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Pahole Final EA
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT KAPUNA WATERSHED PROTECTION PROJECT PAHOLE NATURAL AREA RESERVEKapuna and Keawapilau DrainagesPahole Natural Area Reserve & Mokuleia Forest ReserveWaialua DistrictNorthern Wai‘anae MountainsIsland of O‘ahuIn accordance withChapter 343, Hawai‘i Revised StatutesProposed by:State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry and WildlifeNatural Area Reserves System1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 224Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813October 2003TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………….1I. SummaryII. Project Purpose & Need (2)III. Project Description (4)IV. Summary Description of Affected Environment (6)V. General Description of the Action Including Environmentaland Socioeconomic Characteristics (9)VI. Mitigation Measures (12)VII. Alternatives Considered (13)VIII. Anticipated Determination (15)IX. Findings and Reasons Supporting the Anticipated Determination 15X. List of Permits Required for this Project (18)XI. Environmental Assessment Preparation Information (18)XII. References (19)XIII. List of Appendices (19)Appendix A: Map of Project Site and Fence Line A-1DesignDetails B-1 FenceB:AppendixAppendix C: Endangered Plants, Candidate Plants, and PlantSpecies of Concern Known from the Project Area C-1 Appendix D: Native Animals Known from the Project Area D-1Appendix E: Species with Designated Critical Habitat in theProject Area E-1 Appendix F: Archaeological Reconnaissance Report F-1Appendix G: Comments Received During Public CommentG-1ResponsesandPeriodI. SUMMARYProject Name Kapuna Watershed Protection ProjectPahole Natural Area ReserveProject Location Kapuna and Keawapilau DrainagesPahole Natural Area Reserve/Mokuleia Forest ReserveWaialua DistrictNorthern Wai‘anae MountainsIsland of O‘ahuTMK 1-6-8-001-002 (State of Hawai‘i) (Pahole NAR)TMK 1-6-8-001-001 (State of Hawai‘i) (Mokuleia FR) Land Use Conservation District, Protective SubzoneProposing Agency State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry and WildlifeNatural Area Reserves SystemApproving Agency State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesAgencies Consulted Federal: U.S. Army Garrison, Hawai‘iU.S. Department of Agriculture, NaturalResources Conservation ServiceU.S. Department of Interior, Fish andWildlife ServiceU.S. Geological Survey, BiologicalResources DivisionState: Department of AgricultureDepartment of Business, EconomicDevelopment and Tourism, Office of PlanningDepartment of DefenseDepartment of Hawaiian Home LandsDepartment of HealthDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Conservation andResource EnforcementDivision of Forestry and WildlifeHistoricPreservationofDivisionDivision of Land ManagementStateParksofDivisionNARS CommissionOffice of Conservation and CoastalLandsLand Use CommissionOffice of Hawaiian AffairsOffice of Environmental Quality ControlUniversity of Hawai‘i, Dr. MichaelHadfieldUniversity of Hawai‘i, EnvironmentalCenterCounty: Board of Water SupplyDepartment of Planning and PermittingNorth Shore Neighborhood BoardWahiawa Neighborhood BoardWaianae Neighborhood BoardPrivate: Ahahui Malama I Ka LokahiBishop MuseumConservation Council of Hawai‘iEarthjustice Legal Defense FundHawai‘i Audubon SocietyHawai‘i Trail and Mountain ClubFoundationHawai‘iHistoricIlio‘ulaokalani CoalitionKahea – the Hawaiian EnvironmentalAllianceKo‘olau Mountains Watershed PartnershipO‘ahu Invasive Species CommitteeO‘ahu PigofAssociationHuntersOahuChapterClub,SierraHawai‘iofConservancy TheNatureClubCivicWaialuaHawaiianClubCivicHawaiianWaianaeSteve MontgomeryJonah IoaneSummary of ActionThe Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife proposes to construct a network of fences in the uppermost portion of the Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages, between the 1,500 and 2,590 foot elevation, in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve and extending slightly into the Mokuleia Forest Reserve, in the northern Wai‘anae Mountains on the island of O‘ahu. By eliminating the destructive impact of feral pigs in the project area, this project is directed at the protection of the watershed as well as rare and endangered species.The proposed fencing will have a combined length of approximately 3.5 miles, enclosing approximately 235 acres. The proposed action is part of an ongoing effort by DOFAW, USFWS, the United States Army, hunting clubs, and community volunteers to protect native ecosystems, watershed, and habitat for native species. At least eighteen species of listed, proposed, candidate or rareplants and several rare and/or endangered native snail species are found in the project area.Fence construction will involve hand clearing of a corridor no more than 10 feet wide and erecting a fenceline. The planned fence will be approximately three feet tall, made of hogwire. Where necessary, the outside of the fence will be skirted along the base with a hogwire apron. Management activities planned after the fence is completed include feral animal and weed control and outplanting of native species to restore the dryland forest.Potential impacts include short-term increase in soil disturbance along the fenceline, disturbance and damage to common native plants, and effects on rare and endangered plant and animal species, cultural resources, public hunting, and the Mokuleia Trail. Impact mitigation measures include conducting expert surveys of the fence route to ensure that no biological or cultural resources are within the fence clearing corridor, implementing measures to decrease the potential for accidental introduction of non-native species, and retaining the integrity of the Mokuleia Trail.II. PROJECT PURPOSE & NEEDThe Hawaiian Islands are known as the endangered species capital of the world. Approximately half the native rain forest and 90 percent of the native dry forest in Hawai‘i have been lost. Over one-third of the threatened and endangered species in the United States are unique to Hawai‘i, and more plant and bird extinctions have been recorded from the islands than anywhere else in the country.The Natural Area Reserves System (NARS) was established in 1970 by the State Legislature to “preserve in perpetuity specific land and water areas which support communities, as relatively unmodified as possible, of the natural flora and fauna, as well as geological sites, of Hawaii.” Chapter 195, HRS. The 658-acre Pahole Natural Area Reserve was established in 1981 to protect rare lowland native mesic and dry forest and habitat for endangered species. Pahole Natural Area Reserve supports the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis), the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), at least 18 species of endangered plants, candidate plants, and plant species of concern, and additional native species of plants and animals.The Forest Reserve System was established in 1903 to protect the vital mountain watersheds. The Mokuleia Forest Reserve surrounds Pahole Natural Area Reserve and also supports the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio as well as various species of rare, threatened and endangered plants.The proposed action focuses on protecting some of the best examples of lowland native mesic forest remaining in the Hawaiian Islands. Protecting and actively managing native ecosystems on a landscape level is necessary to secure the long-term viability of these systems and to recover endangered species. Theecosystem approach to managing the Pahole Natural Area Reserve is consistent with the NARS mandate to protect natural communities in perpetuity. This strategy is also consistent with the USFWS policy of protecting large, intact, native ecosystems whenever possible.The proposed action will reduce the negative impacts of feral pigs on native forest, watershed, and habitat for native plants and animals, including endangered species. The installation of a ridgeline fence by the U.S. Army Garrison Hawai‘i along the entire southeastern border of the Reserve and continuing east on the crest of West Makaleha Gulch has resulted in a dramatic increase in feral pig activity in the upper Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages. Feral pigs pose a major threat by consuming and destroying native understory plants, creating conditions favoring non-native plant infestation and establishment, preventing the establishment of ground-rooting native plants, and disrupting soil nutrient cycling. The cumulative effect of these activities is the decline of native forests, watersheds, and suitable habitat for native plants and animals.The proposed action will enhance the Wai‘anae Mountains watershed, which serves the North Shore and Leeward O‘ahu communities. Fencing and removing feral pigs will enhance surface and ground water resources by reducing soil erosion and runoff.The project area, Pahole Natural Area Reserve and Mokuleia Forest Reserve, is State owned land within the Conservation District, which triggers the need for an Environmental Assessment to be written in accordance with Chapter 343, HRS.DESCRIPTIONIII. PROJECTGeneralThe Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) proposes to construct a network of fences in the uppermost portion of the Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages, between the 1,500 and 2,590 feet elevation, in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve and the Mokuleia Forest Reserve, in the northern Wai‘anae Mountains on the island of O‘ahu. The project area is owned by the State of Hawai‘i and lies within the Conservation District. A map of the project area and proposed fence lines is included in Appendix A.The goals of the project are to: 1) protect native forest, watershed, and habitat for native species from feral pigs (Sus scrofa); and 2) secure outplanting sites for endangered plants. The proposed action is part of an ongoing effort by DOFAW, USFWS, the United States Army, hunting clubs, and community volunteers to protect native ecosystems, watershed, and habitat for native species.The project involves constructing a network of fences around four habitat management units that still support relatively intact native forest, watershed, and habitat for native species. The habitat management units range in size from eight to 207 acres. A perimeter fence will be installed around the fenced habitat management units, protecting a total of approximately 235 acres. The fenceswill be approximately three feet high with a combined length of approximately 3.5 miles.The proposed fencing is located primarily within Pahole Natural Area Reserve, but extends into a portion of the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the east of Pahole. The proposed fence line was selected based on the need to minimize impacts of fence construction on native plant communities; ease of fence installation and maintenance; and long-term survival of the fences from vegetative encroachment, erosion, and slides.The fences will be constructed on remote ridges dominated by non-native plants to avoid disturbing sensitive species, slopes, and gulches. Helicopters and existing trails and roads will be used to transport fence materials and crews.A corridor no wider than 10 feet along the proposed fence line will be clearedby hand and with small power tools, if necessary. The fences will be made of steel and wood posts, hog wire, and a single strand of barbed wire along the bottom of the fence to prevent feral pigs from entering the fenced areas. Where necessary, the fences also will be skirted along the bottom of the fence with a horizontal 24-inch wide wire apron.The fenceline crosses the Mokuleia Trail in two locations. Gates or stiles will be constructed at these locations to preserve access along the trail forpublic users, such as hikers and hunters, and for resource managers conducting management activities within the Natural Area Reserve.Once the fences have been installed, feral pigs will be removed from the fenced areas. A comprehensive threat-control program will be implemented, invasive weed species and predatory rats (Rattus spp.) will be monitored and controlled, and human disturbance minimized.Fencing SpecificationsFence construction will involve driving steel T-posts and treated wood posts into the ground no more than 10 feet apart along the fence routes using powered drills and post pounders. One strand of galvanized barbed wire will be clipped to the posts and nailed to the poles at ground level. Bezinol-coated hog wire will be stretched and clipped or nailed to the standing posts and poles. Bezinol steel pins will be used as anchors within each 10-foot span. Where necessary, the bottom of the fence will be anchored with posts to ensure that the wire fabric is kept close to the ground. A 24-inch-wide apron of hog wire will be laid horizontally on the ground and attached to the outside of the standing fence where needed to curtail pig grubbing and consequent erosion along the fences.Timing & CostsFence construction is planned to occur in two phases because of funding constraints. Units 1, 2 and 3 will be constructed sequentially during Phase I ofthe project, and Unit 4 will be constructed during Phase II. Units 1, 2 and 3will create three separate fenced exclosures, while Unit 4 is a perimeter fencethat will enclose a larger area that includes Units 1, 2 and 3. (See map inAppendix A).The cost estimates for each unit are as follows:Item Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Subtotal Unit 4 Total3,080 1,509 4,307 8,896 9,518 18,414 Linear feetof FencingSupplies/$6,006 $2,943 $8,399 $17,348 $18,560 $35,908 FencingMaterialsFence line$8,121 $3,967 $11,412 $23,500 $15,648 $39,148 clearing$15,400 $7,545 $21,535 $44,480 $128,493 $172,973 FenceConstruction(LaborCosts)$1,440 $1,440 $1,440 $4,320 $4,320 $8,640 HelicopterSling LoadsTotals $30,967 $15,895 $42,786 $89,648 $167,021 $256,669Material costs are based on a cost of $1.95 per foot of fence constructed. Fencing materials for all phases of the project have been purchased andcurrently being stored at the Pahole Rare Plant Nursery.Fence clearing costs are based on a labor cost of $13.50 per hour plus15% benefits. The amount of time estimated for fence clearing for Units 1, 2and 3 is based on the amount of time it took to clear a similar amount of fenceline on the original fence constructed in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve in1995-1996. The clearing cost for each of the 3 units is based on the percentageof linear feet of fence that contributed to the combined total of the three units.The amount of time estimated for fence clearing for Unit 4 is based on past experience and the terrain.Fence construction costs are based on cost estimates obtained from an experienced fencing contractor. The cost for fence construction is estimated at$5.00 per linear foot for Units 1, 2 and 3 and at $12.00 to $15.00 per linear footfor Unit 4. The estimate for Unit 4 is higher because of the steepness of theterrain and because the proposed fenceline crosses several gulches. Construction costs in the table above utilize a cost of $13.50 per linear foot.The funds for the fence materials were provided to DOFAW in a grant of$36,000 from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Fence clearing will becompleted by DOFAW personnel with help from cooperating natural resource organizations such as The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Environmental staff, or by contract labor supervised by DOFAW staff, or a combination of the above. Additional funds for fence construction labor will be provided through an Endangered Species Act Section 6 Candidate Conservation Grant in the amount of $35,250.Construction of Units 1, 2 and 3 will proceed as soon as all necessary approvals have been granted and is estimated to commence in the third quarterof 2003. Construction of these Units should take approximately one year.While the materials for the construction of Unit 4 have been purchased, the State will be seeking additional funds for construction of Unit 4. The timing of Phase II of this project depends upon the availability of additional funds for construction.IV. SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT The proposed fencing is located primarily within Pahole Natural Area Reserve, enclosing a small portion of the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the east of Pahole. Pahole Natural Area Reserve is surrounded by the United States Army’s Makua Military Reservation to the west, the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the northeast and southwest, and privately owned pasture to the northeast adjacent to the lowermost boundary of the Reserve.Pahole Natural Area Reserve occupies 658 acres on the northeastern face of the Wai‘anae Mountain Range in the district of Waialua on the island ofO‘ahu. Mokuleia Forest Reserve occupies approximately 3,341 acres, to the east and west of Pahole Natural Area Reserve. The project area is located entirely within the Conservation District, within the Protective subzone.Pahole Natural Area Reserve ranges in elevation from approximately1,200 to 2,590 feet, and receives an average annual rainfall of 57 to 66 inches. The runoff is rapid, and erosion occurs on the well-drained soils on slopes along drainage ways. Eroded spots, stony areas, and outcrops are present in the Reserve. The lower elevations of the Reserve contain dark friable soils with a surface layer of silt clay that is moderately to strongly acidic. At the upper elevations, the well-drained soil is strongly to extremely acidic. The surface layer of this soil is reddish-brown silt clay overlying ironstone or saprolite. Environmental conditions for the portion of Mokuleia Forest Reserve within the project area are similar to those of Pahole Natural Area Reserve.A privately controlled paved road to the abandoned Nike site and Pahole Rare Plant Nursery runs close to the north side of the Reserve. A jeep trail abuts the paved road near Peacock Flat and traverses the Mokuleia Forest Reserve upslope to the Mokuleia Trail head and Pahole Natural Area Reserve entrance. The trail continues into Pahole Natural Area Reserve, runs along its eastern boundary, and continues beyond the Reserve’s northeastern boundary.The Pahole Natural Area Reserve is accessible to the public by way of an improved road and the Mokuleia Trail. Activities that are compatible with the NARS mandate are allowed, including scientific research, hiking on designated trails, camping, public hunting during designated seasons, and cultural practices are allowed in the Reserve. Some of these activities require permits. Motorized vehicles and mountain bikes are not permitted.FloraThe Pahole Natural Area Reserve protects some of the best examples of lowland native mesic and dry forest remaining in the Hawaiian Islands. These forests are noted for their species diversity and richness, and are becoming increasingly uncommon. Native natural communities within the Reserve include koa/‘ohi‘a (Acacia/Metrosideros) lowland mesic forest, ‘ohi‘a/uluhe (Metrosideros/ Dicranopteris) lowland mesic forest, lonomea (Sapindus) lowland dry forest, O‘ahu diverse mesic forest, ‘a‘ali‘i lowland dry shrubland, and an intermittent stream.The species richness in the project area is found in the sub-canopy trees, shrubs, and ferns. At least 168 native plant taxa have been reported from the Reserve, including 58 rare and endangered species. Several of these plants are locally common in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve, but are not found elsewhere in Hawai‘i. At least 18 endangered plant species, candidate plant species, and plant species of concern are present within the project area and are listed in Appendix C.A sizeable portion of the Reserve is dominated by non-native vegetation. The near extirpation of native plants and their replacement by alien species in these areas are the result of rooting, disturbance of native ground cover, and weed dispersal by feral pigs.FaunaNative birds known to occur in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve are the‘apapane (Himatione sanguinea), ‘amakihi (Hemignathus virens), kolea or Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva), and the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis). One lone male ‘elepaio, but no nesting pairs, has been observed in the project area.One species of the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), three snail species of concern, and at least three additional snail species have been reported from the Reserve. Given the relatively intact condition of the native forests in the project area, it can be assumed that the site supports native insects and other invertebrates as well. A list of native animals known from the Reserve is contained in Appendix D.Non-native feral pigs (Sus scrofa), rats (Rattus spp.), mice (Mus spp.), mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), and the predatory land snail (Euglandina rosea) occur in the Reserve.Significant and Sensitive HabitatsThe entire Pahole Natural Area Reserve is considered to be a sensitive habitat, particularly for the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis), one species of the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), three snail species of concern, and many rare native plant species. Pahole Natural Area Reserve has been designated as critical habitat for the ‘elepaio and for 25 threatened and endangered plants on O‘ahu by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; a list of species with designated critical habitat in the project area is contained in Appendix E. The Natural Area Reserve also includes lowland native mesic and dry forests, which are becoming increasingly rare in Hawai‘i.Archaeological & Cultural ResourcesAn archaeological reconnaissance of the planned fence route was performed by Loren Zulick, Cultural Resources Specialist, Environmental Division, Directorate of Public Works (DPW), U.S. Army Garrison Hawai‘i to assess the potential impacts to known and previously unrecorded cultural sites. The full report is included as Appendix F.The archaeological reconnaissance survey involved walking the entire planned route for the fenceline. No extant cultural resources on the surface of the ground, including temporary shelters or other natural or constructed features, were observed within the project area. In addition, no cultural resources or historic properties were identified along the proposed fenceline routes. The closest known cultural site is State Site #50-80-03-5920, a habitation/agricultural complex located within Makua Valley, 1,000 meters to the southwest. The report concluded that Site 5920 would not be impacted by the proposed project.The report also noted that construction of the proposed exclosures may impact the Mokuleia Trail, as the fence will cross the trail twice, and suggested mitigation measures to minimize the potential impact. The report concluded that no cultural resources will be impacted by the proposed project.A search for relevant studies at the University of Hawai‘i and in the Hawaiian and Pacific Collection did not turn up any historical information regarding the site. A review of Sites of Oahu disclosed no specific sites, legends, traditions, or other information relating to the project area. Finally, during pre-consultation, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the Ilio‘ulaokalani Coalition, and Kahea – the Hawaiian Environmental Alliance were requested to share any information they had regarding traditional use of the area or to identify any groups or individuals who may use the area. No traditional orprocess. Collection of plants within a Natural Area Reserve is restricted and requires a Special Use Permit, and there have been no applications for Special Use Permits for traditional and cultural activities within Pahole Natural Area Reserve. Finally, as the project site is in a remote wilderness, visitation to the area apart from hunters and resource managers is minimal and is primarily limited to the area surrounding the Mokuleia Trail. Based on all the available information, there are no known traditional and cultural activities associated with the project area that might be impacted by fence construction.Because of the use of Federal funds, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (as the funding agency) will be conducting a Section 106 consultation for this project.V. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Environmental ImpactsShort-Term ImpactsThe primary short-term environmental impacts of the proposed action are associated with fence construction. Disturbance of vegetation will occur along the fence line in a corridor no wider than 10 feet. Some common native plants may be damaged, but not to any significant degree. Disturbance of the vegetation will be limited to areas that do not contain sensitive resources.Soil will be disturbed along the proposed fence line. Soil disturbance will be short-term, and no changes in the normal runoff or percolation patterns are expected. The proposed project may enhance water quality in nearby intermittent streams by reducing feral pig activity.Noise and air pollution from helicopter sling loads and the use of small power tools will be unavoidable during fence construction. Increased human activity in the project area resulting from fence construction will be necessary. This increase in activity may temporarily disturb native birds in the immediate vicinity.Long-Term ImpactsThe long-term impacts of the proposed action are associated with the proposed fencing and removal of feral pigs, which may alter the vegetation in the project area. Fence construction would entail clearing a corridor no wider than 10-feet to remove hazards to fence construction crews and facilitate fence construction. Although most of the vegetation is expected to grow back, fence inspection and maintenance will require that the fence line be kept cleared of vegetation. The proposed fence construction may also affect plant species known to support the endangered O‘ahu tree snail, Achatinella mustelina.Soil disturbance along the proposed fence line, as well as the transport of fence materials and crews, will increase the potential accidental introduction of non-native plants to the project site. Species, such as Triumfetta semitriloba and Clidemia hirta, which occur in the project area, could be spread by fence construction workers, and new alien species could be introduced.Native plant populations, including populations of endangered species, should increase in numbers once feral pigs are removed from the fenced areas. At the same time, the removal of feral pigs could result in an increase in non-native plants that are currently suppressed by feral pig activity. However, non-native plants that are spread by feral pigs in the proposed fenced areas may decrease once the pigs are removed.Socio-Economic ImpactsThe proposed action will require spending the funds necessary for the project. Fencing materials have been purchased, and fence crews and helicopter operators will be contracted. Positive economic impacts will result from the release of project funds into the O‘ahu economy through the purchase of fence materials and employment of fence crews. The proposed action may attract additional funding for watershed protection, reforestation, and endangered species recovery.With respect to long-range planning policies, the project is consistent with Section 3.1.3, Guidelines for Open Space and the Natural Environment of the North Shore Sustainable Communities Plan, relating to identification and protection of endangered species, native ecosystems, and other important ecologically sensitive areas and with Section 3.4.3, Planning Guidelines for the Preservation of Forest Lands of the Wai‘anae Sustainable Communities Plan, relating to the protection of rare and endangered species and preventing the introduction of alien species.The proposed action will result in the loss of approximately 250 acres to public hunting. Under current DOFAW rules, public hunting of game mammals in Pahole Natural Area Reserve is restricted, requiring an entry permit from the O‘ahu NARS Manager and requiring hunters to be accompanied by a DOFAW staff member. The reduction in hunting acreage resulting from the proposed action is not expected to be significant because little hunting occurs in the relatively remote, upper elevations of the Pahole Natural Area Reserve. Further, the project area represents a small portion of the hunting land in the general area, most of which will remain open for public hunting in the foreseeable future. Finally, the planned fencing will not restrict access for hunters crossing Pahole Natural Area Reserve to get to other hunting areas.A portion of the proposed fence runs along and crosses the Mokuleia Trail. The trail is maintained and is used by hikers, hunters, and naturalists. In comparison to other trails on O‘ahu, Mokuleia Trail is not commonly used by the public because of the limited vehicular access to the trailhead.。
人教版八年级上册语文阿西莫夫短文两篇知识点
人教版八年级上册语文阿西莫夫短文两篇
知识点
一、重点字词
1.给下列加点字注音。
臀tun 骨骼ge 铱yī 潮汐xī
尘埃āi 硅guī 追溯su
点拨：“臀”不要误读成dian
2.解释下列词语。
(1) 追溯：逆流而上，向江河发源处走，比喻探索事物的由来。
(2) 天衣无缝：神话传说，仙女穿的天衣，不用针线制作，没有缝儿，比喻事物没有一点破绽。
(3) 致密：细致精密。
二、重点句子背记知识清单
不同科学领域之间是紧密相连的。
在一个科学领域的新发现肯定会对其他领域产生影响。
三、文学(文体)常识背记知识清单
阿西莫夫是美国著名科普作家和科学幻想小说家(称谓)。
精品小编为大家提供的语文阿西莫夫短文两篇知识
点大家仔细阅读了吗?最后祝同学们学习进步。
苏教版八年级上册语文我的母亲知识点必备
苏教版八年级上册语文人琴俱亡知识点必备。
e Gamma Gamma
2 (?MZ ) =
h
had
2 (?MZ )?
i had (?(2:5GeV )2 ) pQCD +
had (?(2:5GeV )2 ) data
Since the error on the non-perturbative \remainder" had(?(2:5GeV )2)data is dominated by the energies below the J= , an accuracy of 1% on (e+e? ! hadrons) 2 up to the J= could allow to reduce the actual error on had (?MZ ) by about 70%. In this approach DA NE could play an important role, since the energies below the contribute with more than 40% to had (?(2:5GeV )2 )data and to the corresponding error.
2 Measuring photon
(e
+e?
!
hadrons)
using a tagged
Since DA NE should run at xed energy for at least the next 2 years, a scanning of the beams is not foreseen at short term. An alternative approach to change the p energy of the hadrons while DA NE operates at s = M is o ered by the radiative process e+ e? ! hadrons + , where the is emitted in the initial state (i.s.r.) 8]. The di erential cross section for the emission of a photon of energy E and polar angle larger than 0 from the initial state can be written as 8]: d = ? 2 2 (3) e e !hadrons (Q )H (Q ; s; cos 0 ) 2 dQ
2011-Towards a Game Theoretic View of Secure Computation
Gilad Asharov∗ Ran Canetti† March 17, 2011 Carmit Hazay‡
Abstract We demonstrate how Game Theoretic concepts and formalism can be used to capture cryptographic notions of security. In the restricted but indicative case of two-party protocols in the face of malicious fail-stop faults, we first show how the traditional notions of secrecy and correctness of protocols can be captured as properties of Nash equilibria in games for rational players. Next, we concentrate on fairness. Here we demonstrate a Game Theoretic notion and two different cryptographic notions that turn out to all be equivalent. In addition, we provide a simulation based notion that implies the previous three. All four notions are weaker than existing cryptographic notions of fairness. In particular, we show that they can be met in some natural setting where existing notions of fairness are provably impossible to achieve.
高三语文选修九第二单元(下)粤教版知识精讲
高三语文选修九第二单元（下）粤教版知识精讲【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：选修九第二单元（下）［学习过程］内容：学习选修九第二单元里的《一个学派的诞生》、《扼住命运的咽喉》、《比尔·盖茨》这三篇文章。
一、学习《一个学派的诞生》（一）作者简介：费米：最后一位“文武双全”的物理学大师五十年前逝世的费米，在物理学理论和实验这两个方面，都做出了第一流的贡献。
他是最后一位硕果仅存的“文武双全”的物理学大师。
费米亦有他独特的研究风格，不可以用常规来衡量。
费米（Enrico Fermi,1901~1954）美籍意大利物理学家。
他在理论和实验方面都有第一流的建树，这在现代物理学家中是屈指可数的。
1901年9月29日生于罗马，父亲是铁路职工，母亲是中学教师。
中学时是模范学生，各方面名列前茅。
从小对机械着迷，曾和哥哥一起设计与制造电动机，设计飞机引擎等。
他酷爱数学和物理，10岁时听大人们谈论表示圆，就独自弄懂了这一表示式。
独自钻研了大量代数、几何、分析题目。
17岁时以第一名考入比萨大学师范学院。
他的入学试卷“声音的特性”详细探讨了振动杆的实例，写出了振动杆偏微分方程，求得其本征值与本征函数并对杆的运动作傅立叶展开。
主考教授对这一通篇无错的答卷惊讶万分，交口称赞，认为是意大利科学复兴的希望。
图书馆里的书籍是他最好的老师。
在比萨大学，他被认为是相对论和量子理论的最高权威。
大学三年级就发表了两篇研究论文。
1922年获博士学位。
1923年去格丁根大学随M.玻恩工作，1924年到荷兰的莱顿大学，随厄任费斯脱（Paul Ehrenfest，1880~1933）工作。
同年回意大利，在罗马大学任教，1925年到佛罗伦萨大学任讲师。
1926年起任罗马大学教授。
此后10年，是他创造的黄金时代，并在他周围形成著名的罗马学派，1938年获诺贝尔物理学奖后移居美国。
1939~1942年任哥伦比亚大学教授。
1942~1945年任芝加哥大学教授，1944~1945年任洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室主任。
艾古理论+重装上阵2011年8月讲义
第一课第一部分量价关系体系一．量价关系的逻辑体系1.假设1条件下的量价关系（上涨放量，下跌缩量是正常的）2.假设2条件下的量价关系体系（缩量上涨、放量下跌是正常的）二．量价关系逻辑体系的实际应用例子：上证99.5.19行情：重要的问题思考：同样的转势信号，为什么不同的结果？2.假设2条件下的量价关系体系（缩量上涨、放量下跌是正常的）例子：上证全景图下图为上证6124点位置●原则上说，真正的底，都不是放量底。
●放量底，多为反弹底。
（哑铃形态的放量底，是一种极端情况下的变态）●放量的盘整中继是合理存在，但也不是底的概念。
缩量底的根本特征放量底是阶段性的，但靠得住，伸手就赚钱。
例子，宁波韵升（2010.5~7月、10月、亦或是现在？没记清！）中国化学（2010.12~2011.1月）正邦科技（2010.7.19）000018书上的例子----P134可以长期持有的两种情况：1.突破大箱体（泛海建设）2.缩量底工商银行600613永生投资深深房（最近）、苏州高新（2011.1）、600477（上市初期2003.12）汉王科技2011.5（以发行价为地平线，下方空间小，反弹的上方空间也小）国民技术下跌过程成交量一次比一次大，小幅波动的成交量堆积，很不好的情况。
第二课2.健康中继走势的两种根本原则（1）放量中继模式上图是宏图高科驰宏锌锗（06.11.1）：量高于次高点。
世荣兆业（09.2初）（2）缩量中继模式（3）金发科技2010。
7有庄的走势（4）英特集团（5）兰花科创3.否定之否定的三种应用●艾古：谎言重复两次就是真理●不合理的事情，连续两次就是合理的（1）放量正反模式（2）缩量顺顺模式（两次缩量问题）：案例：书上案例山东黄金（P225/2006.5.10），ST东盛（P227/2006.5.9)，ST珠峰(2007.1) 分时图最有价值的形态2009.7.30（3）放量逆逆模式（两次放量问题）案例：成飞集成康得新（2011.7.18）：另类的例子，2次不正常放量，短线成功。
retre645e
卡尔· 萨根
旅顺中学 张昭
惊人发现 ?
星云
作者简介
• 卡尔· 萨根,美国人,被成为”大众天文 学家”和”公众科学家”.他主持过电 视科学节目,出版了大量科普文章和书 籍,其作品有《伊甸园的飞龙》《宇宙》 《布鲁卡的脑》《数以十亿计的星球》 等,其中电视系列节目《宇宙》在全世 界取得热烈反响.
题记:用名人名言提示主旨.
宇 宙 的 二.解说星系的组成. 7-11段 边 三.解说恒星的性质.数量.及其行星中生命存 疆 在的可能性. 12-14段
四.解说彗核.太阳系及其行星.
15-16段
一.解说人类探索宇宙的意义以及宇宙的广 阔. 1-6段
五.以美丽的地球及人类的知识与探索作结.
17-18段地球人类的Βιβλιοθήκη 园近宇 宙行星
太阳系
辽阔无垠
神秘莫测
恒星
远
宇宙
星系（星系群、子星系）
•
本文按照空间顺序，由大尺 度空间向小尺度空间推进，采 用这样的说明顺序有何好处？ 人类认识宇宙，是从地球开始 的，为什么作者的解说，不沿 着人类认识发展的轨迹进行呢？
2019年高中语文第四单元第13课宇宙的未来讲义新人教版必修5
宇宙的未来(一)作者简介“宇宙主宰者”的可爱Array霍金来中国访问时，一位记者问他：“您认为下个世纪最伟大的发现将是什么？”霍金回答说：“如果我知道的话，我就已经把它做出来了。
”他一面说，一面向翻译露出孩子般顽皮的笑容，一副十分得意的样子。
“您认为世界上最大的奇迹是什么？”霍金答道：“我还活着！”即便在学术报告会上，霍金有时也会开一个玩笑，让大家乐一乐。
每次学术报告后听众可以提问，回答问题时由于操作需要时间，听众一般至少得等十来分钟，这时霍金就会告诉大家：“在我准备答案的这段时间里，请你们看看报纸，相互交谈，放松一下。
”可是，有时问题很简单，只需要回答“是”或“不是”的时候，为了逗乐，他也会故意让听众等上5分钟，这时听众会不由自主地爆发出笑声。
可见，霍金喜欢捣蛋的天性丝毫没有改变。
有一次，他得意地说：“实际上我比失声之前更加能说会道了。
”背景链接现代宇宙学中最有影响力的学说是大爆炸宇宙学。
20世纪初，爱因斯坦的相对论改变了科学家研究宇宙的方法。
1927年，比利时天文学家勒梅特第一个提出了动态宇宙模型理论，认为宇宙是从一种“原始原子”不断分裂、膨胀形成的。
他推测：如果宇宙中物质的质量小于某个临界值，宇宙就会继续膨胀下去，成为“开放的宇宙”；反之，就会坍缩，成为“闭合的宇宙”。
1948年，出生在苏联的美籍物理学家伽莫夫发展了这一理论，提出了“大爆炸”学说。
大爆炸宇宙学认为，宇宙早期温度极高，物质密度极大。
在那时，物质被压缩成一个奇点，时间和空间都毫无意义。
大约140亿年前，发生“爆炸”，温度逐渐冷却，形成各种各样的恒星体系，也就是我们今天所能观测到的宇宙。
在这种大背景下，霍金于1991年1月在剑桥大学做了一次讲演。
本文即是这次讲演的讲演词。
(一)读准字音 Ⅰ.单音字(1)恍惚．．(hu ǎn ɡ h ū) (2)咒．语(zh òu) (3)尴尬．．(g ān g à) (4)耶稣．(s ū) (5)坍．缩(t ān)(6)逾．越(y ú) (7)逃逸．(y ì) Ⅱ.多音字 1．组词辨析法(1)臭⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧臭．名昭著ch òu 乳臭．未干xi ù(2)旋⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ 旋．转xu án 旋．风xu àn(3)量⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧测量．li án ɡ量．化li àn ɡ(4)涨⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧暴涨．zh ǎng 涨．红zh àng2.语境辨析法(5)他躲在屏．(p íng)风后面屏．(bǐng)住呼吸偷听。
高中物理第三章万有引力定律及其应用第3节飞向太空素材粤教版必修2
高中物理第三章万有引力定律及其应用第3节飞向太空素材粤教版必修2人类第一次登月基本简介阿波罗11号（Apollo 11）是美国国家航空航天局的阿波罗计划中的第五次载人任务，是人类第一次登月任务。
1969年7月20日，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗与巴兹·奥尔德林成为了首次踏上月球的人类。
阿波罗11号的成功实现了约翰·肯尼迪总统在1961年5月25日的演说中声称美国会在1970年以前“把一个宇航员送到月球上并把他安全带回来”的目标。
登月任务在发射现场超过一百万的人群之外，全世界约有创记录的六亿人观看了发射的现场直播。
尼克松总统在白宫的椭圆形办公室了解了发射情况。
装载着阿波罗11号的土星5号火箭于1969年7月16日13时32分(UTC，当地时间9时32分)在肯尼迪航天中心发射升空，12分钟后进入地球轨道。
在环绕地球一圈半后，第三级子火箭点火，航天器开始向月球航行。
30分钟后，指令/服务舱从土星5号分离，在转向后与登月转接器(Lunar Module Adaptor)中的登月舱连接。
月球转移轨道射入(TLI)将航天器射向月球。
阿波罗11号于7月19日经过月球背面，很快点燃了主火箭并进入了月球轨道。
在环绕月球的过程中，三名宇航员在空中辨认出了计划中的登月点。
阿波罗11号的登陆点在静海(Mare Tranquillitatis)南部，在Sabine D环型山西南20公里处。
这个登陆点被选择的原因是它比较平整(来自于流浪者8号(Ranger 8)、勘察员5号(Surveyor 5)以及月球轨道器(Lunar Orbiter)提供的信息)，也就不会在降落和舱外活动时制造太多困难。
登陆之后，阿姆斯特朗把登陆点称做“静海基地”。
奥尔德林在月球上留下的鞋印。
这是一个测试月球表面风化层的实验的一部分。
7月20日，当飞船在月球背面时，呼号为“鹰号”的登月舱从呼号为“哥伦比亚号”的指令舱中分离。
科林斯独自一人留在“哥伦比亚”上，围着登月舱飞行了数圈，仔仔细细地检查了一遍，以确保这个飞行器一切正常。
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第一课第一部分量价关系体系一．量价关系的逻辑体系1.假设1条件下的量价关系（上涨放量，下跌缩量是正常的）2.假设2条件下的量价关系体系（缩量上涨、放量下跌是正常的）二．量价关系逻辑体系的实际应用例子：上证99.5.19行情：重要的问题思考：同样的转势信号，为什么不同的结果？2.假设2条件下的量价关系体系（缩量上涨、放量下跌是正常的）例子：上证全景图下图为上证6124点位置●原则上说，真正的底，都不是放量底。
●放量底，多为反弹底。
（哑铃形态的放量底，是一种极端情况下的变态）●放量的盘整中继是合理存在，但也不是底的概念。
缩量底的根本特征放量底是阶段性的，但靠得住，伸手就赚钱。
例子，宁波韵升（2010.5~7月、10月、亦或是现在？没记清！）中国化学（2010.12~2011.1月）正邦科技（2010.7.19）000018书上的例子----P134可以长期持有的两种情况：1.突破大箱体（泛海建设）2.缩量底工商银行600613永生投资深深房（最近）、苏州高新（2011.1）、600477（上市初期2003.12）汉王科技2011.5（以发行价为地平线，下方空间小，反弹的上方空间也小）国民技术下跌过程成交量一次比一次大，小幅波动的成交量堆积，很不好的情况。
第二课2.健康中继走势的两种根本原则（1）放量中继模式上图是宏图高科驰宏锌锗（06.11.1）：量高于次高点。
世荣兆业（09.2初）（2）缩量中继模式（3）金发科技2010。
7有庄的走势（4）英特集团（5）兰花科创3.否定之否定的三种应用●艾古：谎言重复两次就是真理●不合理的事情，连续两次就是合理的（1）放量正反模式（2）缩量顺顺模式（两次缩量问题）：案例：书上案例山东黄金（P225/2006.5.10），ST东盛（P227/2006.5.9)，ST珠峰(2007.1) 分时图最有价值的形态2009.7.30广晟有色（2010.10.12）（3）放量逆逆模式（两次放量问题）案例：成飞集成康得新（2011.7.18）：另类的例子，2次不正常放量，短线成功。
莱钢股份2000.5月底京投银泰2011.3.14.天量既是上涨中继，也是下跌中继。
●条件1和条件2两种情况的对接●重心下移是严重的不良迹象●任何一个显著的放量，都可以是一段趋势的中分点。
因此，低位放量比高位放量更恐怖。
高位放量既是做头，能等到涨回来解套的机会也大。
低位放巨量被套后则机会会更小得多。
●所以，我们不怕界龙实业、隆平高科这类“难看”的走势，而对中心证券感到恐惧。
案例：ST高陶有巨大缺口，有严重隐患。
01年~06年6.24巨量对周期的中分效果。
大盘近期下跌中的一个重要标志中信证券下跌巨量驰宏锌锗，可能还有机会，不是重点关注目标隆平高科，成本密集上移的不怕阳光城，天量堆量区中点的意义，没结束，有机会。
接龙实业，大坑，高处震荡放量ST吉药，出现很烂的走势，终于成功了。
第三课第二部分形态学体系一．空头三三三大伸腿是根本模式（1）一切空头的完整形态，必定是空头三浪三三三模式（2）如果空头走完了完整的三浪三三三过程，那么，就意味着空头行情的结束，一般会有一个恐慌性的最后一跌，具体表现是底部有所放量，但量放大的程度不是很大。
一般会有一个放量逆击确认转势（这个逆击可以是放巨量，也可以是适当放量）（3）此时择机介入，通常都有较大幅度的上涨（这个过程有时会比较曲折，但事后会发现，这个转折点，往往就是绝对的转折低点。
安徽水利三毛派神西王食品（金德发展）南方轴承，怎么涨还说不准永鼎股份华工科技（04~06年）鑫富药业民生银行广汇科技杭萧钢构海虹控股（03.12）上海梅林：符合跌→横→跌→横→买大连友谊：002384古井贡：可遇不可求二．震荡起涨的根本模式●总模式：三三三模式+震荡起涨●大起大落的优势深深房：成交量的波动也吻合三三三格局德赛电池深成指月线正和股份上证（2011.7）很多股票年线成多方炮形态大庆华科佛塑股份上风高科明星电力永鼎股份中发科技：问题不大，敢于新高横盘康美药业、国药股份、赣能股份应用在短线上的技巧（1）涨停，跌，涨停（2）涨停，涨，跌停●一个我不认识的艾古理论研习者对这种技巧提出来的精辟总结●并在大量实战案例中获得成功验证。
金瑞矿业5月山西焦化600780华芳纺织：有希望天业600807运盛实业：短线两次都有用东方航空雷鸣科华：标准狮头股份：有点像，第二个涨停没放量ST西轴南阳股份广弘控股：失败，最后还是成功了大通燃气：第二个涨停买汉王科技：经典，发行价位置002197：短线很难002199：回落要充分一点，凯诺科技：002542：大康牧业：艾迪西：2468：不能乱用，最后盘整一段出现华英农业：犹豫不决，成功概率大案例：阳光城：两个位置冠农股份：在好的东西，只要连续出现很多轮，就决不能再碰了。
旭飞投资（年线），还需要研究吗？第四课阴阳角度（1）90度法则完全的绝对差异，阴阳夹角绝对是90度上海梅林（03.11）杭萧钢构（上市初期）最近，永生投资：未必是短线大连友谊中化岩土兴业证券苏州高新三毛派神上证5.19连续几个直角300215符合次新股走法四川成渝，第三波了，不太好科陆电子600429不明显苏州高新最明显300013不标准天业通联2011.5~6（2）圆弧形原理和重的意义，弧线形的重要意义（图见-第四课-第一张图-右下角）要命的弧线形下跌上证2011.4月弧线加速跌的辩证认识●带来短线风险●长线有大风险●典型案例000018深中冠（P134）圆弧形的根本意义1.确定性，信号意义很稳定。
2.力量小，走不了多远。
3.圆形和方形结合，则兼有确定性和力量性。
案例：ST安彩552方兴科技太工天成成飞集成（2010.5）中国中期浙江龙盛中恒集团华工科技肛泰控股：走强由利好的结果，不太靠谱ST得亨：最终还是要涨的深国商海通集团深成指补完了缺口（月线）泛海建设：见底的那一拨锡业股份深成指，悬在空中的是不灵的揉搓线的原则，应用上的根本原则●次序不同，意义不同。
这是一条基本原则。
●同理，螺旋桨形态的道理也是一样。
●主要应用在盘整阶段，才是有效的。
通常是盘整结束的标志。
案例：海立股份：2011.5.23~24；迪康药业：2011.3.1~2特力A：2011.5.17~18中炬高新：2011.3.30次序不同，结果不同恒宝股份：2011.5.24次序不同结果完全不同云天化2010.10.13恒源煤电P235包钢权证P235烟台万华P236反"S"模式不要有悬空，不要有利好的，不理想。
仁和药业大族激光最具有威力有价值的分时图走势天威保变05.1.24西北轴承中恒集团06.5.12与前面对称的成交量ST国通，05.9.8随后缩量上涨是进一步确定三毛派神换成明星电力第五课最具有威力有价值的分时图走势●这也是唯一强劲有效的分时走势图模式。
●一切有效的分时走势图，基本都是这种模式极度深坑带来的机会深圳惠程广晟有色东方电气一汽轿车大族激光利达光电：还行，一般情况下，右边强势好一点2176：已经涨上去了2178：不错2171：2212：好啊，紧凑与松散的交替华东科技：和众机电：与600259相似2156：还没到2222：可以再看看600807：双钱股份：2314：姚式二进制模式的艾古理论深化解析，是判断多或空强弱的根本手段图一表明真见底，图二表明反弹后再暴跌上涨越涨越快是正常的，下跌是越跌越慢是正常的深成指04~06年波动越来越小上证指数，红刊上说过的安信信托：一字涨停处，伸得很长ST高陶，放量位置不好，在第一个头部就安全了贵州茅台详解一二三法则生出的一个重要模式一般情况下，成交量A与D最好是均等：D一定大于B；D可以<=A;D也可以>A;C最小第六课案例：河池化工P239九鼎新材，小形态不同周期的K线如何互相印证（菲达环保、002201）第三部分庄股理论体系●什么是主观规律，什么是客观规律●主观规律和客观规律，哪一个更重要？股票全部是主观规律，尤其是庄股长期有庄→短暂无庄→再有庄是危险的。
长期无庄→短期之内庄明显进场→股票上涨的根本动力就是有庄。
经济发展的根本动力也必须是有庄的。
一．有庄无庄的根本原理（1）庄股理论的重要性。
（2）庄闲背离（3）庄闲重合上涨有庄，下跌无庄；逆势有庄，顺势无庄；紧凑的有庄，松散的无庄；主动攻击的有庄，随波逐流的无庄；跟随指数波动的就是无庄与众不同的（另类的）有庄，大众化的跟风的无庄二．有庄的根本特征（1）有序有组织特征和无序无组织特征。
（2）红三兵确立强势的道理。
000070特发信息，红三兵。
（3）下跌有庄的不妙走势。
（4）明庄与暗庄。
三．必赢庄股理论的三大要点（1）平衡位置（2）持续有庄，带量（3）前所未有的特点特发信息：（近期）有意义，关注科大讯飞：2009.7.10成交量均匀，。
明星电力：明显有庄文山电力：前期很松散国阳新能：有庄，未来还会涨紫鑫药业：有庄金发科技：看到这样的要高度注意广州浪奇：不太像三毛派神：月线像个棍子ST国祥：以后还会涨，但比较难做。
标准股份：有大牛的潜力英特集团：理工监测：2254：没道理，不好长春经开：另类走势，明显有庄，不容易成功，但以后会成功，600433：000998：600187：600787：600823：300121：600200：09202068：ST星美：2601：600758：广晟有色：狠600152：科力远：有意义，明显有庄，不了各种缺口666：有上涨愿望，没力度600868：游击队中发科技：有组织，不太强，基本看好中科三环：不错，但有点缺口正和股份：不差，还有机会，机会大于风险0561：登海种业：有庄，不流畅6008072371第七课第四部分技术指标的根本原理以华胜天成为例，讲解大师线2009.5申通地铁津劝业：有大坑，有小坑北京旅游：换手率小于次高点，密切观察驰宏锌锗：四川长虹一．均线根本原理●普通均线原理●地平线均线原理（次新股里的短线应用模式）汉王科技上的应用，601311骆驼股份●量价时三位一体的均线指标原理：二．MACD是指标之王，详解MACD指标原理上下永久对称三．DMI类"X"阴交背离交叉类指标的根本原理四．相对强弱显示有庄无庄。
第八课第五部分艾古理论的三大根本原理一．出淤泥而不染“我未见好德如好色者”既要深入其中，勤于钻研，又要有置身事外的立场，不被情绪所俘虏。
仁者无敌请认真阅读《艾古理论》有关章节。
二．一二三法则“一则隐，二则惑，三则显；隐则生，惑则活，显则变。
”三．三元辩证逆反时间逆反，空间逆反齐涨齐跌的两种不同后果，取决于是否内定外禅结构性背离钱是道的本体，货币学是经济学的帝王之术●钱的三大根本属性：1.诚信。