高级国际金融学教程习题答案ch1ans
国际金融（第五版）-课后习题以及答案学习资料
国际金融（第五版）-课后习题以及答案学习资料国际金融(第五版)-课后习题以及答案国际金融全书课后习题以及答案第一章国际收支复习思考题一、选择题1.《国际收支和国际投资头寸手册》(第六版)将国际收支账户分为( )。
A．经常账户B．资本账户C．储备账户D．金融账户2.国际收支反映的内容是以交易为基础的，其中交易包括( )。
A．交换B．转移C．移居D．其他根据推论而存在的交易3.经常账户包括( )。
A．商品的输出和输入B．运输费用C．资本的输出和输入D．财产继承款项4．下列项目应记入贷方的是( )。
A．反映进口实际资源的经常项目B．反映出口实际资源的经常项目C．反映资产增加或负债减少的金融项目D．反映资产减少或负债增加的金融项目5．若在国际收支平衡表中，储备资产项目为–100亿美元，表示该国( )。
A．增加了100亿美元的储备B．减少了100亿美元的储备C．人为的账面平衡，不说明问题D．无法判断6．下列( )账户能够较好地衡量国际收支对国际储备造成的压力。
A．货物和服务账户差额B．经常账户差额C．资本和金融账户差额D．综合账户差额7．因经济和产业结构变动滞后所引起的国际收支失衡属于( )。
A．临时性不平衡B．结构性不平衡C．货币性不平衡D．周期性不平衡E．收入性不平衡8．国际收支顺差会引起( )。
A．外汇储备增加B．国内经济萎缩C．国内通货膨胀D．本币汇率下降二、判断题1．国际收支是一个流量的、事后的概念。
( )2．国际货币基金组织采用的是狭义的国际收支概念。
( )3．资产减少、负债增加的项目应记入借方。
( )4．由于一国的国际收支不可能正好收支相抵，因而国际收支平衡表的最终差额绝不恒为零。
( )5．理论上说，国际收支的不平衡指自主性交易的不平衡，但在统计上很难做到。
( )6．因经济增长率的变化而产生的国际收支不平衡，属于持久性失衡。
( )7．资本和金融账户可以无限制地为经常账户提供融资。
( )8．综合账户差额比较综合地反映了自主性国际收支状况，对于全面衡量和分析国际收支状况具有重大意义。
国际金融课后习题重点附答案——沈航
国际金融课后习题重点附答案——沈航第一章外汇与外汇汇率1.外汇：外汇是以外币表示的，用于清偿国际债权债务的一种支付手段。
2.远期汇率：远期汇率也称期汇汇率，是交易双方达成外汇买卖协议，约定在未来某一时间进行外汇实际交割所使用的汇率。
3.铸币平价：金本位制度下，两种货币的含金量之比。
4.外汇倾销：在有通货膨胀的国家中，货币当局通过促使本币对外贬值，且货币对外贬值的程度大于对内贬值的程度，借以用低于原来在国际市场上的销售价格倾销商品，从而达到提高商品海外竞争力、扩大出口、增加外汇收入和最终改善贸易差额的目的。
5.纸币对内贬值的计算公式：纸币对内贬值=1-货币购买力=1-（100/物价指数）6.J曲线效应：汇率变动导致进出口贸易的变化在理论上和实践中都可以得到证实。
但在现实中，货币贬值导致贸易差额的最终改善需要一个“收效期”，收效快慢取决于供求反应程度高低，并且在汇率变化的收效期内会出现短期的国际收支恶化现象。
课后习题1.如果你以电话向中国银行询问英镑/美元（英镑兑美元，斜线“/”表示“兑”）的汇价。
中国银行答道：“1.6900/10”。
请问：（1）中国银行以什么汇价向你买进美元？（2）你以什么汇价向中国银行买进英镑？（3）如果你向中国银行卖出英镑，汇率是多少？答：（1）买入价 1.6910（2）卖出价 1.6910（3）买入价 1.69002.某银行询问美元兑新加坡元的汇价，你答道：“1.6403/1.6410”。
请问，如果银行想把美元卖给你，汇率是多少？答：1.69033.某银行询问美元兑港元汇价，你答复到：“1美元=7.8000/10港元”，请问：（1）银行要向你买进美元，汇价是多少？（2）你要买进美元，应按什么汇率计算？（3）你要买进港元，又是什么汇率？答：（1）7.8010（2）7.8000（3）7.80104.如果你是ABC银行交易员，客户向你询问澳元/美元汇价，你答复：“0.7685/90”。
《国际金融学》习题与答案
《国际金融学》习题答案《国际金融学》习题答案一、简答题1、国际收支平衡表的编制原理是什么?（1）记帐制度——复式簿记原理。
记账规则：有借必有贷，借贷必相等。
入表原则：凡是引起外汇流出的项目记入该项目的借方，凡是引起外汇流入的项目记入该项目的贷方。
（2）交易的记载时间。
IMF建议采用“权责发生制”，即所有权变更原则。
（3）记帐单位，国际收支平衡表一般按外币记载。
（4）定值（Valuation）在可以得到市场价格的情况下，按市场价格对交易定值债务工具大多按面值定值货物出口按离岸价格（FOB）定值来自海关的进口数据是到岸价格（CIF）数据，采用5%的调整系数，以得到离岸价格(FOB)数据。
2、国际收支平衡表的分析方法有哪些?（1）静态分析。
静态分析是对某一国一个时期的国际收支平衡表进行逐项,细致的分析。
包括：贸易差额；劳务差额；经常项目差额；基本差额；国际收支总差额。
（2）动态分析。
动态分析是对某国若干连续时期的国际收支平衡表进行分析。
动态分析实际上是对一国的国际收支进行纵向分析。
（3）比较分析。
比较分析是对不同国家同一时期的国际收支平衡表进行分析比较.将某一国某个时期的国际收支平衡表与其他国家进行对比，可以了解该国的国际经济地位和经济实力。
3、国际收支失衡的主要原因是什么?引起一国国际收支失衡的原因很多，概括起来主要有临时性因素、收入性因素、货币性因素、周期性因素和结构性因素。
（1）临时性失衡。
临时性失衡是指各国短期的、由非确定或偶然因素引起的国际收支失衡。
自然灾害、政局变化等意料之外的因素都可能对国际收支产生重大的影响。
（2）收入性失衡。
收入性失衡是指各国经济增长速度不同所引起的国际收支失衡。
一国国民收入相对快速增长，会导致进口需求的增长，从而使国际收支出现逆差。
（3）货币性失衡。
货币性失衡是指货币供应量的相对变动所引起的国际收支失衡。
一国货币供应量增长较快，会使该国出现较高的通货膨胀，在汇率变动滞后的情况下，国内货币成本上升，出口商品价格相对上升而进口价格相对下降，从而出现国际收支逆差。
(完整word版)国际金融习题集答案打印版
第一章外汇与汇率一、填空1、外汇是指以（外币)所表示的用于（国际结算）的支付手段。
2、外汇可分为自由外汇与(记账外汇)两类。
3、汇率的表示方法可分为三种，即直接标价法、（间接标价法）与（美元标价法）。
4、表示汇率变化性质的概念有(法定升值）与法定贬值。
5、远期汇率有两种基本的报价方法:（直接报价法）与（点数报价法）。
6、外汇远期或外汇期货相对于外汇即期的三种基本关系是（升水）、（贴水）和（平价）.7、买入汇率与卖出汇率的算术平均值被称为（中间汇率）。
8、信汇汇率与票汇汇率都是以（电汇汇率)为基础计算出来的。
9、套算汇率的计算方法有（交叉相除）与（同边相乘）两种。
10、政府制定官方汇率，一是用于（官方之间的货币互换)，二是为（政府干预市场）提供一个标准。
11、购买力平价理论有两种形式:（购买力绝对平价）和(购买力相对平价)。
12、绝对购买力平价理论认为，汇率为(两国物价）之比。
13、相对购买力平价理论认为，汇率的变化幅度取决于（两国通胀的差异）。
14、利率平价理论所揭示的是在抵补套利存在的条件下(远期汇率）与（利率）之间的关系。
15、利率平价理论认为，外汇市场上，利率高的货币远期(贴水),利率低的货币（升水），其升贴水的幅度大约相当于（两国货币的利率差）.16、汇率的货币决定理论认为,汇率是由货币的（供给）与(需求）的均衡来决定的.17、资产组合理论认为,外汇价格与利率都是（由各国国内财富持有者的资产平衡条件)决定的.18、影响汇率变化的主要因素有国际收支、(通货膨胀）、利率水平、(经济增长率）、(财政赤字）与（心理预期).19、狭义上的货币危机主要发生在（固定汇率)制下。
20、货币危机按其性质不同，可分为(经济条件恶化所造成的货币危机)与（心理预期所导致的货币危机）.21、货币危机最容易传播到以下三类国家：一是(与货币危机发生国有较密切的贸易关系或出口上存在竞争关系）的国家、二是(与货币危机发生国存在较为相近的经济结构、发展模式及潜在经济问题）的国家、三是过分依赖国外资金流入的国家。
国际金融第二版习题答案
国际金融第二版习题答案国际金融第二版习题答案国际金融是一个重要的经济领域，涉及到国际货币体系、国际投资、外汇市场等多个方面。
对于学习者来说，习题是巩固知识、提高理解能力的重要方式。
本文将为读者提供《国际金融第二版》的习题答案。
第一章：国际金融概述1. 国际金融的定义是什么？国际金融是指跨越国家边界的金融活动，包括国际货币体系、国际投资、外汇市场等。
2. 为什么国际金融重要？国际金融对于国家经济发展和全球经济稳定至关重要。
它促进了跨国贸易和投资，促进了资源的有效配置和经济增长。
3. 国际金融市场的分类有哪些？国际金融市场可以分为外汇市场、国际资本市场和国际货币市场。
第二章：国际金融体系1. 什么是国际货币体系？国际货币体系是指一系列国际货币安排和机构，用于处理国际支付和调整国际收支。
2. 国际货币体系的发展历程有哪些？国际货币体系经历了金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和现代浮动汇率制等阶段。
3. 什么是国际清算？国际清算是指国际支付的结算过程，包括国际收支的核算和调整。
第三章：国际金融市场1. 外汇市场的功能是什么？外汇市场提供货币兑换、风险管理和国际支付等功能。
2. 什么是外汇市场的汇率？外汇市场的汇率是一种货币兑换另一种货币的比率。
3. 国际资本市场的分类有哪些？国际资本市场可以分为股票市场、债券市场和衍生品市场。
第四章：国际金融风险管理1. 什么是汇率风险？汇率风险是指由于汇率波动而导致的资产和负债的价值变动。
2. 如何管理汇率风险？汇率风险可以通过使用外汇期权、外汇远期合约和货币互换等工具进行管理。
3. 什么是信用风险？信用风险是指债务人无法按时偿还债务的风险。
第五章：国际金融机构1. 世界银行的主要任务是什么？世界银行的主要任务是为发展中国家提供贷款和技术援助，促进经济发展和减少贫困。
2. 国际货币基金组织的主要职责是什么？国际货币基金组织的主要职责是促进全球经济稳定，提供贷款和政策建议。
3. 什么是国际清算银行？国际清算银行是一个国际金融机构，负责处理国际支付和促进国际金融合作。
国际金融考试题及答案
国际金融考试题及答案考试题目一：外汇市场的特点及作用答案：外汇市场是指全球各国货币互相兑换的市场。
外汇市场具有以下几个特点：1. 全球性：外汇市场是全球性的市场，各国货币可以在此进行兑换。
2. 高流动性：外汇市场是全球最大、最流动的金融市场之一，每天的交易规模巨大，交易双方可以随时、快速地进行买卖操作。
3. 24小时交易：外汇市场是全天候交易的市场，从周一亚洲市场开盘，到周五美洲市场收盘，一直保持开市状态。
4. 高杠杆交易：外汇市场提供高杠杆交易机制，可以通过少量的资金控制更大的交易金额，但也存在风险与挑战。
外汇市场的作用包括：1. 提供货币兑换服务：外汇市场是国际贸易结算和资本流动的重要场所，为各国提供相互兑换货币的服务，促进国际贸易和投资。
2. 决定汇率：外汇市场的供求关系决定了各国货币的汇率变动，直接影响到国际贸易和投资的成本与收益。
3. 避险与投机交易：外汇市场是各国企业、金融机构和个人进行避险和投机交易的重要场所，通过对外汇市场的操作，可以降低汇率风险或获取投机收益。
考试题目二：国际金融风险管理方法答案：国际金融风险管理是企业、金融机构等在国际经济交往中面临的各种风险进行有效管理的过程。
常见的国际金融风险包括汇率风险、利率风险、流动性风险等。
以下介绍几种常用的国际金融风险管理方法：1. 多元化投资组合：通过将资金分散投资于多个国家或不同产业，降低单一投资的风险。
2. 保值套期保值：企业可以通过使用远期合约或期权等工具，在一定成本范围内锁定未来汇率，以降低汇率波动带来的风险。
3. 财务衍生品工具：企业可以利用货币互换、利率互换等财务衍生品工具来管理汇率和利率风险。
4. 保险与担保：通过购买外汇保险、信用保险等来对冲和降低相应的风险。
5. 现金流量管理：精确的现金流量管理可以帮助企业预测并应对流动性风险。
6. 国际金融市场监测：及时了解国际金融市场的动向和变化，对风险进行预判和规避。
考试题目三：国际支付结算方式及优缺点答案：国际支付结算是指在跨国贸易和跨境投资中进行货币支付和结算的过程。
国际金融课后习题答案
《国际金融》课后习题答案第一章国际收支本章重要概念国际收支：国际收支是指一国或地区居民与非居民在一定时期全部经济交易的货币价值之和。
它体现的是一国的对外经济交往，是货币的、流量的、事后的概念。
国际收支平衡表：国际收支平衡表是将国际收支根据复式记账原则和特定账户分类原则编制出来的会计报表。
它可分为经常项目、资本和金融项目以及错误和遗漏项目三大类。
丁伯根原则：1962 年，荷兰经济学家丁伯根在其所著的《经济政策：原理与设计》一书中提出：要实现若干个独立的政策目标，至少需要相互独立的若干个有效的政策工具。
这一观点被称为“丁伯根原则”。
米德冲突：英国经济学家米德于1951 年在其名著《国际收支》当中最早提出了固定汇率制度下外均衡冲突问题。
米德指出，如果我们假定失业与通货膨胀是两种独立的情况，那么，单一的支出调整政策（包括财政、货币政策）无法实现部均衡和外部均衡的目标。
分派原则：这一原则由蒙代尔提出，它的含义是：每一目标应当指派给对这一目标有相对最大的影响力，因而在影响政策目标上有相对优势的工具。
自主性交易：亦称事前交易，是指交易当事人自主地为某项动机而进行的交易。
国际收支失衡：国际收支失衡是指自主性交易发生逆差或顺差，需要用补偿性交易来弥补。
它有不同的分类，根据时间标准进行分类，可分为静态失衡和动态失衡；根据国际收支的容，可分为总量失衡和结构失衡；根据国际收支失衡时所采取的经济政策，可分为实际失衡和潜在失衡。
复习思考题1．一国国际收支平衡表的经常账户是赤字的同时，该国的国际收支是否可能盈余，为什么？答：可能，通常人们所讲的国际收支盈余或赤字就是指综合差额的盈余或赤字.这里综合差额的盈余或赤字不仅包括经常账户，还包括资本与金融账户，这里，资本与金融账户和经常账户之间具有融资关系。
但是，随着国际金融一体化的发展，资本和金融账户与经常账户之间的这种融资关系正逐渐发生深刻变化。
一方面，资本和金融账户为经常账户提供融资受到诸多因素的制约。
国际金融第1阶段练习题+答案知识分享
国际金融第1阶段练习题+答案江南大学现代远程教育第一阶段练习题考试科目:《国际金融》第 1章至第2章第2节（总分100分）一、是非题(每题2分，计10分) 根据所学内容，判断以下各题是否正确。
在你认为正确的题目括号前以√标记，错误的以X标记。
( √ )1.1利率平价论是一种与PPP理论互补的汇率决定理论。
( √ )1.2官方结算顺差=官方储备净增额+对外国官方的流动负债净减额。
( X )1.3负债率表明一国对外负债与整个国民经济发展状况的关系，其比值的高低反映了一国GNP对外债负担能力，国际上通常认为安全线为50%。
( √ )1.4基金组织原则上反对复汇率或其他形式的差别汇率政策。
( √ )1.5购买力平价理论的主要不足在于其假设商品能被自由交易，忽略了贸易成本和贸易壁垒对国际商品套购所产生的制约。
二、单选题(每题4分，计20分)以下各题均只有一个选项正确，请把正确的选项字母填在题干前面的括号内。
( A )1.6由于存在着交易成本和/或贸易壁垒，这使得并不能完全成立。
A.一价定律；B.利率平价理论；C.相对购买力平价；D.绝对购买力平价。
( B )1.7全球最大的市场是？A.黄金市场；B.外汇市场；C.货币市场；D.资本市场。
( D )1.8关于外汇与国家的匹对正确的是？A.美元与阿根廷；B.英镑与爱尔兰；C.欧元与挪威；D.新西兰元与新西兰。
( B )1.9凡是引起外汇需求的交易都记入该交易所属账户的分录；反之，凡是引起外汇供给的交易则记入分录。
A.借方，借方；B.借方，贷方；C.贷方，借方；D.贷方，贷方。
( B )1.10 1961年11月，美、英、法、意、荷、比、日、联邦德国、瑞士和加拿大等国在巴黎举行会议，成立，达成《借款总安排协定》。
A.二十国集团； B.十国集团；C.三十国集团；D.七十七国集团。
收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除三、多选题(每题4分，计20分)以下各题均只有两个或两个以上选项正确，请把正确的选项字母填在题干前面的括号内。
国际金融学习题及答案(DOC)
《国际金融学》练习题一、判断题1、国际货币基金组织和世界银行集团是世界上成员国最多、机构最庞大的国际金融机构。
（对）2、国际清算银行是世界上成员国最多、机构最庞大国际金融机构。
（错）3、国际货币基金组织会员国提用储备部分贷款是无条件的，也不需支付利息。
（对）4、国际货币基金组织会员国的投票权与其缴纳的份额成反比。
（错）5、国际货币基金组织的贷款只提供给会员国的政府机构。
（对）6、国际货币基金组织的贷款主要用于会员国弥补国际收支逆差。
（错）7、参加世界银行的国家必须是国际货币基金组织的成员国。
（对）8、参加国际货币基金组织的成员国一定是世界银行的成员国。
（错）9、被称为资本主义世界的第一个“黄金时代”的国际货币体系是布雷顿森林体系。
（错）10、布雷顿森林协定包括《国际货币基金协定》和《国际复兴开发银行协定》。
（对）11、“特里芬两难”是导致布雷顿森林体系崩溃的根本原因。
（对）12、牙买加体系是以美元为中心的多元化国际储备体系（对）。
13、牙买加体系完全解决了“特里芬两难”。
（错）14、蒙代尔提出的汇率制度改革方案是设立汇率目标区。
（错）15、威廉姆森提出的汇率制度改革方案是恢复国际金本位制。
（错）16、欧洲支付同盟成立是欧洲货币一体化的开端。
（对）17、《政治联盟条约》和《经济与货币联盟条约》，统称为“马斯特里赫特条约”，简称“马约”。
（对）18、《马约》关于货币联盟的最终要求是在欧洲联盟内建立一个统一的欧洲中央银行并发行统一的欧洲货币。
（对）19、政府信贷的利率较低，期限较长，带有援助性质，但是有条件。
（对）20、国际金融机构信贷的贷款利率通常要比私人金融机构的低，而且贷款条件非常宽松。
（错）21、在国际债务结构管理中，应避免尽量提高长期债务的比重，减少短期债务的比重。
（对）22、在国际债务的结构管理上，应尽量提高浮动利率债务的比重，减少固定利率债务的比重。
（错）23、在国际债务的结构管理上，应尽量提高官方借款的比重，减少商业借款的比重。
国际金融课后练习答案
第一章国际收支2．怎样理解国际收支的均衡与失衡?答：由于一国的国际收支状况可以从不同的角度分析，因此，国际收支的均衡与失衡也由多种含义。
国际收支平衡的几种观点：一，自主性交易与补偿性交易，它认为国际收支的平衡就是指自主性交易的平衡；二，静态平衡与动态平衡的观点，静态平衡是指在一定时期内国际收支平衡表的收支相抵，差额为零的一种平衡模式。
它注重强调期末时点上的平衡。
动态平衡是指在较长的计划期内经过努力，实现期末国际收支的大体平衡。
这种平衡要求在同际收支平衡的同时，达到政府所期望的经济目标；三，局部均衡与全面均衡的观点，局部均衡观点认为外汇市场的平衡时国际收支平衡的基础，因此，要达到国际收支平衡，首先必须达到市场平衡。
全面均衡是指在整个经济周期内国际收支自主性项目为零的平衡。
国际收支失衡要从几个方面进行理解，首先是国际收支失衡的类型，一，根据时间标准进行分类，可分为静态失衡和动态失衡。
二，根据国际收支的内容，可分为总量失衡和结构失衡。
三，根据国际收支失衡时所采取的经济政策，可分为实际失衡和潜在失衡。
其次，国际收支不平衡的判定标准，一，账面平衡与实际平衡；二，线上项目与线下项目；三，自主性收入与自主性支出。
最后，国际收支不平衡的原因，导致国际收支失衡的原因是多方面的，周期性的失衡，结构性失衡，货币性失衡，收入性失衡，贸易竞争性失衡，过度债务性失衡，其他因素导致的临时性失衡。
6．一国应该如何选择政策措施来调节国际收支的失衡？答：一国的国际收支失衡的调节，首先取决于国际收支失衡的性质，其次取决于国际收支失衡时国内社会和宏观经济结构，再次取决于内部均衡与外部平衡之间的相互关系，由于有内外均衡冲突的存在。
正确的政策搭配成为了国际收支调节的核心。
国际收支失衡的政策调节包括有：货币政策，财政政策，汇率政策，直接管制政策，供给调节政策等，要相机的选择搭配使用各种政策，以最小的经济和社会代价达到国际收支的平衡或均衡。
其次，在国际收支的国际调节中，产生了有名的“丁伯根原则”，“米德冲突”，“分派原则”,他们一起确定了开放经济条件下政策调控的基本思想，即针对内外均衡目标，确定不同政策工具的指派对象，并且尽可能地进行协调以同时实现内外均衡。
金融学课后题答案高教版-推荐下载
(完整版)国际金融课后习题答案
You are given the following information about a country’s international transactions during a year: a.Calculate the values of the country’s goods and services balance,current account balance,and official settlements balance?a.Merchandise trade balance: $330 - 198 = $132Goods and services balance: $330 - 198 + 196 - 204 = $124Current account balance: $330 - 198 + 196 - 204 + 3 - 8 = $119Official settlements balance: $330 - 198 + 196 - 204 + 3 - 8 + 102 - 202 + 4 = $23b.What are the value of the change in official reserve assets(net)?Is the country increasing or decreasing its net holdings of official reserve assets?b.Change in official reserve assets (net) = - official settlements balance = -$23The country is increasing its net holdings of official reserve assets.What are the major types of transactions or activities that result in supply of foreign currency in the spct foreign exchange market?Exports of merchandise and services result in supply of foreign currency in the foreignexchange market. Domestic sellers often want to be paid using domestic currency, whilethe foreign buyers want to pay in their currency. In the process of paying for these exports,foreign currency is exchanged for domestic currency, creating supply of foreign currency.International capital inflows result in a supply of foreign currency in the foreign exchangemarket. In making investments in domestic financial assets, foreign investors often startwith foreign currency and must exchange it for domestic currency before they can buy thedomestic assets. The exchange creates a supply of foreign currency. Sales of foreignfinancial assets that the country's residents had previously acquired, and borrowing fromforeigners by this country's residents are other forms of capital inflow that can createsupply of foreign currency.You have access to the following three spot exchange rates:＄0.01/YEN＄0.20/KRONE25YEN/KRONEYou strat with dollars and want to end up with dollarsa.hoe would you engage in arbitrage to profit from these three rates?what is the profit for each dollar used initially?a.The cross rate between the yen and the krone is too high (the yen value of the krone is toohigh) relative to the dollar-foreign currency exchange rates. Thus, in a profitabletriangular arbitrage, you want to sell kroner at the high cross rate. The arbitrage will be:Use dollars to buy kroner at $0.20/krone, use these kroner to buy yen at 25 yen/krone, anduse the yen to buy dollars at $0.01/yen. For each dollar that you sell initially, you canobtain 5 kroner, these 5 kroner can obtain 125 yen, and the 125 yen can obtain $1.25. Thearbitrage profit for each dollar is therefore 25 cents.b.As a result of this arbitrage,what is the pressure on the cross-rate between yen and krone?what must the value of the cross-rate be to eliminate the opportunity for triangular arbitrage?b.Selling kroner to buy yen puts downward pressure on the cross rate (the yen price ofkrone). The value of the cross rate must fall to 20 (=0.20/0.01) yen/krone to eliminate theopportunity for triangular arbitrage, assuming that the dollar exchange rates areunchanged.Explain the nature of the exchange rate risk for each of the following,from the perspective of the U.S frim or person.in your answer,include whether each is a long or short position in foreign currency.a.a small U.S firm sold experimental computer computer compoments to a Japanese firm,and it will receive payment of 1 million yen in 60 days.a.The U.S. firm has an asset position in yen—it has a long position in yen. To hedge itsexposure to exchange rate risk, the firm should enter into a forward exchange contractnow in which the firm commits to sell yen and receive dollars at the current forward rate.The contract amounts are to sell 1 million yen and receive $9,000, both in 60 days.The current spot exchange rate is ＄1.20/euro.the current 90-day forward exchange rate is＄1.18/euro.you expect the spot rate to be ＄1.22/euro in 90 days.how would you speculate using a forward contract?if many people speculate in this way,what pressure is placed on the walue of the current forward exchange rate?Relative to your expected spot value of the euro in 90 days ($1.22/euro), the currentforward rate of the euro ($1.18/euro) is low—the forward value of the euro is relativelylow. Using the principle of "buy low, sell high," you can speculate by entering into aforward contract now to buy euros at $1.18/euro. If you are correct in your expectation,then in 90 days you will be able to immediately resell those euros for $1.22/euro,pocketing a profit of $0.04 for each euro that you bought forward. If many peoplespeculate in this way, then massive purchases now of euros forward (increasing thedemand for euros forward) will tend to drive up the forward value of the euro, toward acurrent forward rate of $1.22/euro.The following rates are available in the markets:Current spot exchange rate:＄0.500/SFrCurrent 30-day forward exchange rate:＄0.505/SFrAnnualized interest rate on 30-day dollar-denominated bonds:12%(1.0% for 30 days)Annualized interest rate on 30-day Swiss franc-denominated bonds:6%(0.5% for 30 days)a.Is the swiss franc at a forward premium or discount?a.The Swiss franc is at a forward premium. Its current forward value ($0.505/SFr) is greaterthan its current spot value ($0.500/SFr).b.should a U.S-based investor make a covered investment in swiss franc-denominated 30-day bonds,rather than investing 30-day dollar-denominated bonds?Explain.b.The covered interest differential "in favor of Switzerland" is ((1 + 0.005) (0.505) / 0.500)- (1 + 0.01) = 0.005. (Note that the interest rate used must match the time period of theinvestment.) There is a covered interest differential of 0.5% for 30 days (6 percent at anannual rate). The U.S. investor can make a higher return, covered against exchange raterisk, by investing in SFr-denominated bonds, so presumably the investor should make thiscovered investment. Although the interest rate on SFr-denominated bonds is lower thanthe interest rate on dollar-denominated bonds, the forward premium on the franc is largerthan this difference, so that the covered investment is a good idea.c.Because of covered interest arbitrage,what pressures are placed on the various rates?if the only rate that actually changes is forward exchange rate,to what value will it bu driven?c.The lack of demand for dollar-denominated bonds (or the supply of these bonds asinvestors sell them in order to shift into SFr-denominated bonds) puts downward pressureon the prices of U.S. bonds—upward pressure on U.S. interest rates. The extra demandfor the franc in the spot exchange market (as investors buy SFr in order to buySFr-denominated bonds) puts upward pressure on the spot exchange rate. The extrademand for SFr-denominated bonds puts upward pressure on the prices of Swissbonds—downward pressure on Swiss interest rates. The extra supply of francs in theforward market (as U.S. investors cover their SFr investments back into dollars) putsdownward pressure on the forward exchange rate. If the only rate that changes is theforward exchange rate, this rate must fall to about $0.5025/SFr. With this forward rate andthe other initial rates, the covered interest differential is close to zero.Why is testing whether uncovered interest parity holds for actual rates more difficult than testing whether covered interest parity holds?In testing covered interest parity, all of the interest rates and exchange rates that areneeded to calculate the covered interest differential are rates that can observed in the bondand foreign exchange markets. Determining whether the covered interest differential isabout zero (covered interest parity) is then straightforward (although some more subtleissues regarding timing of transactions may also need to be addressed). In order to testuncovered interest parity, we need to know not only three rates—two interest rates and thecurrent spot exchange rate—that can be observed in the market, but also one rate—theexpected future spot exchange rate—that is not observed in any market. The tester thenneeds a way to find out about investors' expectations. One way is to ask them, using asurvey, but they may not say exactly what they really think. Another way is to examinethe actual uncovered interest differential after we know what the future spot exchange rateactually turns out to be, and see whether the statistical characteristics of the actualuncovered differential are consistent with an expected uncovered differential of aboutzero (uncovered interest parity)the following rates currently exist:spot exchange rate:＄1.000/euro.Annual interest rate on 180-day euro-denominated bonds:3%Annual interest rate on 180-day U.S dollar-denominated bonds:4%Ibvestors currently expect the spot exchange rate to be about＄1.005/euro in180 days.a.show that uncovered interest parity holds(approximately)at these ratesa.The euro is expected to appreciate at an annual rate of approximately ((1.005 -1.000)/1.000)⊕(360/180)⊕100 = 1%. The expected uncovered interest differential isapproximately 3% + 1% - 4% = 0, so uncovered interest parity holds (approximately).What is likely to be the effect on the spot eschange rate if the interest rate on 180-day dollar-denominated bonds declines to 3%? If the euro interest rate and the expected future spot rate are unchanged,and if uncovered interest parity is reestablished,what will the new current spot exchange rate be?has the dollar appreciated or depreciated?b.If the interest rate on 180-day dollar-denominated bonds declines to 3%, then the spotexchange rate is likely to increase—the euro will appreciate, the dollar depreciate. At theinitial current spot exchange rate, the initial expected future spot exchange rate, and theinitial euro interest rate, the expected uncovered interest differential shifts in favor ofinvesting in euro-denominated bonds (the expected uncovered differential is now positive,3% + 1% - 3% = 1%, favoring uncovered investment in euro-denominated bonds. Theincreased demand for euros in the spot exchange market tends to appreciate the euro. Ifthe euro interest rate and the expected future spot exchange rate remain unchanged, thenthe current spot rate must change immediately to be $1.005/euro, to reestablish uncoveredinterest parity. When the current spot rate jumps to this value, the euro's exchange ratevalue is not expected to change in value subsequently during the next 180 days. Thedollar has depreciated immediately, and the uncovered differential then again is zero (3%+ 0% - 3% = 0)You observe the following current rates:Spot exchange rate:＄0.01/yenAnnual interest rate on 90-day U.S dollar-denominated bonds:4%Annual interest rate on 90-day yen-denominated bonds:4%a.if uncovered interest parity holds,what spot exchange rate do investors expect to exist in 90 days?a.For uncovered interest parity to hold, investors must expect that the rate of change in thespot exchange-rate value of the yen equals the interest rate differential, which is zero.Investors must expect that the future spot value is the same as the current spot value,$0.01/yen.b.a close U.S presidential has just been decided.the candidate whom international investors view as the stronger and more probusiness person won.because of this,investors expect the exchange rate to be＄0.0095/yen in 90 days.what will happen in the foreign exchange market?b.If investors expect that the exchange rate will be $0.0095/yen, then they expect the yen todepreciate from its initial spot value during the next 90 days. Given the other rates,investors tend to shift their investments toward dollar-denominated investments. Theextra supply of yen (and demand for dollars) in the spot exchange market results in adecrease in the current spot value of the yen (the dollar appreciates). The shift toexpecting that the yen will depreciate (the dollar appreciate) sometime during the next 90days tends to cause the yen to depreciate (the dollar to appreciate) immediately in thecurrent spot market.To aid in its efforts to get reelected,the current government of o country decides to increase the growth rate of the domestic money supply by two percentage points.the increased growth rate becomes”permanene”because once started it is difficult to reverse.a.according to the monetary approach,how will this affect the long-run trend for the exchange rate value of the country’s currency?a.Because the growth rate of the domestic money supply (M s ) is two percentage pointshigher than it was previously, the monetary approach indicates that the exchange ratevalue (e) of the foreign currency will be higher than it otherwise would be—that is, theexchange rate value of the country's currency will be lower. Specifically, the foreigncurrency will appreciate by two percentage points more per year, or depreciate by twopercentage points less. That is, the domestic currency will depreciate by two percentagepoints more per year, or appreciate by two percentage points less.b.explain why the nominal exchange rate trend is affected,referring to PPPb.The faster growth of the country's money supply eventually leads to a faster rate ofinflation of the domestic price level (P). Specifically, the inflation rate will be twopercentage points higher than it otherwise would be. According to relative PPP, a fasterrate of increase in the domestic price level (P) leads to a higher rate of appreciation of theforeign currency.A country has a marginal propensity to save of 0.15 and a marginal propensity to import of 0.4 real domestic spending now decreases by＄2 billiona.according to the spending multiplier(for a small open economy),,by how much will domestic product and income change?a.The spending multiplier in this small open economy is about 1.82 (= 1/(0.15 + 0.4)). Ifreal spending initially declines by $2 billion, then domestic product and income willdecline by about $3.64 billion (= 1.82⋅$2 billion)b.what is the change in the country’s imports?b. If domestic product and income decline by $3.64 billion, then the country's imports willdecline by about $1.46 billion (= $3.64 billion⋅0.4).c.if this country is large,what effect will this have on foreign product and income?explainc. The decrease in this country's imports reduces other countries' exports, so foreign productand income decline.d.will the change in foreign product and income tend to counteract or reinforce the change in the first country’s domestic product and income?explaind. The decline in foreign product and income reduce foreign imports, so the first country'sexports decrease. This reinforces the change (decline) in the first country's domesticproduct and income—an example of foreign-income repercussions.。
国际金融习题答案全
国际金融习题答案全 The pony was revised in January 2021第一章三、名词解释1、国际收支：在一定时期内，一国居民与非居民之间经济交易的系统记录。
2、国际收支平衡表：一国将其一定时期内的全部国际经济交易，根据交易的内容与范围，按照经济分析的需要设置账户或项目编制出来的统计报表。
3、居民是指一个国家的经济领土内具有经济利益的经济单位。
在国际收支统计中判断一项交易是否应当包括在国际收支的范围内，所依据的不是交易双方的国籍，而是依据交易双方是否有一方是该国居民。
4、一国的经济领土：一般包括一个政府所管辖的地理领土，还包括该国天空、水域和邻近水域下的大陆架，以及该国在世界其他地方的飞地。
依照这一标准，一国的大使馆等驻外机构是所在国的非居民，而国际组织是任何国家的非居民。
5、经常账户：是指对实际资源在国际间的流动行为进行记录的账户，它包括以下项目：货物、服务、收入和经常转移。
反映进口实际资源的记人经常项目借方；反映出口实际资源的记人经常项目贷方。
6、经常转移包括各级政府的转移(如政府间经常性的国际合作、对收入和财政支付的经常性税收等)和其他转移(如工人汇款)。
当一个经济体的居民实体向另一个非居民实体无偿提供了实际资源或金融产品时，按照复式记账法原理，需要在另一方进行抵消性记录以达到平衡，也就是需要建立转移账户作为平衡项目。
7、贸易收支：又称有形贸易收支，是国际收支中的一个项目，指由商品输出入所引起的收支。
出口记为贷方，进口记为借方。
IMF规定，在国际收支的统计工作中，进出口商品都以离岸价格(FOB)计算。
若进口商品以到岸价格(CIF)计算时，应把货价中的运费、保险费等贸易的从属费用减除，然后列入劳务收支项目中。
8、服务交易：是经常账户的第二个大项目，它包括运输、旅游以及在国际贸易中的地位越来越重要的其他项目，如通讯、金融、计算机服务、专有权征用和特许以及其他商业服务。
将服务交易同收入交易明确区分开来是《国际收支手册》第五版的重要特征。
国际金融课后答案
CHAPTER 12NA TIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING AND THE BALANCE OF PA YMENTSANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. The reason for including only the value of final goods and services in GNP, as stated in thequestion, is to avoid the problem of double counting. Double counting will not occur if intermediate imports are subtracted and intermediate exported goods are added to GNP accounts. Consider the sale of U.S. steel to Toyota and to General Motors. The steel sold to General Motors should not be included in GNP since the value of that steel is subsumed in the cars produced in the United States. The value of the steel sold to Toyota will not enter the national income accounts in a more finished state since the value of the Toyota goes towards Japanese GNP. The value of the steel should be subtracted from GNP in Japan since U.S. factors of production receive payment for it.2. Equation 2 can be written as CA = (S p - I) + (T - G). Higher U.S. barriers to imports mayhave little or no impact upon private savings, investment, and the budget deficit. If there were no effect on these variables then the current account would not improve with the imposition of tariffs or quotas. It is possible to tell stories in which the effect on the current account goes either way. For example, investment could rise in industries protected by the tariff, worsening the current account. (Indeed, tariffs are sometimes justified by the alleged need to give ailing industries a chance to modernize their plant and equipment.) On the other hand, investment might fall in industries that face a higher cost of imported intermediate goods as a result of the tariff. In general, permanent and temporary tariffs have different effects. The point of the question is that a prediction of the manner in which policies affect the current account requires a general-equilibrium, macroeconomic analysis.3. a. The purchase of the German stock is a debit in the U.S. financial account. There is acorresponding credit in the U.S. financial account when the American pays with a check on his Swiss bank account because his claims on Switzerland fall by the amount of the check.This is a case in which an American trades one foreign asset for another.b. Again, there is a U.S. financial account debit as a result of the purchase of a German stockby an American. The corresponding credit in this case occurs when the German seller deposits the U.S. check in its German bank and that bank lends the money to a German importer (in which case the credit will be in the U.S. current account) or to an individual or corporation that purchases a U.S. asset (in which case the credit will be in the U.S.financial account). Ultimately, there will be some action taken by the bank which results ina credit in the U.S. balance of payments.c. The foreign exchange intervention by the French government involves the sale of a U.S.asset, the dollars it holds in the United States, and thus represents a debit item in the U.S.financial account. The French citizens who buy the dollars may use them to buy American goods, which would be an American current account credit, or an American asset, which would be an American financial account credit.d. Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account in France tomake payments. When this company pays the French restaurateur for the meal, its payment represents a debit in the U.S. current account. The company issuing the traveler’s checkmust sell assets (deplete its checking account in France) to make this payment. This reduction in the French assets owned by that company represents a credit in the American financial account.e. There is no credit or debit in either the financial or the current account since there has beenno market transaction.f. There is no recording in the U.S. Balance of Payments of this offshore transaction.4. The purchase of the answering machine is a current account debit for New Y ork, and acurrent account credit for New Jersey. When the New Jersey company deposits the money in its New Y ork bank there is a financial account credit for New Y ork and a corresponding debit for New Jersey. If the transaction is in cash then the corresponding debit for New Jersey and credit for New Y ork also show up in their financial accounts. New Jersey acquires dollar bills (an import of assets from New Y ork, and therefore a debit item in its financial account); New Y ork loses the dollars (an export of dollar bills, and thus a financial account credit). Notice that this last adjustment is analogous to what w ould occur under a gold standard (see Chapter 19).5. a. Since non-central bank capital inflows fell short of the current-account deficit by $500million, the balance of payments of Pecunia (official settlements balance) was -$500 million. The country as a whole somehow had to finance its $1 billion current-account deficit, so Pecunia's net foreign assets fell by $1 billion.b. By dipping into its foreign reserves, the central bank of Pecunia financed the portion of thecountry's current-account deficit not covered by private financial inflows. Only if foreign central banks had acquired Pecunian assets could the Pecunian central bank have avoided using $500 million in reserves to complete the financ ing of the current account. Thus, Pecunia's central bank lost $500 million in reserves, which would appear as an official financial inflow (of the same magnitude) in the country's balance of payments accounts.c. If foreign official capital inflows to Pecunia were $600 million, the country had a balanceof payments surplus of $100 million. Put another way, the country needed only $1 billion to cover its current-account deficit, but $1.1 billion flowed into the country. The Pecunian central bank must, therefore, have used the extra $100 million in foreign borrowing to increase its reserves. Purchases of Pecunian assets by foreign central banks enter their countries' balance of payments accounts as outflows, which are debit items. The rationale is that the transactions result in foreign payments to the Pecunians who sell the assets.d. Along with non-central bank transactions, the accounts would show an increase in foreignofficial reserve assets held in Pecunia of $600 million (a financial account credit, or inflow) and an increase Pecunian official reserve assets held abroad of $100 billion (a financial account debit, or outflow). Of course, total net financial inflows of $1 billion just cover the current-account deficit.6. A current account deficit or surplus is a situation which may be unsustainable in the longrun. There are instances in which a deficit may be warranted, for example to borrow today to improve productive capacity in order to have a higher national income tomorrow. But for any period of current account deficit there must be a corresponding period in whichspending falls short of income (i.e. a current account surplus) in order to pay the debts incurred to foreigners. In the absence of unusual investment opportunities, the best path for an economy may be one in which consumption, relative to income, is smoothed out over time.The reserves of foreign currency held by a country's central bank change with nonzero values of its official settlements balance. Central banks use their foreign currency reserves to influence exchange rates. A depletion of foreign reserves may limit the central bank's ability to influence or peg the exchange rate. For some countries (particularly developing countries), central-bank reserves may be important as a way of allowing the economy to maintain consumption or investment when foreign borrowing is difficult. A high level of reserves may also perform a signaling role by convincing potential foreign lenders that the country is credit-worthy. The balance of payments of a reserve-currency center (such as the United States under the Bretton Woods system) raises special issues best postponed until Chapter 18.7. The official settlements balance, also called the balance of payments, shows the net changein international reserves held by U.S. government agencies, such as the Federal Reserve and the Treasury, relative to the change in dollar reserves held by foreign government agencies. This account provides a partial picture of the extent of intervention in the foreign exchange market. For example, suppose the Bundesbank purchases dollars and deposits them in its Eurodollar account in a London bank. Although this transaction is a form of intervention, it would not appear in the official settlements balance of the United States.Instead, when the London bank credits this deposit in its account in the United States, this transaction will appear as a private financial flow.8. A country could have a current account deficit and a balance of payments surplus at thesame time if the financial and capital account surpluses exceeded the current account deficit. Recall that the balance of payments surplus equals the current account surplus plus the financial account surplus plus the capital account surplus. If, for example, there is a current account deficit of $100 million, but there are large capital inflows and the capital account surplus is $102 million, then there will be a $2 million balance of payments surplus.This problem can be used as an introduction to intervention (or lack thereof) in the foreign exchange market, a topic taken up in more detail in Chapter 17. The government of the United States did not intervene in any appreciable manner in the foreign exchange markets in the first half of the 1980s. The “textbook” consequence of this is a balance of payments of zero, while the actual figures showed a slight balance of payments surplus between 1982 and 1985. These years were also marked by large current account deficits.Thus, the financial inflows into the United States between 1982 and 1985 exceeded the current account deficits in those years.CHAPTER 13EXCHANGE RA TES AND THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET: AN ASSET APPROACH ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. At an exchange rate of $1.50 per euro, the price of a bratwurst in terms of hot dogs is 3 hotdogs per bratwurst. After a dollar appreciation to $1.25 per euro, the relative price of a bratwurst falls to 2.5 hot dogs per bratwurst.2. The Norwegian krone/Swiss franc cross rate must be 6 Norwegian krone per Swiss franc.3. The dollar rates of return are as follows:a. ($250,000 - $200,000)/$200,000 = 0.25.b. ($216 - $180)/$180 = 0.20.c. There are two parts of this return. One is the loss involved due to the appreciation of thedollar; the dollar appreciation is ($1.38 - $1.50)/$1.50 = -0.08. The other part of the return is the interest paid by the London bank on the deposit, 10 percent. (The size of the deposit is immaterial to the calculation of the rate of return.) In terms of dollars, the realized return on the London deposit is thus 2 percent per year.4. Note here that the ordering of the returns of the three assets is the same whether wecalculate real or nominal returns.a. The real return on the house would be 25% - 10% = 15%. This return could also becalculated by first finding the portion of the $50,000 nominal increase in the house's price due to inflation ($20,000), then finding the portion of the nominal increase due to real appreciation ($30,000), and finally finding the appropriate real rate of return ($30,000/$200,000 = 0.15).b. Again, subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal return we get 20%- 10% = 10%.c. 2% - 10% = -8%.5. The current equilibrium exchange rate must equal its expected future level since, withequality of nominal interest rates, there can be no expected increase or decrease in the dollar/pound exchange rate in equilibrium. If the expected exchange rate remains at $1.52 per pound and the pound interest rate rises to 10 percent, then interest parity is satisfied only if the current exchange rate changes such that there is an expected appreciation of the dollar equal to 5 percent. This will occur when the exchange rate rises to $1.60 per pound(a depreciation of the dollar against the pound).6. If market traders learn that the dollar interest rate will soon fall, they also revise upwardtheir expectation of the dollar's future depreciation in the foreign-exchange market. Given the current exchange rate and interest rates, there is thus a rise in the expected dollar return on euro deposits. The downward-sloping curve in the diagram below shifts to the right and there is an immediate dollar depreciation, as shown in the figure below where a shift in the interest-parity curve from II to I'I' leads to a depreciation of the dollar from E0 to E1.E($/euro i E 0 E 1Figure 13-27. The analysis will be parallel to that in the text. As shown in the accompanying diagrams, amovement down the vertical axis in the new graph, however, is interpreted as a euro appreciation and dollar depreciation rather than the reverse. Also, the horizontal axis now measures the euro interest rate. Figure 13-3 demonstrates that, given the expected future exchange rate, a rise in the euro interest rate from R 0 to R 1 will lead to a euro appreciation from E 0 to E 1.Figure 13-4 shows that, given the euro interest rate of i, the expectation of a stronger euroin the future leads to a leftward shift of the downward-sloping curve from II to I'I' and a euro appreciation (dollar depreciation) from E to E'. A rise in the dollar interest rate causes the same curve to shift rightward, so the euro depreciates against the dollar. This simply reverses the movement in figure 13-4, with a shift from I'I' to II, and a depreciation of the euro from E' to E. All of these results are the same as in the text when using the diagram for the dollar rather than the euro.EE 0rates o f return (in euro s) (euro E 101Figure 13-3Ei E(euro/$)E ’Figure 13-48. a. If the Federal Reserve pushed interest rates down, with an unchanged expected futureexchange rate, the dollar would depreciate (note that the article uses the term "downward pressure" to mean pressure for the dollar to depreciate). In terms of the analysis developed in this chapter, a move by the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates would be reflected in a movement from R to R' in figure 13.5, and a depreciation of the exchange rate from E to E'.If there is a "soft landing", and the Federal Reserve does not lower interest rates, then thisdollar depreciation will not occur. Even if the Federal Reserve does lower interest rates a little, say from R to R", this may be a smaller decrease then what people initially believed would occur. In this case, the expected future value of the exchange rate will be more appreciated than before, causing the interest-parity curve to shift in from II to I'I' (as shown in figure 13.6). The shift in the curve reflects the "optimism sparked by the expectation of a soft landing" and this change in expectations means that, with a fall in interest rates from R to R", the exchange rate depreciates from E to E", rather than from E to E *, which would occur in the absence of a change in expectations.ER ’ EE*Rrates of return (in dollars)Figure 13-5EE Rrates of return (in dollars) E ”E *R ”Figure 13-6b. The "disruptive" effects of a recession make dollar holdings more risky. Risky assets mustoffer some extra compensation such that people willingly hold them as opposed to other, less risky assets. This extra compensation may be in the form of a bigger expected appreciation of the currency in which the asset is held. Given the expected future value of the exchange rate, a bigger expected appreciation is obtained by a more depreciated exchange rate today. Thus, a recession that is disruptive and makes dollar assets more risky will cause a depreciation of the dollar.9. The euro is less risky for you. When the rest of your wealth falls, the euro tends toappreciate, cushioning your losses by giving you a relatively high payoff in terms of dollars. Losses on your euro assets, on the other hand, tend to occur when they are leastpainful, that is, when the rest of your wealth is unexpectedly high. Holding the euro therefore reduces the variability of your total wealth.10. The chapter states that most foreign-exchange transactions between banks (which accountsfor the vast majority of foreign-exchange transactions) involve exchanges of foreign currencies for U.S. dollars, even when the ultimate transaction involves the sale of one nondollar currency for another nondollar currency . This central role of the dollar makes it a vehicle currency in international transactions. The reason the dollar serves as a vehicle currency is that it is the most liquid of currencies since it is easy to find people willing to trade foreign currencies for dollars. The greater liquidity of the dollar as compared to, say , the Mexican peso, means that people are more willing to hold the dollar than the peso, and thus, dollar deposits can offer a lower interest rate, for any expected rate of depreciation against a third currency, than peso deposits for the same rate of depreciation against that third currency. As the world capital market becomes increasingly integrated, the liquidity advantages of holding dollar deposits as opposed to yen deposits will probably diminish. The euro represents an economy as large as the United States, so it is possible that it will assume some of that vehicle role of the dollar, reducing the liquidity advantages to as far as zero. Since the euro has no history as a currency, though, some investors may be leary of holding it until it has established a track record. Thus, the advantage may fade slowly.11. Greater fluctuations in the dollar interest rate lead directly to greater fluctuations in theexchange rate using the model described here. The movements in the interest rate can be investigated by shifting the vertical interest rate curve. As shown in figure 13.7, these movements lead directly to movements in the exchange rate. For example, an increase in the interest rate from i to i' leads to a dollar appreciation from E to E'. A decrease in the interest rate from i to i" leads to a dollar depreciation from E to E". This diagram demonstrates the direct link between interest rate volatility and exchange rate volatility, given that the expected future exchange rate does not change.EE($/foreign currency)rates of return (in dollars)iE ’i"i'E ”Figure 13-712. A tax on interest earnings and capital gains leaves the interest parity condition the same,since all its components are multiplied by one less the tax rate to obtain after-tax returns. If capital gains are untaxed, the expected depreciation term in the interest parity condition must be divided by 1 less the tax rate. The component of the foreign return due to capital gains is now valued more highly than interest payments because it is untaxed.13. The forward premium can be calculated as described in the appendix. In this case, we findthe forward premium on euro to be (1.26 – 1.20)/1.20 = 0.05. The interest-rate difference between one-year dollar deposits and one-year euro deposits will be 5 percent because the interest difference must equal the forward premium on euro against dollars when covered interest parity holds.CHAPTER 14MONEY, INTEREST RA TES, AND EXCHANGE RA TESANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. A reduction in real money demand has the same effects as an increase in the nominalmoney supply. In figure 14.1, the reduction in money demand is depicted as a backward shift in the money demand schedule from L1to L2. The immediate effect of this is a depreciation of the exchange rate from E1to E2, if the reduction in money demand is temporary, or a depreciation to E3 if the reduction is permanent. The larger impact effect ofa permanent reduction in money demand arises because this change also affects the futureexchange rate expected in the foreign exchange market. In the long run, the price level rises to bring the real money supply into line with real money demand, leaving all relative prices, output, and the nominal interest rate the same and depreciating the domestic currency in proportion to the fall in real money demand. The long-run level of real balances is (M/P2), a level where the interest rate in the long-run equals its initial value.The dynamics of adjustment to a permanent reduction in money demand are from the initial point 1 in the diagram, where the exchange rate is E1, immediately to point 2, where the exchange rate is E3and then, as the price level falls over time, to the new long-run position at point 3, with an exchange rate of E4.2. A fall in a country's population would reduce money demand, all else equal, since asmaller population would undertake fewer transactions and thus demand less money. This effect would probably be more pronounced if the fall in the population were due to a fall in the number of households rather than a fall in the average size of a household since a fall in the average size of households implies a population decline due to fewer children who have a relatively small transactions demand for money compared to adults. The effect on the aggregate money demand function depends upon no change in income commensurate with the change in population -- else, the change in income would serve as a proxy for the change in population with no effect on the aggregate money demand function.R(M /P E 1E 4E 2E 3E(M /PFigure 14-13. Equation 14-4 is M s /P = L(R,Y). The velocity of money, V = Y/(M/P). Thus, when there isequilibrium in the money market such that money demand equals money supply, V = Y/L(R,Y). When R increases, L(R,Y) falls and thus velocity rises. When Y increases, L(R,Y) rises by a smaller amount (since the elasticity of aggregate money demand with respect to real output is less than one) and the fraction Y/L(R,Y) rises. Thus, velocity rises with either an increase in the interest rate or an increase in income. Since an increase in interest rates as well as an increase in income cause the exchange rate to appreciate, an increase in velocity is associated with an appreciation of the exchange rate.4. An increase in domestic real GNP increases the demand for money at any nominal interestrate. This is reflected in figure 14-2 as an outward shift in the money demand function from L 1 to L 2. The effect of this is to raise domestic interest rates from R 1 to R 2 and to cause an appreciation of the domestic currency from E 1 to E 2.5. Just as money simplifies economic calculations within a country, use of a vehicle currencyfor international transactions reduces calculation costs. More importantly, the more currencies used in trade, the closer the trade becomes to barter, since someone who receives payment in a currency she does not need must then sell it for a currency she needs. This process is much less costly when there is a ready market in which any nonvehicle currency can be traded against the vehicle currency, which then fulfills the role of a generally accepted medium of exchange.RE(M M E 1E 2Figure 14-26. Currency reforms are often instituted in conjunction with other policies which attempt tobring down the rate of inflation. There may be a psychological effect of introducing a new currency at the moment of an economic policy regime change, an effect that allows governments to begin with a "clean slate" and makes people reconsider their expectations concerning inflation. Experience shows, however, that such psychological effects cannot make a stabilization plan succeed if it is not backed up by concrete policies to reduce monetary growth.7. The interest rate at the beginning and at the end of this experiment are equal. The ratio ofmoney to prices (the level of real balances) must be higher when full employment is restored than in the initial state where there is unemployment: the money-market equilibrium condition can be satisfied only with a higher level of real balances if GNP is higher. Thus, the price level rises, but by less than twice its original level. If the interest rate were initially below its long-run level, the final result will be one with higher GNP and higher interest rates. Here, the final level of real balances may be higher or lower than the initial level, and we cannot unambiguously state whether the price level has more than doubled, less than doubled, or exactly doubled.8. The 1984 - 1985 money supply growth rate was 12.4 percent in the United States(100%*(641.0 - 570.3)/570.3) and 334.8 percent in Brazil (100%*(106.1 - 24.4)/24.4). The inflation rate in the United States during this period was 3.5 percent and in Brazil the inflation rate was 222.6 percent. The change in real money balances in the United States was approximately 12.4% - 3.5% = 8.9%, while the change in real money balances in Brazil was approximately 334.8% - 222.6% = 112.2%. The small change in the U.S. price level relative to the change in its money supply as compared to Brazil may be due togreater short-run price stickiness in the United States; the change in the price level in the United States represents 28 percent of the change in the money supply ((3.5/12.4)*100%) while in Brazil this figure is 66 percent ((222.6/334.8) *100%). There are, however, large differences between the money supply growth and the growth of the price level in both countries, which casts doubt on the hypothesis of money neutrality in the short run for both countries.9. V elocity is defined as real income divided by real balances or, equivalently, nominalincome divided by nominal money balances (V=P*Y/M). V elocity in Brazil in 1985 was 13.4 (1418/106.1) while velocity in the United States was 6.3 (4010/641). These differences in velocity reflected the different costs of holding cruzados compared to holding dollars. These different costs were due to the high inflation rate in Brazil which quickly eroded the value of idle cruzados, while the relatively low inflation rate in the United States had a much less deleterious effect on the value of dollars.RE(M 1E 3E 2E 1(M 2E 4Figure 14-310. If an increase in the money supply raises real output in the short run, then the fall in theinterest rate will be reduced by an outward shift of the money demand curve caused by the temporarily higher transactions demand for money. In figure 14-3, the increase in the money supply line from (M 1/P) to (M 2/P) is coupled with a shift out in the money demand schedule from L 1 to L 2. The interest rate falls from its initial value of R 1 to R 2, rather than to the lower level R 3, because of the increase in output and the resulting outward shift in the money demand schedule. Because the interest rate does not fall as much when output rises, the exchange rate depreciates by less: from its initial value of E 1 to E 2, rather than to E 3, in the diagram. In both cases we see the exchange rate appreciate back some to E4 in the long run. The difference is the overshoot is much smaller if there is a temporaryincrease in Y. Note, the fact that the increase in Y is temporary means that we still move to the same IP curve, as LR prices will still shift the same amount when Y returns to normal and we still have the same size M increase in both cases. A permanent increase in Y would involve a smaller expected price increase and a smaller shift in the IP curve.Undershooting occurs if the new short-run exchange rate is initially below its new long-run level. This happens only if the interest rate rises when the money supply rises – that is if GDP goes up so much that R does not fall, but increases. This is unlikely because the reason we tend to think that an increase in M may boost output is because of the effect of lowering interest rat es, so we generally don’t think that the Y response can be so great as to increase R.CHAPTER 15PRICE LEVELS AND THE EXCHANGE RA TE IN THE LONG RUNANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. Relative PPP predicts that inflation differentials are matched by changes in the exchangerate. Under relative PPP, the franc/ruble exchange rate would fall by 95 percent with inflation rates of 100 percent in Russia and 5 percent in Switzerland.2. A real currency appreciation may result from an increase in the demand for nontradedgoods relative to tradables which would cause an appreciation of the exchange rate since the increase in the demand for nontradables raises their price, raising the domestic price level and causing the currency to appreciate. In this case exporters are indeed hurt, as one can see by adapting the analysis in Chapter 3. Real currency appreciation may occur for different reasons, however, with different implications for exporters' incomes. A shift in foreign demand in favor of domestic exports will both appreciate the domestic currency in real terms and benefit exporters. Similarly, productivity growth in exports is likely to benefit exporters while causing a real currency appreciation. If we consider a ceterus paribus increase in the real exchange rate, this is typically bad for exporters as their exports are now more expensive to foreigners which may reduce foreign export demand. In general, though, we need to know why the real exchange rate changed to interpret the impact of the change.3. a. A tilt of spending towards nontraded products causes the real exchange rate to appreciateas the price of nontraded goods relative to traded goods rises (the real exchange rate can be expressed as the price of tradables to the price of nontradables).b. A shift in foreign demand towards domestic exports causes an excess demand for thedomestic country's goods which causes the relative price of these goods to rise; that is, it causes the real exchange rate of the domestic country to appreciate.4. Relative PPP implies that the pound/dollar exchange rate should be adjusted to offset theinflation difference between the United States and Britain during the war. Thus, a central banker might compare the consumer price indices in the United States and the U.K. before and after the war. If America's price level had risen by 10 percent while that in Britain had。
国际金融课程经典习题与答案
第一部分外汇与汇率一、单顶选择题1.我们通常所说的外汇，是指外汇的（）。
A.动态广义概念B.动态狭义概念C。
静态广义概念D.静态狭义概念2.我国《外汇管理条例》中规定的外汇是（）。
A动态广义概念B.动态狭义概念C静态广义概念D.静态狭义概念3.以下不属于通常所说的外汇的是（）。
A以外币表示的银行汇票B.以外币表示的有价证券C。
以外币表示的支票D。
以外币表示的银行存款4.我国公布的外汇牌价为100美元等于811. 50元人民币，这种标价方法属于（）。
A。
直接标价法B。
间接标价法C。
美元标价法D.无法判断5.以间接标价法表示的外汇汇率的升降与本国货币对外价值的高低成（）。
A。
正比B.反比C.无关D。
以上说法都不对6.被称为“应收标价法”的是（）。
A。
直接标价法 B .间接标价法C.美元标价法D.多重标价法7.我国外汇交易中心每天报出人民币对四种货币的汇率，这些汇率为（）。
A.开盘汇率B。
收盘汇率C。
基本汇率D。
套算汇率8.一国通常选定一种在本国对外经济交往中最常用的主要货币，制定出本国货币与它之间的汇率，这就是（）。
A。
开盘汇率B。
收盘汇率C。
基本汇率 D.套算汇率9.目前，大多数国家都把本国货币与（）的汇率作为基本汇率。
A.美元B.欧元C。
英镑D日元10.如果客户向银行购买外汇，应该使用银行所报出的（）。
A.即期汇率B。
中间汇率C。
买人汇率D。
卖出汇率11.采用双向报价时，间接标价法下前一数字为（）。
A。
买人价B.卖出价C。
中间价D.现钞价12.外汇汇率最贵的是（）。
A.电汇汇率B。
信汇汇率C.票汇汇率D.现钞汇率13.目前，在外汇市场上，已经成为确定计算其他各种汇率基础的汇率是（）。
A.电汇汇率B.信汇汇率C。
实际汇率D。
有效汇率14.名义汇率经过通货膨胀因素调整以后的汇率被称为（）。
A。
有效汇率B。
实际汇率C。
基本汇率 D.汇率指数15.影响汇率变动的根本原因在于该国的（）。
A通货膨胀水平B。
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Workbook2
Maurice Obstfeld, Kenneth Rogoff, and Gita Gopinath
Chapter 1 Solutions
1. (a) The intertemporal budget constraint can be expressed as C2 = (1 + r) (Y1 − C1 ) + Y2 . Substitute this expression for C2 into lifetime utility U (C1 , C2 ) to obtain U = U [C1 , (1 + r) (Y1 − C1 ) + Y2 ] . (1)
∗ A∗ (d) In autarky, S1 (rA ) = S1 (r ) = 0, so that
1 + rA = 1 + rA∗ =
Y2 , β Y1 Y2∗ . β ∗ Y1∗
Using these solutions to eliminate Y2 and Y2∗ from the expression for the equilibrium world interest rate in part c, one obtains r= β ∗ (1 + β )Y1∗ β (1 + β ∗ )Y1 A r + rA∗ . β (1 + β ∗ )Y1 + β ∗ (1 + β )Y1∗ β (1 + β ∗ )Y1 + β ∗ (1 + β )Y1∗
" #
where the Euler equation from part a gives the last equality. (Notice another instance of the envelope theorem.)
By Maurice Obstfeld (University of California, Berkeley) and Kenneth Rogoff (Princec MIT Press, 1996. ton University). ° 2 c °MIT Press, 1998. Version 1.1, February 27, 1998. For online updates and corrections, see /ObstfeldRogoffBook.html
into the intertemporal budget constraint gives 1 Y2 C1 (r) = Y1 + . 1+β 1+r (b) Home saving is derived as S1 (r) = Y1 − C1 (r) = β 1 Y1 − Y2 . 1+β (1 + β )(1 + r) (3)
" #" #
If the world interest rate exceeds Home’s autarky rate, Home runs a date 1 current account surplus, as shown in part e. In that case a higher Foreign rate of output growth causes r to be higher, and Home’s welfare is enhanced via the favorable intertemporal terms of trade effect. Home’s welfare rises 4
Because the world interest rate is a weighted average of the two autarky rates, it must lie between them.
3
(e) The expression for Home’s current account is given by eq. (3) and can be written as Y2 CA1 = S1 = 1+β
because the rise in Foreign growth widens the spread between autarky interest rates, increasing the gains from intertemporal trade. If Home were instead a date 1 borrower, a rise in Foreign output growth would reduce the gains from trade and also reduce Home welfare. 3. (a) From the equality of the interest rate r and the marginal product of capital α−1 αA2 K2 = r, one obtains αA2 1−α K2 = . r (b) From the identity I1 = K2 − K1 , substitution of the above expression for K2 gives the function I1 (r). (c) Given that utility is logarithmic, consumption at time 1 is a fraction 1/1 + β of lifetime wealth. From the intertemporal budget constraint C1 + I1 + one readily gets C1 (r). (d) Given I1 (r) from part b, C1 (r) from part c, and noting that I2 = −K2 , one can rewrite C1 (r) as 1 1−α α K1 + Y1 + C1 (r) = 1+β 1+r r
∂ U (C1 , C2 ) ∂ U (C1 , C2 ) b(Y1 − C1 ) = b (Y1 − C1 ) . r r ∂ C2 ∂ C1
∂ U (C1 , C2 ) ∂ U (C1 , C2 ) b (Y1 − C1 ) . (Y1 − C1 )dr = r ∂ C2 ∂ C1
2. (a) Substitution of the consumption Euler equation C2 = β (1 + r)C1 2
µ ¶
A parallel expression gives Foreign saving. (c) Global equilibrium requires that
∗ (r) = 0. S1 (r) + S1
Substituting into this relationship the expressions for saving from part b gives Y2 Y2∗ + 1 + β 1 + β∗ 1+r = . β Y1 β ∗ Y1∗ + 1 + β 1 + β∗
b (Y1 − C1 ) . Thus the interest-rate change alters lifetime wealth by the amount r This is the usual type of formula for a terms-of-trade effect, as computed in static international trade theory.
µ
1 1 − 1 + rA 1 + r
¶
r − rA Y2 = , 1 + β (1 + rA )(1 + r)
"
#
where the autarky interest rate formula of part d has been used to make the substitution β Y1 = Y2 /(1 + rA ) in eq. (3). Plainly Home will run a date 1 current account surplus, CA1 > 0, if and only if rA < r. An autarky interest rate above r implies CA1 < 0. (f) From the expression for the equilibrium world interest rate in part d, it is easy to see that an increase in Y2∗ /Y1∗ raises r by raising Foreign’s autarky ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้nterest rate. Moreover, given that ∂ U1 (C1 , C2 ) dU1 (C1 , C2 ) = (Y1 − C1 ) , dr ∂ C2 (see part b of question 1), the consumption Euler equation and the expression for C1 (r) from part a imply. 1 1 dU1 1+β β = Y1 − Y2 dr 1 + r Y1 + Y2 /(1 + r) 1 + β (1 + β )(1 + r) " # (1 + r)β Y1 − Y2 1 = 1 + r (1 + r)Y1 + Y2 Y2 (1 + r) − β β Y1 = Y2 1+r (1 + r) + Y1 " # r − rA β = . 1 + r (1 + r) + β (1 + rA )