北京大学考博英语真题常见句子翻译方法
北京大学考博英语真题常见从句及其解析
北京大学考博英语真题常见从句及其解析复合句——形容词性(定语)从句：定语从句的测试重点：选择正确的关系代词或关系副词。
切记：关系代词/副词一定要在从句中充当某种成分，即主语、宾语、表语或定语。
指人时用who(做主语)、whom(做宾语)、whose(做定语);指物时用which或that;指时间用when;指地点用where;指原因用why。
此外还要注意如下几个问题：需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。
所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。
如：Of course developing a system for helping students whose needs are out of the ordinary had been a necessary step in helping those students get into the world of public education.It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health,wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.2.介词+which的用法如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。
如：Children are best served when schools contribute to shaping thesolid foundation on which their future will be built.However,the batteries from which they(electric vehicles)draw energy usually contain harmful chemicals,which become pollutants when the batteries are disposed of.We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.3.非限定性定语从句前面有逗号标志，按汉语习惯通常翻译成两个句子切记：与汉语不同的是，英语中两个句子之间一般说来不能用逗号断开，而要用适当的连词或关系代词使它们形成从属或并列关系。
北京大学哲学系马克思主义哲学2015考博英语翻译 不得不知的“4个句式”
北京大学哲学系马克思主义哲学2015考博英语翻译不得不知的“4个句式”1.It is in(or with)……as in(or with)……It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。
It is in studying as in eating;he who does it gets the benefits，and not he who sees it done.读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而不是旁观的人。
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It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。
2.as good as/as well asIt is as goos as done.这就和做好了一样。
It is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。
as good as有两个含义：(1)amounting to;not falling short of;等于;同样;几如;;不欠缺He was as good as his word.他不爽约。
(2)virtually;essentially;in every essential respect实际上;其实;实在;在各要点上He is as good as dead already.宛如死人;行尸走肉;名存实亡as well as有四个含义：(1)no less than;equally with等于;不下于;亦;一样好I have understanding as well as you.(2)both……and……;one equally with the other"与"、"两者皆"Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感，又有益卫生。
北京语言大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析(精)
北京语言大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析(一数词与表示时间、金钱、度量衡、温度等名词这类名词作主语表示一定量或总量时,谓语动词用单数形式。
例句:Two years seems a long time for a patient who has to lie in bed,and do nothing.分析:该句是复合句,who has to lie in bed,and do nothing 是修饰a patient的定语从句。
译文:对于一个不得不躺在床上并且无事可做的病人来说,两年时间的确很漫长。
例句:Sixty kilograms is a heavy weight for her,so she will try her best to make regular exercises for losing the weight.分析:该句是并列句。
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译文:60公斤对她来说的确是太重了,于是她将尽最大努力通过日常锻炼来减肥。
(二分数或百分比+of+单数名词+单数动词复数名词+复数动词例句:By the third generation,one third of Hispanic women are married to non Hispanics,and41percent of Asian American women are married to non Asians.(选自2006年Text1分析:该句是由and连接的并列句。
译文:到了第三代,讲西班牙语的移民中,有1/3的妇女嫁给了不讲西班牙语的美国人。
41%的亚洲移民妇女嫁给了不是来自亚洲的美国人。
例句:But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.(选自2002年Text2分析:该句是复合句,主干部分是the human mind can glimpse...and disregardthe98percent,分词短语focusing on在句中作伴随状语。
考博英语翻译步骤解析
考博英语翻译步骤解析考博英语翻译步骤解析一理解原文什么叫理解?照字面解释，理解就是懂、了解的意思，即懂原文，了解原文。
这里说的理解，就是译者利用两种语言的词汇、语法、修辞等知识，来理解原文的内容和风格。
理解必须通过具体的语言现象、具体的上下文。
一个词，一个词组，甚至一个句子，如果脱离上下文，是难以确定其意义的。
苏联翻译家索伯列夫指出：“ 在绝大多数情况下，一个词脱离上下文的关系是不能翻译的。
”“离开上下文的密切联系来翻译一个词，总是不可避免地要歪曲原文的意思。
”所以，一定要从上下文的关系上来理解原文，来探索一切可能的译法。
上下文是什么呢?可以是一个句子，一个段落，也可以是一章一节，以至全书。
理解是表达的前提，理解得好坏是表达得好坏的关键。
有些作品，有些人译得好，有些人译得不好，就是理解深度不同。
一个句子，各人理解的程度不同，译文也不一样，所以，理解是重要的一环。
那么，如何理解原文呢?应从哪些方面去理解原文呢?首先要理解原文的语言。
即通过原作的语言现象来理解原作的内容。
因为原作的思想、内容是通过原作的语言形式表达出来的，懂得语言形式及其含意，是理解原作整体内容的基础。
请看下面的句子：①冻死了。
②他眼红了。
“冻死”是真的受冻而死，一命呜呼，还是表示冷得厉害?“眼红”是眼睛因病而红，还是嫉妒别人的意思?两个句子都不好译。
不好译，是因为没能理解原文中的真正意义。
如果这两例变成：③今天我下地窖去取菜，冻死了。
④王生看见别人做生意赚了很多钱，他眼红了。
现在我们可以通过联系上下文的关系去理解原文了。
“冻死”是冻得要死的意思。
可以译成“gysengj yaek dai”;“眼红”是嫉妒的意思，可译成“hozgenz dangqmaz”。
这是要理解的第一个问题。
其次是理解全文的逻辑关系。
一篇文章或者一部著作，它除了以内容和事实说服人或感动人之外，往往还通过逻辑推理来服人、破人。
所以要深刻地理解原文，有时还要上下有联系地去理解其中的逻辑关系。
北京大学考博英语真题常见特殊句子及其翻译
北京大学考博英语真题常见特殊句子及其翻译1.The American economic system anized around a basically private-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
2.Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文]因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3.If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文]另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
考博英语翻译
考博英语翻译笔记倒装和分割结构为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。
大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。
主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。
在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。
非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。
翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。
正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。
在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。
译文：例如，它们（指测试）并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation r eached its child-bearing years.分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。
用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。
译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。
考博英语翻译技巧：示例详解
博士入学考试/备考辅导2016年考博英语翻译技巧：示例详解1.改变词类(Conversion)英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少，充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。
最常见的是将英语的名词或形容词转换成汉语的动词。
Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes. 胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。
This issue is of paramount importance. 这个问题极其重要。
Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是相敬如宾。
As the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. 随着战争的进行，他成了受挫的象征，成了万恶的化身。
It leads the discussions to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (34 words )(1997. 73)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. (27 words) (1997. 72)人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
考博英语翻译的5个技巧
考博英语翻译的 5 个技巧1.所，是指本来就有个意思，是要我将其在特定合的正确意思出来。
正确是保文量的重要，假如能做到在意和字面形式上都等自然，假如不可以兼，取意，舍形式。
越是一般的，越是有众多的和搭配，翻程中的也就越以确立。
，要注意的广狭、所的境、的褒和感情色彩。
例 1原文：但往常每个家庭都会在大大年夜聚，一同吃大年夜。
文： However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gatherfor the annual reunion dinner.剖析：“大年夜”此就是每年一度的，了文更切合英国家的，里用的是 annual reunion dinner ，理解起来更简单。
例 2原文：人会在上粘色的(couplets)⋯⋯文：And doors will be decorated with red couplets⋯剖析：原文中“粘”的意思其就是用装窗，假如直的表达不出真的意，所以里用了“ decorate ”，表意更直接。
2、是英常用的一种手段。
的性和详细性特色使其在言运用上多用。
英因其静性和抽象性特色在言使用上呈有名化和介化向。
在英的程中，适合性，能够使文更切合英表达。
(1)→名巾使用比繁，并且既没有化的束，也没有和非的形式之分，甚至能够充任句子的各样成分。
相反，英的使用遇到形化的格限制。
一个句子常常只有一个，大批本来由表达的观点，常需借助于名，因名比不受形化的束，使用相灵巧、方便。
例原文：各地度春的俗和有很大差别。
文： Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of theChinese New Year vary widely from place to place.剖析：原句中“ 度”是，可是假如文中也用来表达，整个句子的构得，不整，所以文顶用了“celebration”来表达，使得整个甸子更均匀、清楚。
考博英语翻译英汉互译方法汇总
考博英语翻译英汉互译方法汇总在翻译中，针对词汇空缺现象，在词汇的借用、引用方面通常采取四种形式：音译、直译、改编、意译。
1、音译：人名、地名以及一些表示新概念而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时，均可采用音译法介绍到译文语言中去，如：［汉译英］磕头（kowtow），荔枝（litchi）；［英译汉］、engine（引擎），motor（马达），sofa（沙发），logic （逻辑）2、直译：papertiger（纸老虎），loseface（丢脸），Seeingisbelieving.（百闻不如一见。
）Outofmind，outofsight.（眼不见，心不烦）3、改编：所谓“改编”指的是音译或直译如意义补充的翻译，在翻译的“改编法”中，译者总是一方面尽可能保持原文语言的特性，另一方面更希望译文含义明朗，使读者一目了然。
比如，汉语的“班门弄斧”这个成语，可译成Thisislikeshowingoffone’sproficiencywiththeaxebeforeLuBanthemast ercarpenter 其中，“鲁班”变成了“LuBanthematercarpenter“否则鲁班究竟是什么人，不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然。
这类译法在英译中比较常见，如巧克力糖（chocolate），鸦片烟（opium），高尔夫球（golf），来福枪（rifle），尼龙布（nylon）。
4、意译法：填补语言中的词汇、语义空缺，采用“并行法”即意译法是一种常见的有效方法。
如果某一语言观象，在译文语言中只的用意义相同的不同语言形式即“并行”的词汇来翻译时，那么就等于说译文语言的形式中存在着一个“空缺”。
比如，有许多词以及由这些词代表的思想概念，最先只存在于某种语言中，当把这些词或概念介绍到另一种语言中去时，我们可采取音译，直译法，同时也可采用意译法，而且意译译文可从语音、语法、语义等方面都合乎译文语言的规范，因此最易为读者接受。
北京大学前沿交叉学科学院工程博士(生物与医药)2015考博英语英译汉方法和技巧
北京大学前沿交叉学科学院工程博士（生物与医药）2015考博英语英译汉方法和技巧2015育明考博考博英语教研组悉心整理考博英语英译汉方法和技巧，希望能够帮助同学们在今后的复习过程中畅通无阻。
联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。
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•1词的处理(词类转换，增词减词)•2句型结构的翻译(定语，被动)•一词的处理•1词类转换•1)名词转化为动词•Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space.•机器人已被用于探索外层空间。
•2)名词转化为形容词•He is a stranger to the operation of the helicopter.他对直升机的操作很陌生。
•3)动词转化为名词•The university aims at the first rate of the world.•学校的目标是成为世界一流的大学。
•4)形容词转化为名词•The internet is different from traditional media in that it sends and receives information faster.•因特网和传统媒体区别就在于因特网可以更快地发送和接收信息。
•5)形容词转化为动词•Success is dependent on his efforts.•成功与否取决于他的努力。
•6)形容词转化为副词•The picture gives a visual representation of the situation.•图片直观地展示了当时的情景。
•7)副词转化为名词Internally the earth consists of two parts,a core and a mantle.地球的内部由两部分组成：地核和地幔。
8)介词转化为连词With all its shortcomings this composition is regarded as the best.尽管这篇作文有缺陷，但仍被认为是最佳的。
考博英语翻译核心技巧
考博英语翻译核心技巧被动语态翻译英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。
英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：一、译成汉语主动句。
1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。
例如：Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。
Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内，全国就武装起来了。
2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。
Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district．我们区又办了一所中学。
Eg. 1，200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。
3．译成带表语的主动句。
Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
Eg. In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。
4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。
以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等不确定主语。
例如：Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses．据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。
Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday．有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。
北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
北京⼤学博⼠英语考试试题及解析P a r t T w o：S t r u c t u r e a n d W r i t t e n E x p r e s s i o n（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century,“consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie. Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant. But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose cla im to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the bodyremains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales.(66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online.(68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it. (74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满⾜需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。
北京大学考博英语模拟试题精解
北京大学考博英语模拟试题精解47.[精解]本题考核的知识点是：被动语态、定语从句的译法。
该句的句子主干是：the mass...had always been associated with an indestructible material substance，其中完成时的被动语态had been associated with，可译成“总是与...相关联”。
with some“stuff”of which引导的定语从句修饰indestructible material substance，翻译的时候应该按照汉语习惯，将定语前置，放到所修饰的名词前面。
可直译为“所有物质被认为是由这种物质构成的”，或意译为“这是构成一切物质的东西”。
考生应该注意of与be made是词组be made of被分隔了的形式，译成“由...构成的”。
词汇：classical“经典的，古典的”，在该句中取其第二种含义，译成“古典物理”。
48.[精解]本题考核知识点：同位语、宾语从句、定语从句、现在分词作定语的译法。
该句的句子主干是The fact means that...，fact后是that引导的同位语从句，同位语从句的翻译和定语从句翻译有很多相似之处，如果句子较长，可单独成句，并用“这一事实...”将从句和主语连接在一起，that可以省略不译。
Means后是that引导的宾语从句，其中有两个并列的谓语：can no longer be seen as和has to be conceived as，译为“不能再被看成...，而应该被看成...”。
a process是宾语补足语a dynamic pattern 的同位语，可以译成并列结构。
Involving...部分是现在分词作定语，修饰a process，按照汉语习惯译成“与……有关的过程”。
Which...mass是定语从句，修饰the energy，可译成“表现为粒子质量的能量。
北京大学考博英语真题常见疑难句型及其解析
北京大学考博英语真题常见疑难句型及其解析2015年考博备考进入准备阶段，育明考博整理了考博英语学科备考资料供大家参考，祝莘莘学子2015年考博顺利。
平行结构：1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，即都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词，或都是句子等。
如：Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.In the teaching of mathematics,the way of instruction is generally traditional,with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。
如：It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.Despite the temporary difficulties,the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。
(1)rather than,let alone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。
如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.For the new country to survive,let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。
2019考博英语翻译英译汉小技巧【三篇】
2019考博英语翻译英译汉小技巧【三篇】1. Only three customers remained in the bar.酒吧间只有三个顾客还没有走。
(不译：“还留着”或“还呆在那里”)2. I'll be here for good this time.这个次我再也不走了。
(不译：“永远在此呆下去”)3. Please keep the fire burning when I'm out.我不在家的时候，别让炉子灭了。
(不译：“我外出时，请让炉子继续烧着”)4. “Wait, he is serious.”等等，他不是说着玩儿的。
(不译：“等等，他是认真的。
”)5. “Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!”听我说，克拉拉，对这孩子可不能心软。
(不译：“……对这孩子要坚定”)(二) 删减解释词The traveller in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quotation and mulatto women.到南方去的人看见那些黑白混血的女郎，一定会注意到她们十之八九都有那种独特的优雅风度、那种温柔的声音和文静的举止。
(三) 短句拆译“ …on one sunshiny morning in June , …”在六月里的一天早上，天气晴朗……【第二篇】(一) 译词推陈出新When he might well have acted with boldness, he found himself filled with doubts, scruples and equivocality, in addition to the ordinary fears of a lower.原译：当他能够大胆行动的时候，他发现自己除了一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外，心里还充满怀疑、顾虑和踌躇。
北京大学考博英语真题常见长难句翻译方法
北京大学考博英语真题常见长难句翻译方法从近些年的真题中，我们发现命题者有一个非常清楚的或者非常明显的趋势和导向，就是对于比较复杂的句子结构和文章考察的比重加大。
这个体现在各个部分的题型当中，尤其以英译汉部分最为明显。
所以想要抓住获得高分的“核心竞争力”就要着重提高对文章长难句和段落逻辑结构的把握上，再加上一定的应试技巧和策略，才能在考博英语中取得高分。
在此提醒大家要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句，这样翻译做起来就容易得分多了。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
在英语长句的翻译过程中，下面六个技巧可以发挥很大的作用：(1)逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。
在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。
倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。
例如：It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析：该句由一个主句，一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成，“……变得越来越重要”是主句，也是全句的中心内容，全句共有三个谓语结构，包含三层含义：A.……变的越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。
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北京大学考博英语真题常见句子翻译方法近期很多考生问关于条件状语从句的分析和翻译问题，在此，育明考博老师结合同学提出的两个典型问题为大家分析条件状语从句，并给出相应的参考译文。
一、问题：请分析并翻译：If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.
解析：很多考生看到这样一句从横三、四行的长句会心生畏惧，对自己没有信心，自然也就无法理清这句中的各种枝节。
拿到这样的一个句子，最主要的仍然是先把主干找到，然后再看其他部分和主干的关系。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
句子主干：you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties
主干是由两个并列的分句组成的，第一个分句是you will be in a position to know the experiences主系表结构，第二个分句是it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties形式主语+系表结构+不定式作真正的主语。
which are common to all of you作the experiences and problems 的定语从句。
If you are part of the group which you are addressing是主句的条件状语从句，其中嵌套定语从句which you are addressing作the group 的定语从句。
参考译文：如果你是谈话对象集体中的一员，就可以设身处地地了解你们所有人共同的经历和问题，可以对食堂难吃的食物或者对领导在选择领带方面差劲的品味评头论足。
二、问题：请详细分析一下：If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
解析：按照原句的顺序来看，这句话的前半句，if railroads charged all customers the same average rate是if引导的条件状语从句，they argue前后用逗号隔开显然是个插入语，那么整句话的难点就落在了后半句上。
首先，shippers后面出现了关系代词who引导的定语从句who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation，主句的谓语是would do so,其中so指代switching to trucks or other forms of transportation，最后一部分leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line是现在分词短语作主句的结果状语。
参考译文：他们认为，如果铁路对所有的客户收取同样的平均费率，那么可以选择使用公路运输或其他运输方式的托运商会选择其他的运输方式，
让其他的客户承担铁路运营成本。
从以上两个长难句的分析可以看出，条件状语从句位于句首时，考生完全可以按照英文句子顺序往下读，逐层分析，在翻译时，也可以把条件从句放到主句前面，这和中文的表述方式是一致的。
考生在做考博英语此类题时要做的就是克服自己对长句的恐惧，只有亲身实践去分析，才能真正领会和掌握句子分析方法。
Practice makes perfect!坚持练习一定能取得好成绩
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。