美国文学《自传》课件
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美国文学 课程ppt 03
A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. To be great is to be misunderstood.
Quotations for further appreciation
Special features
Mode of perception
A. Self-reliance SelfEmerson’ Emerson’s real task as a writer is to demonstrate a way of seeing in which the individual eye, free of constraints of history or culture, achieves ultimate meaning through its own perception of the sensible data of the world. Ultimate meaning for him is latent in the act of perception, in the link which perception realizes between the self and objects, not in the systemization of abstract ideas derived from the analysis of perception.
Every true man is a cause, a country, and an age; requires infinite spaces and numbers and time fully to accomplish his design; - and posterity seem to follow his steps as a train of clients.
美国文学Chapter 5. ppt
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4.2
Robert Frost ( 1874—1963) 1874 1963)
Member of a New England family, Frost was born in San Francisco and taken at the age of ten to the New England farm country with which his poetry is identified. A short period at Harvard was followed by further work, making shoes, editing a country newspaper, teaching school, and finally farming. This background of craftsmanship and husbandry had its effect upon his poetry in more than the choice of subjects, for he demanded that his verse be as simple and honest as an axe or hoe. After a long period of farming, he moved to England (1912—1915), where he published his first book of poems, A Boy’s Will (1913).
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2. An Outline of 20th Century American Literature
“The Lost Generation” writers were devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. After the WWI, a group of new American dramatists emerged. During 1920s and 1930s, appeared “Harlem Renaissance”, a burst of literary achievement by Negro artists. After WWⅡ, a new generation of American authors wrote in the skeptical, ironic tone. In the 1960s and 70s, they turned increasingly to experimental techniques.
《美国文学》课件四
Franklin’s literary works：
The Autobiography:（1771）
The earliest autobiography in American literature; 1771 , 65 years old; a record of a man who rose to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, and the faithful account of the colorful career of America ’s first selfmade man.
Franklin’s Position:
• Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker(历书编撰者), essayist, scientist, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, parlor man. • He seemed to be born with King Midas' golden touch: in whatever field he happened to appear, he achieved a peerless degree of accomplishment.
艾米莉狄金森《美国文学》原创PPT课件
interest in Emily ‘s poems
. different nature
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The Homestead
Emily Dickinson lived with her unmarried sister Lavinia in an elegant house called The Homestead(霍姆斯特德).
At the same time , Dickinson is widely acknowledged as an innovative pre-modernist poet as well as a rebellious and courageous woman.
迪金森的诗谜一般充满奇思妙想，展现出非凡的创造力与想象力。她的作品受到17世 纪英格兰玄学派诗人的影响，同时带有清教的家庭背景的烙印。虽然她不相信家庭的传统 宗教，但她研究了圣经，许多诗歌在形式上也类似圣经。她对破折号的热爱，不规则的韵 律和韵脚，超乎寻常的比喻使她当之无愧地成. 为19世纪美国文坛最具创新意识的诗人9。
A
promineGnrat vlaewaynedr
satnedrnpolitician(
我发生冲突。” Representative to Congress)
Same as their father’s career
Became ill when Emily was 25
Focus of attention and shows Close friend，though they share
.
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Themes
On Nature
• Dickinson observed nature closely and described it vividly but never with the feeling of being lost in it, or altogether part of it, nor was she surprised when its creatures also kept their distance.
美国文学史课件 第一课分解
from a man who experienced it firsthand. • It establishes in literary form the first example of the
fulfillment of the American Dream. • It was one of the first autobiographies in the English language.
IV. Introduction to The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin the unfinished record of his own life written by Benjamin
Franklin from 1771 to 1790 the “first”s: • It is considered the first popular self-help book ever published. • It was the first major secular American autobiography. • It is the first real account of American Dream in action as told
total depravity, and salvation of a selected few
(2) Franklin’s belief in self-examination and self-improvement
e.g. 13 virtues (Page 25-26)
Conceiving then, that, agreeably to the advice of Pythagoras in his Golden Verses, daily examination would be necessary… (Page 27)
fulfillment of the American Dream. • It was one of the first autobiographies in the English language.
IV. Introduction to The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin the unfinished record of his own life written by Benjamin
Franklin from 1771 to 1790 the “first”s: • It is considered the first popular self-help book ever published. • It was the first major secular American autobiography. • It is the first real account of American Dream in action as told
total depravity, and salvation of a selected few
(2) Franklin’s belief in self-examination and self-improvement
e.g. 13 virtues (Page 25-26)
Conceiving then, that, agreeably to the advice of Pythagoras in his Golden Verses, daily examination would be necessary… (Page 27)
美国文学PPT整理版
Benjamin Franklin the Autobiography 自传•Poor Richard's Almanac 作品A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.•Y ou may be happier than princes if you will be more virtuous.•If you would live long, live well; for folly and wickedness shorten life.•Lost time is never found again.•A penny saved is a penny earned.•God help those who help themselves.•Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.American Romanticism 看英文•The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature. 特征：浪漫主义The social and cultural background of Romanticism•The young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country.•The nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen’s life, and the wild west.•Born of one common cultural heritage, the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists.There was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 特征•The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.•Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America.Walter Scott; Coleridge; Wordsworth; Byron; Robert Burns and other masters of poetry from other European countries•Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文•James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏•William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布赖恩特•Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生•Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗•Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑•Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔•Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼•Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡•Emily Dickinson艾米莉·狄金森•Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.特征W ashington Irving华盛顿·欧文Father of American literatu re.Irving’s life•He was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the American literary history andThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》Rip V an Winkle 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡Poet, short story writer and literary critic (48 poems, 70 short stories)•The Raven 《乌鸦》•Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔·李》•T o Helen《致海伦》•The Fall of the House of Usher•Ligeia•The Cask of AmontilladoThe Poetic Principle•The poem, should be short, readable at one sitting•beauty (the rhythmical creation of beauty)•melancholy (especially the death of a beautiful woman)•He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake‖.•He was father of psychoanalytic criticism, and the detective story.Gothic Building/// Gothic NovelRalph Waldo Emerson 艾默生The chief spokesman of New England T ranscendentalism 新英格兰超验主义新英格兰是位于美国大陆东北角、濒临大西洋、毗邻加拿大的区域。
《美国文学》课件.ppt
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• When he woke up, he noticed that his joints were stiff and that his beard had grown a foot long. Returning to his village, he found it changed almost beyond recognition.
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3) What does “this legendary superstition” refer to? (Para. 2) 4) What is “the general purport of this legendary superstition”? (Para. 3—Para. 4)
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5) Is the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” the story of the Headless Horseman? If not, what does the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” deal with?
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Literary Terms: 1.Protagonist: The leading character in a play or story, originally the leader of the CHORUS in the AGON (“contest”) of Greek drama, faced with the ANTAGONIST, the opposition.
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6) How many major characters are mentioned in the “legend”? Who are they? And what’s the relationship between them? Who is the protagonist? And who is the antagonist?
• When he woke up, he noticed that his joints were stiff and that his beard had grown a foot long. Returning to his village, he found it changed almost beyond recognition.
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3) What does “this legendary superstition” refer to? (Para. 2) 4) What is “the general purport of this legendary superstition”? (Para. 3—Para. 4)
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5) Is the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” the story of the Headless Horseman? If not, what does the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” deal with?
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Literary Terms: 1.Protagonist: The leading character in a play or story, originally the leader of the CHORUS in the AGON (“contest”) of Greek drama, faced with the ANTAGONIST, the opposition.
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6) How many major characters are mentioned in the “legend”? Who are they? And what’s the relationship between them? Who is the protagonist? And who is the antagonist?
美国文学课件2The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Philadephia; – University of Pennsylvania; – American Philosophical Society; – The postal system
Franklin’s contributions to science
– Inventions : Franklin stove, effective street lighting, bifocal glasses, a miniature printing press, efficient heating devices and lightning-rod
A scientist
philanthropist
diplomat
1. Franklin’s Accomplishments
Franklin’s contributions to American institutions
– Pennsylvania Hospital; – America’s first circulating library in
美国文学课件2The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Ⅰ. Historical Overview
The establishment of independent nationhood and federation
– The War of Independence (1775-1783) – The Declaration of Independence; the treaty of
– Declination of Puritan influences
பைடு நூலகம்
Ⅱ. Benjamin Franklin (17061790)
Franklin’s contributions to science
– Inventions : Franklin stove, effective street lighting, bifocal glasses, a miniature printing press, efficient heating devices and lightning-rod
A scientist
philanthropist
diplomat
1. Franklin’s Accomplishments
Franklin’s contributions to American institutions
– Pennsylvania Hospital; – America’s first circulating library in
美国文学课件2The Literature of the Revolutionary Period
Ⅰ. Historical Overview
The establishment of independent nationhood and federation
– The War of Independence (1775-1783) – The Declaration of Independence; the treaty of
– Declination of Puritan influences
பைடு நூலகம்
Ⅱ. Benjamin Franklin (17061790)
《美国文学》课件song of myself 1
selves, ➢ the poet’s relationship with the elements
of nature and the universe.
Beat! Beat! Drums!
• Beat! Beat! Drums! Blow! Bugles! Blow! Through the windows---through doors---burst like a ruthless force, Into the solemn church, and scatter the congregation, Into the school where the scholar is studying; Leave not the bridegroom quiet---no happiness must he have now with his bride. Nor the peaceful farmer any peace, ploughing his field or gathering his grain, So fierce you whirr and pound you drums---so shrill your bugles blow.
• 信条和学派暂时不论， 且后退一步，明了它们 当前的情况已足，但也 决不是忘记，
不论我从善从恶，我允 许随意发表意见，
顺乎自然，保持原始的 活力。
An analysis of Song of myself
Three important themes : ➢ the idea of the self ; ➢ the identification of the self with other
Beat! Beat! Drums!
of nature and the universe.
Beat! Beat! Drums!
• Beat! Beat! Drums! Blow! Bugles! Blow! Through the windows---through doors---burst like a ruthless force, Into the solemn church, and scatter the congregation, Into the school where the scholar is studying; Leave not the bridegroom quiet---no happiness must he have now with his bride. Nor the peaceful farmer any peace, ploughing his field or gathering his grain, So fierce you whirr and pound you drums---so shrill your bugles blow.
• 信条和学派暂时不论， 且后退一步，明了它们 当前的情况已足，但也 决不是忘记，
不论我从善从恶，我允 许随意发表意见，
顺乎自然，保持原始的 活力。
An analysis of Song of myself
Three important themes : ➢ the idea of the self ; ➢ the identification of the self with other
Beat! Beat! Drums!
美国文学ppt课件
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
The Leatherstocking Tales were a series of novels about the frontier lives of American settlers.
The Pioneers was the first of The Leatherstocking Tales. The other four stories are The Last of the Mohicans, The
An Introduction to British and American Culture
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
The Sound and the Fury Light in August Absalom, Absalom! Go Down, Moses
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
The Raven (1844) was one of his most enduring works.
The Fall of the House of Usher The Masque of Red Death Legia
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Charaters: Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, Arthur Dimmesdale
An Introduction to British and American Culture
美国文学 PPT课件
➢ Chapter II Revolutionary Period
Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau
➢ Chapter III American Romanticism
Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper William Cullen Bryant Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne
Brief Outline of American literature
1. Colonial period (1607-1775)
Anne Bradstreet Edward Taylor
2. Revolutionary period
(1775-1783) Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau
The early settlers
❖ Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.
❖ Captain John Smith reached Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
❖ Puritans came the New England area, by Mayflower in 1620.
❖ Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality of intellectual and emotional appeal.
2. Forms (genres) of literature? Poetry, novel (fiction), drama, prose, essay, epic, elegy, short story, journalism, ts, novelette, etc.
Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau
➢ Chapter III American Romanticism
Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper William Cullen Bryant Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne
Brief Outline of American literature
1. Colonial period (1607-1775)
Anne Bradstreet Edward Taylor
2. Revolutionary period
(1775-1783) Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau
The early settlers
❖ Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.
❖ Captain John Smith reached Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
❖ Puritans came the New England area, by Mayflower in 1620.
❖ Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality of intellectual and emotional appeal.
2. Forms (genres) of literature? Poetry, novel (fiction), drama, prose, essay, epic, elegy, short story, journalism, ts, novelette, etc.
《美国文学》课件The Scarlet letter1
The Scarlet letter
I. Plot Overview (p.200-204) II. Character introduction and Analysis Hester Prynne: A young woman sent to the
colonies by her husband, the book’s protagonist and the wearer of the scarlet letter that gives the book its title. She is a symbol of the acknowledged sinner; one whose transgression has been identified and who makes appropriate, socio-religious atonement.
The Scarlet letter
Hester Prynne:
1) her strength of character. 2)honesty 3)a figure of compassion
The Scarlet letter
Dimmesdale , Dimmesdale is the unmarried pastor of Hester's congregation; he is also the father of Hester's daughter, Pearl. He is a symbol of the secret sinner; one who recognizes his transgression but keeps it hidden and secret, even to his own downfall.
《美国文学》教学课件Literature of the Eighteenth Century
• Poor Richard’s Almanack • An almanack is a book that gives vital
information for the years, the seasons, the sunrise and the sunset, accurate information on tides, as well as information on how to plant certain crops , how to cure hens, etc. all are practical information important to farmers.
The History and the Influence of Enlightenment
2.Newtonian ideas:
a. The universe is seen as a mechanism operating by a rational formula or by unchanging laws available to intelligent humans.
3.The Influence of the Newtonian ideas:
C. Americans believed that more reasonable political and social orders should be established.
D. Americans also learned to take actions to resist oppressive power and to criticize and reform government.
Autobiography
• C. The Autobiography is also an eloquent education of the ideas of the 18th.c. Using his life story as a shining example, Franklin eloquently demonstrated all the major principles of the enlightenment in America.
information for the years, the seasons, the sunrise and the sunset, accurate information on tides, as well as information on how to plant certain crops , how to cure hens, etc. all are practical information important to farmers.
The History and the Influence of Enlightenment
2.Newtonian ideas:
a. The universe is seen as a mechanism operating by a rational formula or by unchanging laws available to intelligent humans.
3.The Influence of the Newtonian ideas:
C. Americans believed that more reasonable political and social orders should be established.
D. Americans also learned to take actions to resist oppressive power and to criticize and reform government.
Autobiography
• C. The Autobiography is also an eloquent education of the ideas of the 18th.c. Using his life story as a shining example, Franklin eloquently demonstrated all the major principles of the enlightenment in America.
《美国文学》课件4.ppt
The space between, is but an hour, The frail duration of a flower.
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Notes for the 1st stanza: retreat: place of seclusion; secluded place untouch’d: untouched; honey’d: honeyed; greet: personification No roving foot shall crush thee here, / No busy hand provoke a tear: iteration; parallelism; personification; synecdoche; provoke: shall provoke, cause to shed;
LECTURE FOUR
PhilipБайду номын сангаасFreneau
(1752-1832)
1.Freneau’s position in American literature and his major poems: the most significant poet of the 18th century America; the “father of American poetry”;
2
the first important poet to turn his eyes to America; almost alone of his generation, he managed to evade the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, to see life around directly, and to appreciate the natural scenes on the New Continent and the native Indian civilization
10
Notes for the 1st stanza: retreat: place of seclusion; secluded place untouch’d: untouched; honey’d: honeyed; greet: personification No roving foot shall crush thee here, / No busy hand provoke a tear: iteration; parallelism; personification; synecdoche; provoke: shall provoke, cause to shed;
LECTURE FOUR
PhilipБайду номын сангаасFreneau
(1752-1832)
1.Freneau’s position in American literature and his major poems: the most significant poet of the 18th century America; the “father of American poetry”;
2
the first important poet to turn his eyes to America; almost alone of his generation, he managed to evade the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, to see life around directly, and to appreciate the natural scenes on the New Continent and the native Indian civilization
《美国文学》课件5.ppt
2
2.Overview of the Age:
1. Belletristic literature-literature as an art-finally emerged in the 19th century. The fifty-year period from 1815 till 1865 saw miraculous achievements in American literature.
LECTURE FIVE American Romanticism
and Washington Irving
1
• 1. American Romanticism
As a movement, romanticism came to America in the 19th century. The Romantic period in American literary history is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, which stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.
• Irving, Cooper and Bryant are regarded as pioneers of American Romanticism.
• In exploring r来自manticism, we need to remember that its manifestations varied as widely as the individualistic talents and perspectives of romantic writers.
2.Overview of the Age:
1. Belletristic literature-literature as an art-finally emerged in the 19th century. The fifty-year period from 1815 till 1865 saw miraculous achievements in American literature.
LECTURE FIVE American Romanticism
and Washington Irving
1
• 1. American Romanticism
As a movement, romanticism came to America in the 19th century. The Romantic period in American literary history is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, which stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.
• Irving, Cooper and Bryant are regarded as pioneers of American Romanticism.
• In exploring r来自manticism, we need to remember that its manifestations varied as widely as the individualistic talents and perspectives of romantic writers.
富兰克林自传分析解析PPT课件
Worked as an apprentice
Brother faced prison
Issue newspaper use Franklin’s name
Franklin wanted to leave
Franklin arrived in New York
Plan to go to Amboy Arrived at Philadelphia
• That good fortune when I reflected on it which is frequently the case has induced me sometimes to say that were it left to my choice ,I should have no objection to go over the same life from its beginning to the end, only asking the advantage authors have of correcting in a second edition some faults of the first. So would I also wish to change some incidents of it for others more favourable. Notwithstanding, if this condition were denied, I should still accept the offer.
• 自传既然我提到了上帝，我愿意十分谦恭地承认， 上面提到的我过去一生中的幸福当归功于上帝仁 慈的旨意，上帝使我找到了处世之道，并且使这 些方法获得成功。这种信仰使我希望，虽然我不 应该臆断，上帝在将来会像以前一样地祝福我， 不论是使我继续享受幸福，或是使我忍受命中注 定的逆运(像其他人一样，我也可能有这样的遭 遇)，因为我未来命运的轮廓只有上帝知道，上帝 甚至能够通过苦难来祝福我们 .
美国文学F·Scott Fitzgerald ppt课件
guests?
Why is the man with owl-eyed spectacles impressed with the fact that the books in the libraries are real? What does he expect?
What does the fact that he has been drunk for one week indicate?
• His novels such as The Great Gatsby (1925), Tender Is the Night (1934), and The Last Tycoon (1941), amplify详述 the melancholy he discovered beneath the glitter灿烂 of Americanstyle success.
美国文学F·Scott Fitzgerald
Jay Gatsby— rags-to-riches success story makes him an
embodiment of the American dream, idealistic, naïve,
Daisy Buchannan Tom Buchannan Nick Carraway
• through the haze薄雾 of alcohol, it seems to become steeped使…充满 in meaning. Fitzgerald offers candid率直的 commentary into life in the Jazz Age. He is offering harsh social criticism, by suggesting that the only way in which a sense of meaning is to be found in this time is through altering one's sense of consciousness. Through the partying, people were able to bring meaning (regardless of the fact it may be false meaning) into their otherwise meaningless lives. For them, drinking was an escape, allowing them to exit the mundane平凡的 world and take part in something bigger, something more meaningful.
Why is the man with owl-eyed spectacles impressed with the fact that the books in the libraries are real? What does he expect?
What does the fact that he has been drunk for one week indicate?
• His novels such as The Great Gatsby (1925), Tender Is the Night (1934), and The Last Tycoon (1941), amplify详述 the melancholy he discovered beneath the glitter灿烂 of Americanstyle success.
美国文学F·Scott Fitzgerald
Jay Gatsby— rags-to-riches success story makes him an
embodiment of the American dream, idealistic, naïve,
Daisy Buchannan Tom Buchannan Nick Carraway
• through the haze薄雾 of alcohol, it seems to become steeped使…充满 in meaning. Fitzgerald offers candid率直的 commentary into life in the Jazz Age. He is offering harsh social criticism, by suggesting that the only way in which a sense of meaning is to be found in this time is through altering one's sense of consciousness. Through the partying, people were able to bring meaning (regardless of the fact it may be false meaning) into their otherwise meaningless lives. For them, drinking was an escape, allowing them to exit the mundane平凡的 world and take part in something bigger, something more meaningful.
美国文学 课程ppt 04
the futility of comprehensive social reforms; the impossibility of eradicating sin from the human heart; alienation and solitude; nature and natural impulses; unconscious fantasy and dream.
Literary term
Romance Prose fiction that is conceived in terms of the fanciful and idealistic, rather than in terms of observation and faithful description of fact. A romance, on the other hand, while it must keep to “the truth of the
– has fairly a right to present that truth under circumstances…of the circumstances… writer’ writer’s own choosing or creation… creation…he may so manage his atmospherical medium as to bring out or mellow the lights and deepen and enrich the shadows of the picd in legends, in the remote, and in things that were clouded and obscure because of the passage of time. — His story displays a psychological insight into moral isolation and human emotion. — He was the first major novelist to wed morality to art, to combine high
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富兰克林对邮政工作格外偏爱，是出于非常现实的考虑——这当然不是指他 自己可以免费寄信这种蝇头小利，而是说他发现了邮政和他家族的产业—— 报纸印刷出版之间的联系。曾经，殖民地时期的邮政局并不热衷于担当报纸 的发行渠道，甚至会因为不喜欢某些报纸的内容而拒绝邮寄。富兰克林出任 邮政局长后，很快制定了一项政策：任何出版商都可以通过邮局发行自己的 报纸，邮局不仅不会干涉，而且还在邮费上面给出了非常优惠的折扣。
• 美国独立战争： • 美国独立战争（American War of Independence） （1775年4月19日～1784年1月14日），美国独立战争， 又称北美独立战争或美国革命。为世界历史上首次殖民地 居民打败宗主国并获得独立的战争，美国在脱离英国独立 后，其经济及军事迅速发展，很快便跃升为世界主要强国 之一。是世界史上第一次大规模的殖民地争取民族独立的 战争，它的胜利，给大英帝国的殖民体系打开了一个缺口， 为殖民地民族解放战争树立了范例。 • 18世纪中叶，随着北美殖民地资本主义经济的发展和美利 坚民族意识的增强，英国与北美殖民地之间的矛盾日益激 化。尤其是七年战争后，英国为弥补战争损失，加重对殖 民地人民的盘剥与压迫，从而使殖民地抗英斗争从经济、 政治斗争发展到武装斗争。 • 原因 • 英国的殖民统治阻碍了北美经济的发展。
The Autobiography
_本杰明.富兰克林
商务英语本科二班 二组
目录
作品背景
作者简介 内容介绍
一、背景介绍
• 时代背景： • 富兰克林生活的时代正值美国从殖民地向独立的 资产阶级国家迈进的重大转折时期，他积极投身 革命运动，对独立战争的胜利和美国国家制度的 初期建设作出了重大的贡献．
1701年，普鲁士国王腓特烈一世想拥有一件珍品 ——一个壁上嵌满琥珀的房间
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这一政策不仅带来了报纸出版业和印刷业的繁荣，也让邮政系统的重要性和影 响力大大提升。富兰克林非常敏锐地认识到：要想获取政治和经济上的影响力， 最好的方式之一就是掌握信息传播的渠道。在殖民地时期的美国，信息传播的 主要形式就是信件。因此，邮政局长这样一个现在看起来非常普通的职位，在 当时成为富兰克林积累财富和影响力的重要途径。 尽管富兰克林制定的邮政政策在一定程度上是出于私心，但政策本身带来了相 当积极的公共影响。在哈贝马斯笔下，欧洲式的公共领域是在咖啡馆和沙龙里 形成的。而普林斯顿大学教授 Paul Starr 在《媒体的创造》一书中认为，在邮 政系统中来来往往的报纸和信件，塑造了美国式的公共领域，增进了人们对公 共事务的了解，激发了公共讨论。 富兰克林去世后，另一位重要的早期革命家 Benjamin Rush 签署了《邮政局法 案》，进一步塑造了邮政系统的重要性。这项法案除了规定公民的信件享有隐 私之外，最重要的贡献在于再次降低了报纸发行的成本。在富兰克林时代，报 纸的邮费虽然有打折，但还是要根据重量和邮寄距离来计算。而在《邮政局法 案》之下，决定邮费的关键因素不再是重量和距离，而是所寄物品的用途：如 果是私人信件，则邮费很贵；如果是公共内容（以报纸为代表），则邮费相当 便宜。这相当于是在用私人信件的邮费来补贴报纸的发行。
• 出生经历
本杰明· 富兰克林的父亲若西亚· 富兰克林（Josiah Franklin）生于1657年， 是英格兰北安普顿郡的一个铁匠家庭之子。母亲艾比亚· 富尔家（Abiah Folger）则是在1667年时出生于一马萨诸塞州波士顿的学校教师家庭。若西 亚· 富兰克林于1677年在英格兰首次结婚，生下数名儿女后，在1683年举家 离开英格兰移居波士顿，以售卖杂货为生。之后他首任妻子去世，再娶的妻 子艾比亚在波士顿生下本杰明· 富兰克林。 1706年1月17日，本杰明.富兰克林出生在北美洲的波士顿。他的父亲原是 英国漆匠，当时以制造蜡烛和肥皂为业，生有十七个孩子，富兰克林是最小 的儿子。富兰克林八岁入学读书，虽然学习成绩优异，但由于他家中孩子太 多，父亲的收入无法负担他读书的费用。所以，他到十岁时就离开了学校， 回家帮父亲做蜡烛。富兰克林一生只在学校读了这两年书。十二岁时，他到 哥哥詹姆士经营的小印刷所当学徒，自此他当了近十年的印刷工人，但他的 学习从未间断过，他从伙食费中省下钱来买书。同时，利用工作之便，他结 识了几家书店的学徒，将书店的书在晚间偷偷地借来，通宵达旦地阅读，第 二天清晨便归还。他阅读的范围很广，从自然科学、技术方面的通俗读物到 著名科学家的论文以及名作家的作品都是他阅读的范围。
• 社会政治活动
• 1736年，富兰克林当选为宾夕法尼亚州议会秘书。1737年，任费城副邮务长。虽然工 作越来越繁重，可是富兰克林每天仍然坚持学习。为了进一步打开知识宝库的大门， 他孜孜不倦地学习外国语，先后掌握了法文、意大利文、西班牙文及拉丁文。 本杰明· 富兰克林是一名出色的公职人员。不过他亦因为曾以权力替亲人谋求进升，使 他的公务生涯蒙上污点。他最重要的政治成就包括改革北美的邮政系统，以及出任外 交职位，分别代表北美殖民地与宗主国英国打交道，以及之后出使法国。 1754年，他率领宾夕法尼亚州代表参加在纽约州奥尔巴尼举行的殖民地大会，提出各 殖民联合的计划。虽然当时计划没有被接纳，但当中的不少内容之后被放进了美国宪 法内。 1757年，他代表宾夕法尼亚州人到英国向英王陈述，居住了五年，期间向英国人民及 政府官员阐述了殖民地的状况和意见。牛津大学因为他在科学上的成就，在这段时间 颁赠他荣誉博士学位。他亦是在这段时间为William Franklin奔走，使他成功当上新泽 西州的州长。 正当他在科学研究上不断取得新成果的时候，美国独立战争的势头愈演愈烈。为了民 族的独立和解放，他毅然放下了实验仪器，积极地站在了斗争的最前列。 从1757到1775年他好多次作为北美殖民地代表到英国谈判。独立战争爆发后，他还参 加了第二届大陆会议以及《独立宣言》的起草工作。
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法案颁布后，有统计显示：1832 年，邮政系统所寄送的邮件里面，95% 都 是报纸——而在邮政局的总收入里面，只有 15% 来自报纸。在巨大的邮费差 异之下，当时的美国还出现了非常有意思的现象：一些精明、吝啬的人，为 了享受寄报纸的优惠价格，便在报纸上的特定字句下面划线或打洞，以这种 方式来“写信”寄给家人和朋友。 《邮政局法案》也让邮政系统蓬勃发展。1831 年，美国政府雇员里面有四分之 三都在邮政系统工作。有人打趣说，当时的美国各州政府不过是附属在邮政 系统上的一个小部门而已。 • 自富兰克林开始、延续至《邮政局法案》的这一套公共政策，是同时实现经 济效益和社会价值的成功典范。它给我们带来的启发是：至少在信息传播的 系统中，公共政策的手是肯定存在、而且有必要存在的。即便是在非常警惕 政府干预的美国，国父们也在通过公共政策来影响和塑造信息传播的系统， 而非放任其由市场调节。 但是另一方面，政府的手如何调控，具体的信息传播政策如何制定，也是极 端重要的问题。早期美国邮政系统的政策成功之处至少有两点，一是对各类 内容的传播都提供自由的平台，二是为公共性内容的传播提供经济上的补贴。 在如今这个新闻业面临巨大经济危机的时代，我们也越来越需要一套良好的 公共政策来挽救优质、严肃内容的生产者，保护我们的公共领域。
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1776年，富兰克林被派到法国任代表美国的专员，一直至1785年。其间他很 受法国社会各阶层的欢迎，有些富有的法国家族甚至流行以他的画像装饰画 廊。本杰明· 富兰克林出使法国十分成功，取得对初生美国来说非常重要的法、 美军事同盟，以及谈判签订了1783年的《1783年巴黎条约》。 1776年，已经七十高龄的富兰克林又远涉重洋出使法国，赢得了欧洲人民对 北美独立战争的支援。 1787年，他积极参加美国宪法的制定工作，并组织了反对奴役黑人的运动。 当本杰明· 富兰克林在1785年回到美国时，他对美国独立所作出的贡献只在华 盛顿之下。 本杰明· 富兰克林亦是反对蓄奴的先驱。他从法国回国不久后即成为一个反对 奴隶制，寻求释放被非法禁锢的黑人的组织主席。 1787年，已经退休的本杰明· 富兰克林出席了修改美国宪法的会议，成为唯一 同时签署美国三项最重要法案文件的建国先贤。这三份文件分别是：《独立 宣言》，《1783年巴黎条约》，以及1787年的《美国宪法》。在这一年，富 兰克林捐款修建了以他命名的富兰克林· 马歇尔大学。 逝世 1790年4月17日，夜里11点，富兰克林溘然逝去。那时，他的孙子本杰明· 谭 波尔正陪在他的身边。4月21日，费城人民为他举行了葬礼，两万人参加了出 殡队伍，为富兰克林的逝世服丧一个月以示哀悼。富兰克林埋葬于费城第五 大道宪法中心附近，
第二部分写于1784年巴黎附近的帕西村，在友人艾贝尔· 詹姆斯和沃恩则的敦促 下，他写了自传第二部分，提出了著名的十三种美德。 第三部分写于1788年美国费城的市场街，描述了他的政治观，宗教信仰、编报 心得、苦学多种外语、回到波士顿、读书俱乐部壮大、出入政坛、热心公益事 业、事业取得成功、发明新式火炉、开办学校、关注市政建设、担任西北边防 军务、自然科学成果、出使英国、被扣在纽约等经历，其中以致兰卡斯特郡、 约克郡和坎伯兰郡居民的公开信形式，记叙了富兰克林为军队征集战马和马车 的故事。 第四部分是前三部分的补篇，补记了富兰克林出使英国，于1757年7月27日抵 达伦敦，不辱使命，于1762年11月1日返回费城。
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• 富兰克林时代背景
二、作者介绍
本杰明· 富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin，1706年1月17日— 1790年4月17日） （又译班哲明· 富兰克林、班杰明· 富兰克 林），出生于美国马萨诸塞州波士顿，美国政治家、物理学 家。他是资本主义精神最完美的代表，十八世纪美国最伟大 的科学家，著名的政治家和文学家。他一生最真实的写照是 他自己所说过的一句话“诚实和勤勉，应该成为你永久的伴 侣。 同时也是出版商、印刷商、记者、作家、慈善家；更是杰 出的外交家及发明家。他是美国独立战争时重要的领导人之 一，参与了多项重要文件的草拟，并曾出任美国驻法国大使 ，成功取得法国支持美国独立。本杰明· 富兰克林曾经进行 多项关于电的实验，并且发明了避雷针，最早提出电荷守恒 定律。本杰明· 富兰克林被选为英国皇家学会院士。他曾是 美国首位邮政局长。法国经济学家杜尔哥评价富兰克林：“ 他从苍天那里取得了雷电，从暴君那里取得了民权。” 本杰明· 富兰克林是美利坚开国三杰之一，被美国的权威期 刊《大西洋月刊》评为影响美国的100位人物第6名。