变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计外文资料翻译
变速器换挡叉的工艺过程及夹具设计说明书
变速器换挡叉的工艺过程及夹具设计目录第 1 章绪论 01.1变速器换挡叉概述 01.2设计任务及意义 01.2.1 设计任务 01.2.2 设计意义 0第 2 章零件的分析 (2)2.1零件的作用 (2)2.2零件的工艺分析 (2)第 3 章工艺规程设计 (5)3.1确定毛坯的制造形式 (5)3.1.1 零件的材料 (5)3.1.2 确定毛坯的类型、制造方法及尺寸公差 (5)3.1.3 确定毛坯的技术要求 (5)3.1.4 绘制毛坯图 (5)3.2锻件形状复杂系数与锻件材质系数的确定 (6)3.3锻件分模线形状与零件表面粗糙度 (6)3.4基面的选择 (7)3.5制定工艺路线 (8)3.6机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸确定 (9)3.7确定切削余量及基本工时 (11)第 4 章夹具设计 (26)4.1问题的提出 (27)4.2夹具设计 (27)4.3夹具设计及操作说明 (29)第 5 章总结与展望 (29)致谢 (30)参考文献 (31)附表 (33)第 1 章绪论1.1变速器换挡叉概述换挡叉用于多种机械装置中，各种机床的变速要用到换挡叉，汽车在行驶中的变速也离不开换挡叉。
它位于变速机构中，主要起换档，使主轴回转运动按照操作者的要求工作，获得所需的速度和扭矩的作用。
随着机械制造技术日新月异的发展，制造商不断推出各种各样的先进的变速器换挡叉制造技术。
换挡叉裂解技术就是20世纪90年代出现的一种先进的变速器换挡叉加工新技术，和传统加工技术相比，该技术具有大幅度提高产品质量、提高生产率、降低生产成本等突出优点而备受业界关注。
我们国家正在不断缩小同先进汽车生产国家在变速器换挡叉上的差距，使我国变速器换挡叉生产水平与世界先进换挡叉生产水平的差距越来越小，不断增强我国机械行业整体的生产水平。
1.2 设计任务及意义1.2.1 设计任务本课题根据调查研究所提供的数据和有关技术资料，运用机械制造技术理论等相关专业知识对变速器换挡叉零件的作用和工艺进行了分析和计算，并对该换挡叉的加工工艺以及其第五道工序的夹具进行了优化设计。
一四档变速叉工序10钻16孔夹具设计
摘要此次设计是对变速叉零件的加工工艺和夹具设计，其零件为锻件，具有体积小，零件复杂的特点，由于面比孔易加工，在制定工艺规程时，就先加工面，再以面为基准来加工其它，其中各工序夹具都采用专用夹具,并以操作简单的手动夹紧方式夹紧，其机构设计简单，方便且能满足要求。
全套设计请加197216396或401339828关键词变速叉，加工工艺，专用夹具，设计AbstractThis design is to dials forks the components the processing craft and the jig design, its components are the forging, has the volume to be small, components complex characteristic,Because the surface is easier than the hole to process, when formulation technological process, first the machined surface, then processes other take the surface as the datum,In which various working procedures jig all uses the unit clamp, special regarding processes the big end of hole, the trough and drills the capitellum hole incline eyelet in the working procedure, Chooses locate mode which two sells at the same time, and operates the simple manual clamp way clamp, its organization design is simple, the convenience also can satisfy the request.Key words：Dials the fork, the processing craft, unit clamp, design目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)目录 (III)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 机械加工工艺概述 (1)1.2机械加工工艺流程 (1)1.3夹具概述 (2)1.4机床夹具的功能 (2)1.5机床夹具的发展趋势 (3)1.5.1机床夹具的现状 (3)1.5.2现代机床夹具的发展方向 (3)第2章变速叉的分析 (6)2.1变速叉的工艺分析 (6)2.2变速叉的工艺要求 (6)第3章工艺规程设计 (7)3.1 加工工艺过程 (7)3.2确定各表面加工方案 (7)3.2.1影响加工方法的因素 (8)3.2.2加工方案的选择 (8)3.3 确定定位基准 (9)3.3.1粗基准的选择 (9)3.3.1精基准选择的原则 (9)3.4工艺路线的拟订 (10)3.4.1工序的合理组合 (10)3.4.2工序的集中与分散 (11)3.4.3加工阶段的划分 (11)3.4.4加工工艺路线方案的比较 (12)3.5变速叉的偏差，加工余量，工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定 (15)3.5.1毛坯的结构工艺要求 (15)3.5.2变速叉的偏差计算 (16)3.6确定切削用量及基本工时（机动时间） (17)3.7时间定额计算及生产安排 (24)第4章加工轴孔￠45mm夹具设计 (27)4.1 研究原始质料 (27)4.2 定位、夹紧方案的选择 (27)4.3切削力及夹紧力的计算 (27)4.4 误差分析与计算 (28)4.6 夹具设计及操作的简要说明 (29)总结与展望 (30)参考文献 (31)致谢 (32)第1章绪论1.1 机械加工工艺概述机械加工工艺流程是工件或者零件制造加工的步骤，采用机械加工的方法，直接改变毛坯的形状、尺寸和表面质量等，使其成为零件的过程称为机械加工工艺过程。
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Gearbox shell machining process design《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》Mechanical Industry Press In March 2004, version 1 p560—564（Serope kalpakjian）（Steven R.Schmid）AbstractGearbox shell is a more complex structure of spare parts box, its high precision, complex process, and the processing quality will affect the overall performance engine, so it has become the engine manufacturer's focus parts one.Machining process planning must guarantee the machining quality of parts, to meet the technical requirements stipulated in drawings, at the same time should also have high productivity and efficiency. Therefore, machining process planning design is an important work, requires designers must have a rich experience in production practice and wide range of mechanical manufacturing technology basic theory knowledge. In the specified procedure, should according to the production of parts and the existing equipment conditions, taking the processing quality into account, productivity and economy requirements, after repeated analysis and comparison, to determine the optimal or the best solution.1.Technical Characteristics of the gearbox shellThe gearbox shell process features are: the structure of complex shape; processing plane, more than holes; uneven wall thickness and stiffness is low; processing of high precision typical of box-type processing part. The main processing of the surface of cylinder block top surface, the main bearing side, cylinder bore, the main and camshaft bearing bore holes and so on, they will directly affect the machining accuracy of the engine assembly precision and performance, mainly rely on precision equipment, industrial fixtures reliability and processing technology to ensure the reasonableness.2.The gearbox shell process design principles and the basisDesign Technology program should be to ensure product quality at the same time, give full consideration to the production cycle, cost and environmental protection; based on the enterprises ability to actively adopt advanced process technology and equipment, and constantly enhance their level of technology. Gearbox shell machining process design should follow the following basic principles: 2.1 The selection of processing equipmentThe principle of selection adopted the principle of selection adopted the principle of combining rigid-flexible, processing each horizontal machining center is located mainly small operations with vertical machining center, the key process a crank hole, cylinder hole, balancer shaft hole High-speed processing of high-precision horizontal machining center, an upper and lower non-critical processes before and after the four-dimensional high-efficiency rough milling and have a certain adjustment range of special machine processing;2.2 Concentration process principleFocus on a key process in principle process the body cylinder bore, crankshaft hole, Balance Shaft hole surface finishing and the combination of precision millingcylinder head, using a process focused on a setup program to complete all processing elements in order to ensure product accuracy The key quality processes to meet the cylinder capacity and the relevant technical requirements;3.The gearbox shell machining process design the main contentGearbox shell complex structure, high precision, arge size, is thin-walled parts, there are a number of high precision plane and holes. Engine block machining process characteristics; mainly flat and the hole processing, processing of flat generally use planing, milling methods such as processing, processing of hole used mainly boring, processing and multi-purpose drilling holes. As the cylinder complex structure. so how to ensure that the mutual position of the surface processing precision is an important issue.3.1 The selection of blankGearbox shell on the materials used are generally gray cast iron HT150,HT200,HT250,there is also cast aluminum or steel plate, this engine block using high-strength alloy cast iron. Cylinder in the processing prior to aging treatment in order to eliminate stress and improve the rough casting mechanical properties. Improve the rough accuracy, reduction of machining allowance, is to improve the automated production line system productivity and processing quality of the important measures. As the foreign box-type parts of rough quality and high precision, and its production-line system has been implemented directly on the blank line, not only eliminating the need for blank check device also saves the rough quality problems due to waste of machining time, increase overall efficiency. Therefore, the refinement of rough is to improve the productivity of the most promising way out. For the engine block production line, can be rough in parts on-line pre-milling six face, removing most of the margin, to facilitate direct on-line parts.3.2 Machining process selection and processing of the benchmarkChoose the right processing technology base is directly related to the processing quality can ensure the parts. Generally speaking, process benchmarking can be divided into coarse and fine reference base.3.2.1 Coarse reference baseThe baseline for the on-line thick rough ,which is particularly important the choice of benchmark crude, if crude benchmark choice unreasonable, will the uneven distribution of machining allowance, processing and surface offsets, resulting in waste. In the cylinder production line, we have adopted for the coarse side of the base;3.2.2 Fine reference baseRefined the base of this box for the engine block parts, the general use of "side two sales "for a full range of uniform benchmarks, For the longer automated production positioning. In the gearbox shell of the process, we have adopted to the side, bottom and the spindle hole positioning, in the processing center on the process.3.3 Machining Processing Stages and processes of the arrangementsOften a part of many apparent need for processing, of course, the surface machining accuracy are different. Processing of high precision surface, often afterrepeated processing; As for the processing of the surface of low precision, only need to go through one or two on the list. Thus, when the development process in order to seize the "processing high precision surface, "this conflict, the reasonable arrangement processes and rational division stage of processing. Arrange the order of the principle of process is: after the first coarse refined, the first surface after the hole, the first benchmark other. In the engine block machining, the same should follow this principle.3.3.1 roughing stage engine block machining processThe arrangements for roughing process, to fully carry out rough rough, trim most of the margin in order to ensure production efficiency;3.3.2 semi-finishing phase of the engine block machiningIn order to ensure the accuracy of the middle of some important surface processing, and arrange some semi-finishing operations, will be required accuracy and surface roughness of the surface of the middle of some processing to complete, while demanding the surface of semi-finished, to prepare for future finishing;3.3.3 The finishing stageThe finishing stage of requiring high accuracy and surface roughness of the surface processing; 3.3.4 secondary processingSecondary processing such as small surface screw holes, you can finish of the major surface after the one hand, when the workpiece deformation process little impact at the same time also reduced the rejection rate;In addition,if the main surface of a waste,these small the surface will not have to be processed,thus avoiding a waste of man-hours.However,if the processing is very easy for a small surface bumps the main surface,it should be placed on a small surface finish prior to the main surface finishing;3.3.5 make proper arrangements for secondary processesMake proper arrangements for secondary processes such as product inspection process,in part roughing stage,the key process before and after processing,spare parts all the processing has been completed,should be appropriate arrangements. Stage of processing division,has the following advantages:First,it can take measures to eliminate the rough workpiece after the stress,to ensure accuracy; second,finishing on the back,and will not damage during transport the surface of the workpiece has been processed;again,first roughing the surface defects can be detected early and promptly deal with rough,do not waste working hours.But most small parts,do not sub very thin.3.4 The gearbox shell surface of the main processing and secondary processes3.4.1 Plane processingPlane processing at present, the milling of engine blocks is the primary means of planar processing,domestic milling feed rate is generally 300-400mm/min,and foreign 2000-4000mm/min milling feed rate compared to far cry,to be on increasing,therefore,improve the milling feed rate,reduce overhead time is to improve the productivity of the major means of finishing a number of plane engine block when the milling feed rate to reach 2399mm/min,greatly improved efficiency; Top surface of the cylinder milling is a key process in the process,the flatnessrequirements for 0.02/145mm,the surface roughness of Ra1.6um.Processing in the cylinder,the use of side and spindle bearing bore positioning,top,bottom and middle vagay only aperture while processing used in the processing line outside of the knife device can better meet the engine block machining accuracy;3.4.2 General holes MachiningGeneral holes Machining holes in general are still using the traditional processing of drilling,expansion,boring,reaming,tapping and other craft approach. Issues in the design process of specific programs,use of coated cutting tools,cutting tools and other advanced tools within the cooling,and using a large flow of cooling systems,greatly improving the cutting speed,improved productivity;3.4.3 Deep hole processingDeep hole processing of the traditional processing method is used to grade twist drill feed,low efficiency of their production,processing and quality is poor.The deep hole in the engine block processing,the use of gun drilling process;3.4.4 CleaningCleaning is divided into wet cleaning and dry cleaning.Machining cylinder automatic production line using a large flow of wet cleaning;3.4.5 DetectionDetect points outside the line detection and line detection of two kinds. Quality inspection in the engine block,according to the actual situation with lines outside the detection,the main use of coordinate measuring machine integrated measurements of the cylinder,each 200 samples 1-5 pieces,each class random one.变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计摘自：《机械工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版美国卡卡尔帕基安·施密德摘要变速箱壳体是变速器机零件中结构较为复杂的箱体零件，其精度要求高，加工工艺复杂，并且加工加工质量的好坏直接影响发动机整个机构的性能，因此，它成为各个发动机生产厂家所关注的重点零件之一。
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
变速箱壳体机械加工工艺设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译This article discusses the design of a gearbox shell machining process。
The process includes rough machining。
semi-finishing。
and finishing ns。
The article also covers the n of cutting tools。
cutting parameters。
and cutting fluids。
The goal of the process design is to achieve high n and efficiency XXX.nThe gearbox shell XXX power from the engine to the wheels。
The shell must be machined to high n to XXX n。
In this article。
we will discuss the design of a machining process for the gearbox shell.Rough MachiningXXX of the material from the gearbox shell。
This n is XXX。
care must be XXX to the workpiece。
The use of cutting fluids is also important to ce heat n and XXX.Semi-FinishingThe semi-XXX shape and size。
This n is XXX n and surface quality。
The use of cutting fluids is also important to ce heat n and XXX finish.FinishingXXX finishing n is the final step in the machining process。
变速器换挡叉的加工工艺规程及工装设计
优秀设计毕业设计（论文）变速器换挡叉工艺工装设计Transmission shift Forks tooling design 题目∶变速器换挡叉工艺工装设计系名：专业班级：学生姓名：学号：指导教师姓名：指导教师职称：二○**年六月十五日任务书课题名称变速器换挡叉工艺工装设计同组学生姓名无设计（研究）内容及要求：一、内容：1、（抄画）被加工零件零件图 1张(A3)2、被加工零件毛坯图 1张(A3)3、被加工零件工艺过程卡 1套4、被加工零件工序卡 1套5、夹具装配图（两道工序） 2套(2XA1）6、夹具体零件图 2张(2XA3)7、设计计算说明书（≥5000字） 1份二、要求：必须独立完成设计任务，需完成装配图和零件图，折合成0号图纸1.5张以上；设计计算说明书5000字以上；图纸统一编号（参照全隶属编号）；图纸上采用的所有标准必须是现行标准；图纸必须用Auto CAD(2004或以上版本)画图(若是A2／A3大小,必须拼装成A1格式存盘，以方便打印)，说明书的文字一律用WORD2002或2004打印输出。
必须按规定时间完成毕业设计任务，各环节须经审核通过方可进行下一步工作。
毕业实习不合格者不得参加毕业设计，毕业设计不合格者不得参加毕业答辩。
注：1、具体技术要求见图纸。
2、其它要求见“毕业设计工作计划”参考文献：1、机械制造工艺学2、机床夹具设计3、金属机械加工工艺人员手册4、机床夹具设计设计手册5、机床夹具设计设计图册6、实用机械加工手册（有电子版）7、机械加工余量手册（有电子版）8、机械加工工艺师手册（有电子版）目录摘要 (3)引言 (4)第一章零件的分析 (5)第二章工艺规程的设计 (6)2.1确定毛坯的的制造形式 (6)2.2基准的选择 (6)2.3制订工艺路线 (6)2.4机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定 (8)2.5确定切削用量及基本工时 (9)第三章专用夹具的设计 (19)3.1钻、攻M10螺纹的夹具设计 (19)3.1.1问题提出 (19)3.1.2 定位基准的选择 (19)3.1.3定位元件的设计 (19)3.1.4切削力及夹紧力计算 (19)3.1.5 夹具设计及操作简要说明 (19)3.2铣拨叉宽51面的夹具设计 (21)3.2.1 问题的提出 (21)3.2.2 定位基准的选择 (21)3.2.3定位元件的设计 (21)3.2.4 切削力及夹紧力计算 (21)3.2.5 定向键与对刀装置设计 (23)3.2.6 夹具设计及操作简要说明 (25)总结 (26)致谢 (27)参考文献 (28)摘要：本次设计内容涉及了机械制造工艺及机床夹具设计、金属切削机床、公差配合与测量等多方面的知识。
变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计(中英文文献)
毕业论文附件材料目录1 英文文献翻译 (1)1.1 Shift gearbox (1)1.2 变速箱的换挡方式 (12)1 英文文献翻译1.1 Shift gearboxClassification usually gearbox as follows:Manual transmissionThe general automatic gearbox / mon automatic transmission with tiptronicCVT stepless gearbox with gear box of the /CVTDual clutch gearboxSequential gearbox(1) manual gearboxManual transmission, also known as manual gear, English name is manual transmission, referred to as MT, which push the shift lever to change gears meshing position inside the transmission, changing the transmission ratio, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Step on the clutch, can move the shift lever.The working principle of a manual gearboxThe manual gear box is posed of different gear ratio of the gear group, its basic principle is through the gear group work in different, to realize the transformation of gear ratio. As the key link for power distribution, transmission must have the power input shaft and the output shaft of the big two, together constitute the transmission gear, is a manual transmission is the most basic ponent. The power input is connected with the clutch shaft clutch transmission, from the power to directly through the input shaft to the group, the gear set is posed of different diameter gear, gear power transmission effectof different proportion reached is pletely different, the usual shift driving also refers to change gear ratio.Next, let us through a simple model to tell you, the principle of manual gearbox shift. Below is a simple structural model of 3 axis 2 speed gearbox.The input shaft (green) is also called the first shaft, connected by a clutch and engine, shaft and the gear is a hard connected ponents. Red is called the intermediate gear shaft. Enter the two gear shaft and intermediate shaft is in constant mesh state, so when the input shaft rotates will drive shaft rotation. Yellow is the output shaft, it is also called the second shafts and connected to the drive shaft (only for rear wheel drive, the precursor is generally two), and then through the differential drive vehicles.When the wheel rotates the same with spline shaft to rotate together, at this time,blue gear shaft can occur on the spline shaft relative free rotation. Therefore, the engine stops, and the wheel is rotated, the blue gear and shaft in the stationary state, and the spline shaft with wheels. The principle and the rear axle of the bicycle flywheel is similar. Blue gear and spline shaft is posed of a sleeve to connect, sleeve with spline shaft to rotate, but also can be free to slide on the spline shaft to gear.With these, the shifting process is very good understanding, when connecting sleeve and a blue gear, engine power will be transmitted to the output shaft through the shaft, at the same time, blue gear left in free rotation, but because there is no and sleeve engaged, so it does not affect the spline shaft. If the sleeve between the two blue gear, the gearbox in neutral position, the two blue gear on the spline shaft rotate freely, without mutual interference.Principle of a conventional 5 speed manual gearbox shift is the same, only thegearbox structure increased the number of sleeve and the gear sets, so that it has more gear. But the reverse is based on the intermediate shaft (red) and the output shaft (blue) is added between a gear to achieve. Due to the increase of a gear, the reverse gear will always rotate toward other gear in the opposite direction. The gear because only to change gear rotation direction function, so it is also called the idler.5 block two shaft transmission structure, the input shaft and the driving gear are integrated into a whole, simplifies the structure and saves spaceIn addition to the traditional three axis manual gearbox, the widespread use of cars is two axis manual transmission, its structure and the three shaft of the gearbox is similar, only the input shaft and intermediate shaft as a shaft, therefore has the advantages of simple structure, small size advantages, in addition, it also has the middle gear transmission high efficiency, and low noise characteristics, so it is more suitable to be theprecursor home car general car transmission form, is currently the most widely used, its shortings is not set up direct gear, transmission and file than the design cannot be too high. While driving, three shaft gearbox used is still the traditional.Manual gearbox in general, is through the push rod is connected or cable to control the shift. Push rod shift control connection, more direct but vibration will be large; and the cable type although no vibration, but the shift is not very clear, it is each to have good and bad. In addition to shift the two pure mechanical control, in addition, and the use of electronic shift device of manual transmission, which can bine the merits of push and pull the shift between the good. This kind of gear box in the shift when the gear shift lever, shifting to the corresponding gear, the transmission will be motor drive the corresponding fork control sleeve and the gear is engaged, so that there is no gear is not clear, but the shift schedule can be controlled in the ideal range.So, a good manual transmission need to have what characteristic? The first transmission must have good gear handle, each gear position clear, have reasonable horizontal and vertical stroke, into the block resistance is small and with suction. What is more important is, the gear tooth between than arrangement must be reasonable. Because each gear position than distribution, directly affect the cohesion power vehicles moving in a smooth, usually require a low gear can effectively accelerate, high block to achieve high speed and efficient, and the distance between each block should be uniform, otherwise will be very easy to cause the channeling shift when the car.Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of manual gearboxAdvantages Obviously, which is simple in structure, reliable performance,manufacturing and maintenance cost is low, and the transmission efficiency is high (theory will be more fuel-efficient), also, because it is pure mechanical control, shift reaction is fast, and can be more direct expression of driver's intention, and therefore more driving pleasure, these are the advantages of manual gearbox. But pared to automatic transmission, its operation is plicated, and frustration in gear switch when the obvious disadvantage is irreparable.(2) automatic gearboxAutomatic transmission AT, the full name of Auto Transmission, which is posed of hydraulic torque converter, posed of planetary gear and hydraulic control system, through the hydraulic transmission and gear bination to achieve variable speed moment.pared with the manual transmission, automatic transmission is very different in structure and usage. The manual is mainly regulated by different gear bination to change gear, and the automatic transmission is through the hydraulic transmission and gear bination to achieve the purpose of changing speed. Hydraulic torque converter is one of the most characteristic of the automatic gearbox parts, which is posed of a pump, turbine and guide wheel and other ponents, pump wheel and turbine is a bination of work, through the liquid pump wheel drives the turbine to rotate, and the wheel between the pump and turbine wheel through the reaction between the pump wheel and turbine implementation the speed difference and implementation of variable torque function, the driver, you only need to different intensity slam the pedal, the gearbox can automatically stop lifting. Since the torque converter automatic transmission torque range is not big enough, so in a later series several rows of planetary gear to improve efficiency, thehydraulic control system will change with the engine to manipulate the planetary gear, so as to realize the automatic transmission torque. In order to meet a variety of running process needs (such as parking, reversing), automatic transmission also has some manual shift lever position, like the P block (R block (anchor), after the block), block N (neutral), D (forward), block.From the performance that the more gear automatic gearbox, the car in the process of running more smoothly, acceleration is better, and more fuel-efficient. In addition to providing a fortable driving feeling, automatic transmission also has insurmountable defects. Dynamic automatic transmission response is not directly, which makes it in the "driving pleasure" slightly shortage. In addition, because of the use of hydraulic transmission, the automatic transmission gearbox transmission power loss.Tiptronic automatic transmissionHands appeared gearbox is in order to improve the automatic gearbox and operating economy and increase the setting, let the original puter automatic shift time back into the hands of drivers. At the same time, if in the city traffic in, or you can always switch back to automatic.A tiptronic automatic transmission is actually automatic gearbox, first appeared in a Porsche 911, manual gearbox electronic control system through the simulation of the operation of a manual gearbox. It appears, giving the driver a greater degree of freedom in the operation, can block up the blocking or shift paddles on the steering wheel to choose their own gear and shift the timing right, thereby greatly improving the driving pleasure.(3) CTV non-polar transmissionCVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), direct translation is a continuously variable transmission, which is continuously variable transmission. We often say, just as its name implies is that there is no clear and specific file, which operate on similar automatic gearbox, gear jump process but the ratio change is different from the automatic gearbox, but a continuous, so the power transmission continues smooth.CVT transmission system, the traditional gear by a pair of pulleys and a steel belt is replaced, each block is V structure is posed of two intervertebral disk, engine shaft is connected through a small pulley, steel belt drive pulley. Mystery lies in this special pulley: drive pulley structures CVT strange activity, divided into halves, can be close to or separate relative. Cone disc can tighten or open the thrust hydraulic, extrusion sheet steel chain so as to adjust the V slot width. When the cone disc inside mobile tightened, steel chain in the extrusion cones to center outside of the direction of movement (centrifugal direction), but moving to the center of the circle. In this way, steel chain drives the disc diameter increases, the transmission ratio is changed.The CVT gearbox what are the advantages?1, because there is no general automatic transmission gear, there will be no shift process of automatic transmission, shift the resulting sense of frustration will disappear, so the power output of CVT gearbox is linear, in actual driving very smooth.Theory of transmission system of 2 CVT, the gear can be an unlimited number of gear set, more freedom, the traditional transmission gear ratio, speed ratio and performance, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions balance, are more likely to achieve.3, the mechanical efficiency of CVT transmission, the province is oily considerably better than the automatic transmission mon, after manual gearbox, fuel economy is much better than.Since there are so many advantages, why not let all the cars using CVT gearbox? There are two factors:1, pared with the traditional automatic transmission, its cost is high; and the operation is undeserved word, the higher probability.2, CVT gearbox itself still has its shortings, is the transmission of the steel belt can withstand strength is limited, generally more than 2.8L capacity or power above 280N • M is its limit, but we also see that there are more and more cars such as Audi, or Nissan, has broken the limit, believe strip the problem will be solved gradually.(4) dual clutch gearboxDual clutch gearbox DCT, English name is Dual Clutch Transmission, because it has two clutches, so called "dual clutch transmission".Technology introducedDual clutch gearbox bines the advantages of manual transmission and automatic transmission, no torque converter, instead of using two sets of clutch, through two sets of clutch alternately work, to achieve seamless shift effect. Two clutches respectively control the odd block and even block, that is to say, in the shift before, DSG had the next gear meshing, after shifting instruction, DSG quickly sends instructions to the engine, the engine speed increases, the previous meshing gears quickly, while the first group of clutch fully liberalized, the pletion of a rise to block the action time, action andso on.Because without the torque converter, so the power of the engine can be fully played out, while the two clutch alternately work, shift time making, dynamic fault engine may be very limited. As the driver is the feeling that we are the most direct, switch gear action very quickly and smoothly, dynamic transmission process of almost uninterrupted, vehicle dynamic performance can be fully play. pared with the traditional automatic transmission with torque converter, the DSG shift more directly, the power loss is smaller, so the fuel consumption can be reduced by more than 10%.DeficienciesHowever, with the traditional automatic transmission ratio, DSG also has some inherent disadvantages, firstly it is because there is no use hydraulic torque converter, nor realize manual transmission "linkage" action, so for the small-displacement engine, low speed torque characteristic is not enough to be pletely exposed; secondly, because the DSG transmission using puter control, belonging to an intelligent transmission, it needs to send electronic signals to the engine block in the process of falling in the L /, the engine after reply, and the engine to be pleted with L / reduction gear. A large number of electronic ponents, but also increases the probability of its failure.The dual clutch mon with Volkswagen's DSG, Ford Powershift, Mitsubishi SST and Porsche PDK.(5) sequential gearboxSequential gearbox (AMT) is improved on the traditional manual gear transmission based on; it bines hydromechatronics automatic transmission has the advantages of bothAT and MT; AMT has the advantages of automatic transmission mon automatic transmission, and the retention efficiency of the original manual transmission gear transmission, the high cost of low, simple structure, easy manufacture. It is the reform in the present manual transmission, retained most of the original assembly, only to change the shift lever manual operating system part, the production of succession, to transform the input costs less, is very easy to be manufacturers to accept.The driver through the accelerator pedal and joystick to the electronic control unit (ECU) control signal transmission; electronic control unit collects the engine speed sensor, the speed sensor signal, the time to master the running state of the vehicle; electronic control unit (ECU) based on the best program according to these signals stored therein, optimal shifting rules, clutch fuzzy control rules engine oil, adaptive control law, action and temporal separation of the engine, clutch and transmission shift binding, the three to achieve the best matching. In order to obtain the excellent fuel economy and power performance and ability to smooth start and rapid shift, in order to achieve the desired results.But the AMT transmission is not perfect, the biggest disadvantage of AMT gearbox is shifting fort is poor, and generate power interruption in the process of shifting, the shift in the process of speed performance is not good.AMT mechanical gearbox, its basic structure and conventional manual gearbox consistent, generally only one input shaft and an output shaft (RWD usually a middle shaft), which generally is the input shaft 5 forward gear and output shaft gear is in constant mesh state, wherein the output shaft of the 1 gear and a reverse gear, 2 blockand the 3 block, 4 block and 5 block were shared by the three shift fork. The mechanism of two adjacent gear with a shifting mechanism, when the shift action, fork need once upon a gear defect, through neutral to the next gear gear meshing, due to three actions is the order, even if each action will be the time to a minimum, is still very difficult to obtain the shift speed fast enough."Independent innovation shift fork"The ISR gearbox has a unique structure, the gear arrangement it is different with the traditional AMT gearbox, also different from the dual clutch gearbox. The use of four independent shift fork, two stalls adjacent to the gear shift fork is posed of different control. Four independent fork respectively control 1 gear and reverse gear; block 3 and block 5, block 2 and block 4, block 6 and block 7, that is to say, from 1 until 6 block, two adjacent stalls are posed of two independent fork to respectively control.Because of this design, the shifting process can be further shortened: when two adjacent gear to gear switch, a shift fork and the current gear gear detachment, another gear meshing has already started, and a shift fork action and activates the electronic clutch three, because the action is almost synchronously, so that the whole time shorten. Lamborghini is pared originally claimed, performance is very good before the generation of the E-gear sequential gearbox, shift speed upgrade 40%, shift speed of 50 milliseconds is close to F1 gearbox level.Gear shift mechanism of ISR is driven by the electric hydraulic pump, a maximum of 60 bar pressure ensures the necessary operating speed, 7 hydraulic valve controls the gear shift mechanism of action, and the electric pump to provide power, double plateclutch tough also driven by hydraulic pressure, will be responsible for the torque of the 690Nm transmitted to the four wheels. Synchronizer gear ring is made from carbon fiber, not only wear but also reduce the overall quality of the gearbox.In the design process, the transmission is not only fast, shift quality is equally important, VOCIS design control procedure is also fully take into account the daily driving fort. The gearbox can choose three kinds of work modes: Strada (Road) or full automatic mode can provide fortable for shift operation oriented; Sport (motion) mode will postpone shifting node and provides a more rapid gear switch; Corsa (track) model can provide the best track shift strategy, the model can also provide the starting control, also is the ejection start function.1.2 变速箱的换挡方式通常变速箱的分类为以下几种：手动变速箱普通自动变速箱/普通自动变速箱带手自一体CVT无级变速箱/CVT带挡位的变速箱双离合变速箱序列变速箱(1) 手动变速箱手动变速器，也称手动挡，英文全称为manual transmission，简称MT，即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而到达变速的目的。
变速器换挡叉的工艺过程及夹具设计
变速器换挡叉的工艺过程及夹具设计变速器换挡叉是一种重要的汽车零部件，它位于变速器内部，通过连接齿轮和离合器来实现换挡操作。
换挡叉的工艺过程主要包括原料准备、加工制造、热处理和组装等步骤，并伴随着夹具的设计和制造。
首先，原料准备是换挡叉工艺过程中的第一步。
根据产品设计要求，选择合适的材料，通常选用优质合金钢作为原料。
然后，根据产品的形状和尺寸要求，通过锻造或冷挤压等方式将原料加工成初型。
接下来是加工制造的步骤。
加工工艺通常包括车削、铣削、刨削和磨削等工序。
首先，使用车床或其他加工设备对原料进行车削，将其加工成近似形状的换挡叉毛坯。
然后，在铣床上对毛坯进行铣削，使其形状更加接近最终产品的要求。
接着，通过刨床进行刨削，使换挡叉的表面光滑。
最后，利用磨床对换挡叉进行磨削和修整，使其达到产品设计要求的尺寸和形状。
在加工制造完成后，还需要对换挡叉进行热处理。
热处理的目的是通过加热和冷却等过程，改变其晶粒结构和机械性能，提高产品的强度和硬度。
热处理的方法通常包括淬火、回火和渗碳等。
通过适当的热处理工艺，可以使换挡叉具有更好的耐磨性和抗断裂性能。
最后一步是组装。
根据产品的设计要求，将热处理后的换挡叉与其他零部件进行组装，如齿轮、离合器等。
组装过程需要使用夹具来固定和定位零部件。
夹具的设计通常基于产品的尺寸和形状要求，通过设计合理的夹具，可以提高工作效率和产品的质量。
总之，变速器换挡叉的工艺过程包括原料准备、加工制造、热处理和组装等步骤。
在这个过程中，夹具的设计和制造起着重要的作用，它能够提高工作效率、保证产品质量，并降低人工操作的难度和风险。
通过科学合理的工艺和优质的夹具配合，可以生产出高质量的换挡叉产品。
夹具设计是换挡叉制造过程中的关键环节之一。
夹具的设计不仅要符合产品的尺寸和形状要求，还要保证稳定的固定和定位，使得零部件能够准确地装配在一起。
下面将进一步介绍夹具设计的相关内容。
首先，夹具设计应考虑到产品的形状和尺寸要求。
手动变速器基础外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：黄昌照学号：052115322015 年4月7日Manual Transmission BasicsIt's no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than their automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual trans actually work? With our primer on automatics(or slushboxes, as detractors call them) available for your perusal, we thought it would be a good idea to provide a companion overview on manual trannies, too.A brief history lesson shows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact, up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it's logical for many types of today's vehicles to be equipped with an automatic -- such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup -- the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, sport coupe or two-seater equipped with a precise-shifting five- or six-speed gearbox. It's what makes cars such as a Corvette, Mustang, Miata or any BMW sedan or coupe some of the most fun-to-drive cars available today.We know which types of cars have manual trannies. Now let's take a look at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the '60s to the most high-tech six-speed in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing) that, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive, the transmission still attaches to the engine in a similar fashion but is usually referred to as a transaxle. This is because the transmission, differential and drive axles are one complete unit. In a front-wheel-drive car, the transmission also serves as part of the front axle for the front wheels. In the remaining text, a transmission and transaxle will both be referred to using the term transmission.The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft and rear wheels (or axle halfshafts and front wheels in a front-wheel-drive vehicle). Gears inside thetransmission change the vehicle's drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torque. Lower (numerically higher) gear ratios serve as torque multipliers and help the engine to develop enough power to accelerate from a standstill.Initially, power and torque from the engine comes into the front of the transmission and rotates the main drive gear (or input shaft), which meshes with the cluster or counter shaft gear -- a series of gears forged into one piece that resembles a cluster of gears. The cluster-gear assembly rotates any time the clutch is engaged to a running engine, whether or not the transmission is in gear or in neutral.There are two basic types of manual transmissions. The sliding-gear type and the constant-mesh design. With the basic -- and now obsolete -- sliding-gear type, nothing is turning inside the transmission case except the main drive gear and cluster gear when the trans is in neutral. In order to mesh the gears and apply engine power to move the vehicle, the driver presses the clutch pedal and moves the shifter handle, which in turn moves the shift linkage and forks to slide a gear along the mainshaft, which is mounted directly above the cluster. Once the gears are meshed, the clutch pedal is released and the engine's power is sent to the drive wheels. There can be several gears on the mainshaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmission shift linkage is designed so the driver has to unmesh one gear before being able to mesh another. With these older transmissions, gear clash is a problem because the gears are all rotating at different speeds.All modern transmissions are of the constant-mesh type, which still uses a similar gear arrangement as the sliding-gear type. However, all the mainshaft gears are in constant mesh with the cluster gears. This is possible because the gears on the mainshaft are not splined to the shaft, but are free to rotate on it. With a constant-mesh gearbox, the main drive gear, cluster gear and all the mainshaft gears are always turning, even when the transmission is in neutral.Alongside each gear on the mainshaft is a dog clutch, with a hub that's positively splined to the shaft and an outer ring that can slide over against each gear. Both the mainshaft gear and the ring of the dog clutch have a row of teeth. Moving the shift linkage moves the dog clutch against the adjacent mainshaft gear, causing the teeth to interlock and solidly lock the gear to the mainshaft.To prevent gears from grinding or clashing during engagement, a constant-mesh, fully "synchronized" manual transmission is equipped with synchronizers. A synchronizer typically consists of an inner-splined hub, an outer sleeve, shifter plates, lock rings (or springs) and blocking rings. The hub is splined onto the mainshaft between a pair of main drive gears. Held in place by the lock rings, the shifter plates position the sleeve over the hub while also holding the floating blocking rings in proper alignment.That's the basics on the inner workings of a manual transmission. As for advances, they have been extensive over the years, mainly in the area of additional gears. Back in the '60s, four-speeds were common in American and European performance cars. Most of these transmissions had 1:1 final-drive ratios with no overdrives. Today, overdriven five-speeds are standard on practically all passenger cars available with a manual gearbox.Overdrive is an arrangement of gearing that provides more revolutions of the driven shaft (the driveshaft going to the wheels) than the driving shaft (crankshaft of the engine). For example, a transmission with a fourth-gear ratio of 1:1 and a fifth-gear ratio of 0.70:1 will reduce engine rpm by 30 percent, while the vehicle maintains the same road speed. Thus, fuel efficiency will improve and engine wear will be notably reduced. Today, six-speed transmissions are becoming more and more common. One of the first cars sold in America with a six-speed was the '89 Corvette. Designed by Chevrolet and Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (ZF) and built by ZF in Germany, this tough-as-nails six-speed was available in the Corvette up to the conclusion of the '96 model year. Today, the Corvette uses a Tremec T56 six-speed mounted at the back of the car.Many cars are available today with six-speeds, including the Mazda Miata, Porsche Boxster S and 911, Dodge Viper, Mercedes-Benz SLK350, Honda S2000, BMW 3-Series and many others. Some of these gearboxes provide radical 50-percent (0.50:1) sixth-gear overdrives such as in the Viper and Corvette, while others provide tightly spaced gear ratios like in the S2000 and Miata for spirited backroad performance driving. While the bigger cars mentioned above such as the Viper and Vette often have two overdrive ratios (fifth and sixth) the smaller cars like the Celica and S2000 usually have one overdriven gear ratio (sixth) and fifth is 1:1.Clearly a slick-shifting manual transmission is one of the main components in a fun-to-drive car, along with a powerful engine, confidence-inspiring suspension andcompetent brakes. For more information on a manual transmission's primary partner component, check out our basic primer on clutches and clutch operation.附录B 文献翻译手动变速器基础汽车手动变速器相比于自动变速器的驾驶装备来说，在驾驶方面拥有更多的乐趣，这已不再是什么秘密了。
变速器换挡叉的机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计
1．零件的工艺分析1.1零件的功用,结构与特点该零件是以φ15.81F8孔套在轴上,并用螺钉径M10×1-7H螺纹孔与轴定位,换挡叉脚卡在双联齿轮中的轴中,变速操作机构通过换挡叉头部的操纵槽带动换挡叉与轴一起在变速箱中滑动,换挡叉脚拨动双联齿轮在花键轴上滑动,就可实现变速功能,从而实现变速器变速。
换挡叉的主要工作表面为操纵槽换挡插脚两端面。
主要配合面为φ15.81F8孔，M10×1-7H螺纹孔和换挡叉脚侧面51 。
该零件属于特殊形状零件，但复杂程度一般。
由于换挡叉在工作时表面承受一定的压力，因此，要求有一定的强度和韧度。
1.2主要加工表面与其要求1换挡叉安装孔孔径Φ15.81F8孔是换挡叉的安装孔，其形状公差遵守包容要求，表面粗糙度12.5µm。
2换挡叉脚端面换挡叉脚端面的厚度为5.9，两端面对孔φ15.81F8轴线的垂直度公差为0.15，内端面与操纵槽的对称面的距离为33.5+0.15，表面粗糙度为6.3µm。
3换挡叉脚内侧面换挡叉脚内侧面的宽度为51,其对称面与换挡叉头对称面同属一个面表面粗糙度为6.3µm。
4换挡叉头两侧面换挡叉脚端面的厚度为9.65,对称面与φ15.81F8孔与换挡叉脚面属同一面，表面粗糙度为6.3µm。
5操纵槽操纵槽的宽度为14.2,槽底为半圆，半径为R7.1，深度为19.1,对称面与换挡叉头内端面的距离为27.6, 表面粗糙度为12.5µm，槽平面部分的倒角为0.8×45°。
6螺纹孔端面螺纹孔M10×1-7H的端面的粗糙组要求为12.5。
2．毛坯的选择2.1确定毛坯的类型，制造的方法和尺寸与其公差①因零件的材料为锻件，要求成批生产，换挡叉的轮廓尺寸不大且有较多不需要加工的表面，所以毛坯选用模锻锻造成形。
②换挡叉属特殊形零件，且加工过程中利用不加工表面进行定位的工序较多又是成皮生产，故零件的毛坯选用为锻模。
汽车变速箱壳体机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计
编号20171352113本科生毕业设计汽车变速箱壳体机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计Processing Technology and Fixture Design of Automobile Gearbox学生姓名专业机械电子工程学号指导教师分院机电工程分院2017年6月摘要本设计是汽车变速箱箱体零件的加工工艺规程及一些工序的专用夹具设计。
汽车变速箱箱体零件的主要加工表面是平面及孔系。
一般来说，保证平面的加工精度要比保证孔系的加工精度容易。
因此，本设计遵循先面后孔的原则。
并将孔与平面的加工明确划分成粗加工和精加工阶段以保证孔系加工精度。
基准选择以变速箱箱体的输入轴和输出轴的支承孔作为粗基准，以顶面与两个工艺孔作为精基准。
主要加工工序安排是先以支承孔系定位加工出顶平面，再以顶平面与支承孔系定位加工出工艺孔。
在后续工序中除个别工序外均用顶平面和工艺孔定位加工其他孔系与平面。
支承孔系的加工采用的是坐标法镗孔。
整个加工过程均选用组合机床。
夹具选用专用夹具，夹紧方式多选用气动夹紧，夹紧可靠，机构可以不必自锁。
因此生产效率较高。
适用于大批量、流水线上加工。
能够满足设计要求。
关键词：变速箱加工工艺专用夹具ABSTRACTThe design is about the special-purpose clamping apparatus of the machining technology process and some working procedures of the car gearbox parts. The main machining surface of the car gearbox parts is the plane and a series of hole. Generally speaking, to guarantee the working accuracy of the plane is easier than to guarantee the hole’s. So the design follows the principle of plane first and hole s econd. And in order to guarantee the working accuracy of the series of hole, the machining of the hole and the plane is clearly divided into rough machining stage and finish machining stage. The supporting hole of the input bearing and output bearing is as the rough datum. And the top area and two technological holes are as the finish datum. The main process of machining technology is that first, the series of supporting hole fix and machine the top plane, and then the top plane and the series of supporting hole fix and machine technological hole. In the follow-up working procedure, all working procedures except several special ones fix and machine other series of hole and plane by using the top plane and technological hole. The machining way of the series of supporting hole is to bore hole by coordinate. The combination machine tool and special-purpose clamping apparatus are used in the whole machining process. The clamping way is to clamp by pneumatic and is very helpful. The instruction does not have to lock by itself. So the product efficiency is high. It is applicable for mass working and machining in assembly line. It can meet the design requirements.Keywords: Gearbox machining-technology special-purpose clamping apparatus目录绪论 (1)第一章汽车变速箱加工工艺规程设计 (2)1.1 零件的分析 (2)1.1.1零件的作用 (2)1.1.2零件的工艺分析 (2)1.2 箱体加工的主要问题和工艺过程设计所应采取的相应措施 (2)1.2.1孔和平面的加工顺序 (3)1.2.2孔系加工方案选择 (3)1.3 变速箱箱体加工定位基准的选择 (5)1.3.1粗基准的选择 (5)1.3.2精基准的选择 (5)1.4变速箱箱体加工主要工序安排 (6)1.5机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定 (7)第二章专用夹具设计 (12)2.1加工工艺孔夹具设计 (12)2.1.1定位基准的选择 (12)2.1.2切削力的计算与夹紧力分析 (12)2.1.3夹紧元件及动力装置确定 (13)2.1.4钻套、衬套、钻模板及夹具体设计 (14)2.1.5夹具精度分析 (15)2.1.6夹具设计及操作的简要说明 (16)2.2粗铣前后端面夹具设计 (17)2.2.1定位基准的选择 (17)2.2.2定位元件的设计 (17)2.2.3定位误差分析 (18)2.2.4铣削力与夹紧力计算 (19)2.2.5定向键与对刀装置设计 (20)2.2.6夹紧装置及夹具体设计 (21)2.2.7夹具设计及操作的简要说明 (23)结论 (25)参考文献 (26)致谢 (27)绪论夹具设计作为高等工科院校教学的基本训练科目，在毕业设计中占极其重要的位置。
变速器换挡叉加工工艺及夹具设计
变速器换挡叉加工工艺及夹具设计变速器换挡叉是汽车变速器中的重要零部件，其工艺加工质量直接影响到汽车的换挡性能和驾驶体验。
本文将从变速器换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计两个方面进行探讨。
一、变速器换挡叉加工工艺1.工艺流程变速器换挡叉的加工工艺流程一般包括锻造、粗加工、热处理、精加工和表面处理等环节。
首先是锻造工艺，通过对金属材料的锻打，使其形成初步的形状。
然后进行粗加工，将锻造后的工件进行车削、铣削等加工，使其达到精度要求。
接下来是热处理，通过对工件进行加热和冷却处理，提高其硬度和耐磨性。
最后进行精加工和表面处理，使其达到最终的使用要求。
2.加工工艺要点在变速器换挡叉的加工过程中，需要特别注意以下几个要点。
首先是材料选择，要选择具有良好机械性能和加工性能的材料，如优质合金钢等。
其次是锻造工艺，要控制好锻造温度和力度，保证工件的成形质量。
再者是热处理工艺，要根据工件的具体要求选择合适的热处理工艺，确保其硬度和耐磨性。
最后是精加工和表面处理，要采用适当的加工工艺和工艺参数，保证工件的精度和表面质量。
3.加工设备和工装在变速器换挡叉的加工过程中，需要使用各种加工设备和工装。
如车床、铣床、磨床等加工设备，以及各种夹具、模具等工装。
这些设备和工装的选择和使用，直接影响到工件的加工质量和效率。
二、变速器换挡叉夹具设计1.夹具种类在变速器换挡叉的加工过程中，需要使用各种夹具。
如定位夹具、夹紧夹具、支撑夹具等。
这些夹具的设计和使用，对工件的加工质量和生产效率起着至关重要的作用。
2.夹具设计要点在变速器换挡叉夹具的设计过程中，需要特别注意以下几个要点。
首先是夹具的结构设计，要根据工件的形状和加工要求设计合理的夹具结构，保证工件的稳固夹持和加工精度。
其次是夹具的材料选择，要选择具有良好机械性能和耐磨性的材料，确保夹具的使用寿命。
再者是夹具的加工精度，要保证夹具本身的加工精度和装配精度，以及与加工设备的配合精度。
最后是夹具的安全性和操作性，要保证夹具在使用过程中的安全性和操作性，确保操作人员的安全和生产效率。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。
also known as a standard n。
XXX。
It consistsof gears。
synchros。
roller bearings。
shafts。
and gear selectors。
The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。
and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。
Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。
before it is XXX。
The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。
Unlike automatic ns。
XXX。
as there isno XXX。
Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。
However。
some cars may have up to eight forward gears。
while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。
such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。
设计“换挡叉”的机械加工工艺规程与专用夹具
内容：1、零件图…………………………………1张2、毛坯图………………………………....1张3、机械加工工艺过程综合卡片…………1套4、机械加工工序卡片................................2张5、夹具装配图……………………………1张6、夹具零件图……………………………1张7、课程设计说明书………………………1张设计资料：该零件图样中批量生产手动夹紧通用工艺装备目录一、零件的工艺及性分析生产类型的确定 (5)1.零件的作用 (5)2零件的工艺分析 (5)3.零件的生产类型 (6)二、选择毛坯，确定毛坯尺寸，设计毛坯图 (7)1.选择毛坯 (7)2.确定机械加工余量、毛坯尺寸和公差 (7)（1）最大轮廓尺寸 (7)（2）公差等级CT (7)（3）要求的机械加工余量 (8)（4）公差带的位置 (10)（5）求毛坯基本尺寸 (11)3．设计毛坯图 (12)（1）确定铸造圆角 (12)（2）确定铸造斜度 (12)三、选择加工方法，制定工艺路线 (12)1．定位基准的选择 (12)（1）、粗基准的选择 (13)（2）、精基准的选择 (13)2．零件表面加工方法的选择 (13)3．制定工艺路线 (14)（1）工艺路线方案一 (14)（2）工艺路线方案二......................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
（3）工艺方案的比较与分析 (16)四、工序设计 (16)1．选择加工设备与工艺装备 (16)五、确定切削用量及基本时间 (18)1. 工序2切削用量及基本时间的确定 (18)（1）背吃刀量的确定 (18)（2）进给量的确定 (18)（3）铣削速度计算 (19)（4）基本时间 (19)2.工序8 切削用量及基本时间的确定 (19)（1）背吃刀量的确定 (19)（2）进给量的确定 (20)（3）切削速度的确定 (20)（4）基本时间 (20)六、φ16孔钻扩铰专用机床夹具设计 (20)1设计主旨 (20)2夹具设计 (20)（1）约束自由度 (20)（2）设计夹具定位夹紧结构 (20)（3）定位误差分析 (21)（4）夹紧力计算 (21)七、方案综合评价与结论 (22)1 零件的工艺分析及生产类型的确定换挡叉头以孔套在变素差叉轴上，并用销钉经孔与变速叉轴联接，换挡叉脚则夹在双联变换齿轮的槽中，当需要变速时，操纵变速杆，变速操纵机构就通过换挡叉头部的操纵槽带动换挡叉与变速叉轴一起在变速箱中滑移，换挡叉脚拨动双联变速齿轮在花键轴上滑动以变换档位，从而改变机器的运转速度。
变速箱体加工工艺及夹具设计设计说明书正文
变速箱体加工工艺及夹具设计摘要: 本设计要求“以质量求发展，以效益求生存”，在保证零件加工质量的前提下，提高了生产率，降低了生产成本，是国内外现代机械加工工艺的主要发展方面方向之一。
通过对变速箱体零件图的分析及结构形式的了解,从而对变速箱体进行工艺分析、工艺说明及加工过程的技术要求和精度分析.然后再对变速箱体的底孔、轴承孔的加工进行夹具设计与精度和误差分析，该工艺与夹具设计结果能应用于生产要求.Abstract This Paper requires that”with quality beg development，with benefits seek to live on to store ”, under the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of element processing , have raised productivity and reduced production cost， is one of mainly direction of domestic and international modern machining technology developing。
Through knowing and analysis the configuration of the casing part drawing for WH212 gear reducer，so as to analysis the process， make process explanation and analysis the technical requirement and the precision of gear reducer. Then， carry out the design of clamping apparatus and analysis the precision and error for the processing of bearing hole and the base hole of the casing of gear reducer, this technology and the design result of clamping apparatus can apply in production requirement.关键词：变速箱体加工工艺定位夹具设计Key phrase：principal axis , processing technology , Fixed position ,Tongs design前言加工工艺及夹具毕业设计是对所学专业知识的一次巩固，是在进行社会实践之前对所学各课程的一次深入的综合性的总复习,也是理论联系实际的训练。
变速器换挡叉加工工艺及关键工序工装设计
1 引言12 零件分析12.1零件的作用1零件的工艺分析12.3零件的主要技术条件分析及技术关键问题13 工艺规程设计23.1确定毛坯的制造形式23.2基面的选择23.3制订工艺路线23.4机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸确定33.5确定切削余量及基本工时44 夹具设计94.1问题的提出94.2夹具设计94.3夹具的零件104.4夹具设计及操作说明115 组合机床设计115.1组合机床机构方案的确定115.2组合机床通用部件的选择115.3被加工零件工序图125.4被加工零件加工示意图125.5组合机床联系尺寸图的绘制12结束语12致谢12参考文献131 引言随着科学技术的进步和生产的发展,要求机械工业不断提供先进的技术设备,加上市场需求的变化多端,产品更新换代的周期也越来越短,多品种、小批量生产的比例在提高[1]。
这样,传统的生产技术准备工作很不适应新的生产特点。
为了适应机械工业又好又快发展的需求,机床夹具的设计与制造技术也必须与时俱进,要求企业的高级技能人才能不断设计出构思合理、结构正确、工艺良好的各种新型夹具[2]。
我国工程机械行业经过近两年来的宏观调控，终于将其从2002年、2003年的狂飙式发展速度上降了下来，回到了按照科学发展观要求的理性发展的轨道上来，虽然对行业有些影响和负面作用，但使整个行业对其发展前途认识更清楚了，这是经受宏观调控的洗礼的成果[3]。
随着社会劳动生产率的不断提高，沉重的人员负担已经成为制约工程机械国企快速发展的桎梏之一。
现有体制下，国企无法根据产业周期和经营需要调节雇员数量，并因此导致劳动成本居高不下和薪酬结构缺乏竞争力，客观上形成“无用之人无法不用，有用之人无力留用”的尴尬局面。
要想扭转这种局面，只能从根而治，通过改制彻底解决国有职工身份置换问题，在此基础上遵循市场化原则对企业的劳务成本和薪酬结构进行合理化调[4]。
工程机械国企有必要紧紧抓住国企改革以及行业快速发展的有利时机，充分利用自身的行业地位优势、市场优势和品牌优势，通过产权制度改革，力争从根本上解决自身存在的重大问题，全面提升市场竞争能力，并进一步谋求国际化发展，参与国际竞争，在世界工程机械领域树立中国民族品牌[5]。
机械制造技术课程设计-倒档变速叉加工工艺及铣叉口两端面夹具设计
3.6确定切削用量及基本工时（机动时间）错误！未定义书签。
3.7时间定额计算及生产安排错误！未定义书签。
第4章铣叉口夹具设计18
4.1研究原始质料18
4.2定位基准的选择18
4.3切削力及夹紧分析计算18
4.4误差分析与计算20
4.5零、部件的设计与选用20
4.5.1定位销选用20
4.5.2定向键与对刀装置设计21
课程设计
题目倒挡变速叉零件的机械加工工艺及夹具设计
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所屢专业机械设计与制造
所属班级
学号
学生姓名
指导敦师
起讫日期
摘要
此次设计是对变速叉零件的加工工艺和夹具设计，其零件为锻件，具有体积小，零件复杂的特点，由于面比孔易加工，在制定工艺规程时，就先加工面，再以面为基准来加工其它，其中各工序夹具都采用专用夹具,并以操作简单的手动夹紧方式夹紧，其机构设计简单，方便且能满足要求。
3.1加工工艺过程错误！未定义书签。
3.2确定各表面加工方案错误！未定义书签。
3.2.1影响加工方法的因素错误丨未定义书签。
3.2.2加工方案的选择错误丨未定义书签。
3.3确定定位基准错误！未定义书签。
3.3.1粗基准的选择错误！未定义书签。
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论文图纸qq:2604130359外文资料翻译译文对变速器拨叉的普通车床的主轴箱设计要领主轴箱组件紧固在车床左端。
它由主轴箱主轴组成，经齿轮或齿轮组和皮带轮使主轴旋转。
主轴有可装夹并转动工件的附件。
主轴有多级转速。
主轴箱由3~5个支座支承。
由于车床上工件的加工精度取决于夹持工件的主轴旋转轴的精度，故必须十分仔细地制造和安装主轴及其所有附件。
主轴本身有一个通孔，这个孔的前端是一锥孔，可用来安装带锥柄的刀具。
安装主轴箱活顶尖时，用一锥套配入主轴的锥孔内。
主轴箱顶尖可随工件旋转，故可称活顶尖。
它是一个带尖端的锥金属件。
工件旋转时可用来支承工件，所有车床顶尖均为60°角。
在主轴上安装附件，常使用三种通用的主轴头：1. 螺纹主轴头车床上最常用的是螺纹主轴头。
将安装的附件拧到主轴上，直到与主轴法兰盘紧密相配。
螺纹主轴头的主要缺点是不能进行反向车削，因有些附件（例如卡盘）反向时会松开。
2. 凸轮锁紧主轴头凸轮锁紧主轴头有一个非常短的锥体，她可以配入花盘或卡盘背面的锥槽内。
从花盘或卡盘背面伸出许多凸轮锁紧短轴，这些短轴可配入主轴头的孔内。
转动这些凸轮就可将它们锁紧在规定位置。
3. 长锥键传动主轴头它有一个很长的锥体。
锥体带一附加键和一内螺纹套爪。
花盘或卡盘必须与其锥度相同并带有外螺纹键槽。
这种正向锁紧型主轴在中型车床中最为普遍。
它允许主轴在正向或反向旋转时均能切削。
驱动主轴的动力由一电动机供给，从电动机将动力传递给主轴有四种常用的方法：平皮带传动在大多数皮带传动的车床中，直接驱动动力通过皮带传递给附在主轴的塔轮上。
把皮带移动到塔轮的不同位置，就可改变主轴速度。
为获得较低速和较大动力，可使用背轮。
背轮的工作原理见图2-3。
齿轮F紧固在主轴上，常称齿轮F 为大齿轮。
塔轮的小端有一小齿轮E。
塔轮转动时，齿轮E总是转的。
塔轮的小齿轮通过一个称作大齿轮锁紧销的滑动销与大齿轮相连。
床头箱背面有两个安装在同一轴上的齿轮。
它们间隔排开，与大齿轮F和小齿轮E相啮合。
这些齿轮叫背轮。
为了使背轮啮合，要推出大齿轮销子（此销子推出时，塔轮和小齿轮转动而主轴不转）。
向前推背轮手柄，使背轮与大齿轮F和小齿轮E相啮合。
接通电源时，决不能用手转动塔轮使其啮合。
啮合时，动力直接由背轮传递给大齿轮F和主轴。
床头箱左端有一反向进给杆。
它用于丝杠的反向运动。
此杆有三个位置。
在上自动进给位置时，床鞍将向床头箱方向（即向左）移动，横进给向外运动。
三角皮带传动每个皮带轮的圆周上都开有一个V型槽。
三角皮带将精确地嵌入槽内。
三角皮带不能碰到皮带轮的底部。
这种传动方式也有一个与平皮带传动相似的背轮装置。
无级变速传动这种装置不用停车就可以改变主动轮和从动轮间的速度。
实际上只有在机床运行时才需变速。
无级变速传动的传动皮带轮由二个V型侧面的半轮组成。
皮带轮的一侧可以是打开的，即与另一侧脱开。
在脱开时，皮带就向里移动到较小直径，使从动轮产生较低速度。
当皮带轮两侧合在一起时，就迫使皮带轮向外移动到较大直径，使从动轮速度增大。
可以用手动或液压进行变速。
采用液压方式时，床头箱顶部的控制盘可使液压系统精确动作。
电动机停止时，不要转此控制盘。
直接传动的转速范围为300~1600转/分。
4. 齿轮传动变速箱这种床头箱包括齿轮和变速机构，可获得许多不同的转速。
操作者可使用附在床头箱上的速度分度盘来选择所需的速度。
移动两个或三个手柄或摇手就可调节速度。
外文原文The design essentials of lathe spindle box transmission fork.The headstock assembly is permanently fastened to the left end of the lathe. It contains the headstock spindle, which is rotated by gears or by a combination of gear and pulleys. The spindle holds the attachments which, in turn, hold and turn the workpiece. Spindles come in several quality ratings and are supported in headstocks by three to five bearings. Since the accuracy of the work done on a lathe depends on the axis of rotation of the spindle holding the workpiece, the spindle and all its accessories must be built and assemble with the greatest possible care.A hold extends through the spindle itself. The front end of this hole is tapered for holding tools having a tapered shank. A taper sleeve (a hollow-round part) fits into the taper spindle hole, when holding a headstock, or live center. The headstock center is called a live center because it turns with the work. The center is a tapered metal part with a pointed end. It is used to support the end of a workpiece as it is being turned. All lathe center point have a 60-degree(°) included angle.Three common types of spindle noses are used to hold attachments on the spindle.1. The threaded spindle nose has been used on lathes longer than any of the other types. Attachments to be mounted are screwed onto the spindle until they fit firmly against the spindle flange. The major disadvantage of the threaded spindle nose is that turning cannot be done in the reverse position (with the spindle turning clockwise). This is Because certain attachments, a chuck for example, would come loose.2. The cam lock spindle nose has a very short taper which fits into a tapered recess in the back of a faceplate or chuck. A series of cam lock studs projectsfrom the back of the faceplate or chuck. These cam lock studs fit into the hole in the spindle nose. They are locked into position by turning a series of cams.3. The long (steep) taper key drive spindle nose has a long taper with a key attached and an internal threaded collar. The faceplate or chuck must have an equal taper and keyway plus an external thread. This positive lock-type of spindle is most popular on medionum-size lathes. It permits cutting with the spindle turning in either direction.Power for driving the spindle is provided by an electric motor. There are four common ways of transmitting the power form the electric motor to the spindle. These include:Flat belt drive. On most belt-driven lathes, direct drive power is delivered through belts to a step pulley attached to the spindle. The spindle speed is changed by moving the belt to different positions on the step pulley. To obtain slower speeds and more powder, back gears are used.To understand how the back gears operate, study Fig, 2-3 Notice that gear F is fastened securely to the spindle. This gear is often called a bull gear. The small end of the step pulley gas a small gear attached to it called a pinion gear. This gear (E) always turns when the pulley turns. The step pulley and pinion gear are connected with the bull gear by a sliding pin called the bull-gear lock-pir. At the back of the headstock are two gears mounted on the same shaft. They are spaced to line up or mesh with the bull gear (F) and pinion gear (E). These are called back gears. To engage the back gear, the pin in the bull gear is pulled out (when the pin is out, the pulley and pinion gear will turn, but the spindle will not turn). Pull the back gear handle forward to mesh the back gears with bull gear F and pinion gear E. Do this by turning the step pulley by hand-never while the power is on. When engaged, power is delivered directly to the bull gear (F) and spindle by the back gears.At the left end of the headstock assembly is a feed reverse lever. It is used for reversing, the direction or movement of the lead screw. This lever can be moved to three positions. When it is in the upper position with the automatic feed engaged, the carriage will move to-ward the headstock (to the left) and the cross-feed will move in. When in the center position, the gears are out of mesh and the lead screw will not move. When in the lower position with the automatic feed engaged, the carriage will move toward the tailstock (to the right) and the cross-feed will move out.V-belt drive. A V-shaped groove is cut around the circumference of each pulley, and a V belt fits accurately into this groove. The V belt does not touch the bottom of the pulley. This type of drive has a back gear arrangement similarto that used on flat belt machines.Variable-speed driver. In this arrangement it is possible to change the speed between the driver and driven pulleys without stopping the lathe. In fact, the speed must be changed only when the machine is running. The driving pulley of a variable-speed drive is made with parts having V-shaped sides. One side of the pulley may be opened or spread apart from the other side. As it spreads apart, the belt moves inward toward the smaller diameter, producing a slower speed on the driven pulley. As the sides of the pulley are brought together, the belt is forced outward toward the large diameter which increases the speed of the driven pulley. The speed change may be done either manually or hydraulically. On the hydraulic type, a control dial located on the top of the head stock accurately activates the hydraulic system. Do not turn the control dial unless the motor is running. Speeds are from 300 to 1,600 revolutions per minute (rpm) in direct drive. For slower speeds, the lathe must be stopped and the back gear knob moved. This will provide slower speeds of 43 to 230 rpm.4. Geared head. This headstock contains gears and changing mechanisms for obtaining many different spindle speeds. The speed index plate attached to the headstock will help the operator select the required speed. Two or three levers or knobs must be moved to adjust the speed.。