【资格考试】2019最新整理-专业英语八级模拟人文知识测试(二十二)
2019年英语专业八级考试人文知识精选试题及答案
2019年英语专业八级考试人文知识精选试题及答案1 _____is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.A Washington D.C.B Los AngelesC San FranciscoD New York City2 _____ enjoys the worst social and economic conditions.A BlacksB HispanicsC IndiansD Asian Americans3 Washington D.C. is named after___________.A the U.S. President George WashingtonB Christopher ColumbusC both George Washington and Christopher ColumbusD none of them4 American and British English are two_____ of the English language.A varietiesB elementsD form5 The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was______.A Thomas JeffersonB James MonroeC James MadisonD Abraham Lincoln6 Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is_____.A Rhode IslandB VirginiaC TexasD Montana7 The national flag of the United States is known as_____.A the Star-SpangledB anner B Uncle SamC Hot DogD union Jack8 The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the _____.A contribution a state has made to the nationB populationD none of the above9 The tern “Father of Waters” is used to refer to _____.A the Amazon RiverB the Mississippi RiverC the Nile RiverD the Hudson River10 The statue of liberty was given to American peopleby_____ as a gift in 1884.A FranceB SpainC ItalyD Britain答案及题解：1 D, 纽约是美国的城市同时也是最重要的经济中心和最主要的港口。
专业英语八级模拟试卷902(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级模拟试卷902(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. LANGUAGE USAGE 4. TRANSLATION 5. WRITINGPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle Good morning, everyone. Today, I will focus on a specific field of education, namely, multicultural education. First of all, I would like to ask you a question. Are you familiar with the term multicultural education? What does it mean? First, multicultural education is a field of study and an emerging discipline whose major aim is to create equal educational opportunities for students from diverse racial, ethnic, social-class, and cultural groups. One of its important goals is to help all students acquire the knowledge and communicate with peoples from diverse groups in order to create a civic and moral community that works for the common good. So, we may define multicultural education as a field of study that is designed to increase educational equity for all students. After we have explained the definition of multicultural education, then we need to figure out the way to teach students multiculturalism. But how? When a child opens his (or her) first puzzle and the pieces fall to the ground, it may seem very confusing. What are they to do with this pile of shapes in front of them? It often takes a parent to explain to them that all the different pieces fit together into one whole picture. Although every piece is different and unique, when they are all put into their place they form one whole picture. In the same way, teachers can teach multiculturalism in the classroom. By adding a multicultural component to their curricula, teachers can help students see how each individual fits into the big picture. Although every member of our society is unique, with different cultural backgrounds, we all fit together to form one unit. Actually, understanding our own identity and the culture of our community requires knowledge and recognition of our cultures and communities and how they have shaped us. I hold the firm belief that multicultural education should be part of the curriculum that all students should experience. There are, however, arguments against multicultural education. For example, some critics believe that multicultural education is directed toward only minority groups, thus discriminating against middle class, white, heterosexual males. Others believe that multiculturalism is against Western and democratic ideals. A final argument is the claim that multiculturalism will divide our presumably united nation.Although critics of multicultural education may feel they have valid arguments against the issue, I feel that the goals of multicultural education make it an important part of the curriculum that will benefit every student. Furthermore, as is well acknowledged, awareness is a key component to multiculturalism. Students must become aware of their own culture and how they are similar and different from others. Awareness also involves an understanding of issues involving differences in culture and a knowledge of which of these issues are present in their community. After becoming aware of these issues, students often react emotionally. With an awareness of the richness and variety of cultures in their community and a personal emotional reaction, students can take social action aimed at positive multicultural change. I feel that these goals are proof that the arguments against multicultural education are invalid. Multiculturalism promotes positive change for persons of all cultures. It involves not only teaching majority groups about minorities, but also teaching minority groups about the majority groups. It has its base in democratic ideals such as equality, freedom, and justice. Multiculturalism will unite our divided nation into one unit which will have no mainstream culture, but many diverse subcultures which will cooperate for the good of everyone, not just the majority or the minority. So, I’d like to emphasize that multiculturalism should be included in all curricula. My school experience (until college) didn’t include multicultural perspectives and I feel as if I missed out on some important things. I often feel a little clueless when confronted with situations involving people different from me. Without some knowledge of our surroundings, how can we be expected to survive in society? This question reveals one of the purposes of education, survival. Learning about the other people who share our community is an essential part of this survival in modern society. Multiculturalism becomes increasingly important as our society becomes more diverse. In the past, efforts to provide multicultural content to students have, as critics feared, created more diversity and tension among groups. However, more recent methods are aimed at creating relations based on commonalities. Lynch suggests providing basis of common knowledge, skills, and insights about the things that all human societies should hold in common. Stressing similarities will unify groups with differences. We can define the goals of multicultural education as: educational equity; empowerment of students and their parents; cultural pluralism in society; understanding and harmony in the classroom, school, and community; an expanded knowledge of various cultural and ethnic groups; and the development of students, parents, and practitioners guided by an informed and inquisitive multicultural perspective. Just as the goals stated by other crusaders for multiculturalism, the afore-listed goals follow a specific order and stress knowledge, understanding, and equality. Finally, I believe that it is very necessary and completely conceivable for our education systems to move toward a multicultural curriculum. By following the goals I have mentioned, we can finally understand how the many pieces of our society fit together into one big picture.Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle Today, we’ll discuss a new field of education—multicultural education. I 【T1】______of multicultural education: a field of study that is designed 【T1】______ to increase educationalequity for all students. Major aim is to: a. Create 【T2】______for students from diverse groups; 【T2】______ b. Help all students 【T3】______and communicate with peoples 【T3】______ from diverse groups. II How to teach multiculturalism. a. Add 【T4】______to the curricula; 【T4】______ b. Let students learn we can fit members of different 【T5】______ 【T5】______ together to form one unit. III Arguments against multicultural education. a. Multicultural education is directed toward 【T6】______; 【T6】______ b. Multicultural education discriminates against middle class; c. Multicultural education is against Western and democratic ideals; d. Multiculturalism will 【T7】______. 【T7】______ IV The key component to multiculturalism—【T8】______. 【T8】______ a. Students know how they are similar and different from others; b. Students can take social action aimed at 【T9】______. 【T9】______ V Foundation and purpose of multicultural education. a. Foundation: 【T10】______ideals of equality, freedom, and justice 【T10】______ b. Purpose: 【T11】______in modern society 【T11】______ VI Methods of multicultural education a. Old methods: created more 【T12】______among groups 【T12】______ b. New methods: creating relations based on commonalities VII Goals of multicultural education. a. Educational equity b. 【T13】______of students and their parents 【T13】______ c. 【T14】______in society 【T14】______ d. Understanding and harmony in the classroom e. An expanded knowledge of various cultural and ethnic groups f. The development of students, parents, and practitioners guided by an 【T15】______multicultural perspective 【T15】______1．【T1】正确答案：Definition解析：归总题。
专业英语八级(听力)模拟试卷212(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷212(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：Preventing Cross Cultural MiscommunicationGood morning everyone. Today, I am going to talk about preventing cross cultural miscommunication. Miscommunication between people happens all the time, especially when one of the parties is using a second language. We often end up hearing miscommunication stories in the form of a joke: “You wouldn’t believe what happened to me...” But we don’t always hear all of the stories, especially when we cause the miscommunication with international audiences.Native English speakers have the so-called advantage of speaking the so-called world language. If this is your case, it is likely your audience put up with the visible problems of miscommunication.You may not even be aware there is any miscommunication, and your communication can suffer from it. Misunderstandings lead to doubt about the real intent of others. This can have a very negative effect on a communication bottom line.That’s why when we communicate in English and deal with international audiences, we need to pay special attention to any miscommunication.[1]First of all, we need to address cultural differences in communication styles. Every country has its own communication style and habits. These different styles do not translate well, so we need to pay special attention to communication with foreign people.[2]Americans like to use slang words and phrases that even other Americans don’t always understand. “I’m jazzed when that happens! “[3]Japanese people do not like to refuse something, so they say that it will be discussed “later”. Later means never. French people can get easily offended. For example, every word has to have a French translation—e-mail, mail, and mel are too English, so the word “cour-riel”was created.[4]Germans love details and Italians don’t. And the list of generalized differences can go on and on.Understanding the cultural differences, we must ask the second question: how can cross cultural communication be easy? Before trying to learn everything about all of the different cultures out there, it is important to look at your own communication styles first. How is our own English language perceived in different cultures?[5]Here are some of the main stumbling blocks for foreigners trying to understand what we have said.[6]The first one in the list is metaphor traps. In English we have the habit of using sport and military metaphors.[7]We even usemixed metaphors and dead metaphors. Here are some examples of the metaphors we use: We talk about “leveling the playing field” before we “charge straight in” to the “front line of operations”. He can “step up to the plate and grab the bull by the horns”. “I gather you’ve understood”that “to grasp this concept”is a “touchdown for our team”. These phrases actually mean something. And yet how many people would not follow their meanings? You might say: these metaphors are as subtle as a sledgehammer, everyone would understand them. But this is not the case.[8]The second stumbling block is the confusion over conditionals. Another area of miscommunication where native English speakers mislead foreigners is the use of the conditional: could, should, would, and the hypothetical: if. We use these variations in English more than in many other cultures. It is simple. To your international audience, “could” and “can” mean “will”. “If you pay on time, we can deliver on time” will be heard as “we will deliver on time”. Instead, try saying, we will begin manufacturing after your payment is received. Then make sure that your client has heard you, understood you, and is willing to act on your conversation.[9]The third trouble is unknowing lack of respect English speakers can rapidly create bad impressions by being inappropriately informal. Many cultures have a different concept of respect and formality. In many cultures people will only address others using personal names after several months —or not at all. Native English speakers from all countries generally address acquaintances on a first name basis faster than in some cultures. Americans being the champions with the general use of nick names added to the mix.[10]Beginning your conversation informally in many cultures can be insulting.With these stumbling blocks in mind, let’s come to the third part of my talk today:[11]English guidelines to avoid miscommunication You can eliminate many sources of cross cultural miscommunication simply by paying attention to your own use of English. After looking at the above points, here are some guidelines:1. Be aware of the metaphors you use, explain them clearly. Better yet, eliminate them.2.[12]Avoid making a conditional statement when possible. Clearly identify what you are saying, doing, promising. Better yet, simplify your communication and your offer.3. Be aware of the other person’s cultural habits with regards to respect as much as possible.[13]If you are not familiar with the other person’s habits, the least you can do is to ask for permission to call them by their first name. Better yet, ask them how people call them in their own country, and ask if you can call them in the same way.The bottom line is this[14]If you want to communicate effectively across cultures you must use simple English.[15]The drawback of communicating effectively across cultures is that your vocabulary will probably become severely reduced in size. The advantage is that your communication will be more pertinent, direct, and stronger.Examining your own communication habits and their cross cultural implications is the best place to start. Your own communication will be the source of fewer stories of cultural communication blunders. And your own communication becomes a strong tool to get more international friends. OK I think we have covered how to prevent most cross cultural miscommunication by examining your own English communication. Next time, we will discuss the way American culture is perceived by foreign cultures.Preventing Cross Cultural MiscommunicationMiscommunications happen all the time between people whose native languages are different. Native English speakers, though boasting the advantage of speaking the world language, should also be aware of miscommunications. Here are several pieces of advice to English speakers:I. Cultural differences in【T1】_____ need to be addressed.【T1】______A. Americans like to use【T2】_____ and phrases.【T2】______B. Japanese people do not like to say “【T3】_____”.【T3】______C. French people can get easily offended.D. Germans are 【T4】_____.【T4】______E. Italians don’t love details.II. Main【T5】_____ for foreigners to understand English speakers.【T5】______A. Metaphor【T6】_____:【T6】______a)sport metaphorsb)military metaphorsc)mixed metaphorsd)【T7】_____ metaphors【T7】______B. Conditionals can be【T8】_____.【T8】______C. Not aware of【T9】_____.【T9】______—Beginning a conversation informally can be【T10】_____【T10】______III. English【T11】_____ to avoid miscommunication.【T11】______A. Be aware of using metaphors.B. Avoid making a(n)【T12】_____ statement when possible.【T12】______C. Pay attention to cultural habits with regards to respect.—【T13】_____ before calling someone by the first name.【T13】______IV. Conclusion: use【T14】_____.【T14】______Downside: reduced【T15】_____.【T15】______Advantage: pertinent, direct, and stronger communication.1．【T1】正确答案：communication styles//communication ways解析：本题考查跨文化交流应注意的第一点：我们需弄清楚不同文化的沟通方式。
专业英语八级阅读模拟题2019年(2)_真题-无答案(438)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟题2019年(2)(总分100,考试时间155分钟)PART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)Human migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of people from one home to another. More broadly, though, migration means all the ways—from the seasonal drift of agricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another.(2)Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.(3)Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyone's solution, everyone's conflict. As the century turns, migration, with its inevitable economic and political turmoil, has been called "one of the greatest challenges of **ing century."(4)But it is much more than that It is, as it has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promised to reshape them again(5)"You have a history book written in your genes," said Spencer Wells. The book he's trying to read goes back to long before even the first word was written, and it is a story of migration.(6)Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 exploring remote parts of Transcaucasia and Central Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In the blood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the long paths human life has taken across the Earth.(7)Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of modern humans to find out where they **e from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story is simple: people have been moving since they were people. If early humans hadn't moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would have continued to evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups of hunter-gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth.(8)To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, human beings, with their tools and language, could adapt to different conditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planet; the other gave us reasons to use them.(9)Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across me planet, people moved toward places where metal was found and worked and to centres of commerce mat men became cities. Those places were, in turn, invaded and overrun by people later generations called barbarians.(10)In between these storm surges were steadier but similarly profound tides in which people moved out to colonize or were captured and brought in as slaves. For a while me population of Athens, that city of legendary enlightenment, was as much as 35 percent slaves.(11)"What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events," Mark Miller, co-author of The Age of Migration and a professor of political science at the University of Delaware, told me recently.(12)It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involve migration. Religions spawned pilgrims or setders; wars drove refugees before them and made new land available for the conquerors; political upheavals displaced thousands or millions; economic innovations drew workers and entrepreneurs like magnets; environmental disasters like famine or disease pushed their bedraggled survivors anywhere they could replant hope.(13)"It's part of our nature, this movement," Miller said. "It's just a fact of the human condition."1. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Migration exerts a great impact on population change.B. Migration contributes to Mankind's progress.C. Migration brings about desirable and undesirable effects.D. Migration may not be accompanied by human conflicts.2. What do we know about Spencer Wells from the passage?A. He thought genes can tell where people **e from.B. He wrote a book about the history of genes.C. He read me first history book at Stanford University.D. He agreed human migration was from Transcaucasia and central Asia.3. Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned as migrants in the passage?A. Farmers.B. Workers.C. Setders.D. Colonizers.4. There seems to be a(n)_____ relationship between great events and migration.A. looseB. indefiniteC. causalD. remote(1)Mucky roads, unpredictable weather, and wet ground that sags beneath your feet. It must be springtime in New England.(2)Come March, receding snow transforms the landscape into a soft, sloppy mess. NewEnglanders call this metamorphosis "mud season", the period of recovery between the long, brutal winter and the warm summer ahead But with no banner activity to accompany it—think leaf-peeping in the fall or skiing in winter—mud season brings a serious lull in tourism A group of inns and hotels say that's the perfect excuse to design a vacation package. The result? Getaways that focus on food, drink, and activities inspired by mud seasoa Add greater room availability and discount prices, and all that muck seems a little more bearable.(3)For guests who are hungry after a winter in hibernation, the Inn at Crystal Lake, a 12-room bed-and-breakfast in the tiny town of Eaton, offers "Swine in the Mud", smoky, thick pork chops topped with honey-chipotle barbecue sauce. To round out the meal, co-owner and bartender Tim Ostendorf whips up a "Here's Mud in Your Eye", vodka shaken with Kahlua liqueur and Hershey's syrup.(4)Crystal Lake isn't the only establishment with a mud-themed menu. The Inn by the Sea in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, serves warm raspberry scones drizzled with "Maine Mud" chocolate sauce for breakfast. Devising such recipes can be taxing, says owner Maureen McQuade. "You think that putting together a promotion like this is a snap," she says. "You have to drink a lot of chocolate martinis."(5)But someone has to do it Visits to the region between ski season and summertime drop sharply, as statistics from the New Hampshire tourism office bear out In the White Mountains, where Eaton is located, tourists spent around $176 million in the winter of 2002. That spring they spent just $77 millioa In the Lakes Region, popular for boating and fishing, visitors spent almost $276 million in summer 2001. That spring, spending was around $65 millioa "We don't have the crowds like we have in fall or summer," says Ostendorf. "It's a quieter time."(6)Some inns use the relative calm as a selling point. For vacationers in need of post-winter rejuvenation, the Wayside Inn in Bethlehem, N.H., includes a mud wrap—with a choice of three kinds of mud—in its mud season package. "You tend to want a quiet weekend, not to do much, get away from the hustle," says Wayside co-owner Kathe Hofmann.(7)Lower prices are another incentive. For participating inns, costs for a two-night stay with some meals and activities included range from $295 to $899, down as much as $200 compared with peak season.(8)For those who like a little testosterone mixed in with their dirt, the Equinox Resort & Spa in Manchester Village, Vt., offers an off-road driving course in one of its eight Land Rovers or Hummer H2s. But don't expect any television-style heroics in the lesson: Speeds on the 80-acre course are 3 to 5 miles per hour, says Courtney Lowe, the resort's director of sales and marketing. "The whole objective is a tread-lightly program," Lowe says. If the weather's right, the terrain will ensure at least some mud gets on the windshield. The course features steep hills and dramatic pitches that cause the SUVs to lean sharply to one side. "You almost have the feeling you'll fall over, but you won't," Lowe says.(9)Is the market for something a little less dizzying? Crystal Lake's package includes wildlife and bird-watching trips to four nearby Audubon Society sanctuaries. Adventurous guests get guides to spot birds and animal tracks, maps of the areas, and locally made soap to clean up after a day of traipsing through the muck. "It's a terrific time," says Bobby Barker, the inn's co-owner. "It can suddenly change from one severe season to sun."5. Tourists to New England in mud season may be attracted by the following points EXCEPT ______.A. easy room availabilityB. fascinating landscapeC. special mud-themed foodD. distinguishing activities6. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Vacation package is a selling point to promote tourism in mud season.B. The inns and hotels have a sharp drop of profit in mud season.C. Off-road driving course is meant to attract adventurous tourists.D. The tourism in mud season is as prosperous as in peak seasons.7. This passage is mainly about_____.A. mud season in New EnglandB. tourism in New EnglandC. tourism in mud seasonD. landscape in mud season(1)"The US economy is rapidly deteriorating," says Mr. Grannis. "The odds of a recession are now very high, perhaps by the end of the year." There are already some signs that important pillars are weakening. Consumer confidence has fallen for the past two months. The housing sector, which has been buoyant, is starting to sink. Corporate profits are falling. Some analysts are especially concerned over the sharp fall of commodity prices. They believe it represents the threat of deflation, and it could cause a global slowdown. "The Fed will have to act forcefully to arrest the deflationary forces," says Robert Lamorte, chairman of Behavioral Economics, a consulting firm in San Diego. But other counters that the central bank doesn't need to intervene. They argue the Fed should wait to see real data before acting. "The fundamentals are better than the stock market reflects", says Peter Kretzmer, an economist at Nations-Banc Montgomery Security.(2)Indeed, President Clinton tried to do his part to calm the market during his trip to Moscow, citing the strong job market and balanced budget. "We believe our fundamental economic policy is sound," he said. **ments echoed statements by Peter Rubin in Washington.(3)Some numbers do continue to reflect a strong economy. On Sept. 1, the Conference Board released its index of leading indicators. The index rose 0.4 percent, prompting the business organization to predict that the nation's output should increase at a moderate pace for the rest of 1998. The group sees little risk of recession in the near term. But what has changed is the global economy. Japan and the rest of Asia are in recession. The woes are spreading to Latin America.(4)"I'm now convinced we are going to have a global economic recession," says Sung Won Sohn, chief economist at Norwest Corp, a Minneapolis-based bank. But, he added, it's not certain the US will slide into a period of negative growth. He rates the risk of recession at only 10 to 15 percent. "We will be responding to the world economic situation rather than leading it." he says.(5)Still, Fed watchers don't think the central bank will act to try to save the world. "It's inconceivable the Fed could make much difference in Asia, Russia, or Latin America" says Lyle Gramley, a former Fed governor.(6)After the last stock market crash, in 1987, the Federal Reserve acted quickly to provide liquidity to the markets and to lower interest rates. But the economy is in better shape this time; the banking sector is stronger and the financial markets have been able to respond the enormous trading volume. "It is not the Fed's job to manage the stock market," says Mr. Kretzmer.(7)But the Fed will keep a close watch on Wall Street. If the market were to shave another1,500 points off the Dow by the end of September, "then the Fed would think about lowering interest rates," says Mr. Gramley. In his view, the Fed's main concern will be the impact of a sliding market on consumer confidence; since 40 percent of the nation has investments in the stock market, any prolonged slide might make individuals feel less wealthy.(8)They would cut back on vacations and "splurge" purchases. He expects the central bank to watch the next consumer confidence surveys and housing statistics closely.8. Mr. Kretzmer believes that the Fed needn't intervene NOT because of_____.A. steady financial marketsB. increasing strength of the backs sectorC. inaccurate information the market showsD. its influence on other continents9. The relationship between the fifth and sixth paragraphs is that ______.A. both state the emergence of economic recessionB. the latter is the logical result of the formerC. both present the reasons of non-interferenceD. the former generalizes and the latter gives examples10. What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Threat of Deflation in US.B. The Tendency of US Economy.C. Economic Situation in US.D. The Sign of Recession in US Economy.(1)The recession came home to Price Waterhouse's consultancy practice in the middle of 1990. Annual growth rate of 25%-30% started to dive, and the practice began reorganizing to survive the slump.(2)Management consultancies, ironically, **plex and disparate bodies to manage. PW is an international outfit run by partners through a network of offices.Like most professions, management consultants tend to be content to let others take the lead in office technology and put off any major investment to another day. In 1990, PW's UK consultancy practice could muster only one **puter for every three or four staff.(3)The solution PW chose was remarkable on two fronts. It involved a form of technology that remains foreign, if not downright outlandish, to most **panies; and the decision to embrace that technology was taken not as a result of a detailed cost justification, but as a simple "leap of faith".(4)Mark Austin, the UK partner leading the program of change, says: "On pure cost grounds we would never have gone ahead, but our American practice had found that there were enormous qualitative benefits. We are finding the same."(5)Three years on, that leap is still difficult to qualify in hard business terms, but nobody within PW doubts the value of the move. The solution chosen by PW is groupware, which is likely to become the IT industry's most hyped product of the decade, or show its greatest contribution to business efficiency since the invention of the PC.(6)There are several groupware products but the market is increasingly being dominated by Lotus Notes, which is used by PW and runs on a variety of **puters. Of the 20,000 Notes users worldwide, PW is one of the biggest groupware followers there is, but firms such as General Motors and Unilever are also investing heavily in the technology.(7)The recession has left many **panies with leaner, overstretched management teams, often working at different locations, and with a frayed corporate culture. Groupware aims to be the glue that binds these threads together.(8)The problem for groupware suppliers is that the software hopes to be all things to all men. The sets of discs **e out of the software box do very little on their own; it is how you tailor them that matters. PW's groupware operations are among the most sophisticated ever set up, but in operation they look deceptively simple and cover growing panoply of applications. For example, staffs fill in on-screen forms logging the potential clients they are talking to, the value of the contract under discussion, and how they assess the likely outcome.(9)Other applications cover the management of current jobs. The databases behind the groupware network men correlate me information input in different ways.(10)Once me groupware application is created, updating happens automatically, unseen by the user. It could even incorporate stories from electronic wire feeds, so a manager whose client is involved in a takeover bid can cull electronic "clippings" about a subject simply by asking, once, for all stories on a subject to be "clipped".(11)One effect is that the workings of the firm become more open and **mon, corporate store of knowledge gained from previous jobs can be accessed easily. Subject to confidentiality considerations, people can see what others are doing and tap into that information.(12)Thus, if a PW consultant in Aberdeen has a client who needs advice on something to do with the oil industry and program writing in a **puter language, he can easily discover whether any other PW project has touched upon that area at any other office, even in Europe or America. If somebody is leaving the firm, the system will note the fact and, the day before he or she leaves, ask for the return of all outstanding confidential documents and the individual's **puter.11. The technology that PW chose ______.A. had never been used by any **panyB. was believed to reduce the costsC. could help **pany get out of troubleD. was rather new to most **panies12. According to the passage, groupware is _____.A. a set of hardware PW bought for self-protectionB. a kind of glue PW used for repairC. a technology that contributes to efficiencyD. a worker PW hired to examine **puter13. The main purpose of the passage is to _____.A. advertise for groupwareB. publicize new business theoryC. tell readers an interesting storyD. present useful informationSECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.14. According to Kingsley Davis, what made migration occur?15. What is the role of the third and fourth paragraphs in the whole passage?16. What did President Clinton try to do during his trip to Moscow?17. What does the word "slump" in the first paragraph mean?。
专业英语八级(人文知识)练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（人文知识）练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．On which of the following streets is the financial centre of the U．S．10cated?A．Fleet Street．B．Downing Street．C．Wall Street．D．Baker Street．正确答案：C解析：华尔街是美国纽约曼哈顿南部一条大街的名字，长不超过1英里，宽仅11米，是美国主要金融机构的所在地，被誉为“西方的金融中心”。
其他三条街都在英国。
Fleet Street(舰队街)是英国报纸业较为集中的一条街，也是英国新闻界的代称。
Downing Street(唐宁街)是英国首相官邸及一些政府主要部门在伦敦的所在地。
Baker Street(贝克街)是伦敦西区的一条繁华街道。
小说家柯南·道尔(Sir Arthur Conar Dogle)塑造的人物福尔摩斯和华生医生曾于1881年至1904年居住在该街221B号(作者虚拟未来的地址)。
知识模块：人文知识2．The jury in the High Court of New Zealand is composed of ______ members．A．18B．16C．14D．12正确答案：D解析：新西兰高等法院陪审团由12位成员组成。
知识模块：人文知识3．Education in the U．K．is compulsory”for all children aged betweenA．5 and 16．B．8 and 17．C．6 and 15．D．7 and 19．正确答案：A解析：英国5到16岁的学生必须接受义务教育。
专业英语八级(人文知识)模拟试卷32(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（人文知识）模拟试卷32(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．Which mountain boasts the highest point in Canada?A．Mount Columbia(Alberta)B．Unnamed Peak(Northwest Territories)C．Mount Logan(Yukon)D．Summit Devon Ice Cap(Nunavut)正确答案：C解析：加拿大国内最高点是位于育空特别行政区(Yukon)境内的洛根山。
知识模块：人文知识2．Throughout the 1600s, ______founded permanent settlements in Canada.A．England and SpainB．Spain and ItalyC．Italy and FranceD．France and England正确答案：D解析：法国和英国殖民者于17世纪在加拿大建立了永久性的居住地。
知识模块：人文知识3．Australia was first colonized on January 26, ______, which is now known as Australia Day.A．1770B．1787C．1788D．1861正确答案：C解析：1788年1月26日英国殖民者菲利普首先在澳大利亚建立了永久居住地，这一天成为澳大利亚国庆日。
知识模块：人文知识4．The official language(s)of New Zealand is(are)______.A．EnglishB．FrenchC．MaoriD．English and Maori正确答案：D解析：新西兰的官方语言是英语和毛利语。
专业英语八级(人文知识)模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（人文知识）模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．Who is considered to be the greatest English dramatist since Shakespeare?A．Oscar Wilde.B．John Galsworthy.C．W.B.Yeats.D．George Bernard Shaw.正确答案：D解析：萧伯纳(George Bernard Shaw)被看成是自莎士比亚以来最伟大的英国剧作家。
知识模块：人文知识2．Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers of literaryA．naturalism.B．sentimentalism.C．romanticism.D．transcendentalism.正确答案：A解析：西奥多·德莱塞(Theodore Dreiser)和杰克·伦敦(Jack London)均是自然主义的杰出代表，深受达尔文学说的影响。
知识模块：人文知识3．______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A．PsycholinguisticsB．SociolinguisticsC．NeurolinguisticsD．Anthropological linguistics正确答案：A解析：心理语言学(Psycholinguistics)也称作认知语言学(Cognitive Linguistics)，是对语言的心理学诸因素所作的研究，考察大脑与语言之间的关系，它探讨语言理解、产出和习得的认知过程。
专业英语八级听力模拟试卷227_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷227(总分120, 做题时间90分钟)1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to themini-lecture, **plete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY secondsto preview the gap-filling task.Visual PerspectivePerspective in art is the way that artistsrepresent three-dimensional objects on the two dimensions of their canvas. There are two kinds of perspective and they occupy important roles in the art history.I.【T1】_____ perspective【T1】______ The way that the【T2】_____ affects how we see things,【T2】______especially distant things Makes a mountain in the distance appear to be less【T3】_____【T3】______than closer object Application:A. Realistic artists: reproduceB.【T4】_____: createtheir own special effects【T4】______II. Linear perspective the more【T5】_____ things are, the smaller they seem to get【T5】______ Example:【T6】_____; a line of telephone poles【T6】______III. "The vanishing point" Objects get smaller and smaller as theyrecede,until they vanish in a point on the【T7】_____【T7】______ Objects or scenes may have more than one vanishing point:A. A cubewith one of its faces squarely perpendicular to us Single vanishing point: directly behind it and on the horizonB. A cube with one of its 【T8】_____facing us【T8】______Two vanishing points:one for theright-hand face; one for the left-hand faceC. A cube viewed from somewhat【T9】_____【T9】______Three vanishing points:one to theright, one to the left, and a third one behind it IV. The history of perspective in art Early western art:Artists recognized the effect but failed to present itExample: the paintings inside【T10】_____【T10】______the illustrations in【T11】_____ Christian churches【T11】______ 13th and 14th century Reverse perspective 【T12】_____:【T12】______A Linear perspective1)Brunelleschi: conducted several【T13】_____ experiments【T13】______and discovered the rulesof perspectiveExample: a(n)【T14】_____ of San Giovanni Bapistery【T14】______2)Donatello: began using accurate linear perspective; spread it throughout EuropeB. Aerial perspectiveFlemish and【T15】_____ masters: developed the idea【T15】______Example: Jan van Eyck's "The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin"SSS_FILL1.【T1】该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：Aerial解析：讲座提到透视法基本上可以分为两种。
专业英语八级(翻译)模拟试卷23(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（翻译）模拟试卷23(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. TRANSLATIONPART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHDirections: Translate the following text into English.1．择书比择友简单得多。
不善辞令、厌恶应酬的人，可以自由自在地徜徉于书林之中，游目四顾，俯拾皆友。
看书，可以博览，可以细嚼，没有人会怪你喜新厌旧，也没有人要求你从一而终。
你大可以从一本换到另一本，喜爱的书，不妨一读再读；不耐看的书，又可随手抛下，谁也不会因此而伤心失望。
人际关系错综复杂，那“书际关系”呢?只要花点时间去了解，再高深的学问也弄得明白。
正确答案：It is much easier to choose a book than a friend. One who is poor at speech and shuns socializing will nevertheless feel like being surrounded by friends while sauntering freely in the midst of books. Some books are to be read cursorily, and some are to be chewed and digested. None will ever call you fickle-minded, and none will ever demand that you be constant in your affection. You can go from one book to another. And you can read your favorite book over and over again. When you lay aside the book you dislike, none will ever feel hurt or disappointed. While interpersonal relations are very complicated, what about your relations with books? Devote your time to studies, and you will be able to acquire any knowledge no matter how profound it is.解析：1、这两段为论说性小品文，整体时态应为一般现在时。
专业英语八级-人文知识(二)_真题-无答案
专业英语八级-人文知识(二)(总分30,考试时间90分钟)Exercise OneThere are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. ______ is a satirist and the first writer in America to win the Nobel Prize in literature.A. Eugene O'NeillB. Sinclair LewisC. T.S. EliotD. William Faulkner2. Alaska lies in the ______ of North America, stretching southward from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.A. northwestern partB. southwestern partC. northeastern partD. southeastern part3. What is the name of the Lake in northern Utah of the U.S.A.?A. Lake Michigan.B. Lake Superior.C. Lake Erie.D. the Great Salt Lake.4. Among the four pillars of English literature, who was NOT born and raised in Ireland?A. Jonathan Swift.B. William Butler Yeats.C. James Joyce.D. Robert Browning.5. Which one of the following Ivy League Schools is situated in Connecticut?A. Yale University.B. Harvard.C. Princeton.D. Columbia.6. Who wrote Pygmalion which later was transformed into the highly popular New York Broadway musical My Fair Lady in 1956?A. Edgar Allen Poe.B. Charles Lamb.C. George Bernard Shaw.D. Alfred Tennyson.7. The famous short story The Fall of the House of Usher was written by ______.A. Charles DickensB. Edgar Allen PoeC. John Richardson (Canadian novelist)D. Henry Savery8. Who wrote a highly-acclaimed Novel Moby Dick?A. William James.B. Herman Melville.C. Ernest Hemingway.D. Cooper.9. Which one of the four is NOT correct?A. English-speaking countries are UK, USA, Canada, Barbados, etc.B. English-speaking countries are UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc.C. English-speaking countries are USA, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, etc.D. English-speaking countries USA, Canada, Australia, Egypt, etc.10. The branch of linguistics which studies the forms of words is ______ MORPHOLOGY.A. phonemeB. morphemeC. semanticsD. morphologyExercise TwoThere are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Markyour answers on your answer sheet.1. Who wrote and published the philosophical work Essay Concerning Human Understanding?A. John Milton.B. John Locke.C. Richard Steele.D. Joseph Addison.2. In the literature of sociolinguistics, ______ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioural rules.A. domainB. distributionC. dissimilationD. discourse3. Who wrote one of the most enduring classic poem Ode to the West Wind?A. William Wordsworth.B. Alfred Tennyson.C. Percy B. Shelley.D. David Burn.4. Which one of the following American cities is the birthplace of jazz?A. New Orleans.B. New York.C. Boston.D. Chicago.5. When did Elizabeth I come to the throne of England?A. 1538.B. 1548.C. 1568.D. 1558.6. When was Oxford University founded?A. 1167 in Oxford.B. 1267 in Oxford.C. 1367 in Oxford.D. 1467 in Oxford.7. The first capital of the young nation of the USA is ______.A. BostonB. PhiladelphiaC. New YorkD. Washington8. ______ is a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.A. LoanshiftingB. LoanblendingC. Loan translationD. Logical connection9. What is the name of the woman poet who had her The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America?A. Anne Bradstreet.B. Maria Edgeworth.C. Jane Austen.D. Emily Dickinson.10. Canada is often described as a huge ______ centered on the Hudson and James Bay.A. plateB. saucerC. cupD. bowlExercise ThreeThere are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. ______ the capital of New South Wales, is the oldest and largest city in Australia.A. MelbourneB. SydneyC. DarwinD. Canberra2. In its technical sense here, ______ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A. pictogramB. lexiconC. word-formationD. ideogram3. Who wrote and publish Poor Richard's AImanack?A. Benjamin Franklin.B. John Gay.C. David Hume.D. Samuel Richardson.4. ______ is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provide., methods for their description, classification and transportation.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhonemeD. Phonetic typology5. When was Longman Group UK Ltd was founded?A. 1721.B. 1722.C. 1723.D. 1724.6. What is the name of the **piled by Samuel Johnson?A. First English Dictionary.B. Dictionary of English Language.C. A Dictionary of the English Language.D. Dictionary of the English Language.7. The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at Some point the vocal tract are calledA. consonanceB. consonant clusterC. consistencyD. consonants8. Major Newspapers and Magazines in the USA are ______ , etc.A. New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, TimesB. New York Times, Washington Post, The Sun, TimesC. New York Times, Washington Post, The Evening Post, TimesD. New York Times, Washington Post, Sunday Times, Times9. ______ , Valentine's Day, is sweethearts? day, on which people in love with each other express their tender emotions.A. February 10thB. February 12thC. February 14thD. February 16th10. Which one of the following four books was written by Harriet Stowe?A. Roughing It in the Bush.B. Walden, or Life in the Woods.C. Adam Bede.D. Uncle Tom's Cabin.。
专业英语八级模拟试卷及答案解析(12)
D.They don´t have their particular personal and cultural values.
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A.The project was launched about five years ago.
专业英语八级模拟试卷及答案解析（12）
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Question and Answer Choice Order This lecture is a part of a series of lectures on survey designing. We tend to talk about the ways to determine the question and answer choice order, contributing to a successful questionnaire. I. Two Broad Issues A. How the order can encourage people to【T1】______the survey.【T1】______ B. How the order could affect the【T2】______of the survey.【T2】______ II. Solutions to the First Issue A. question order—listing the questions from easy to difficult can build【T3】______【T3】______—grouping together questions on the same topic—leaving difficult or【T4】______questions until near the end【T4】______ B. answer choice order—using the【T5】______order【T5】______—presenting agree-disagree choices—positive to negative and【T6】______to poor scales【T6】______—numeric rating scales:【T7】______should mean more agreeing answers【T7】______ III. Solutions to the Second Issue A. something【T8】______mentioned【T8】______—solutions: randomize the order of related questions or separating related questions with【T9】______ones【T9】______ B.【T10】______【T10】______—solutions: a. use good softwares to list questions in a random order b. ask a short series of【T11】______at a point【T11】______ c. change the "positive" answer by【T12】______some questions【T12】______ C. answer choice order—solutions: a. If answer choices have【T13】______, use that order.【T13】______ b. If questions are about【T14】______or recall or with long answer choices,【T14】______ use software to list them in a random order. IV. Conclusion—【T15】______: keep the questionnaire as short as possible【T15】______ If a question is not necessary, do not include it.
专业英语八级(人文知识)模拟试卷102(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（人文知识）模拟试卷102(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.jpg />kb3：d]；而词组black bird指颜色为黑色的任意一种鸟，读音是[blkb3：d]，bird重读。
复合词与词组的发音之间，重音不同，因此选D。
知识模块：人文知识2．______ studies the sound system of language and the functioning of the speech sounds.A．PhoneB．PhoneticsC．PhonologyD．Morphology正确答案：C解析：研究语言的声音系统以及语音的功能的学科是音系学。
音系学是从功能的角度出发，研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列。
知识模块：人文知识3．If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are ______ of the same phoneme.A．allophonesB．symbolsC．phonesD．signs正确答案：A解析：若两个基本相似的音段从不会出现在相同的语音环境中。
则它们之间就是互补分布的关系．处于互补性分布一定是同一个音位的音位变体。
知识模块：人文知识4．Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair?A．put / but.B．rat / cat.C．lead / read.D．sit / bit.正确答案：A解析：put和but中除了首字母p和b的发音不同外，字母u在两个单词中的发音也不同，因此不符合最小对立体的定义。
其他三组中除了位于词首的字母发音不同外。
其余的发音都相同，属于最小对立体。
知识模块：人文知识5．Which of the following sound combinations is permissible in English?A．[kibl].B．[bkil].D．[libk].正确答案：A解析：语音组合成词在排列顺序上要受到一定制约，根据英语音系学的序列规则，只有[kibl]是可能的语音组合。
2019年英语专业八级TEM-8考试真题和答案解析
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2019)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT:150MIN PARTⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION（25MIN）SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture.You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY.While listening to the mini-lecture,please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.Make sure what you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now,listen to the mini-lecture.When it is over,you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear TWO interview.At the end of each interview,five questions will be asked about what was said.Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY.After each question there will be a ten-second pause.During the pause,you should read the four choices of[A],[B],[C],and[D],and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.Now,listen to the first interview.Questions1to5are based on first interview.1.A.Environmental issues. B.Endangered species.C.Global warming.D.Conservation.2.A.It is thoroughly proved. B.It is definitely very serious.C.It is just a temporary variation.D.It is changing our ways of living.3.A.Protection of endangered animals’habitats. B.Negative human impact on the environment.C.Frequent abnormal phenomena on the earth.D.The woman’s indifferent attitude to the earth.4.A.Nature should take its course. B.People take things for granted.C.Human are damaging the earth.D.Animals should stay away from zoos.5.A.Objective. B.Pessimistic. C.Skeptical. D.Subjective.Now,listen to the second interview.Questions6to10are based on the second interview.6.A.Teachers’resistance to change. B.Students’inadequate ability to read.C.Teachers’misunderstanding of such literacy.D.Students’indifference to the new method.7.A.Abilities to complete challenging tasks. B.Abilities to learn subject matter knowledge.C.Abilities to perform better in schoolwork.D.Abilities to perform disciplinary work.8.A.Recalling specific information. B.Understanding particular details.C.Examining sources of information.D.Retelling a historical event.9.A.Engaging literacy and disciplinary experts in the program.B.Helping teachers understand what disciplinary literacy is.C.Teaching disciplinary discourse practices by literacy teachers.D.Designing learning strategies with experts from both sides.10.A.To argue for a case. B.To discuss a dispute.C.To explain a problem.D.To present details.PARTⅡREADING COMPREHENSION（45MIN）SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions.For each multiple choice question,there are four suggested answers marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1)When it came to concealing his troubles,Tommy Wilhelm was not less capable than the next fellow.So at least he thought,and there was a certain amount of evidence to back him up.He had once been an actor—no,not quite,an extra—and he knew what acting should be.Also,he was smoking a cigar,and when a man is smoking a cigar,wearing a hat,he has an advantage;it is harder to find out how he feels.He came from the twenty-third floor down to the lobby on the mezzanine to collect his mail before breakfast,and he believed—he hoped—that he looked passably well:doing all right.It was a matter of sheer hope,because there was not much that he could add to his present effort.On the fourteenth floor he looked for his father to enter the elevator;they often met at this hour, on the way to breakfast.If he worried about his appearance it was mainly for his old father’s sake.But there was no stop on the fourteenth,and the elevator sank and sank.Then the smooth door opened and the great dark-red uneven carpet that covered the lobby billowed toward Wilhelm’s feet.In the foreground the lobby was dark,sleepy.French drapes like sails kept out the sun,but three high,narrow windows were open,and in the blue air Wilhelm saw a pigeon about to light on the great chain that supported the marquee of the movie house directly underneath the lobby.For one moment he heard the wings beating strongly.(2)Most of the guests at the Hotel Gloriana were past the age of retirement.Along Broadway in the Seventies, Eighties,and Nineties,a great part of New York’s vast population of old men and women lives.Unless the weather is too cold or wet they fill the benches about the tiny railed parks and along the subway gratings from Verdi Square to Columbia University,they crowd the shops and cafeterias,the dime stores,the tearooms,the bakeries,the beauty parlors,the reading rooms and club rooms.Among these old people at the Gloriana,Wilhelm felt out of place.He was comparatively young,in his middle forties,large and blond，with big shoulders；his back was heavy and strong，if already a little stooped or thickened.After breakfast the old guests sat down on the green leather armchairs and sofas in the lobby and began to gossip and look into the papers；they had nothing to do but wait out the day.But Wilhelm was used to an active life and liked to go out energetically in the morning.And for several months，because he had no position，he had kept up his morale by rising early；he was shaved and in the lobby by eight o’clock.He bought the paper and some cigars and drank a Coca-Cola or two before he went in to breakfast with his father.After breakfast—out，out，out to attend to business.The getting out had in itself become the chief business.But he had realized that he could not keep this up much longer，and today he was afraid.He was aware that his routine was about to break up and he sensed that a huge trouble long presaged（预感）but till now formless was due.Before evening，he’d know.（3）Nevertheless he followed his daily course and crossed the lobby.（4）Rubin，the man at the newsstand，had poor eyes.They may not have been actually weak but they were poor in expression，with lacy lids that furled down at the corners.He dressed well.It didn’t seem necessary—he was behind the counter most of the time—but he dressed very well.He had on a rich brown suit；the cuffs embarrassed the hairs on his small hands.He wore a Countess Mara painted necktie.As Wilhelm approached，Rubin did not see him；he was looking out dreamily at the Hotel Ansonia，which was visible from his corner，several blocks away.The Ansonia，the neighborhood’s great landmark，was built by Stanford White.It looks like a baroque palace from Prague or Munich enlarged a hundred times，with towers，domes，huge swells and bubbles of metal gone green from exposure,iron fretwork and festoons.Black television antennae are densely planted on its round summits.Under the changes of weather it may look like marble or like sea water，black as slate in the fog，white as tufa in sunlight.This morning it looked like the image of itself reflected in deep water，white and cumulous above，with cavernous distortions underneath.Together，the two men gazed at it.（5）Then Rubin said,“Your dad is in to breakfast already，the old gentleman.”“Oh，yes？Ahead of me today？”“That’s a real knocked-out shirt you got on,”said Rubin.“Where’s it from，Saks？”“No，it’s a Jack Fagman—Chicago.”（6）Even when his spirits were low，Wilhelm could still wrinkle his forehead in a pleasing way.Some of the slow，silent movements of his face were very attractive.He went back a step，as if to stand away from himself and get a better look at his shirt.His glance was comic，a comment upon his untidiness.He liked to wear good clothes，but once he had put it on each article appeared to go its own way.Wilhelm，laughing，panted a little；his teeth were small；his cheeks when he laughed and puffed grew round，and he looked much younger than his years.In the old days when he was a college freshman and wore a beanie（无檐小帽）on his large blonde head his father used to say that，big as he was，he could charm a bird out of a tree.Wilhelm had great charm still.（7）“Ilike this dove-gray color,”he said in his sociable，good-natured way.“It isn’t washable.You have to send it to the cleaner.It never smells as good as washed.But it’s a nice shirt.It cost sixteen，eighteen bucks.”11.Wilhelm hoped he looked all right o his way to the lobby because he wanted to________.A.leave a good impressionB.give his father a surpriseC.show his acting potentialD.disguise his low spirit12.Wilhelm had something in common with the old guests in that they all________.A.lived a luxurious lifeB.liked to swap gossipsC.idled their time awayD.liked to get up early13.How did Wilhelm feel when he was crossing the lobby(Para.2)?A.He felt something ominous was coming.B.He was worried that his father was late.C.He was feeling at ease among the old.D.He was excited about a possible job offer.14.Which part of Rubin’s clothes made him look particularly awkward?(Para.4)?A.The necktie.B.The cuffs.C.The suit.D.The shirt.15.What can we learn from the author’s description of Wilhelm’s clothes?A.His shirt made him look better.B.He cared much about his clothes.C.He looked like a comedian in his shirt.D.The clothes he wore never quite matched.PASSAGE TWO(1)By the1840s New York was the leading commercial city of the United States.It had long since outpaced Philadelphia as the largest city in the country,and even though Boston continued to be venerated as the cultural capital of the nation,its image had become somewhat languid;it had not kept up with the implications of the newly industrialized economy,of a diversified ethnic population,or of the rapidly rising middle class.New York was the place where the“new”America was coming into being,so it is hardly surprising that the modern newspaper had its birth there.(2)The penny paper had found its first success in New York.By the mid-1830s Ben Day’s Sun was drawing readers from all walks of life.On the other hand,the Sun was a skimpy sheet providing little more than minor diversions;few today would call it a newspaper at all.Day himself was an editor of limited vision,and he did not possess the ability or the imagination to climb the slopes to loftier heights.If real newspapers were to emerge from the public's demand for more and better coverage,it would have to come from a youthful generation of editors for whom journalism was a totally absorbing profession,an exacting vocational ideal rather than a mere offshoot of job printing.(3)By the1840s two giants burst into the field,editors who would revolutionize journalism,would bring the newspaper into the modern age,and show how it could be influential in the national life.These two giants,neither of whom has been treated kindly by history,were James Gordon Bennett and Horace Greeley.Bennett founded hisNew York Herald in1835,less than two years after the appearance of the Sun.Horace Greeley founded his Tribune in1841.Bennett and Greeley were the most innovative editors in New York until after the Civil War.Their newspapers were the leading American papers of the day,although for completely different reasons.The two men despised each other,although not in the ways that newspaper editors had despised one another a few years before. Neither was a political hack bonded to a political party.Greeley fancied himself a public intellectual.He had strong political views,and he wanted to run for office himself,but party factotum he could never be;he bristled with ideals and causes of his own devising.Officially he was a Whig(and later a Republican),but he seldom gave comfort to his chosen party.Bennett,on the other hand,had long since cut his political ties,and although his paper covered local and national politics fully and he went after politicians with hammer and tongs,Bennett was a cynic,a distruster of all settled values.He did not regard himself as an intellectual,although in fact he was better educated than Greeley.He thought himself only a hard-boiled newspaperman.Greeley was interested in ideas and in what was happening to the country.Bennett was only interested in his newspaper.He wanted to find out what the news was,what people wanted to read.And when he found out he gave it to them.（4）As different as Bennett and Greeley were from each other they were also curiously alike.Both stood outside the circle of polite society，even when they became prosperous，and in Bennett’s case，wealthy.Both were incurable eccentrics.Neither was a gentleman.Neither conjured up the picture of a successful editor.Greeley was unkempt，always looking like an unmade bed.Even when he was nationally famous in the1850s he resembled a clerk in a third-rate brokerage house，with slips of paper—marked-up proofs perhaps—hanging out of his pockets or stuck in his hat.He became fat，was always nearsighted，always peering over spectacles.He spoke in a high-pitched whine（哀号）.Not a few people suggested that he looked exactly like the illustrations of Charles Dickens’s Mr.Pickwick.Greeley provided a humorous description of himself，written under the pretense that it had been the work of his long-time adversary James Fenimore Cooper.The editor was，according to the description，a half-bald，long-legged，slouching individual“so rocking in gait（步态）that he walks down both sides of the street at once.”（5）The appearance of Bennett was somewhat different but hardly more reassuring.A shrewd，wiry（瘦而结实的）Scotsman，who seemed to repel intimacy，Bennett looked around at the world with a squinty glare of suspicion.His eyes did not focus right.They seemed to fix themselves on nothing and everything at the same time. He was as solitary as an oyster，the classic loner.He seldom made close friendships and few people trusted him，although nobody who had dealings with him，however brief，doubted his abilities.He，too，could have come out of a book of Dickensian eccentrics，although perhaps Ebenezer Scrooge or Thomas Gradgrind comes to mind rather than the kindly old Mr.Pickwick.Greeley was laughed at but admired；Bennett was seldom laughed at but never admired；on the other hand，he had a hard professional competence and an encyclopedic knowledge of his adopted country，an in-depth learning uncorrupted by vague idealisms.All of this perfectly suited him for the journalism of this confusing age.（6）Both Greeley and Bennett had served long，humiliating and disappointing apprenticeships in the newspaper business.They took a long time getting to the top，the only reward for the long years of waiting being that when they had their own newspapers，both knew what they wanted and firmly set about getting it.When Greeley founded the Tribune in1841he had the strong support of the Whig party and had already had a short period of modest success as an editor.Bennett，older by sixteen years，found solid commercial success first，but he had no one behind him except himself when he started up the Herald in1835in a dingy cellar room at20Wall Street.Fortunately this turned out to be quite enough.16.Which of the following is NOT the author’s opinion on Ben Day and his Sun(Para.2)?A.Sun had once been a popular newspaper.B.Sun failed to be a high-quality newspaper.C.Ben Day lacked innovation and imagination.D.Ben Day has striven for better coverage.17.Which of the following statements is CORRECT about Greeley’s or Bennett’s political stance(Para.3)?A.Greeley and Bennett were both strong supporters of their party.B.Greeley,as a Whig member,believed in his party’s idealsC.Bennett,as an independent,loathed established values.D.Greeley and Bennett possessed different political values.18.Which of the following figures of speech was used to describe Greeley’s manner of walking（Para.4）？A.Exaggeration.B.Paradox.C.Analogy.D.Personification.19.In Para.5Bennett was depicted as a man who________.A.had stronger capabilities than GreeleyB.possessed a great aptitude for journalismC.was in pursuit of idealism in journalismD.was knowledgeable about his home country20.How was Greeley different from Bennett according to Para.6？A.He had achieved business success first.B.He started his career earlier than Bennett.C.He got initial support from a political party.D.He had a more humiliating apprenticeship.PASSAGE THREE(1)Why make a film about Ned Kelly?More ingenious crimes than those committed by the reckless Australian bandit are reported every day.What is there in Ned Kelly to justify dragging the mesmeric Mick Jagger so far into the Australian bush and away from his natural haunts?The answer is that the film makers know we always fall for a bandit,and Jagger is set to do for bold Ned Kelly what Brando once did for the arrogant Emiliano Zapata.(2)A bandit inhabits a special realm of legend where his deeds are embroidered by others;where his death rather than his life is considered beyond belief;where the men who bring him to“justice”are afflicted with doubts about their role.(3)The bandits had a role to play as definite as that of the authorities who condemned them.These were men in conflict with authority,and,in the absence of strong law or the idea of loyal opposition,they took to the hills. Even there,however,many of them obeyed certain unwritten rules.(4)These robbers,who claimed to be something more than mere thieves,had in common,firstly,a sense of loyalty and identity with the peasants they came from.They didn’t steal the peasant’s harvest;they did steal the lord’s.(5)And certain characteristics seem to apply to“social bandits”whether they were in Sicily or Peru.They were generally young men under the age of marriage,predictably the best age for dissidence.Some were simply the surplus male population who had to look for another source of income;others were runaway serfs or ex-soldiers;a minority,though the most interesting,were outstanding men who were unwilling to accept the meek and passive role of peasant.(6)They usually operated in bands between ten and twenty strong and relied for survival on difficult terrain and bad transport.And bandits prospered best where authority was merely local—over the next hill and they were free.Unlike the general run of peasantry they had a taste for flamboyant dress and gesture;but they usually shared the peasants'religious beliefs and superstitions.(7)The first sign of a man caught up in the Robin Hood syndrome was when he started out,forced into outlawry as a victim of injustice;and when he then set out to“right wrongs”,first his own and then other people’s. The classic bandit then“takes from the rich and gives to the poor”in conformity with his own sense of social injustice;he never kills except in self-defense or justifiable revenge;he stays within his community and even returns to it if he can to take up an honorable place;his people admire and help to protect him;he dies through the treason of one of them;he behaves as if invisible and invulnerable;he is a“loyalist”,never the enemy of the king but only of the local oppressors.(8)None of the bandits lived up fully to this image of the“noble robber”and for many the claim of larger motives was often a delusion.(9)Yet amazingly,many of these violent men did behave at least half the time in accordance with this idealist pattern.Pancho Villa in Mexico and Salvatore Giuliano in Italy began their careers harshly victimized.Many oftheir charitable acts later became legends.(10)Far from being defeated in death,bandits’reputation for invincibility was often strengthened by the manner of their dying.The“dirty little coward”who shot Jesse James in the back is in every ballad about him,and the implication is that nothing else could have brought Jesse down.Even when the police claimed the credit,as they tried to do at first with Giuliano’s death,the local people refused to believe it.And not just the bandit’s vitality prompts the people to refuse to believe that their hero has died;his death would be in some way the death of hope.(11)For the traditional“noble robber”represents an extremely primitive form of social protest,perhaps the most primitive there is.He is an individual who refuses to bend his back,that is all.Most protesters will eventually be bought over and persuaded to come to terms with the official power.That is why the few who do not,or who are believed to have remained uncontaminated,have so great and passionate a burden of admiration and longing laid upon them.They cannot abolish oppression.But they do prove that justice is possible,that poor men need not be humble,helpless and meek.(12)The bandit in the real world is rooted in peasant society and when its simple agricultural system is left behind so is he.But the tales and legends,the books and films continue to appear for an audience that is neither peasant nor bandit.In some ways the characters and deeds of the great bandits could so readily be the stuff of grand opera—Don Jose in“Carmen”is based on the Andalusian bandit El Empranillo.But they are perhaps more at home in folk songs,in popular tales and the ritual dramas of films.When we sit in the darkness of the cinema to watch the bold deeds of Ned Kelly we are caught up in admiration for their strong individuality,their simple gesture of protest,their passion for justice and their confidence that they cannot be beaten.This sustains us nearly as much as it did the almost hopeless people from whom they sprang.21.Which of the following words is NOT intended to suggest the approval of bandits?A.Bold(Para.1).B.Claimed(Para.4).C.Legend(Para.2)D.Loyalty(Para.4).22.Of the following reasons which is the LEAST likely one for becoming bandits?A.They liked theatrical clothes and behavior.B.They wanted to help the poor country folk.C.They were unwilling to accept injustice.D.They had very few careers open to them.23.“...began their careers harshly victimized”(Para.9)means that they________.A.had received excessive ill-treatmentB.were severely punished for their crimesC.took to violence through a sense of injusticeD.were misunderstood by their parents and friends24.What has made bandits suitable as film heroes is that they________.A.are sure they are invincibleB.possess a theatrical qualityC.retain the virtues of a peasant societyD.protest against injustice and inequalitySECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on the passages in Section A.Answer each question in NO MORE THAN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE25.In“...,and there was a certain amount of evidence to back him up(Para.1)”,what does“evidence”refer to?26.What is Wilhelm’s characteristic that has never changed all those years according to Para.6?PASSAGE TWO27.Summarize in your own words the meaning of the italicized part in the last sentence of Para.2.28.What does“...,bur he seldom gave comfort to his chosen party”mean according to the context(Para.3)?29.What is the similarity between Bennett and Greeley according to Paras.4and5?PASSAGE THREE30.Write down TWO features of the idealist pattern(Para.9).31.What does“hope”mean according to the context(Para.10)?32.What does“He is an individual who refuses to bend his back”mean(Para.11)?PARTⅢLANGUAGE USAGE（15MIN）The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case, only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way: For a wrong word，underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line．For a missing word．mark the position of the missing word with a“∧”sign and write theword you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end ofthe line．For an unnecessary word，cross the unnecessary word with a slash“／”and put the word in theblank provided at the end of the line．Example__________ When∧art museum wants a new exhibit，(1)an__________ it never buys things in finished form and hangs(2)never them on the wall．When a natural history museum__________ wants an exhibition,it must often build it．(3)exhibit Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREE as instructed.PARTⅣTRANSLATION（20MIN）Translate the underlined part of the following text into English.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.白洋淀曾有“北国江南”的说法，但村舍的形制自具特色，与江南截然不同。
专业英语八级(听力)模拟试卷211
专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷211(总分：120.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 LISTENING COMPREHENSION(总题数：4，分数：120.00)1.PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：2.SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear themini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：Cross-Cultural Communication Tips for AmericansI. Why Americans need cross-cultural tips?a)Not a "melting pot" but a(n)"【T1】 1"【T1】 2b)Different cultural identities in the mixed crowdII. General advice for cross-cultural communication(CCC)a)Do not base actions on【T2】3【T2】4b)Watch for the other【T3】5【T3】6c)Expect【T4】7【T4】8d)Don't feel【T5】9because of the mistakes 【T5】 10III. Three key tips for CCCa)Keep the conversation【T6】 11【T6】 12— Asking friendly questions can make people【T7】13【T7】14b)Don't assume where someone is from by his/her【T8】15【T8】 16— Someone with a British accent might come from a dozen of countriesc)Respond to a personal question by avoiding it with【T9】17【T9】18—If you're pressed for specifics, simply 【T10】 19 it.【T10】 20IV. A(n)【T11】 21-Jeffs mistakes【T11】 22a)He addressed Lora by her first name without【T12】 23【T12】 24b)He forced Lora into an uncomfortable【T13】 25【T13】26c)He assumed Lora was from【T14】 27 or Mexico【T14】 28d)He made himself a fool by assuming that— Lora didn't know some people think bullfighting is cruel— Lora had never been to【T15】29【T15】 30Cross-Cultural Communication Tips for AmericansI. Why Americans need cross-cultural tips?a)Not a "melting pot" but a(n)"【T1】31"【T1】32b)Different cultural identities in the mixed crowdII. General advice for cross-cultural communication(CCC)a)Do not base actions on【T2】33【T2】34b)Watch for the other【T3】35【T3】36c)Expect【T4】37【T4】38d)Don't feel【T5】39because of the mistakes 【T5】 40III. Three key tips for CCCa)Keep the conversation【T6】 41【T6】 42— Asking friendly questions can make people【T7】43【T7】44b)Don't assume where someone is from by his/her【T8】45【T8】 46— Someone with a British accent might come from a dozen of countriesc)Respond to a personal question by avoiding it with【T9】47【T9】48—If you're pressed for specifics, simply 【T10】 49 it.【T10】 50IV. A(n)【T11】 51-Jeffs mistakes【T11】 52a)He addressed Lora by her first name without【T12】 53【T12】 54b)He forced Lora into an uncomfortable【T13】 55【T13】56c)He assumed Lora was from【T14】 57 or Mexico【T14】 58d)He made himself a fool by assuming that— Lora didn't know some people think bullfighting is cruel— Lora had never been to【T15】59【T15】 60（分数：30.00）(1).【T1】（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：salad bowl）解析：解析：该题要求填写美国社会的正确比喻。
专业英语八级(人文知识)模拟试卷124(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（人文知识）模拟试卷124(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.D．1863.正确答案：C解析：美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年。
知识模块：人文知识8．The two important crops in Britain areA．barley and corn.B．wheat and rice.C．barley and oats.D．wheat and barley.正确答案：D解析：小麦和大麦是英国最重要的庄稼。
知识模块：人文知识9．New Zealanders have adopted their name from the kiwi,A．which is a native flightless bird.B．which is the only mammal in New Zealand.C．which was introduced to New Zealand about 1000 years ago.D．which is an introduced flightless bird.正确答案：A解析：几维鸟，又名奇异鸟，是新西兰的国鸟。
是新兰西当地一种不会飞的鸟。
知识模块：人文知识10．What flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?A．Novel.B．Essay.C．Drama.D．Poetry.正确答案：C解析：16世纪早期到17世纪之间的伊利莎白时期是英国戏剧的高峰。
这时期有莎士比亚、斯宾塞、克里斯托弗·马洛等著名剧作家。
知识模块：人文知识11．Which of the following does NOT belong to the woman writers of the 20th century?A．Virginia Woolf.B．Harriet Beecher Stowe.C．Alice Walker.D．Toni Morrison.正确答案：B解析：哈里特·比彻·斯托是美国19世纪著名女作家及废奴主义者，她的代表作是《汤姆叔叔的小屋》。
专业英语八级(翻译)模拟试卷229(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（翻译）模拟试卷229(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 4. TRANSLATIONPART IV TRANSLATION1．2000多年前，亚欧大陆(Eurasia)上勤劳勇敢的人民，探索出多条连接亚欧非几大文明的贸易和人文交流通路，后人将其统称为“丝绸之路”。
千百年来，“和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢”的丝绸之路精神薪火相传，推进了人类文明进步，是促进沿线各国繁荣发展的重要纽带，是东西方交流合作的象征，是世界各国共有的历史文化遗产。
正确答案：More than two millennia ago, the diligent and courageous people of Eurasia explored and opened up several routes of trade and cultural exchanges that linked the major civilizations of Asia, Europe and Africa, collectively called the Silk Road by later generations. For thousands of years, the Silk Road Spirit—”peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit”—has been passed from generation to generation, promoted the progress of human civilization, and contributed greatly to the prosperity and development of the countries along the Silk Road. Symbolizing communication and cooperation between the East and the West, the Silk Road Spirit is a historic and cultural heritage shared by all countries around the world.解析：1．本文节选自《推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动》一文，与文学作品的语言相比，公文具有权威性、庄重性和规范性的特点，用词准确、精炼、用语得体。
专业英语八级模拟试卷822(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级模拟试卷822(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 4. PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITINGPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREDirections: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.听力原文：Evaluating Speaking Good morning, everyone. Today, we’ll look at what a speaker needs to be able to do in order to use spoken English as an effective form of communication. Perhaps you would think that it is ok to read and listen a lot. No, you may be wrong. Speaking is a complex act with many different elements interacting to produce effective communication. For example, speakers need to pronounce individual sounds clearly, understand the functions of language, and follow the conventions of turn-taking. In order to evaluate this skill accurately, we need to i-dentify and isolate each of these elements. We can then develop frameworks to evaluate them. Below are five aspects that speakers need to be able to do in order to communicate effectively, including: phonological features of speech: following the rules of language: paralinguistic devices: communicative functions: social meaning. Now, first of all, I will introduce to you phonological features of speech. Speakers need to be able to produce the phonological features of speech well enough to be understood, and understand them when they hear them. These features include: first,(1)individual sounds—consonants, vowels, diphthongs such as in day and triphthongs such as in here. Second, the stressed and weak sounds in words: for example, the second syllable of “banana” is stressed and the first and third are weak. Third, the stressed and weak words in speech: for example, in the order “Go to bed!”“go” and “bed” are stressed and “to” is not. Fourth,(2)the rhythm of speech in general. English is stress-timed, meaning that in general stressed syllables have an equal amount of time between them. Fifth,(3)the intonation patterns in speech, falling, rising, flat, etc. Sixth, the features of connected speech, i.e. things that happen when we connect sounds together: for example, connected speech produces contractions such as “doesn’t”, linking sounds such as the /j/ in “I am”, lost sounds such as the /t/ in “I don’t know”, and changed sounds such as the /t/ in “white bag” changing to a /p/. OK, in addition to phonological features of speech, speakers need to be able to understand and follow the rules of language at a word, sentence and text level. This includes three rules of language: the first rule is choosing the right vocabulary.Speakers need to think about the meaning of a word, its connotations, the level of formality, the type of register and genre, and the words it normally goes with(collocations). The second rule is using grammar structures to put clauses and sentences together.(4)The third rule is using features of discourse to give long and short turns cohesion and coherence. For example, speakers need to use referencing “this is the problem...”and connectors “so...”. (5)The third aspect is paralinguistic devices. Speakers understand and use paralinguistic devices as a communicative tool. There are different definitions of paralanguage, but if we say that it does not involve words in any way then this includes:(6)non-verbal tools such as gestures and facial expressions: other body language, such as eye contact, posture, positioning and movement of the head:(7)verbal tools such as changes in volume, e.g. whispering and shouting, and noises such as “whew!” and “tsk!”What’s more, speakers still need to be able to recognize, understand and use the communicative functions of speech. Next, I would like to talk about the communicative functions of speech. First, understanding the communicative functions of vocabulary and grammar. OK, let’s look at examples. Why is this a normal exchange: A: “Did you walk the dog today?” B: “I’ve been in bed all day with a cold. “ Or what a speaker means when he says: “Do you know who I am?” Second, understanding the functions of intonation and moving stress. For example, intonation and stress can show attitude: “Oh, really?”Emphasis: “I said three bananas”, and structure, e. g. a falling intonation at the end of a list of items. Third, recognizing features such as repetitions, re-phrasing, pauses, and noises and understanding their function. Fourth,(8)recognizing non-linguistic features such as changes in volume and tone. Finally, speakers need to consider six factors about social meaning of speech.(9)The first factor is when to use formal and informal languages. The second factor is what connotation the language might have, for example, the difference between thin, slender and skinny. The third factor is how direct they can be, for example, when to say “Help me with this.” and when to say “Would you mind helping me, please?”The fourth factor is what social factors are important, e.g. social status, age, gender.(10)The fifth factor is conversational principals such as turn taking and exchanges—these can be different in different cultures and societies. The last factor is the rules to start, maintain, manage, and close conversations. OK, in today’s lecture, I have tried to describe five aspects that speakers need to be able to do in order to communicate effectively. We know that communicative success depends on the speaker’s ability to use them. Therefore, evaluation of a learner’s spoken English must involve looking at these different tools. In the next lecture, I will think about which of these factors we can include in our evaluation and which we can’t, and then review some formal speaking tests and how they approach this challenge. We will look at how these competencies can be evaluated, with specific discussion of formal methods such as the IELT and Cambridge Main Suite speaking tests.Evaluating Speaking Speaking is a complex act with many different elements interacting to produce effective communication, so we consider some things that speakers need to be able to do when we want to evaluate this skill accurately. Five aspects are listed as follows.I. Phonological features of speechA.【B1】______consonants, vowels, diphthongs【B1】______B. stressed and weak sounds in wordsC. stressed and weak words in speechD.【B2】______【B2】______E.【B3】______ falling, rising, flat, etc.【B3】______F. features of connected speechII. Following the rules of languageA. choosing the right vocabularyB. using grammar structuresC. using features of discourse:【B4】______, coherence【B4】______III.【B5】______【B5】______A. non-verbal tools: gestures and【B6】______【B6】______B. other body language: eye contact, posture, positioning, etc.C.【B7】______: whispering, shouting, etc.【B7】______IV. Communicative functionsA. functions of vocabulary and grammarB. functions of intonation and moving stressC. recognizing features such as repetitions, re-phrasing, pauses, etcD. recognizing non-linguistic features such as changes in【B8】______【B8】______V. Social meaningA.【B9】______languages 【B9】______B. connotation languageC. direct and indirect languageD. important social factors: social status, age, genderE.【B10】______: turn taking, exchanges【B10】______F. other rules1．【B1】正确答案：individual sounds2．【B2】正确答案：rhythm of speech3．【B3】正确答案：intonation patterns4．【B4】正确答案：cohesion5．【B5】正确答案：Paralinguistic devices6．【B6】正确答案：facial expressions7．【B7】正确答案：verbal tools8．【B8】正确答案：volume and tone9．【B9】正确答案：formal and informal10．【B10】正确答案：conversational principalsSECTION B INTERVIEWDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.听力原文：M: The concept that to earn a big salary without having a college degree may seem impossible, but according to one group, there are jobs out there where you can make six figures without higher education. CNBC’s personal finance correspondent Sharon Epperson is here with details. Good morning, Sharon.W: Good morning, Tamron.M: Obviously, we’re not saying not to pursue college if that is an option.W: Absolutely not.M: But in the real world, that is not the case for anyone, so you have a list of jobs, but I would guess there are stipulations.W: There are stipulations. We talked to pay scale, and they said these are the jobs where you could potentially make six figures, over $100,000, but you need to be a top performer. This is not some job you’re going to get right out of high school. You’re probably going to have to get some training.M: Highly training, well skilled. Let’s start with a nuclear power reactor operator. That sounds like you have to be well trained.W: Definitely. You can get median pay, average pay of $103,000 a year.M: Wow.W: But up to $142,000 for the top 10% in that field.(1)And you just need a high school diploma, convict strictly speaking. I talked to the nuclear regulatory committee and they say you need training, at least three years of service just at the power plant where you work. You need to go through an exam administered by the nuclear regulatory commission. They offer the operating licenses. And there is extensive training while you’re on the job to make sure you’re still up to speed on those skills.M: I would imagine also background checks for the jobs.W: Background checks, drug testing, alcohol testing, medical exams, and of course, again, getting your license every six years or so, making sure that you’re up to date.M: Okay, on the list as well, which is interesting, the health care industry, but specifically personal trainers. And I think of that as a luxury, but apparently, people pay up for it.W: People pay up and they pay a lot more to, and particularly for specialized training.(2)The median pay is $51,000, but you could get up to $141,000 a year. Now, how is this possible? Again, you’re atthe upper end of your field, but also, if you have a lot of specialized training. Some yoga instructors have to have training for at least two years to become certified, and some may even require more. It depends on the facility: it depends on the type of training that you’re doing.M: All right, this next one is an executive pastry chef that is tempting to me. even though I can’t cook.W: Yes.M: Wow! Is the salary gradually raised?W:(3)Yeah, the salaries can really escalate and the median pay there is probably the lowest on our list, $45,000 or so, but you can earn six figures at the top of your game, and here’s how you do it. You have to have three years’ experience as a pastry chef. You have to have had employees working under you for several years as well, working for yourself, and this is according to the American culinary foundation. And of course, you need to have worked in the field and have ongoing training, but it’s possible.M: So, this doesn’t mean you have to be a famous pastry chef. Is that what it boils down to?W: It doesn’t necessarily mean you have to be famous, but you’re probably working at a luxury hotel or restaurant and you’ve had at least 150 hours of training.M: Okay. On the list as well, handyman in certain fields, six figures.W: Six figures is possible, again, it varies widely. You could start at $53,000 or so, that’s the median salary, but up to $104,000.(4)And if you’re an electrician, not necessarily a licensed electrician, but somebody who does home appliance work, we get a lot of the statistics from the bureau of labor statistics, and that’s what they say, that there is a potential if you don’t have a high school diploma, you can get the training.M: And last on the list, massage therapist.W:(5)Now, this requires a post-secondary nondegree award, 500 hours or so of training and educational programming. It could be at a community college or a four-year institution as well. You don’t need an actual associate’s degree necessarily, but you do need extensive training. It varies by the location and the type of facility, but it’s possible.M: A wide-ranging list of things there, very interesting.W: Yeah, interesting. Not saying doesn’t go to college, but consider other options out there.M: Yes, depend on different conditions. Thank you for your information, Sharon.W: Pleasure.11．For a nuclear power reactor operator, which of the following statements is CORRECT?A．He can get the highest salary of $103,000 a year.B．He must have a high school diploma in that field.C．He needs work for three years at the power station.D．He can take an exam administered by the power plant.正确答案：B12．According to the interview, what is the personal trainers’ average pay?A．$51,000B．$103,000C．$141,000D．$142,000正确答案：A13．Which of the following statements about a pastry chef is INCORRECT?A．His salary is gradually raised every year.B．He had at least 150 hours of training.C．His median pay is the highest on the list.D．He must have employees working for him.正确答案：C14．Which of the following topics is discussed during the interview?A．An electrician can earn $104,000 a year.B．An electrician needn’t get a license.C．Handyman must have a high school diploma.D．Handyman needs rich experience.正确答案：B15．Which of the following requirements about massage therapist is mentioned?A．About 500 hours of training.B．An actual associate’s degree.C．A professional qualification certificate.D．A set of perfect facilities.正确答案：ASECTION C NEWS BROADCASTDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.听力原文：The increase in grain prices is already being felt around the world. But the economic effects of the sharp rise in agricultural commodities have barely begun. A jump of 30-50 per cent in benchmark corn, wheat and soybean prices has revived memories of the world’s last food crisis in 2007-2008, and large consumers from E-gypt and Morocco to South Korea and Chinese Taiwan are bracing for a renewed bout of food inflation. Marc Sadler, head of agriculture risk management at the World Bank, told the press that “for sure there is growing concern across the world from developing countries about what this may mean for them.”(6)The biggest impact is likely to be on countries dependent on agricultural imports and some of the poorer net food importers in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, the strength of the dollar is causing an additional worry. Unlike in 2007-2008, when the rise in grain prices coincided with a weaker dollar, this time the reverse is true.16．Which of the following will be most influenced by the rise in grain prices?A．Countries dependent on agricultural imports.B．Countries dependent on agricultural exports.C．Countries that benefit from stronger dollars.D．Countries that benefit from weaker dollars.正确答案：A听力原文：(7)Shamsuddin Ben Ali, director of communications for the opposition National Transitional Council, said they believed that Colonel Gaddafi was most likely still in the Tripoli area. The spokesman said that if Colonel Gaddafi had escaped the capital, he could have fled to the Algerian border. Algeria is the last of the neighboring countries that might give him sanctuary. Already, said the spokesman, it’s possible that Colonel Gaddafi’s wife and daughter may have fled there, though earlier reports of a heavily armored convoy of six cars making its way across the border have been denied on all sides.(8)The opposition do not think Colonel Gaddafi himself has left the country, nor do they think he’s in his hometown of Sirte, where his supporters are putting up a tough stand against opposition fighters. More evidence is emerging of atrocities during the battle for Tripoli. It is reported that more than 50 charred skeletons at a makeshift prison in the south of the city.17．The opposition National Transitional Council thought Colonel Gaddafi was most likely in______.A．the Tripoli areaB．the border area of AlgeriaC．the capital of AlgeriaD．his hometown of Sirte正确答案：A18．Which of the following is CORRECT about Colonel Gaddafi’s hometown?A．It is the last place that he can get some protection.B．His wife and daughter have fled to the place.C．His supporters have prepared armored vehicles for him.D．The opposition is facing tough resistance there.正确答案：D听力原文：(9)Greece’s three-party coalition has reached agreement on 11. 5bn of spending cuts over the next two years after the socialist party leader dropped objections to further planned reductions in pensions and public sector wages. Evangelos Venizelos, a former finance minister facing dissent in his PanHellenic Socialist Movement, had distanced himself from both coalition partners and Greece’s international lenders by demanding the cuts be postponed until 2015-2016. But on Wednesday the junior partners in the conservative-led coalition government of centre-right prime minister Antonis Samaras set aside demands for an immediate renegotiation of the terms of the deal to ease talks with the “troika”of EU and International Monetary Fund lenders. Finance minister Yannis Stournaras toldreporters after a nearly three-hour-long meeting that the prime minister’s proposal was accepted by political leaders.(10)Mr. Venizelos said Greece had to demand more time to achieve targets under its bailout package, but he was setting aside his request for now in the interest of the country and to avoid bringing down the six-week-old government.19．Greece’s three-party coalition has agreed to______.A．negotiate with EU and International Monetary Fund lendersB．spend 11.5bn less in the next two yearsC．drop its objections to reductions in pensionsD．accept the former finance minister’s demand正确答案：B20．Mr. Venizelos believed that Greece should .A．slow down the spending cutB．carry out its bailout package fasterC．bring down the new governmentD．set a more realistic target正确答案：APART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Barack Obama invited a puzzling group of people into the White House: university presidents. What should one make of these strange creatures? Are they chief executives or labour leaders? Heads of pre-industrial guilds or champions of one of America’s most successful industries? Defenders of civilisation or merciless rack-renters? Whatever they might be, they are at the heart of a political firestorm. Anger about the cost of college extends from the preppiest of parents to the grungiest of Occupiers. Mr. Obama is trying to channel the anger, to avoid being sideswiped by it. The White House invitation complained that costs have trebled in the past three decades. Arne Duncan, the secretary of education, has urged universities to address costs with “much greater urgency”. A sense of urgency is justified: ex-students have debts approaching $1 trillion. But calm reflection is needed too. America’s universities suffer from many maladies besides cost. And rising costs are often symptoms of much deeper problems: problems that were irritating during the years of affluence but which are cancerous in an age of austerity. The first problem is the inability to say “no”. For decades American universities have been offering more of everything—more courses for undergraduates, more research students for professors and more rock walls for everybody—on the merry assumption that there wouldalways be more money to pay for it all. The second is Ivy League envy. The vast majority of American universities are obsessed by rising up the academic hierarchy, becoming a bit less like Yokel-U and a bit more like Yale. Ivy League envy leads to an obsession with research. This can be a problem even in the best universities: students feel short-changed by professors fixated on crawling along the frontiers of knowledge with a magnifying glass. At lower-level universities it causes dysfunction. American professors of literature crank out 70,000 scholarly publications a year, compared with 13,757 in 1959. Most of these simply moulder: Mark Bauerlein of Emory University points out that, of the 16 research papers produced in 2004 by the University of Vermont’s literature department, a fairly representative institution, 11 have since received between zero and two citations. The time wasted writing articles that will never be read cannot be spent teaching. In “Academically Adrift” Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa argue that over a third of America’s students show no improvement in critical thinking or analytical reasoning after four years in college. Popular anger about universities’ costs is rising just as technology is shaking colleges to their foundations. The Internet is changing the rules. Star academics can lecture to millions online rather than the chosen few in person. Testing and marking can be automated. And for-profit companies such as the University of Phoenix are stripping out costs by concentrating on a handful of popular courses as well as making full use of the Internet. The Sloan Foundation reports that online enrolments grew by 10% in 2010, against 2% for the sector as a whole. Many universities’ first instinct will be to batten down the hatches and wait for this storm to pass. But the storm is not going to pass. The higher-education industry faces a stark choice: either adapt to a rapidly changing world or face a future of cheeseparing. It is surely better to rethink the career structure of your employees than to see it wither(the proportion of professors at four-year universities who are on track to win tenure fell from 50% in 1997 to 39% ten years later). And it is surely better to reform yourself than to have hostile politicians take you into receivership. A growing number of universities are beginning to recognise this. They understand that the beginning of wisdom in academia, as in business in general, is choosing what not to do. They are in recovery from their Ivy League envy. They are also striking up relations with private-sector organisations. And a growing number of foundations, such as the Kauffman Foundation, are doing their best to spread the gospel of reform and renewal.21．As to anger about the cost of college, Mr.Obama’s attitude is most likely to beA．apparent.B．prudent.C．equivocal.D．aggressive.正确答案：B解析：态度题。
专业英语八级(听力)模拟试卷229(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷229(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：How to Read Literature Critically?Good morning, everyone. Today, I am going to talk about how to read literature critically. Even if you’re taking your very first literature class, it’s easy to read critically if you follow our 6-step method. But before you get started, always keep this in mind: reading critically doesn’t mean tearing a work of literature apart. Instead, it means understanding what the author has written and evaluating the success of the work as a whole.Firstly, figurative language. As you are reading, make note of expressive language such as similes, metaphors, and personification.[1]Then consider why the author employs these devices. Here’s a brief definition of each term and an example:[2]Simile. A simile is a comparison of two terms and frequently uses the words like or as. For example, in John Steinbeck’s short story The Chrysanthemums, he writes of the character Eliza: “She crouched low like a fawning dog.” The image gives the reader a clear indication of Eliza’s state of mind as she reaches out to the peddler for acceptance. Literary works are replete with similes, so being aware of their presence and possible meanings will aid your critical analysis.Metaphor.[3]A metaphor is a comparison of two seemingly unrelated subjects. In Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved, her character Paul D.’s pain is expressed in a metaphor “He would keep his heart where it belonged: in that tobacco tin buried in his chest where his red heart used to be.” Metaphors are used to give language color and depth and to impact the reader’s senses.Personification.[4]Personification is the granting of human traits to objects or animals. When Nick in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby describes the trees in his hometown as “friendly,” he is giving human qualities to an object that obviously cannot “feel” anything, friendly or otherwise. But for the reader, personification provides yet another way to understand the author’s intent.Secondly, structure.[5]/[6]Many times an author opts to tell a story out of chronological sequence, perhaps with flashbacks or integrated tales. Faulkner does this in his short story A Rose for Emily. The purpose of the nonlinear structure is for the reader to understand, in retrospect, how prior events led to the discovery of Emily’s dark secret and how the town’s complicity contributed to her death. Amy Tan’s novel The Joy Luck Club uses flashback and multiple voices in the narrative to create a new perspective on immigration.Thirdly, influence.[7]For every writer, someother authors’ works appeal to him or her on some level, whether it is in the lessons learned, the style used, or the conclusions reached. Try to discover who has influenced the author of the work you are studying. Herman Melville dedicated his novel Moby Dick to fellow writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. Although the two men have a markedly different style, Melville so admired Hawthorne that he wrote to the elder author “I feel that the Godhead is broken up like the bread at the Supper, and that we are the pieces.” If you can trace an influence like this one, your critical approach will be more nuanced.Fourthly, archetypes. Your critical reading should also include an awareness of archetypes. Like influences, archetypes are things patterned after an original, and many are so common that you often don’t need extensive knowledge of the original to appreciate the meaning or intent. For example, Cervantes’ Don Quixote is an example of the most notable of archetypal “buddy pairs”; both the Don and his sidekick Sancho Panza are clueless but essentially well-meaning characters who stick together, even when they’d prefer not to. Friends who rely on one another through thick and thin are a staple of literature—from John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men to Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.[8]Archetypes often fall into one of two categories: character archetypes and situational archetypes. Along with the buddy pair, common character archetypes include the Christ-figure, the scapegoat, and the hero who saves the day, for instance Homer’s Odysseus or J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter.[9]Situational archetypes include the quest and the pursuit of an elusive goal, whether that quest is King Arthur’s relentless pursuit of the Holy Grail or Frodo’s search for the ring in Tolkien’s trilogy. Another readily identifiable situational archetype is the loss of innocence.[10]Initiation is also a frequent situational archetype.[11]In fact, Hemingway’s short story Indian Camp combines both the initiation and loss of innocence archetypes. Nick, the young protagonist, must be initiated into the world of sexuality by witnessing its most profound product—childbirth. At the same time, he is stripped of any romantic illusions about a woman’s body.Fifthly, symbolism. Ah, the most dreaded word for many a reader. What is a symbol and how can you identify one in literature?[12]A symbol typically encompasses both a literal meaning and a figurative meaning. Unlike a metaphor, a symbol is not necessarily a statement: a single word can evoke meaning and become a symbol. Being aware of common symbols in novels will increase your ability to read a work critically.[13]Spring, for example, is often a symbol of renewal; conversely, winter often symbolizes a figurative death. Fitzgerald’s short story Winter Dreams is heartbreakingly rendered from the outset by the symbolism of its title. We know that the harsh, symbolically loaded word “winter” offsets the fragility and hope of the word “dreams”.[14]Other common symbols include lightness and darkness, the Christian cross, the Star of David, and the Nazi swastika. The more symbols you are able to identify, the richer your critical interpretation will be.Sixthly, read and reread.[15]Resist the impulse to assess a work after you first read it, even if you have diligently completed the first five steps given here. A thorough critical analysis cannot be accomplished until you’ve reread the work.OK I have outlined 6 steps for you to follow when you read literature. These steps will help you better understand and appreciate the literary works of all times.How to Read Literature Critically?Reading critically does not mean tearing a work of literature apart, but understanding and evaluating the work as a whole. A six-step method will help us read literature critically.I. Figurative Language—Make note of expressive language—Think about the【T1】_____ behind employing the devices【T1】______—Some examples of figurative languagea)【T2】_____: a comparison of two terms【T2】______b)Metaphor: a comparison of two seemingly 【T3】_____ subjects【T3】______c)【T4】_____: granting human traits to objects or animals【T4】______II. Structure—Nonlinear structure: a story【T5】_____ order 【T5】______sequence with【T6】_____ or integrated tales【T6】______—Examples: A Rose for Emily & The Joy Luck Club III. Influence—Trace an influence between authors a)the lessons learnedb)【T7】_____【T7】______c)the conclusions reached —Example: Hawthorne’s influence on MelvilleIV. Archetypes—Archetypes patterned after an original—Two types of archetypes 【T8】_____【T8】______a)buddy pairb)Christ-figurec)the scapegoatd)the hero Situational archetypesa)【T9】_____ and pursuit of an elusive goal【T9】______b)loss of innocencec)【T10】_____【T10】______—Authors can【T11】_____ different archetypes,【T11】______e.g. Hemingway’s Indian CampV. Symbolism—A symbol contains both【T12】_____ meanings【T12】______—A symbol is not necessarily a statement—Common symbols in literaturea)Spring, which symbolizes【T13】_____【T13】______b)Winter, which symbolizes death—Other common symbols, like 【T14】_____ etc.【T14】______VI. Read and Reread—Don’t【T15】_____ a work after you first read it【T15】______1．【T1】正确答案：reasons解析：本题考查“修辞语言”的内容。
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【资格考试】2019最新整理-
专业英语八级模拟人文知识测试(二十二)
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1.In 1620, 201 Pilgrims, to escape religous presecution, sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at ____.
A New York
B Georgia
C Virginia
D Plymouth
2.The earliest institution of higher learning set up in America was ___
A California University
B Yale University
C Harvard College
D Chicago University
3.The Grand Canyon in south-western ____ is one of nature’s most impressive sights.
A Utah
B Arizona
C Nevada
D Idaho
4.American presidents are elected ____.
A every two years
B every four years
C every five years
D every six years
5.In America the judicial is headed by ____.
A the President
B Congress
C the Supreme Court
D the Secretary General
6.In the United States, the first larges immigration movement took plane ____
A right after the War of Independence
B in the mid-1800
C at the turn of the 20th century
D right after the Civil War
7.The theme of Thanksgiving has always been ____
A friendship and happiness
B Peace and plenty, health and happiness
C cooperation and rich reward
D love and happiness
8.In the United States, the party, which wins the ____ number of seats in the House o Commons, becomes the official opposition.
A largest
B second largest
C third largest
D fourth largest
9.Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world " because of ____
A agricultural revolution
B industrial revolution
C colonial expansion
D invention of steam engine
10.In America, the three newspaper are of the following EXCEPT ____.
A New York Times
B Reader’s Digest
C Washington Post
D Los Angels Times
1.D 1620年，朝拜者为了逃离宗教迫害，乘坐五月花号，在新英格兰的普来冒斯落脚。
2.C 哈佛大学于1636年创建，它的创建是美国高等教育的开端。
3.B 大峡谷位于美国西南部的亚利桑那州。
4.B 美国总统任期四年，必须是35岁以上的出生于美国的本国公民。