翻译理论与实践1
钱锺书翻译理论与实践
钱锺书翻译理论与实践钱锺书学贯古今，被称为“文化昆仑”。
接下来，小编给大家准备了钱锺书翻译理论与实践,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
钱锺书翻译理论与实践其作品《林纾的翻译》比较全面地反映了钱钟书的翻译观，另有大量见地独到的论述翻译的片段，散落在《管锥编》、《谈艺录》等著述中。
他所标举的“化境”说，更是在中国译界产生了深远影响。
钱锺书提出翻译的最高理想是“化境”。
他认为：“文字翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化’。
把作品从一国文字转变为另一国文字，既能不以语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风格，那就算得入于‘化境’。
”这表明翻译既要用译入语再现原语信息，又能完全保持原作的风味;既要在内容、形式等诸多方面忠实于原作，有要求译文自然流畅，不可生硬牵强。
例1、 One man was lamed in his legs, while another has lost his eyesight. The blind man, taking the lame man on his shoulders, kept a straight course by listening to the other’s orders. It was bitter, all-daring necessity which taught them how, by dividing their imperfections between them, to make a perfect whole.译文：一人腿脚不好，另一人眼睛不好。
盲人背着瘸子，听着他指路。
但教他们如何通过分开他们之间的缺陷，组合为一个完美的整体却需要莫大勇气，因为这有点残忍。
钱译：一跛一盲，此负彼相，因难见巧，何缺成全。
解析：此段摘自《管锥编》，以极简的语言说明了一位盲人和一位跛者相互扶助，取长补短，彼此协作的情况。
译文相较于原文来说，更加精炼，但对原文意思的表达却没有任何删减。
翻译理论与实践 第一节
(二)理解逻辑关系
为了透彻理解原文，译者往往还得上下有联系地理 解原文的逻辑关系。有时原文里的一个词、一个词 组或一个句子可能有几种不同的意思，就得仔细推 敲，估计实际情况，根据逻辑推理来决定哪一种是 确切的译法。 It is good for him to do that. 这样做对他有好处。 他这样做是件好事。
第三部分：“五四”之后的近代翻译 史
“五四”是我国近代翻译史的分水岭。“五四” 以前最显著的表现是，以严复、林纾等为代 表翻译了一系列西方资产阶级学术名著和文 学作品，“五四”以后，我国翻译事业开创 了一个新的历史时期，开始介绍马列主义经 典著作和无产阶级文学作品。
第三部分：“五四”之后的近代翻译 史：
玄奘：
世称三藏法师，俗称唐僧 。他在唐太宗贞观 二年出发去印度求经，十七年后才回国。他 带回佛经657部，主持了比过去组织制度更加 健全的译场。他不但把佛经由梵文译为汉文， 而且把老子著作的一部分译成梵文，成为第 一个把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人。
第二部分：“五四”之前的近代翻译 史
翻译理论与实践
第一章：我国翻译史简介
第一部分：佛经翻译 安世高 三支 释道安 佛教三大翻译家
安世高：
佛经翻译是在东汉桓帝建和二年（公元一四 八年）开始的，安世高是当时的译者，也是 佛经翻译的创始人。
三支：
支娄迦谶（支谶）：月支国人，译了十多部佛经， 译笔生硬，读者不易看懂。 支亮：支谶的弟子 支谦：字恭明，三国时期高僧，月支国优婆塞人， 体形细长黑瘦。汉末来中国，他的祖父法度在东汉 灵帝时，率国人数百移居中国，支谦同来，至洛阳， 受业于支谶的门人支亮。他懂得多种西域文，精通 梵语，博览经籍，翻译了数十种佛经重要典藉。因 其博学超众，曾被吴主孙权拜为博士。
01-翻译理论与实践
Reference Books
翻译教程类 《英汉文体翻译教程》，陈新主编，北京大学出 版社，1999 《英汉翻译教程》，庄绎传，外语教学与研究出 版社，1999 《英汉翻译教程》，张培基等，上海外语教育出 版社，1980 《实用翻译教程》，范仲英，外语教学与研究出 版社，1994 《实用翻译教程》（英汉互译增订本），冯庆华， 上海外语教育出版社，2002 《新编英汉翻译教程》，孙致礼，上nslation method. It reveals the translator’s preference to the transfer of content instead of the form. （意译）
Ghost Gone with the Wind Pretty Woman Lord of the Ring The Professional Home Alone Bathing Beauty The Ring Sister Act Bean
I. The definition of translation
What is translation?
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida) 所谓翻译，即是在译入语中使用最贴近而 又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息，第一 是意义，第二是文体。 （尤金· 奈达）
翻译理论和实践
Translation: Theory and Practice
翻译理论与实践.doc
第一章英汉文化对比与翻译有一则趣谈:一所国际公寓闹火灾,里面住有犹太人,法国人,美国人和中国人.犹太人急急忙忙先搬出的是他的保险箱,法国人先拖出的是他的情人,美国人则先抱出他的妻子,而中国人则先背出的是他的老母.一、文化的定义文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富,精神财富和相应的创造才能的总和。
文化包括物质文化与精神文化,物质文化是指文化中看得见,摸得着的那部分,因此也称之为硬文化.相对来说,精神文化就是软文化,而软文化则是文化的深层结构。
美国著名翻译理论家尤金．奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：Ecological Culture 生态文化Material Culture物质文化Social Culture社会文化Religious Culture宗教文化Linguistic Culture语言文化二.中西方文化差异（一）西方重唯理,思辩,中方重经验,直觉（二）西方的细节分析与中方的整体综合（三）中西方价值观与人生追求的不同三、文化影响翻译的表现形式:(一)词汇空缺现象（Zero of equivalent word）在一种语言里的有些词在另一种语言里没有对等或契合的词,有人称这种情况为词汇空缺(lexical gap) Salad沙拉Lost Generation迷惘的一代Beat Generation垮掉的一代Baby Boomers生育高峰儿婴儿潮一代Y uppies雅皮士Dinks丁克Sandwich Generation三明治世代Couch Potato电视迷老泡在电视机前的人；终日懒散的人Mall Rats购物狂Hippie嬉皮士功夫kongfu叩头kowtow 炕Kang太极Taichi粽子Zongzi苦力Kuli饺子jiaozi 还有一些民族文化内涵特别丰富的词语，在翻译时也必须采用释义或注释等方法，说明该词的语用含义，才能使译语读者了解原语独特的文化现象。
如：钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
第一讲 翻译理论与实践--翻译史简介
• •
1. 各类文体翻译研究回顾 进入80年代，我国翻译结束了经验式的封闭性的翻译理论研究，开始对各种 文体翻译的研究，进一步加强了文学翻译，大量的国外名著被翻译介绍到国 内，相继出现了法律翻译、新闻翻译、社科翻译、应用文翻译、科技翻译和 经贸翻译等各相关学科的专门翻译的研究。口译翻译研究也得到进一步的发 展。现代文体翻译具有以下特征：1. 题材和体裁丰富；2. 实用性、针对性强； 3. 文体特征研究细致。文学翻译在诗歌方面，英诗汉译以卞之琳为代表，既 译神也译形，提出了格律移植宽严有度，“以顿（汉语中口语的基本节奏单 位）代步（指英诗的音步）”的主张。江枫进一步提出“以形传神，立形存 神”的观点。汉诗英译方面翁显良有独到见解，以意象和节奏为本色，以不 切为切，浅中见深。许渊冲提出用：一（identification）、艺（re-creation）、 异（innovation）、依（imitation）、怡（recreation）、易（rendition）六个 字概述了译诗的目的论、认识论、方法论和常道与变道。高健和刘炳善对散 文翻译颇有研究，提出“意之所到，风格随之”，巧劲来自真功夫。许国璋 主张学术翻译要“切译”，自成一体。程镇球对政论性文稿的翻译以严谨著 称，陈忠诚译法律以精确驰名。刘先刚提出建立企业翻译学的构想，使科技 翻译研究得到进一步的发展。另外公文、合同、广告、招标文件等应用性文 体的翻译研究也得到了一定的发展。口译研究也得到了发展。
• 第五个时期从鸦片战争到五四运动前。清末的严复翻译了许多 西方政治经济学说，如赫胥黎的《天演论》（Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays）、亚当•斯密的《原富》（An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations）、孟德斯鸠 的《法意》（L’esprit des Lois）、斯宾塞尔的《群学肆言》 （The Study of Sociology）、约翰•穆勒的《群己权界论》（On The Sociology • On Liberty）、甄克思的《社会通诠》（A History of Politics Liberty A Politics）等。 他提出了“信、达、雅”作为翻译的标准对我们的翻译具有指 导意义。第六个时期从五四运动到中华人民共和国成立。我国 近代翻译史的先驱鲁迅和瞿秋白等开始介绍马列主义经典著作 和无产阶级文学作品。鲁迅对翻译标准的主要观点是：“凡是 翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原文 的丰姿。”第七个时期从新中国成立至今。
《翻译理论与实践I》教学大纲
《翻译理论与实践I》教学大纲一、课程的基本信息课程名称：《翻译理论与实践I》英文名称：Translation Theory and Practice I课程性质：学科领域选修课课程编号：025*******周学时：2学时总学时：32学时学分：2学分适用专业：适用于英语专业三年级学生预备知识：基础综合英语课程教材：穆雷主编，《英汉翻译基础教程》，高等教育出版社，2008年1月．参考书目：[1] 张培基主编，《英汉翻译教程》（修订版），上海外语教育出版社出版，2009年．[2] 古今明编著，《英汉翻译基础》，上海外语教育出版社出版，1997年．[3] 刘全福编著，《英汉语言比较与翻译》，高等教育出版社出版，2011年．考核方式：考查制定时间：2013年10月制定二、课程的目的与任务《翻译理论与实践I》课程是英语专业高年级翻译系列课程中的一门专业选修课，面向英语专业本科三年级学生（第五学期）开授。
该课程由翻译理论和实践两部分组成。
翻译理论主要包括翻译的标准与原则，翻译的功能，翻译过程中对原文旨意、风格的理解与分析，以语义翻译和交际翻译为主的各种翻译方法，文化差异对翻译等值的影响等等。
通过对这些翻译理论的介绍，期望学生对国内外影响较大的翻译理论、流派及代表人物有一定的了解，并能够应用相关理论指导自己的翻译实践。
翻译实践课的主要内容是进行与翻译理论同步的翻译实践，通过大量翻译习练使学生熟悉各种翻译技巧并培养学生的文体意识，增强其对忠实传达原文旨意和风格的重要性的认识，以及对中英语言和文化差异对翻译影响的认识，进而全面提高其实际翻译能力。
《翻译理论与实践I》课程以英译汉为主。
三、课程内容及学时分配章节内容学时第一章翻译概述 4 第二章英汉语言文化比较 4 第三章理解原文 2 第四章基本翻译技巧 6 第五章英语词汇的汉译 4 第六章英语句子的汉译 6 第七章英语篇章的汉译 6合计32第一章翻译概述（4学时）一、本章基本要求1．了解翻译的定义；2．了解翻译的过程；3．理解并掌握翻译的标准；4．理解国内外具有代表性的翻译思想；5．了解对一名翻译人员的基本要求。
翻译理论在翻译实践中的应用与实践研究
翻译理论在翻译实践中的应用与实践研究1.提高翻译质量翻译理论对翻译实践的指导作用首先体现在提高翻译质量上。
通过对翻译理论的学习和研究，译者可以更好地掌握翻译技巧，提高语言表达能力，确保译文准确、流畅、自然。
在实际翻译过程中，译者可以根据翻译理论的原则，对原文进行准确的理解和把握，克服文化差异和语言障碍，使译文更加符合目标语言的表达习惯。
2.提升译者素养翻译理论对翻译实践的指导作用还体现在提升译者素养上。
学习翻译理论可以帮助译者深入理解两种语言和文化，提高跨文化交际能力。
同时，翻译理论还可以引导译者树立正确的翻译观念，遵循翻译职业道德，对待翻译工作认真负责。
通过翻译理论的学习，译者可以不断完善自己，提高翻译水平，成为一名合格的翻译工作者。
3.丰富翻译方法随着翻译理论的不断发展，翻译方法也日益丰富。
翻译理论可以为译者提供多种翻译策略和方法，使译者在面对不同类型的文本和语言问题时，能够灵活运用各种方法，提高翻译效果。
例如，在文学翻译中，译者可以运用异化翻译和归化翻译等方法，尽可能地保留原文的风格和特点，同时使译文符合目标语言的表达习惯。
4.促进翻译评价体系的完善翻译理论对翻译实践的指导作用还可以体现在促进翻译评价体系的完善上。
翻译理论可以为译者提供评价译文质量的标准和方法，使译者在翻译过程中有据可依，提高翻译质量。
同时，翻译理论还可以帮助翻译评审者和读者更好地评价译文的质量，确保翻译工作的公平、公正、公开。
总之，翻译理论在翻译实践中的应用与实践研究具有重要意义。
翻译理论对翻译实践具有指导作用，可以提高翻译质量、提升译者素养、丰富翻译方法和促进翻译评价体系的完善。
因此，译者应当重视翻译理论的学习和研究，将翻译理论运用到实际翻译工作中，不断提高自己的翻译水平，为我国翻译事业的发展做出贡献。
同时，翻译理论研究者也应关注翻译实践，结合实际翻译问题，不断丰富和发展翻译理论，为翻译实践提供更有针对性和实用性的指导。
翻译理论与实践1
• Eg: 大厅的灯亮得我睁不开眼睛 • 1． I cannot open my eyes due to the bright light. • The bright light in the hall dazzled me. • The light in the hall were so bright that they dazzled me. • Which one is wrong?
• (2) 拧着纺车 is not its designative meaning, but pragmatic meaning ---bring up child by doing spinning. Also 要星星不 给月亮 is its pragmatic meaning, referring to the fact that although his family is quite poor, his mother still tries its best to satisfy his all requirements.
翻译理论与实践
Lectured by
湖北经济学院外语学院 张永中
Course Description
• This course is designed to expose students to a wide range of cultural similarities and dissimilarities between English and Chinese in interlingual translation and to acquaint them with the translation theories and techniques applicable to handling cultural barriers in translation.
翻译学导论-理论与实践
第五章：功能派翻译理论。20世纪七、八十年代德国功能派翻译理论的出现标志着翻译研究逐渐脱离了静态的语言类型的分析，取而代之的是德国的功能和交际方法。本章重点论述了赖斯关于文本类型和语言功能的早期研究、曼泰里（Manttari）的翻译行为理论、弗米尔的目的论、诺德的更为详细的文本分析模式等。
第六章：翻译研究种的话语和语域分析。20世纪70年代至90年代，建立在韩礼德系统功能语法基础之上的话语分析得到了较大发展。豪斯基于韩礼德的语域分析提出了她的翻译质量评价模式，贝克的翻译教科书《换言之：翻译教程》则从话语和语用分析的角度切入，哈蒂姆和梅森则更多的从语用和符号学的层面切入语域分析。本章后半部分也涉及了其他学者对从话语分析和语域理论切入翻译这一方法提出的批评。
第三章：等值和等效。本章主要涉及罗曼雅各布逊的意义和等值的实质、奈达的建立于《圣经》翻译基础之上的翻
译的科学及其所提出的形式对等和动态对等、纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译、科勒的对等和等值以及70年代以后，一些学者如切斯特曼、巴斯奈特、贝克等人对等值这一概念的发展。
第四章：翻译的变化方法。从20世纪50年代以来，出现了很多从语言学的角度去分析翻译的方法。本章重点介绍了3种模式：维奈（Vinay）和达贝尔内（Darbelnet）的直接翻译和间接翻译、卡特福德的形式对应和篇章对等及翻译变化的层次和范畴、茨瓦尔特（Van Leuven Zwart）的有关翻译变化的比较—描写模式。
第一，每一章正文前面都有一个方框，简短列出本章的主要观点。然后是这些观点所依据的文本，有些甚至细到某一部著作的具体章节。正文部分基本上都包括简介（除了第一章）、主要内容及其评价、与主要内容相关的个案及其分析讨论、本章小结、与本章内容有关的需进一步阅读的书目，最后是与本章有关的讨论题和研究点。第二，引用和使用了大量的图表，并在该书前面目录后有专页列出图表的名称，以利查找。第三，该书在最后注释和索引前，还有一个与翻译研究有关的互联网网址的附录。其中包括两个发布有关会议、最近出版物和研究信息的网址，6个国际性翻译期刊的网址和4个经常含有有用链接的翻译组织的网址。
翻译理论与实践1(英译汉)实战练习 15篇1
翻译理论与实践1（英译汉）实战练习15篇1．The Policy of Mass Media1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individual.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life2. The American and the English1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots inthe obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.3. The Education of Humanists1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.4. . American Study1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.5. Jack London1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinheritedto be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.6. President Carter1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room inAmerica.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.7.On “Mein Kampf”1) Mein Kampf’s the me song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussionof propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.8. How to Write Clearly1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.9. 1) Of course there is a strong element of luck in both success and failure but it is my belief that there are no “secrets” to success.2) One thing I have discovered is that attitudes and values that I acquired in China long before came to the United States have had a great bearing on the success in my business.3) These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.4) However although I respect the spirit of Confucianism I have not tried to adapt this ancient Chinese philosophy to modern society.5) For besides moderation other things I have found to be essential to success are patience adaptability decisiveness confidence unconventional thinking social responsibility and last luck.6) The importance of these attributes is in their interaction.7) Some of them are antithetical to others—patience will often collide with decisiveness for instance—and yet it is hard to think of any of my decisions in which they did not play a role.10. Tragedy1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fearso long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.11. The Choice of Life1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with goodwill.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.12. Science Fiction1) Moreover if SF is the laboratory of the imagination its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out.2) That is SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.3) The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced byits image of the future.4) For that matter some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-style after appealing models provided by SF stories.5) The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF’s social feed back effects.6) Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.7) This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.13. 1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citize ns of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number ofenterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status.14. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dreamsuch as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.15. Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick chick” all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.。
(完整word版)英语翻译理论与实践
黄山学院外语系课程讲稿专业名称：英语专业课程名称：《英汉翻译理论与实践1》主导教材：冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》授课教师：程汕姗A Brief Introduction to Translation◇Teaching Contents:I.Discussion:●What is translation?●What is a successful translation?●What difficulties might occur in translating process?A.What is translation?1.Key words:source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL); reproduce; message /information; equivalence / correspondence2.Nature of translationTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest naturalequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly interms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words withsimilar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language.Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of formfrom the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。
翻译理论与实践(全套PPT课件)
CHENLI
12
导学——课程要求
Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
several short quizzes through the term. Attendance: 20%
Daily attendance will be recorded. Each time a student will get 2.5 points. 1point for attendance, 1 point for being on time, and 0.5 point for participating in discussion and interacting positively with fellow classmates.
CHENLI
13
导学——课时安排
课时安排：
教学内容
导学 第一章：翻译概述 第二章：英汉语言对比 第三章：词语的翻译 第四章：句子翻译技巧（上） 第五章：句子翻译技巧（下） 第六章：常见文体的翻译
注：可能 因授课实际情况，课时安排会做适当调整。
CHENLI
课时 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
14
导学——学法指导
Main Language points: 1. Comparative studies of language family 2. Comparative studies of word building in English and
Chinese 3. Comparative studies of syllable
Exercise
CHENLI
5
第三章：词语的翻译
理论与实践英语作文及翻译
理论与实践英语作文及翻译Theory and Practice。
Theory and practice are two important components in the process of learning. Theory provides us with a frameworkfor understanding and analyzing concepts, while practice allows us to apply these concepts in real-life situations. Both theory and practice are necessary for a comprehensive understanding of any subject.Theoretical knowledge is important because it helps us to understand the underlying principles of a subject. For example, in the field of physics, theoretical knowledge helps us to understand the laws of motion, the properties of matter, and the behavior of energy. Without this theoretical knowledge, it would be difficult to make sense of the world around us.However, theoretical knowledge alone is not enough. We also need to apply this knowledge in real-life situationsin order to fully understand its implications. This is where practice comes in. Through practice, we can test our theories and see how they work in real-life situations. For example, a doctor may have a theoretical understanding of how to treat a particular illness, but it is only through practice that they can develop the skills and experience necessary to successfully treat patients.Theory and practice are also interconnected. Theoretical knowledge can inform our practice, while practice can also lead to new theoretical insights. For example, a scientist may develop a new theory based on observations made during an experiment.In conclusion, theory and practice are both essential components of learning. Theoretical knowledge provides us with a framework for understanding concepts, while practice allows us to apply this knowledge in real-life situations. By combining theory and practice, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of any subject and develop the skills and experience necessary to succeed in our chosen field.理论与实践。
翻译理论与实践I
3.5
Passive vs. Active (被动与主动) 被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。英语有过 分使用被动语态的倾向，正式文体尤其如此。英、美 语言学者都主张多用主动语态，不要滥用被动语态。 英语的结构被动句(syntactic passive)远比意义被动句 (notional passive)多。一般来说，绝大多数的及物动词 和相当于及物动词的短语都有被动式。意义被动式， 即用主动的形式表达被动的意义，在英语里比较少见。
a.英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语。 1.抽象名词或无生命事物名称作主语，同时又 使用原来表示人的动作或行为的动词作其谓语， 呈现“拟人化”倾向(personificห้องสมุดไป่ตู้tion)。 e.g. An idea suddenly struck me. e.g. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.
c.受到逻辑思维限制 当然被动句（受事＋动词） e.g.昨晚我盖了两条被子。 e.g.这锅饭能吃十个人。 e.g.一匹马骑两个人。
尽管英语的被动意义有时可以不用被动 式来表达，但总的说来，英语常用结构 被动式，少用意义被动式。与此相反， 汉语则常用意义被动式，少用结构被动 式。按照汉语习惯，如果句中无须指出 施事，主动意义与被动意义又不致发生 混淆，一般就不用结构被动式，而用意 义被动式。如：这件事已做了。／这件 事做得好。／这件事给弄糟了。
e.g. The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.
2.用非人称代词“it”作主语 e.g. It never occurred to me that she was so honest. e.g. It is a good horse that never stumbles.
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定语从句的翻译
1、Such adjective can hardly distort the reality which they concealed.这种修辞改变不了他们掩盖的事实。 （前置定语） 2、We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.关于这点，我们要对特别委员会表示满 意，它的活动应当受到鼓励。（后置定语） 3、Photographs are taken of stars, the light of which is too faint to be seen by eyes at all.虽然许多形体的光线 非常微弱，肉眼根本看不见，但他们的照片还是被 拍了下来。(让步状语）
篇章翻译
• 行文方面：科技英语以客观陈述为主，故语体正式，语篇 组织严谨，观点明确、逻辑性强、结构紧凑，没有插叙倒 叙。 • • 语法方面：科技语篇中句子结构完整，且句式复杂句子多。 常用的语法结构有：被动语态、非谓语动词、条件句、虚 拟语气、后置定语、定语从句等。 • 词汇方面：科技文章中专业术语多、复合词多、名词多且 为长词大词，很少使用口语词汇、词组等。 • 总之，由于科技英语的主要目的是表述科学发现、科学 事实、实验报告和各类说明等，所以其语篇特点为正式、 准确、严密、精练、清晰。
英译汉的层次
1
2
3
4
词语
Title
句子
Title
段落
Title
篇章
Title
词类
•英汉间的语际转换常常伴有词类转换
如：名词换成动词
He is a teacher of Chinese. 他教汉语
•词语的转换有时会与其他语言层次进行转换
如：形容词转换成分句 Iraq is now the most identifiable trouble spot in the Persian Gulf. 伊拉克是波斯湾的麻烦之地，这是大家最容易看出来的。
复合句的翻译
名词性从句的翻译
一般来说，英语名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语 从句以及同位语从句)常被转换成汉语单句的一个句子成分， 有时也可以转换成汉语复句的一个分句。 1、Whether it’s true remains a question.到底是真是假还是一 个问题。（转换为汉语单句，名词分句成主语） 2、Do you know which book they are talking about？你知道他 们在谈论哪本书吗?(转换为汉语单句，名词分句作宾语） 3、What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还 不清楚。（转换为汉语复句。名词分句成分句） 4、I owe it to you that I didn’t die.我没死，全靠你了（转换 为汉语并列句）
“主题句—阐述句—总结句”结构
英语段落
以某一中心思想领域的形散神聚的结构
汉语段落
围绕一个较为含蓄的中心思想 迂回式和流散式形分意合
Example
• First, boil the rice in well-salted water; drain it immediately. Next, warm the lightly buttered base of a small pie dish. You may now put the rice in the dish. Then add the cheese, tomato and onion. The pie is at last ready to be put in the oven.
简单句的翻译
Shakespeare lived in the 16th and 17th century. I put the material evidence in front of him. The history of racing dragon boats goes back more than2,400years. In China ,a festival celebrating the racing is the second biggest holiday of the year, after Lunar Year.龙舟竞赛的历史有2,400多年。在中国， 庆祝这一赛事的节日是全年仅次于农历新年的第二 大节日。 Father’s falling ill worried mother.父亲病了，这 让母亲很着急。
一、忠实原文格式
• 科技文章不像文学作品那样，不 同的作品、不同的作家其风格不同， 行文格式也不尽相同；科技文章的 格式较为固定，其结构严谨、层次 分明、逻辑性强，翻译时，不得随 意改变其特有的固定格式与风格， 如实准确地将原文再现是科技篇章 翻译的基本要求。
二、正确认识篇章组织结构
1.递进式：指语法结构按一定的时间， 空间，逻辑顺序……P100 2.锁链式 3.叠加式 4.平衡式
词义
从传统词汇学角度分类词义---------概念意义＆内涵意义
中英对比：pig 肥胖 magpie 不吉利VS吉利
英汉词语关于词义的对应情况可分为以下几种：
A完全对应 mainboard 主板 e-commerce 电子商务 B部分对应 rose (广义） beauty cloth
philosophy 哲学 food chain 食物链
状语从句的翻译
1、When truth is buried under ground it grows, it chokes , it gathers such an explosive force that on the day bursts out, it blows up everything with it! 当真理被埋在地下的时候，它 在生长，它感到压抑，它积蓄着这么一种爆炸力量，一旦 冒出，它就会摧毁一切！ 2、It was very cold, so that the river froze.天气寒冷，河水都 结冰了。 3、I know how to look after myself，young as I am.虽然我还 小，但是我知道怎样照顾自己。
eg：I took a good room.It was big,light and looked out on the East Lake. 我租了一个挺不错的房间，面积大，采光好，又面朝东湖。 He lighted his cigaratte. 他点燃了一根烟 2.注意英语词语所表达的意思是广义还是狭义，是抽象还是具体，是一般还是 个别，是褒义还是贬义
3.注意词语的语体色彩（主要为正式程度上）和搭配组合 语体色彩 如：white snow 白雪（普通文体） 皑皑白雪（文学文体） 词语搭配 据英汉词语搭配能力不同，翻译时需根据译入语的表达习惯重新组合 play tennis 打网球 play tricks 耍花招 play the violin 拉小提琴 就表意，表情效果看，即使某种搭配在两种语言中都可成立，译入语也不 可采用与译出语一样的搭配 eg:He has great knowledge,experience and wisdom. 他有渊博的知识，丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
长句翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同， 常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。因此，在进行英译 汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分 解，化整为零翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中 我们一般采用以下几种方法： 1、切分法：将英语长句按意群切分成若干的小句再逐句翻译 2、拆译法：将原文中的某一部分（如单词、短语或从句）提 取出来单独处理，或者放在译文句首，或者放在句末。 3、插入标点法：是指插入原文中没有的标点符号，如破折号、 括号、冒号等。用这种方法来保持原文的连贯性。 4、句子重组法：也叫综合法，在准确的领会、把握了原文的 基础上，打破原文的结构，灵活自如的表达出原文的信息。 含义。
content
• The comparison of English and Chinese paragraphs • 英汉段落比较
Paragraphs translation
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ段落翻译
英汉段落比较
• 段落是小于篇章的一个语义单位；
• 段落是一个具有明确的始末标记、语义相 对完整、交际功能相对独立的篇章单位。
段落翻译原则
• 首先将段落看成是一个完整的语义分析单 位，将词语、句子这些点和段落这个面有 机地结合起来。
• 翻译段落时仍需区分语义分析单位和语义 转换单位。
Examples
• Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank,and of having nothing to do;once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading,but it had no pictures or conversation in it,”without pictures or conversations?” • So she was considering in her own mind(as well as she could,for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid)whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies,when suddenly a white rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.