨摩亚66.2068.3070.4072.4074.3077.8080.9085.30乌拉圭80.2081.3082.4083.4085.4087.2089.0090.50冰岛80.3082.7084.9086.7088.3089.6090.8091.60阿根廷73.6076.4078.9081.0082.9085.0087.0088.70特克斯和凯科斯群岛47.7049.4051.1053.1055.3065.4074.3079.90以色列76.8080.9084.2086.6088.6089.8090.4090.90北马里亚纳群岛51.2058.8070.1080.6086.8088.4089.7089.60英国78.4077.8077.1082.7087.9088.6088.7089.00安道尔澳大利亚81.5083.5085.3085.9085.8085.5085.4086.10巴林82.3082.5083.8085.0086.1087.2088.1088.40智利67.8071.7075.2078.4081.2082.6083.3084.40吉布提50.3056.1061.8067.1072.1074.6075.7079.70黎巴嫩42.3050.9059.5067.0073.7079.4083.1084.80丹麦73.7077.0079.7082.1083.7084.4084.8085.00新西兰76.0078.9081.1082.8083.4083.7084.7085.30巴西44.9050.3055.8061.7067.4071.3074.8077.80加蓬17.4023.8032.0043.0054.7062.4069.1075.40瑞典72.5077.1081.0082.7083.1083.1083.1083.80巴哈马59.7063.3066.7070.0073.1076.7079.8081.00格陵兰58.5066.1072.7074.4076.1078.0079.7080.90卢森堡69.6072.0074.4077.3080.0080.7080.9082.90沙特阿拉伯31.3038.8048.7058.3065.9072.6076.6078.70荷兰59.8060.8061.7063.2064.7066.7068.7072.80美国70.0071.9073.6073.7073.7074.5075.3077.30韩国27.7032.4040.7048.0056.7064.9073.8078.20帕劳56.8058.3059.7061.1062.5067.4069.6071.40加拿大69.1072.9075.7075.6075.7076.4076.6077.70约旦50.9054.3056.0057.7059.9066.3072.2078.20阿拉伯联合大公国73.5075.7077.7079.6080.7079.8079.1078.40利比亚27.3033.7049.7062.8070.1075.5075.7076.00挪威49.9057.6065.4068.2070.5071.3072.0073.80法国61.9067.1071.1072.9073.3073.7074.1074.90墨西哥50.8054.9059.0062.8066.3069.0071.4073.40西班牙56.6061.3066.0069.6072.8074.2075.4075.90古巴58.4059.3060.3064.2068.1070.9073.4074.30苏里南47.3047.1045.9049.5055.0063.8068.3070.20文莱43.4052.6061.7062.0059.9062.3065.8068.60哥伦比亚45.0051.0054.8058.5062.1065.6068.3070.50多米尼加27.3036.6046.9055.3063.4066.0067.7069.40德国71.4072.0072.3072.6072.8072.7073.1073.30捷克共和国59.5062.0064.4069.9075.2075.4075.2074.60瑞士51.0054.2057.4057.4057.1065.2073.2073.60白俄罗斯32.4038.1044.0050.6056.5061.8066.0067.90巴拿马41.2044.4047.6049.0050.4052.1053.9060.00俄罗斯联邦53.8058.4062.5066.9069.8072.0073.4073.40约旦河西岸和加沙阿曼16.4022.3029.7038.2047.6057.1066.1071.70秘鲁46.8051.9057.4061.5064.6066.9068.9070.30保加利亚37.1045.8052.3057.6062.1064.6066.4067.80马绍尔群岛35.6042.7053.5060.6058.3061.9065.1066.70马来西亚26.6029.9033.5037.7042.0045.9049.8055.70塞浦路斯35.6038.2040.8047.3058.6064.7066.8068.00爱沙尼亚57.5061.3064.9067.6069.7070.8071.1070.00多米尼加共和国30.2035.0040.2045.7051.3053.9055.2057.80土耳其31.5034.2038.2041.6043.8052.4059.2062.10伊朗伊斯兰共和国33.7037.1041.2045.7049.7053.4056.3060.20拉脱维亚52.9056.8060.7064.2067.1068.6069.3068.80意大利59.4061.8064.3065.6066.6066.8066.7066.90乌克兰46.8050.6054.8058.4061.7064.7066.8067.00匈牙利55.9058.0060.1062.2064.2065.1065.8065.20奥地利64.7065.0065.3065.3065.4065.6065.8065.80立陶宛39.5044.5049.6055.7061.2065.0067.6067.30马其顿(前南斯拉夫)34.0040.4047.1050.6053.5055.7057.8060.30伊拉克42.9050.7056.2061.4065.5068.8069.7068.80突尼斯37.5039.7043.5047.6050.6053.8057.9061.50日本43.1047.4053.2056.8059.6060.6063.1064.60厄瓜多尔33.9036.6039.3042.4047.0051.2055.1057.80玻利维亚36.8038.3039.8041.3045.5050.5055.6059.40阿尔及利亚30.5037.6039.5040.3043.5048.0052.1056.00菲律宾30.3031.6033.0035.6037.5043.0048.8054.00新喀里多尼亚37.4044.6051.2055.2057.4058.8059.6060.30亚美尼亚51.3055.6059.9063.6066.0067.1067.5066.30芬兰38.1043.9050.3058.3059.8059.8061.4061.40哥斯达黎加34.3035.8038.8041.3043.1045.6050.7055.80朝鲜40.2045.1054.2056.7056.9057.6058.4059.10刚果共和国31.6035.3039.1043.3047.9052.2054.3056.40爱尔兰45.8048.7051.7053.6055.3056.3056.9057.90波兰47.9050.1052.1055.3058.1059.9061.3061.50希腊42.9047.5052.5055.3057.7058.4058.8059.30南非46.6047.2047.8048.1048.4049.4052.0054.50萨尔瓦多38.3038.9039.4041.5044.1046.6049.2054.00圣多美和普林西比16.1021.8029.5031.6033.5038.0043.6048.60巴拉圭35.6036.2037.1039.0041.7045.0048.7052.10黑山18.8022.6026.9031.6036.8042.3048.0053.40利比里亚18.6022.1026.0030.4035.2040.3045.3050.00佛得角16.7018.1019.6021.4023.5031.5044.1048.80博茨瓦纳 3.10 3.807.8011.9016.5026.7041.9049.00葡萄牙35.0036.9038.8040.8042.8045.3047.9051.10哈萨克斯坦44.2047.0050.2052.6054.1056.0056.3055.90克罗地亚30.2035.0040.2045.1050.1052.3054.0054.90蒙古35.7042.1045.1048.7052.1055.0057.0056.80喀麦隆13.9016.9020.3027.3031.9036.2040.7045.30尼加拉瓜39.6042.7047.0048.7049.9051.1052.3053.50安哥拉10.4012.5015.0019.1024.3030.3037.1044.00斯洛伐克共和国33.5037.0041.1046.3051.6054.2056.5056.50冈比亚12.1014.5019.5024.4028.4033.0038.3043.80摩洛哥29.4031.9034.5037.7041.2044.8048.4051.70塞舌尔27.7033.1039.1046.3049.4049.3049.3049.90罗马尼亚阿拉伯叙利亚共和国36.8040.0043.3045.1046.7047.9048.9050.10牙买加33.8037.5041.4044.1046.8048.4049.4050.60格鲁吉亚42.3044.9047.5049.5051.6053.9055.1053.90斐济29.7032.6034.8036.7037.8038.5041.6045.50塞尔维亚50.4050.90阿塞拜疆47.7048.8050.0051.9052.8053.5053.7052.20伯利兹54.0052.5051.0050.2049.4048.4047.5047.50法属波利尼西亚42.4048.2055.3056.9057.4057.3055.9053.50印尼14.6015.8017.1019.3022.1026.1030.6035.60马恩岛加纳23.3026.1029.0030.1031.2032.9036.4040.10世界32.7734.7736.0037.2439.0940.9342.9444.76图瓦卢15.9018.8022.1025.8029.8034.3040.7044.00科特迪瓦17.7024.5028.2032.2036.9038.3039.7041.40土库曼斯坦46.4047.1047.8047.6047.1046.0045.1045.30斯洛文尼亚28.2032.5037.0042.4048.0049.6050.4050.60危地马拉31.1034.0035.5036.7037.4039.2041.1043.10尼日利亚16.2020.1022.7025.5028.6031.8035.3038.90洪都拉斯22.7025.7028.9032.1034.9037.7040.3042.30波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那19.0022.8027.2031.3035.5037.6039.2041.10圣文森特和格林纳丁斯13.9019.8026.9027.0027.2033.6040.6043.00海地15.6017.6019.8020.4020.5023.3028.5032.60阿鲁巴50.8050.7050.6050.5050.5050.4050.3048.80阿尔巴尼亚30.7031.2031.7032.7033.8035.1036.4038.90基里巴斯16.3019.6024.1029.6032.3033.5035.0036.40苏丹10.7013.4016.5018.9020.0022.4026.6031.30中国16.0017.6017.4017.4019.6023.0027.4031.40阿拉伯埃及共和国37.9040.7042.2043.5043.9043.9043.5042.80毛里求斯33.2037.0042.0043.4042.4042.3043.9043.30塞内加尔23.0026.4030.0033.7035.8037.5039.0039.80多哥10.1015.0021.3022.9024.7027.2030.1033.20摩尔多瓦23.4027.6032.1036.2040.4044.2046.8046.30法罗群岛21.4025.6028.0030.3031.2030.8030.6030.90贝宁9.3012.5016.7021.9027.3030.8034.5036.80毛里塔尼亚 6.9010.1014.6020.6027.4035.0039.7039.80巴巴多斯36.8037.1037.5038.6039.6036.0032.7034.50赤道几内亚25.5026.5027.0027.4027.9029.9034.7038.80中非共和国20.1023.5027.3032.0033.9035.5036.8037.20马尔代夫11.2011.5011.9017.3022.3025.5025.8025.60塞拉利昂17.4020.2023.4026.8029.1031.6032.9034.20津巴布韦12.6014.6017.4019.9022.4025.4029.0031.70纳米比亚17.9020.0022.3023.7025.1026.4027.7029.80莫桑比克 3.70 4.60 5.808.7013.1016.7021.1026.20乌兹别克斯坦34.0035.3036.7039.1040.8040.7040.1038.40索马里17.3020.0022.7025.5026.8028.1029.7031.40吉尔吉斯共和国34.2035.9037.5038.2038.6038.4037.8036.30巴基斯坦22.1023.5024.8026.3028.1029.3030.6031.80赞比亚18.1023.4030.4034.9039.8039.7039.4037.10不丹 3.60 4.70 6.107.9010.1012.9016.4020.50几内亚10.5013.0016.0019.5023.6026.6028.0029.50刚果民主泰国19.7020.2020.9023.8026.8028.1029.4030.30缅甸19.2021.0022.8023.9024.0024.2024.9026.10圣基茨和尼维斯27.6030.9034.1035.0035.9035.2034.6033.70马里11.1012.6014.3016.2018.5021.0023.3025.50海峡群岛老挝人民民主共和国7.908.309.6011.1012.4013.8015.4017.40格林纳达30.3031.3032.2032.6032.9032.6032.2031.60也门共和国9.1011.0013.3014.8016.5018.4020.9023.80安提瓜和巴布达39.7036.6033.8034.2034.6035.0035.4034.00几内亚比绍13.6014.3015.1016.0017.6022.4028.1029.80印度17.9018.8019.8021.3023.1024.3025.5026.60马达加斯加10.6012.4014.1016.3018.5020.9023.6025.80圭亚那29.0029.2029.4030.0030.5030.0029.5029.10科摩罗12.6017.0019.4021.2023.2025.5027.9028.30越南14.7016.4018.3018.8019.2019.6020.3022.20圣卢西亚21.5022.7023.9025.2026.5027.9029.3029.60东帝汶孟加拉国 5.10 6.207.609.8014.9017.5019.8021.70乍得 6.708.4011.6015.6018.8019.8020.8021.90塔吉克斯坦33.2035.2036.9035.5034.3033.2031.7028.90坦桑尼亚 5.20 6.007.9011.1014.6016.8018.9020.50莱索托 3.40 6.308.6010.8011.5011.8014.0017.00斯威士兰 3.90 6.509.7014.0017.8021.8022.9023.00汤加17.6019.5020.2020.3021.2022.3022.7022.90瓦努阿图10.4011.3012.3013.4014.7016.7018.7020.20阿富汗8.009.4011.0013.3015.7017.0018.3019.80萨摩亚18.9019.3020.4021.0021.2021.2021.2021.50密克罗尼西亚联邦22.3023.5024.8025.9026.4026.1025.8025.10肯尼亚7.408.6010.3012.9015.7017.0018.2019.00柬埔寨10.3010.8016.00 4.409.0012.6012.6014.20厄立特里亚9.8011.4012.6013.5014.4015.2015.8016.60布基纳法索 4.70 5.20 5.70 6.308.8012.3013.8015.10马拉维 4.40 4.90 6.107.709.1010.2011.6013.30卢旺达 2.40 2.80 3.20 4.00 4.70 5.10 5.408.30索罗门群岛 5.807.208.909.1010.6012.4013.7014.70尼泊尔 3.50 3.70 4.00 4.80 6.107.408.9010.90埃塞俄比亚 6.407.608.609.5010.4011.5012.6013.90尼日尔 5.80 6.808.8011.4013.4014.5015.4015.80斯里兰卡16.4017.6019.5019.5018.8018.0017.2016.40列支敦士登20.4019.5018.5018.3018.3017.6016.9016.50特里尼达和多巴哥17.3014.3011.9011.4010.909.608.509.60乌干达 4.40 5.50 6.707.007.509.2011.1011.70巴布亚新几内亚 3.70 5.509.8011.9013.0014.0015.0014.10布隆迪 2.00 2.20 2.40 3.20 4.30 5.20 6.307.20中高收入46.3950.5754.4858.3461.7164.8567.5269.59世界各国城市化率世界银行数据2000年200220032004200520062007200820092010 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 98.2098.2498.2698.2898.3098.3298.3498.3698.3898.40 94.6095.8096.4097.0097.6097.8498.0898.3298.5698.80 97.1097.1897.2297.2697.3097.3297.3497.3697.3897.40 94.9095.1095.2095.3095.4095.4895.5695.6495.7295.80 92.6093.2493.5693.8894.2094.4294.6494.8695.0895.3092.4092.8893.1293.3693.6093.8294.0494.2694.4894.7093.4093.6893.8293.9694.1094.1494.1894.2294.2694.30 89.7090.7491.2691.7892.3092.6492.9893.3293.6694.00 93.1093.1093.1093.1093.1093.1293.1493.1693.1893.20 88.8089.8090.3090.8091.3091.6491.9892.3292.6693.0091.3091.5891.7291.8692.0092.1092.2092.3092.4092.5092.2092.2092.2092.2092.2092.2292.2492.2692.2892.30 90.1090.6290.8891.1491.4091.6091.8092.0092.2092.40 84.6086.6487.6688.6889.7090.4291.1491.8692.5893.30 91.4091.4891.5291.5691.6091.6291.6491.6691.6891.70 90.2090.4490.5690.6890.8090.9091.0091.1091.2091.30 89.4089.5289.5889.6489.7089.7889.8689.9490.0290.1091.5691.1490.7290.3089.8489.3888.9288.4688.0087.2087.6087.8088.0088.2088.3888.5688.7488.9289.1088.4088.4088.4088.4088.4088.4488.4888.5288.5688.60 85.9086.5886.9287.2687.6087.8888.1688.4488.7289.00 83.3084.4284.9885.5486.1086.5086.9087.3087.7088.10 86.0086.2486.3686.4886.6086.7286.8486.9687.0887.20 85.1085.4285.5885.7485.9086.1686.4286.6886.9487.20 85.7085.9086.0086.1086.2086.3286.4486.5686.6886.80 81.2082.4083.0083.6084.2084.6685.1285.5886.0486.50 80.1081.5082.2082.9083.6084.0884.5685.0485.5286.00 84.0084.1284.1884.2484.3084.3884.4684.5484.6284.70 82.0082.4482.6682.8883.1083.3083.5083.7083.9084.10 81.6082.0882.3282.5682.8083.0483.2883.5283.7684.00 83.8083.4083.2083.0082.8082.6882.5682.4482.3282.20 79.8080.2880.5280.8481.4282.0082.5882.4282.2683.60 76.8078.1678.8479.5280.2080.7481.2881.8282.3682.90 79.1079.7880.1280.4680.8081.1081.4081.7082.0082.30 79.6080.0880.3280.5680.8081.0281.2481.4681.6881.90 69.9072.7874.2275.6677.1078.2279.3480.4681.5882.70 79.5079.7479.8679.9880.1080.2080.3080.4080.5080.60 78.3078.3078.3078.3078.3078.3478.3878.4278.4678.50 77.8077.7677.7477.7277.7077.7677.8277.8877.9478.00 76.4076.6476.7676.8877.0077.1877.3677.5477.7277.90 76.1076.5876.8277.0677.3077.3677.4277.4877.5477.6075.8076.1676.3476.5276.7076.9277.1477.3677.5877.80 74.7075.3475.6675.9876.3076.6076.9077.2077.5077.80 76.3076.4676.5476.6276.7076.8476.9877.1277.2677.40 75.6075.6075.6075.6075.6075.6275.6475.6675.6875.70 72.1072.8273.1873.5473.9074.2474.5874.9275.2675.6071.1072.0672.5473.0273.5073.9474.3874.8275.2675.7072.1072.7073.0073.3073.6073.9074.2074.5074.8075.10 71.1071.8272.1872.5472.9073.2473.5873.9274.2674.6073.1073.2273.2873.3473.4073.4873.5673.6473.7273.8074.0073.8073.7073.6073.5073.5073.5073.5073.5073.50 73.3073.3073.3073.3073.3073.3673.4273.4873.5473.60 69.9070.8271.2871.7472.2072.6273.0473.4673.8874.30 65.8067.8068.8069.8070.8071.6072.4073.2074.0074.80 73.4073.2073.1073.0072.9072.8872.8672.8472.8272.8071.5471.5671.5871.6071.7071.8071.9072.0072.10 71.6071.5671.5471.5271.5071.5471.5871.6271.6671.70 70.7070.8670.9471.0271.1071.2071.3071.4071.5071.60 68.9069.4269.6869.9470.2070.5070.8071.1071.4071.70 68.4069.0469.3669.6870.0070.3670.7271.0871.4471.80 62.0064.2465.3666.4867.6068.5269.4470.3671.2872.2068.6068.8869.0269.1669.3069.5069.7069.9070.1070.3069.4069.4069.4069.4069.4069.4269.4469.4669.4869.50 62.4064.1665.0465.9266.8067.5468.2869.0269.7670.50 64.7065.7466.2666.7867.3067.7668.2268.6869.1469.60 64.2065.2865.8266.3666.9067.4267.9468.4668.9869.50 68.1068.0668.0468.0268.0068.0468.0868.1268.1668.20 67.2067.3667.4467.5267.6067.7667.9268.0868.2468.40 67.1067.3867.5267.6667.8067.8667.9267.9868.0468.1064.6065.2865.6265.9666.3066.7067.1067.5067.9068.3065.8066.0866.2266.3666.5066.7266.9467.1667.3867.60 67.0066.8466.7666.6866.6066.7266.8466.9667.0867.20 62.9063.9064.4064.9065.4065.9066.4066.9067.4067.90 67.8067.4467.2667.0866.9066.8066.7066.6066.5066.40 63.4064.1664.5464.9265.3065.7066.1066.5066.9067.30 65.2065.5265.6865.8466.0066.1666.3266.4866.6466.8060.3061.6262.2862.9463.6064.2664.9265.5866.2466.9061.8062.7663.2463.7264.2064.6665.1265.5866.0466.50 59.8061.2061.9062.6063.3063.9464.5865.2265.8666.50 58.5060.1861.0261.8662.7063.4464.1864.9265.6666.40 61.9062.6262.9863.3463.7064.0664.4264.7865.1465.50 65.1064.7064.5064.3064.1064.0263.9463.8663.7863.70 61.1061.6261.8862.1462.4062.7063.0063.3063.6063.9059.0060.0860.6261.1661.7062.2262.7463.2663.7864.3060.2060.7661.0461.3261.6061.9662.3262.6863.0463.4058.3059.0659.4459.8260.2060.5860.9661.3461.7262.1059.1059.6659.9460.2260.5060.7861.0661.3461.6261.90 61.7061.6261.5861.5461.5061.4461.3861.3261.2661.20 59.7059.9860.1260.2660.4060.6060.8061.0061.2061.40 56.9057.8658.3458.8259.3059.7860.2660.7461.2261.70 58.4058.9659.2459.5259.8060.1060.4060.7061.0061.30 53.4055.2856.2257.1658.1058.9259.7460.5661.3862.2055.3056.5857.2257.8658.5059.1059.7060.3060.9061.50 58.5059.5860.1260.6661.2060.8660.5260.1859.8459.50 54.3055.8256.5857.3458.1058.7859.4660.1460.8261.50 53.4055.0055.8056.6057.4058.1458.8859.6260.3661.1053.2054.8455.6656.4857.3058.0658.8259.5860.3461.1054.4055.6856.3256.9657.6058.2258.8459.4660.0860.70 56.3056.6256.7856.9457.1057.3857.6657.9458.2258.5055.6055.9656.1456.3256.5056.7657.0257.2857.5457.8056.6056.6456.6656.6856.7056.8657.0257.1857.3457.50 49.9051.6652.5453.4254.3055.1255.9456.7657.5858.40 54.7055.1855.4255.6655.9056.1856.4656.7457.0257.30 49.0051.0052.0053.0054.0054.9055.8056.7057.6058.50 56.3056.2656.2456.2256.2056.3256.4456.5656.6856.80 49.1051.0251.9852.9453.9054.7455.5856.4257.2658.10 53.3053.9854.3254.6655.0055.3455.6856.0256.3656.70 51.0051.7652.1452.5252.9053.3853.8654.3454.8255.3053.5853.6253.6653.7053.8854.0654.2454.4254.60 51.6052.2452.5652.8853.2053.5453.8854.2254.5654.9051.8052.1652.3452.5252.7052.9053.1053.3053.5053.7052.7052.6252.5852.5452.5052.5852.6652.7452.8252.90 48.3049.3049.8050.3050.8051.3251.8452.3652.8853.40 51.1051.2651.3451.4251.5051.6851.8652.0452.2252.40 51.2051.3251.3851.4451.5051.6451.7851.9252.0652.20 47.8048.7649.2449.7250.2050.7051.2051.7052.2052.70 52.4052.1251.9851.8451.7051.6851.6651.6451.6251.60 42.0044.4445.6646.8848.1049.2250.3451.4652.5853.7051.5651.4451.3251.2051.0850.9650.8450.7250.60 44.0045.5246.2847.0447.8048.5449.2850.0250.7651.50 46.6747.5047.9148.3148.7349.1549.5850.0150.4350.85 46.0046.8447.2647.6848.1048.5649.0249.4849.9450.40 43.5044.8245.4846.1446.8047.4648.1248.7849.4450.10 45.8046.4046.7047.0047.3047.7448.1848.6249.0649.50 50.8050.2850.0249.7649.5049.2048.9048.6048.3048.00 45.1045.9446.3646.7847.2047.6648.1248.5849.0449.50 42.5043.9844.7245.4646.2046.9247.6448.3649.0849.80 44.4045.2445.6646.0846.5046.9647.4247.8848.3448.8043.2044.2044.7045.2045.7046.2846.8647.4448.0248.6044.4045.0045.3045.6045.9046.2846.6647.0447.4247.80 35.6038.4439.8641.2842.7044.0845.4646.8448.2249.60 46.7046.6646.6446.6246.6046.6646.7246.7846.8446.90 41.7042.9443.5644.1844.8045.4446.0846.7247.3648.00 43.0043.2443.3643.4843.6043.6843.7643.8443.9244.00 36.1037.9838.9239.8640.8041.6842.5643.4444.3245.20 35.8037.6438.5639.4840.4041.3042.2043.1044.0044.90 42.6042.6042.6042.6042.6042.6442.6842.7242.7642.80 42.7042.5442.4642.3842.3042.3642.4242.4842.5442.60 40.6041.0041.2041.4041.6041.8642.1242.3842.6442.90 36.5037.8638.5439.2239.9040.6041.3042.0042.7043.40 44.6043.8043.4043.0042.6042.3242.0441.7641.4841.20 36.3037.7038.4039.1039.8040.3440.8841.4241.9642.50 38.3038.9839.3239.6640.0040.4040.8041.2041.6042.0040.0040.1640.2440.3240.4040.6040.8041.0041.2041.40 36.3037.1437.5637.9838.4038.8839.3639.8440.3240.80 38.8038.8438.8638.8838.9039.0639.2239.3839.5439.70 37.6037.8037.9038.0038.1038.2638.4238.5838.7438.90 27.7030.1831.4232.6633.9035.2236.5437.8639.1840.50 35.5036.0236.2836.5436.8037.1237.4437.7638.0838.40 33.8034.6435.0635.4835.9036.3836.8637.3437.8238.30 32.4033.4834.0234.5635.1035.6836.2636.8437.4238.00 30.7032.2232.9833.7434.5035.2836.0636.8437.6238.40 37.3037.0636.9436.8236.7036.7436.7836.8236.8636.90 33.2034.0034.4034.8035.2035.6436.0836.5236.9637.40 35.4035.5635.6435.7235.8035.9636.1236.2836.4436.6033.2033.8834.2234.5634.9035.3235.7436.1636.5837.0034.8034.8834.9234.9635.0035.1435.2835.4235.5635.70 25.4027.6428.7629.8831.0032.1633.3234.4835.6436.80 31.0031.8032.2032.6033.0033.4833.9634.4434.9235.4030.7231.1831.6432.1032.7233.3433.9634.5835.2031.1031.5831.8232.0632.3032.6432.9833.3233.6634.00 28.0029.0429.5630.0830.6031.2631.9232.5833.2433.90 32.8032.5632.4432.3232.2032.2432.2832.3232.3632.40 27.9028.9429.4629.9830.5031.0631.6232.1832.7433.3030.5830.6230.6630.7030.8430.9831.1231.2631.40 22.0024.1625.2426.3227.4028.5629.7230.8832.0433.20 31.0030.8430.7630.6830.6030.6830.7630.8430.9231.00 26.3027.3427.8628.3828.9029.4830.0630.6431.2231.80 32.1031.5431.2630.9830.7030.6230.5430.4630.3830.30 29.7029.6629.6429.6229.6029.6829.7629.8429.9230.00 27.7028.1028.3028.5028.7028.9829.2629.5429.8230.1027.1027.6627.9428.2228.5028.8429.1829.5229.8630.2028.6028.4428.3628.2828.2028.2628.3228.3828.4428.50 28.1028.0227.9827.9427.9027.9628.0228.0828.1428.20 24.3025.1425.5625.9826.4026.8827.3627.8428.3228.80 28.0027.8427.7627.6827.6027.6827.7627.8427.9228.0025.0225.3825.7426.1026.5026.9027.3027.7028.10 23.6024.4424.8625.2825.7026.1826.6627.1427.6228.10 23.4024.1624.5424.9225.3025.7626.2226.6827.1427.60 26.5026.4626.4426.4226.4026.4226.4426.4626.4826.50 22.3023.0623.4423.8224.2024.6425.0825.5225.9626.40 20.0021.3221.9822.6423.3024.0224.7425.4626.1826.90 23.3023.6223.7823.9424.1024.3824.6624.9425.2225.50 23.2023.5223.6823.8424.0024.2624.5224.7825.0425.30 21.7022.4222.7823.1423.5023.9224.3424.7625.1825.60 21.3021.9422.2622.5822.9023.2823.6624.0424.4224.8021.9022.1022.2022.3022.4022.6022.8023.0023.2023.4022.3022.3022.3022.3022.3022.3822.4622.5422.6222.70 19.7020.1020.3020.5020.7021.0021.3021.6021.9022.2016.9018.0218.5819.1419.7020.3220.9421.5622.1822.8017.8018.4418.7619.0819.4019.8420.2820.7221.1621.60 16.6017.2817.6217.9618.3018.7219.1419.5619.9820.40 15.2016.0416.4616.8817.3017.8018.3018.8019.3019.80 13.8015.2816.0216.7617.5017.7818.0618.3418.6218.9015.7016.2216.4816.7417.0017.3217.6417.9618.2818.6013.4014.3614.8415.3215.8016.2816.7617.2417.7218.2014.9015.3815.6215.8616.1016.4016.7017.0017.3017.60 16.2016.2416.2616.2816.3016.3816.4616.5416.6216.70 15.7015.4615.3415.2215.1015.1015.1015.1015.1015.10 15.1014.8614.7414.6214.5014.4414.3814.3214.2614.20 10.8011.3611.6411.9212.2012.5412.8813.2213.5613.9012.1012.2612.3412.4212.5012.6612.8212.9813.1413.3013.2012.9612.8412.7212.6012.5812.5612.5412.5212.50 8.308.789.029.269.509.8010.1010.4010.7011.00 71.6142011。
世界城市化进程的一般规律与我国城市化进程异同的对比分析
大 众 商 务
Ｐｏ ｔ ｒＢｕｓｎ ｓ ｐｕ ａ ｉ ｅｓ
Ｎｏ ２， ０ ０ ． ２ １
（ 第 １ ０期 ） 总 １
（ ｕ ｌ ｉ ｌ， Ｏ １０ Ｃ ｍｕ ｔ ｅｙ Ｎ ． ） ａｖ １
世 界城 市化进 程 的一 般规 律 与我 国 城 市 化 进 程 异 同 的 对 比 分 析
长的“ ” ｓ 型曲线 。 具体来说 ， 城 市 化 初 期 ， 市 人 口 增 长 缓 慢 ； 在 城 当城 市 人 口超 过 ３ ％以后 ， ０ 城市化进 程逐渐加 快 ， 种加快 一直 要持 续 到城 市 人 口超过 这 ７ ％以后才会趋缓 ； ０ 城市化 水 平超 过 ７ ％后 ， ０ 发展 速 度又 放慢 ， 呈现 即 出慢 （ （ 快 慢的过程 。当然 ， 并不 是任 何 国家 的城 市化 水平 在时 间 轴上 都表现为一条光滑 的倒 ｓ型曲线 ， 但大部分 国家 的数据基本 上支持 了这
结论 。
２对 我 国 城 市化 进 程 与世 界 一 般 规 律 的 吻合 情 况分 析
２ １吻 合 的 方 面 ． ・ ．． ２ １ １我 国的城市化 发展过程基 本呈“ ” 曲线运动 。 ｓ型 由于我 国 ２ ０ 年 的城 市化率 还不 到诺 瑟姆所 说 的 “ 展速度 会放 ０６ 发 慢 ” ７ ％ ， 以目前只能分析我 国的城市 化是否 符合城市 化初 期和 中 的 ０ 所 期 的规 律 。由我 搜集到的数 据 ， 发现我 国 的城 市化 进程 符合 “ ” 曲线 ｓ型 的前两 段 ， 而尤 以 １７ ９ ８年 以后 ， 种符 合最 为明显 。１７ 年 前 ， 国城 这 ９８ 我 市经 济以计划经 济为主 ， 城市 发展 受政 策引 导比较 严重 ， 此曲 线波动 因 比较大 。从 １ ５ ９ ０年城 市人 口仅 占 １ ． ％ ， ０ ８ 徘徊 波动 上升 ， 达到 １ ７ ９ ８年 城市化 率 １ ． ５ 。１７ ８ １％ ９ ８年 以后 ， 着改 革开 放 的不断 深人 和发展 ， 随 出 现了城市 化较为平 稳的上升状 况。 表 １ 我 国 １７ ９ ９—２ ０ ０ ６年城市化 率
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世界各国城市化率国名1960年1965年1970年1975年1980年1985年1990年1995年中国香港特区85.2086.4087.7089.7091.5092.9099.50100.00中国澳门特别行政区95.3096.2097.0097.9098.5099.4099.8099.90直布罗陀100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00新加坡100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00摩纳哥100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00开曼群岛100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00百慕大100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00科威特74.9079.3085.7089.4094.8097.9098.0098.10波多黎各44.5051.5058.3062.8066.9069.2072.2087.10比利时92.5093.1093.8094.5095.4095.9096.4096.80卡塔尔85.2087.2088.4088.9089.4090.1092.2094.10英属维尔京群岛（美属）56.5063.3069.6075.2080.1084.3087.7090.40马耳他90.1089.8089.7089.7089.8089.8090.4090.90圣马力诺48.9054.4059.8071.5081.2088.3090.4091.70委内瑞拉61.6067.0071.9075.8079.2081.9084.3086.80关岛50.1055.5061.9083.6093.8092.3090.8092.10美属萨摩亚66.2068.3070.4072.4074.3077.8080.9085.30乌拉圭80.2081.3082.4083.4085.4087.2089.0090.50冰岛80.3082.7084.9086.7088.3089.6090.8091.60阿根廷73.6076.4078.9081.0082.9085.0087.0088.70特克斯和凯科斯群岛47.7049.4051.1053.1055.3065.4074.3079.90以色列76.8080.9084.2086.6088.6089.8090.4090.90北马里亚纳群岛51.2058.8070.1080.6086.8088.4089.7089.60英国78.4077.8077.1082.7087.9088.6088.7089.00安道尔澳大利亚81.5083.5085.3085.9085.8085.5085.4086.10巴林82.3082.5083.8085.0086.1087.2088.1088.40智利67.8071.7075.2078.4081.2082.6083.3084.40吉布提50.3056.1061.8067.1072.1074.6075.7079.70黎巴嫩42.3050.9059.5067.0073.7079.4083.1084.80丹麦73.7077.0079.7082.1083.7084.4084.8085.00新西兰76.0078.9081.1082.8083.4083.7084.7085.30巴西44.9050.3055.8061.7067.4071.3074.8077.80加蓬17.4023.8032.0043.0054.7062.4069.1075.40瑞典72.5077.1081.0082.7083.1083.1083.1083.80巴哈马59.7063.3066.7070.0073.1076.7079.8081.00格陵兰58.5066.1072.7074.4076.1078.0079.7080.90卢森堡69.6072.0074.4077.3080.0080.7080.9082.90沙特阿拉伯31.3038.8048.7058.3065.9072.6076.6078.70荷兰59.8060.8061.7063.2064.7066.7068.7072.80美国70.0071.9073.6073.7073.7074.5075.3077.30韩国27.7032.4040.7048.0056.7064.9073.8078.20帕劳56.8058.3059.7061.1062.5067.4069.6071.40加拿大69.1072.9075.7075.6075.7076.4076.6077.70约旦50.9054.3056.0057.7059.9066.3072.2078.20阿拉伯联合大公国73.5075.7077.7079.6080.7079.8079.1078.40利比亚27.3033.7049.7062.8070.1075.5075.7076.00挪威49.9057.6065.4068.2070.5071.3072.0073.80法国61.9067.1071.1072.9073.3073.7074.1074.90墨西哥50.8054.9059.0062.8066.3069.0071.4073.40西班牙56.6061.3066.0069.6072.8074.2075.4075.90古巴58.4059.3060.3064.2068.1070.9073.4074.30苏里南47.3047.1045.9049.5055.0063.8068.3070.20文莱43.4052.6061.7062.0059.9062.3065.8068.60哥伦比亚45.0051.0054.8058.5062.1065.6068.3070.50多米尼加27.3036.6046.9055.3063.4066.0067.7069.40德国71.4072.0072.3072.6072.8072.7073.1073.30捷克共和国59.5062.0064.4069.9075.2075.4075.2074.60瑞士51.0054.2057.4057.4057.1065.2073.2073.60白俄罗斯32.4038.1044.0050.6056.5061.8066.0067.90巴拿马41.2044.4047.6049.0050.4052.1053.9060.00俄罗斯联邦53.8058.4062.5066.9069.8072.0073.4073.40约旦河西岸和加沙阿曼16.4022.3029.7038.2047.6057.1066.1071.70秘鲁46.8051.9057.4061.5064.6066.9068.9070.30保加利亚37.1045.8052.3057.6062.1064.6066.4067.80马绍尔群岛35.6042.7053.5060.6058.3061.9065.1066.70马来西亚26.6029.9033.5037.7042.0045.9049.8055.70塞浦路斯35.6038.2040.8047.3058.6064.7066.8068.00爱沙尼亚57.5061.3064.9067.6069.7070.8071.1070.00多米尼加共和国30.2035.0040.2045.7051.3053.9055.2057.80土耳其31.5034.2038.2041.6043.8052.4059.2062.10伊朗伊斯兰共和国33.7037.1041.2045.7049.7053.4056.3060.20拉脱维亚52.9056.8060.7064.2067.1068.6069.3068.80意大利59.4061.8064.3065.6066.6066.8066.7066.90乌克兰46.8050.6054.8058.4061.7064.7066.8067.00匈牙利55.9058.0060.1062.2064.2065.1065.8065.20奥地利64.7065.0065.3065.3065.4065.6065.8065.80立陶宛39.5044.5049.6055.7061.2065.0067.6067.30马其顿(前南斯拉夫)34.0040.4047.1050.6053.5055.7057.8060.30伊拉克42.9050.7056.2061.4065.5068.8069.7068.80突尼斯37.5039.7043.5047.6050.6053.8057.9061.50日本43.1047.4053.2056.8059.6060.6063.1064.60厄瓜多尔33.9036.6039.3042.4047.0051.2055.1057.80玻利维亚36.8038.3039.8041.3045.5050.5055.6059.40阿尔及利亚30.5037.6039.5040.3043.5048.0052.1056.00菲律宾30.3031.6033.0035.6037.5043.0048.8054.00新喀里多尼亚37.4044.6051.2055.2057.4058.8059.6060.30亚美尼亚51.3055.6059.9063.6066.0067.1067.5066.30芬兰38.1043.9050.3058.3059.8059.8061.4061.40哥斯达黎加34.3035.8038.8041.3043.1045.6050.7055.80朝鲜40.2045.1054.2056.7056.9057.6058.4059.10刚果共和国31.6035.3039.1043.3047.9052.2054.3056.40爱尔兰45.8048.7051.7053.6055.3056.3056.9057.90波兰47.9050.1052.1055.3058.1059.9061.3061.50希腊42.9047.5052.5055.3057.7058.4058.8059.30南非46.6047.2047.8048.1048.4049.4052.0054.50萨尔瓦多38.3038.9039.4041.5044.1046.6049.2054.00圣多美和普林西比16.1021.8029.5031.6033.5038.0043.6048.60巴拉圭35.6036.2037.1039.0041.7045.0048.7052.10黑山18.8022.6026.9031.6036.8042.3048.0053.40利比里亚18.6022.1026.0030.4035.2040.3045.3050.00佛得角16.7018.1019.6021.4023.5031.5044.1048.80博茨瓦纳 3.10 3.807.8011.9016.5026.7041.9049.00葡萄牙35.0036.9038.8040.8042.8045.3047.9051.10哈萨克斯坦44.2047.0050.2052.6054.1056.0056.3055.90克罗地亚30.2035.0040.2045.1050.1052.3054.0054.90蒙古35.7042.1045.1048.7052.1055.0057.0056.80喀麦隆13.9016.9020.3027.3031.9036.2040.7045.30尼加拉瓜39.6042.7047.0048.7049.9051.1052.3053.50安哥拉10.4012.5015.0019.1024.3030.3037.1044.00斯洛伐克共和国33.5037.0041.1046.3051.6054.2056.5056.50冈比亚12.1014.5019.5024.4028.4033.0038.3043.80摩洛哥29.4031.9034.5037.7041.2044.8048.4051.70塞舌尔27.7033.1039.1046.3049.4049.3049.3049.90罗马尼亚阿拉伯叙利亚共和国36.8040.0043.3045.1046.7047.9048.9050.10牙买加33.8037.5041.4044.1046.8048.4049.4050.60格鲁吉亚42.3044.9047.5049.5051.6053.9055.1053.90斐济29.7032.6034.8036.7037.8038.5041.6045.50塞尔维亚50.4050.90阿塞拜疆47.7048.8050.0051.9052.8053.5053.7052.20伯利兹54.0052.5051.0050.2049.4048.4047.5047.50法属波利尼西亚42.4048.2055.3056.9057.4057.3055.9053.50印尼14.6015.8017.1019.3022.1026.1030.6035.60马恩岛加纳23.3026.1029.0030.1031.2032.9036.4040.10世界32.7734.7736.0037.2439.0940.9342.9444.76图瓦卢15.9018.8022.1025.8029.8034.3040.7044.00科特迪瓦17.7024.5028.2032.2036.9038.3039.7041.40土库曼斯坦46.4047.1047.8047.6047.1046.0045.1045.30斯洛文尼亚28.2032.5037.0042.4048.0049.6050.4050.60危地马拉31.1034.0035.5036.7037.4039.2041.1043.10尼日利亚16.2020.1022.7025.5028.6031.8035.3038.90洪都拉斯22.7025.7028.9032.1034.9037.7040.3042.30波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那19.0022.8027.2031.3035.5037.6039.2041.10圣文森特和格林纳丁斯13.9019.8026.9027.0027.2033.6040.6043.00海地15.6017.6019.8020.4020.5023.3028.5032.60阿鲁巴50.8050.7050.6050.5050.5050.4050.3048.80阿尔巴尼亚30.7031.2031.7032.7033.8035.1036.4038.90基里巴斯16.3019.6024.1029.6032.3033.5035.0036.40苏丹10.7013.4016.5018.9020.0022.4026.6031.30中国16.0017.6017.4017.4019.6023.0027.4031.40阿拉伯埃及共和国37.9040.7042.2043.5043.9043.9043.5042.80毛里求斯33.2037.0042.0043.4042.4042.3043.9043.30塞内加尔23.0026.4030.0033.7035.8037.5039.0039.80多哥10.1015.0021.3022.9024.7027.2030.1033.20摩尔多瓦23.4027.6032.1036.2040.4044.2046.8046.30法罗群岛21.4025.6028.0030.3031.2030.8030.6030.90贝宁9.3012.5016.7021.9027.3030.8034.5036.80毛里塔尼亚 6.9010.1014.6020.6027.4035.0039.7039.80巴巴多斯36.8037.1037.5038.6039.6036.0032.7034.50赤道几内亚25.5026.5027.0027.4027.9029.9034.7038.80中非共和国20.1023.5027.3032.0033.9035.5036.8037.20马尔代夫11.2011.5011.9017.3022.3025.5025.8025.60塞拉利昂17.4020.2023.4026.8029.1031.6032.9034.20津巴布韦12.6014.6017.4019.9022.4025.4029.0031.70纳米比亚17.9020.0022.3023.7025.1026.4027.7029.80莫桑比克 3.70 4.60 5.808.7013.1016.7021.1026.20乌兹别克斯坦34.0035.3036.7039.1040.8040.7040.1038.40索马里17.3020.0022.7025.5026.8028.1029.7031.40吉尔吉斯共和国34.2035.9037.5038.2038.6038.4037.8036.30巴基斯坦22.1023.5024.8026.3028.1029.3030.6031.80赞比亚18.1023.4030.4034.9039.8039.7039.4037.10不丹 3.60 4.70 6.107.9010.1012.9016.4020.50几内亚10.5013.0016.0019.5023.6026.6028.0029.50刚果民主泰国19.7020.2020.9023.8026.8028.1029.4030.30缅甸19.2021.0022.8023.9024.0024.2024.9026.10圣基茨和尼维斯27.6030.9034.1035.0035.9035.2034.6033.70马里11.1012.6014.3016.2018.5021.0023.3025.50海峡群岛老挝人民民主共和国7.908.309.6011.1012.4013.8015.4017.40格林纳达30.3031.3032.2032.6032.9032.6032.2031.60也门共和国9.1011.0013.3014.8016.5018.4020.9023.80安提瓜和巴布达39.7036.6033.8034.2034.6035.0035.4034.00几内亚比绍13.6014.3015.1016.0017.6022.4028.1029.80印度17.9018.8019.8021.3023.1024.3025.5026.60马达加斯加10.6012.4014.1016.3018.5020.9023.6025.80圭亚那29.0029.2029.4030.0030.5030.0029.5029.10科摩罗12.6017.0019.4021.2023.2025.5027.9028.30越南14.7016.4018.3018.8019.2019.6020.3022.20圣卢西亚21.5022.7023.9025.2026.5027.9029.3029.60东帝汶孟加拉国 5.10 6.207.609.8014.9017.5019.8021.70乍得 6.708.4011.6015.6018.8019.8020.8021.90塔吉克斯坦33.2035.2036.9035.5034.3033.2031.7028.90坦桑尼亚 5.20 6.007.9011.1014.6016.8018.9020.50莱索托 3.40 6.308.6010.8011.5011.8014.0017.00斯威士兰 3.90 6.509.7014.0017.8021.8022.9023.00汤加17.6019.5020.2020.3021.2022.3022.7022.90瓦努阿图10.4011.3012.3013.4014.7016.7018.7020.20阿富汗8.009.4011.0013.3015.7017.0018.3019.80萨摩亚18.9019.3020.4021.0021.2021.2021.2021.50密克罗尼西亚联邦22.3023.5024.8025.9026.4026.1025.8025.10肯尼亚7.408.6010.3012.9015.7017.0018.2019.00柬埔寨10.3010.8016.00 4.409.0012.6012.6014.20厄立特里亚9.8011.4012.6013.5014.4015.2015.8016.60布基纳法索 4.70 5.20 5.70 6.308.8012.3013.8015.10马拉维 4.40 4.90 6.107.709.1010.2011.6013.30卢旺达 2.40 2.80 3.20 4.00 4.70 5.10 5.408.30索罗门群岛 5.807.208.909.1010.6012.4013.7014.70尼泊尔 3.50 3.70 4.00 4.80 6.107.408.9010.90埃塞俄比亚 6.407.608.609.5010.4011.5012.6013.90尼日尔 5.80 6.808.8011.4013.4014.5015.4015.80斯里兰卡16.4017.6019.5019.5018.8018.0017.2016.40列支敦士登20.4019.5018.5018.3018.3017.6016.9016.50特里尼达和多巴哥17.3014.3011.9011.4010.909.608.509.60乌干达 4.40 5.50 6.707.007.509.2011.1011.70巴布亚新几内亚 3.70 5.509.8011.9013.0014.0015.0014.10布隆迪 2.00 2.20 2.40 3.20 4.30 5.20 6.307.20中高收入46.3950.5754.4858.3461.7164.8567.5269.59世界各国城市化率世界银行数据2000年200220032004200520062007200820092010 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 98.2098.2498.2698.2898.3098.3298.3498.3698.3898.40 94.6095.8096.4097.0097.6097.8498.0898.3298.5698.80 97.1097.1897.2297.2697.3097.3297.3497.3697.3897.40 94.9095.1095.2095.3095.4095.4895.5695.6495.7295.80 92.6093.2493.5693.8894.2094.4294.6494.8695.0895.3092.4092.8893.1293.3693.6093.8294.0494.2694.4894.7093.4093.6893.8293.9694.1094.1494.1894.2294.2694.30 89.7090.7491.2691.7892.3092.6492.9893.3293.6694.00 93.1093.1093.1093.1093.1093.1293.1493.1693.1893.20 88.8089.8090.3090.8091.3091.6491.9892.3292.6693.0091.3091.5891.7291.8692.0092.1092.2092.3092.4092.5092.2092.2092.2092.2092.2092.2292.2492.2692.2892.30 90.1090.6290.8891.1491.4091.6091.8092.0092.2092.40 84.6086.6487.6688.6889.7090.4291.1491.8692.5893.30 91.4091.4891.5291.5691.6091.6291.6491.6691.6891.70 90.2090.4490.5690.6890.8090.9091.0091.1091.2091.30 89.4089.5289.5889.6489.7089.7889.8689.9490.0290.1091.5691.1490.7290.3089.8489.3888.9288.4688.0087.2087.6087.8088.0088.2088.3888.5688.7488.9289.1088.4088.4088.4088.4088.4088.4488.4888.5288.5688.60 85.9086.5886.9287.2687.6087.8888.1688.4488.7289.00 83.3084.4284.9885.5486.1086.5086.9087.3087.7088.10 86.0086.2486.3686.4886.6086.7286.8486.9687.0887.20 85.1085.4285.5885.7485.9086.1686.4286.6886.9487.20 85.7085.9086.0086.1086.2086.3286.4486.5686.6886.80 81.2082.4083.0083.6084.2084.6685.1285.5886.0486.50 80.1081.5082.2082.9083.6084.0884.5685.0485.5286.00 84.0084.1284.1884.2484.3084.3884.4684.5484.6284.70 82.0082.4482.6682.8883.1083.3083.5083.7083.9084.10 81.6082.0882.3282.5682.8083.0483.2883.5283.7684.00 83.8083.4083.2083.0082.8082.6882.5682.4482.3282.20 79.8080.2880.5280.8481.4282.0082.5882.4282.2683.60 76.8078.1678.8479.5280.2080.7481.2881.8282.3682.90 79.1079.7880.1280.4680.8081.1081.4081.7082.0082.30 79.6080.0880.3280.5680.8081.0281.2481.4681.6881.90 69.9072.7874.2275.6677.1078.2279.3480.4681.5882.70 79.5079.7479.8679.9880.1080.2080.3080.4080.5080.60 78.3078.3078.3078.3078.3078.3478.3878.4278.4678.50 77.8077.7677.7477.7277.7077.7677.8277.8877.9478.00 76.4076.6476.7676.8877.0077.1877.3677.5477.7277.90 76.1076.5876.8277.0677.3077.3677.4277.4877.5477.6075.8076.1676.3476.5276.7076.9277.1477.3677.5877.80 74.7075.3475.6675.9876.3076.6076.9077.2077.5077.80 76.3076.4676.5476.6276.7076.8476.9877.1277.2677.40 75.6075.6075.6075.6075.6075.6275.6475.6675.6875.70 72.1072.8273.1873.5473.9074.2474.5874.9275.2675.6071.1072.0672.5473.0273.5073.9474.3874.8275.2675.7072.1072.7073.0073.3073.6073.9074.2074.5074.8075.10 71.1071.8272.1872.5472.9073.2473.5873.9274.2674.6073.1073.2273.2873.3473.4073.4873.5673.6473.7273.8074.0073.8073.7073.6073.5073.5073.5073.5073.5073.50 73.3073.3073.3073.3073.3073.3673.4273.4873.5473.60 69.9070.8271.2871.7472.2072.6273.0473.4673.8874.30 65.8067.8068.8069.8070.8071.6072.4073.2074.0074.80 73.4073.2073.1073.0072.9072.8872.8672.8472.8272.8071.5471.5671.5871.6071.7071.8071.9072.0072.10 71.6071.5671.5471.5271.5071.5471.5871.6271.6671.70 70.7070.8670.9471.0271.1071.2071.3071.4071.5071.60 68.9069.4269.6869.9470.2070.5070.8071.1071.4071.70 68.4069.0469.3669.6870.0070.3670.7271.0871.4471.80 62.0064.2465.3666.4867.6068.5269.4470.3671.2872.2068.6068.8869.0269.1669.3069.5069.7069.9070.1070.3069.4069.4069.4069.4069.4069.4269.4469.4669.4869.50 62.4064.1665.0465.9266.8067.5468.2869.0269.7670.50 64.7065.7466.2666.7867.3067.7668.2268.6869.1469.60 64.2065.2865.8266.3666.9067.4267.9468.4668.9869.50 68.1068.0668.0468.0268.0068.0468.0868.1268.1668.20 67.2067.3667.4467.5267.6067.7667.9268.0868.2468.40 67.1067.3867.5267.6667.8067.8667.9267.9868.0468.1064.6065.2865.6265.9666.3066.7067.1067.5067.9068.3065.8066.0866.2266.3666.5066.7266.9467.1667.3867.60 67.0066.8466.7666.6866.6066.7266.8466.9667.0867.20 62.9063.9064.4064.9065.4065.9066.4066.9067.4067.90 67.8067.4467.2667.0866.9066.8066.7066.6066.5066.40 63.4064.1664.5464.9265.3065.7066.1066.5066.9067.30 65.2065.5265.6865.8466.0066.1666.3266.4866.6466.8060.3061.6262.2862.9463.6064.2664.9265.5866.2466.9061.8062.7663.2463.7264.2064.6665.1265.5866.0466.50 59.8061.2061.9062.6063.3063.9464.5865.2265.8666.50 58.5060.1861.0261.8662.7063.4464.1864.9265.6666.40 61.9062.6262.9863.3463.7064.0664.4264.7865.1465.50 65.1064.7064.5064.3064.1064.0263.9463.8663.7863.70 61.1061.6261.8862.1462.4062.7063.0063.3063.6063.9059.0060.0860.6261.1661.7062.2262.7463.2663.7864.3060.2060.7661.0461.3261.6061.9662.3262.6863.0463.4058.3059.0659.4459.8260.2060.5860.9661.3461.7262.1059.1059.6659.9460.2260.5060.7861.0661.3461.6261.90 61.7061.6261.5861.5461.5061.4461.3861.3261.2661.20 59.7059.9860.1260.2660.4060.6060.8061.0061.2061.40 56.9057.8658.3458.8259.3059.7860.2660.7461.2261.70 58.4058.9659.2459.5259.8060.1060.4060.7061.0061.30 53.4055.2856.2257.1658.1058.9259.7460.5661.3862.2055.3056.5857.2257.8658.5059.1059.7060.3060.9061.50 58.5059.5860.1260.6661.2060.8660.5260.1859.8459.50 54.3055.8256.5857.3458.1058.7859.4660.1460.8261.50 53.4055.0055.8056.6057.4058.1458.8859.6260.3661.1053.2054.8455.6656.4857.3058.0658.8259.5860.3461.1054.4055.6856.3256.9657.6058.2258.8459.4660.0860.70 56.3056.6256.7856.9457.1057.3857.6657.9458.2258.5055.6055.9656.1456.3256.5056.7657.0257.2857.5457.8056.6056.6456.6656.6856.7056.8657.0257.1857.3457.50 49.9051.6652.5453.4254.3055.1255.9456.7657.5858.40 54.7055.1855.4255.6655.9056.1856.4656.7457.0257.30 49.0051.0052.0053.0054.0054.9055.8056.7057.6058.50 56.3056.2656.2456.2256.2056.3256.4456.5656.6856.80 49.1051.0251.9852.9453.9054.7455.5856.4257.2658.10 53.3053.9854.3254.6655.0055.3455.6856.0256.3656.70 51.0051.7652.1452.5252.9053.3853.8654.3454.8255.3053.5853.6253.6653.7053.8854.0654.2454.4254.60 51.6052.2452.5652.8853.2053.5453.8854.2254.5654.9051.8052.1652.3452.5252.7052.9053.1053.3053.5053.7052.7052.6252.5852.5452.5052.5852.6652.7452.8252.90 48.3049.3049.8050.3050.8051.3251.8452.3652.8853.40 51.1051.2651.3451.4251.5051.6851.8652.0452.2252.40 51.2051.3251.3851.4451.5051.6451.7851.9252.0652.20 47.8048.7649.2449.7250.2050.7051.2051.7052.2052.70 52.4052.1251.9851.8451.7051.6851.6651.6451.6251.60 42.0044.4445.6646.8848.1049.2250.3451.4652.5853.7051.5651.4451.3251.2051.0850.9650.8450.7250.60 44.0045.5246.2847.0447.8048.5449.2850.0250.7651.50 46.6747.5047.9148.3148.7349.1549.5850.0150.4350.85 46.0046.8447.2647.6848.1048.5649.0249.4849.9450.40 43.5044.8245.4846.1446.8047.4648.1248.7849.4450.10 45.8046.4046.7047.0047.3047.7448.1848.6249.0649.50 50.8050.2850.0249.7649.5049.2048.9048.6048.3048.00 45.1045.9446.3646.7847.2047.6648.1248.5849.0449.50 42.5043.9844.7245.4646.2046.9247.6448.3649.0849.80 44.4045.2445.6646.0846.5046.9647.4247.8848.3448.8043.2044.2044.7045.2045.7046.2846.8647.4448.0248.6044.4045.0045.3045.6045.9046.2846.6647.0447.4247.80 35.6038.4439.8641.2842.7044.0845.4646.8448.2249.60 46.7046.6646.6446.6246.6046.6646.7246.7846.8446.90 41.7042.9443.5644.1844.8045.4446.0846.7247.3648.00 43.0043.2443.3643.4843.6043.6843.7643.8443.9244.00 36.1037.9838.9239.8640.8041.6842.5643.4444.3245.20 35.8037.6438.5639.4840.4041.3042.2043.1044.0044.90 42.6042.6042.6042.6042.6042.6442.6842.7242.7642.80 42.7042.5442.4642.3842.3042.3642.4242.4842.5442.60 40.6041.0041.2041.4041.6041.8642.1242.3842.6442.90 36.5037.8638.5439.2239.9040.6041.3042.0042.7043.40 44.6043.8043.4043.0042.6042.3242.0441.7641.4841.20 36.3037.7038.4039.1039.8040.3440.8841.4241.9642.50 38.3038.9839.3239.6640.0040.4040.8041.2041.6042.0040.0040.1640.2440.3240.4040.6040.8041.0041.2041.40 36.3037.1437.5637.9838.4038.8839.3639.8440.3240.80 38.8038.8438.8638.8838.9039.0639.2239.3839.5439.70 37.6037.8037.9038.0038.1038.2638.4238.5838.7438.90 27.7030.1831.4232.6633.9035.2236.5437.8639.1840.50 35.5036.0236.2836.5436.8037.1237.4437.7638.0838.40 33.8034.6435.0635.4835.9036.3836.8637.3437.8238.30 32.4033.4834.0234.5635.1035.6836.2636.8437.4238.00 30.7032.2232.9833.7434.5035.2836.0636.8437.6238.40 37.3037.0636.9436.8236.7036.7436.7836.8236.8636.90 33.2034.0034.4034.8035.2035.6436.0836.5236.9637.40 35.4035.5635.6435.7235.8035.9636.1236.2836.4436.6033.2033.8834.2234.5634.9035.3235.7436.1636.5837.0034.8034.8834.9234.9635.0035.1435.2835.4235.5635.70 25.4027.6428.7629.8831.0032.1633.3234.4835.6436.80 31.0031.8032.2032.6033.0033.4833.9634.4434.9235.4030.7231.1831.6432.1032.7233.3433.9634.5835.2031.1031.5831.8232.0632.3032.6432.9833.3233.6634.00 28.0029.0429.5630.0830.6031.2631.9232.5833.2433.90 32.8032.5632.4432.3232.2032.2432.2832.3232.3632.40 27.9028.9429.4629.9830.5031.0631.6232.1832.7433.3030.5830.6230.6630.7030.8430.9831.1231.2631.40 22.0024.1625.2426.3227.4028.5629.7230.8832.0433.20 31.0030.8430.7630.6830.6030.6830.7630.8430.9231.00 26.3027.3427.8628.3828.9029.4830.0630.6431.2231.80 32.1031.5431.2630.9830.7030.6230.5430.4630.3830.30 29.7029.6629.6429.6229.6029.6829.7629.8429.9230.00 27.7028.1028.3028.5028.7028.9829.2629.5429.8230.1027.1027.6627.9428.2228.5028.8429.1829.5229.8630.2028.6028.4428.3628.2828.2028.2628.3228.3828.4428.50 28.1028.0227.9827.9427.9027.9628.0228.0828.1428.20 24.3025.1425.5625.9826.4026.8827.3627.8428.3228.80 28.0027.8427.7627.6827.6027.6827.7627.8427.9228.0025.0225.3825.7426.1026.5026.9027.3027.7028.10 23.6024.4424.8625.2825.7026.1826.6627.1427.6228.10 23.4024.1624.5424.9225.3025.7626.2226.6827.1427.60 26.5026.4626.4426.4226.4026.4226.4426.4626.4826.50 22.3023.0623.4423.8224.2024.6425.0825.5225.9626.40 20.0021.3221.9822.6423.3024.0224.7425.4626.1826.90 23.3023.6223.7823.9424.1024.3824.6624.9425.2225.50 23.2023.5223.6823.8424.0024.2624.5224.7825.0425.30 21.7022.4222.7823.1423.5023.9224.3424.7625.1825.60 21.3021.9422.2622.5822.9023.2823.6624.0424.4224.8021.9022.1022.2022.3022.4022.6022.8023.0023.2023.4022.3022.3022.3022.3022.3022.3822.4622.5422.6222.70 19.7020.1020.3020.5020.7021.0021.3021.6021.9022.2016.9018.0218.5819.1419.7020.3220.9421.5622.1822.8017.8018.4418.7619.0819.4019.8420.2820.7221.1621.60 16.6017.2817.6217.9618.3018.7219.1419.5619.9820.40 15.2016.0416.4616.8817.3017.8018.3018.8019.3019.80 13.8015.2816.0216.7617.5017.7818.0618.3418.6218.9015.7016.2216.4816.7417.0017.3217.6417.9618.2818.6013.4014.3614.8415.3215.8016.2816.7617.2417.7218.2014.9015.3815.6215.8616.1016.4016.7017.0017.3017.60 16.2016.2416.2616.2816.3016.3816.4616.5416.6216.70 15.7015.4615.3415.2215.1015.1015.1015.1015.1015.10 15.1014.8614.7414.6214.5014.4414.3814.3214.2614.20 10.8011.3611.6411.9212.2012.5412.8813.2213.5613.9012.1012.2612.3412.4212.5012.6612.8212.9813.1413.3013.2012.9612.8412.7212.6012.5812.5612.5412.5212.50 8.308.789.029.269.509.8010.1010.4010.7011.00 71.6142011。