英美文学选读考前总复习中英文版
自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。
一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。
它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。
文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。
地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。
因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。
文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。
乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。
好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。
著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。
后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。
然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。
在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。
基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。
自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。
英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。
这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。
但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。
人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。
人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。
通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。
(完整版)英美文学选读复习(时期+作家+作品)
Moby Dick
巴特尔比
自信者
比利.巴德
莫比.迪克
The Realistic Period
Mark Twain
马克.吐温
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
西奥多.德莱塞
The Financier
The Titan
An American Tragedy
The Stoic
Sister Carrie
金融家
巨人
美国的悲剧
斯多噶
嘉莉妹妹
The Modern Period
Ezra Pound
埃兹拉.庞德
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
The Cantos
简爱
呼啸山庄
Alfred Tennyson
阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生
In Memoriam
Break Break Break
Crossing The Bar
Ulysses
悼念
拍吧,拍吧,拍吧
过沙洲
尤利西斯
Robert Browning
罗伯特.布郞宁
My Last Duchess
Meeting at Night
茵尼斯弗利岛
梦见仙境的人
玫瑰
新的纪元
1916年的复活节
驶向拜占庭
丽达及天鹅
在学童们中间
T.S. Eliot
T.S.艾略特
The Love Song of J.Alfred
The Waste Land
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家)[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学期末复习资料1 (20%)题型为选择题。
参考邮箱课件后选择题。
英美文学选读期末复习资料2 (30%)题型为填空和名词解释Literature refers to writings that are valued as works of art, esp. fiction, drama and poetry.Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry with over 3,000 lines, is regarded today as the national epic of the english people.Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. Popular subjects for romances: King Arthur of Britain and the knights of the Round Table.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme .The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.An extended metaphor is often called a conceit.Soliloquy is a speech in a play which the character speaks to himself or herself or to the people watching rather than to the other characters.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy about two young “star-cross‘d lovers”whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families.Francis Bacon introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.John Donne is the leading figure of the“metaphysical school.”All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.In 1797 Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the two poets became very good friends. They collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads, first published in 1798The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets.”Jane Austen is the only important female author in the 18-19th century英美文学选读期末复习资料3 (30%)指出作者，作品名及选文大意To be，or not to be：that is the question：“To be” is to continue to live, or to take action. “not to be” is to die, or to do nothing but suffering, to end one’s life by self- destruction. It is a dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and deathIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.it briskly introduces the arrival of Mr. Bingley at Netherfield—the event that sets the novel in motion—this sentence also offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot, which concerns itself with the pursuit of “single men in possession of a good fortune”by various female characters. The preoccupation with socially advantageous marriage in nineteenth-century English society manifests itself here, for in claiming that a single man “must be in want of a wife,”the narrator reveals that the reverse is also true: a single woman, whose socially prescribed options are quite limited, is in (perhaps desperate) want of a husband.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring ; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.英美文学选读期末复习资料4 (10%)分析以下诗歌，见邮箱！Sonnet18Death Be Not PrideThe Sick RoseI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud英美文学选读期末复习资料5 (10%)分析以下小说Jane EyreAnalysis of the workThe work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e. g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School where poor girls are trained, through constant starvation and humiliation, to be humble slaves, the social discrimination Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt's house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social convention as concerning love and marriageAt the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo aseries of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.Analysis of the HeroineJane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Robinson CrusoeCharacterizationRobinson is a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist .Artistic FeaturesDefoe was a very good story-teller. Defoe had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible，and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.注：以上只是仅供参考的复习资料，更全面的资料请自行下载本学期课件，邮箱ygwxxd@密码12345。
自学考试英美文学选读要点中英文概要
1234代价,与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer. 弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values. 总之, 这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason. 英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代, 或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order, reason and rules. 启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, becamea very popular means of public education. 其实, 当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
(完整word版)新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结背完必过
《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others II Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created awhole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________.(0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】(P4.para.2)本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
自考“英美文学选读”总复习概要（5）
2.idea：skeptical about the relationship between man and nature， concerns religion， death， immortality， love， nature 3.works：This is my letter to the World； I heard a Fly buzz-when I died； Because I could not stop for Death Theodore Dreiser 1.works：Sister Carrie greatest work： An American Tragedy 2.trilogy of desire： The Financier； The Titan； The Stoic 3.idea：naturalist （1）heredity and environment are the forces determining man‘s destiny， under what life was ironic， even tragic （2）human beings‘ life was trapped into ’a welter of inscrutable forces‘ （3）Darwin‘s idea of “ survial of the fittest” is embodied as “kill or to be killed” in Dreiser’s works （4）explain the insignificance of life and attack the conventional moral standards （5）materialism is the core. man has a meaningless， endless search for satisfaction of his desires， desires for money （6）sex is another human desire. sexual beauty symbolizes the social status Chapter8 The Modern Period （America） 1.age： second half of the 19th century to early decades of the 20th century 2.background： （1）the U.S. has become the most powerful country （2）technological revolution （3）a decline in moral standard， a spiritual wasteland， feelings of fear， loss， disorientation and disillusionment 3. influencing ideas： （1）the same as English Modern period： Karl Marx， Darwin， Freud （2）stream of consciousness： 4.“The Lost Generation” by Gertrude 5.John Steinbeck： “The Grapes of Wrath” Allen Ginsberg： “Howl”， the manifesto of Beat Movement Salinger： “The Catcher in the Rye” 6.modernism‘s features： literature： convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay writer： develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation 7.The differences between Modernism America and England （1）American writers emphasize the concrete sensory images or details as the direct conveyor of experience （2）modern fiction employ the first narration or confine the reader to the “central consciousness” or one character‘s point of view common ground： directness， compression， vividness， sparing of words Ezra Pound 1.imagist： （1）direct treatment of poetic subjects （2）eliminate ornamental words （3）rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome example：“In a Station of the Metro” 2.works：In a Station of the metro； The River-Merchent‘s Wife； A pact（free verse）。
不可以错过的英美文学选读要点总结精心整理
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理~背完这些考试必过英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of mode rn philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fi nal cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a refere nce to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and morali zing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great w riters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
自考英美文学选读要点总结 出考点 位作家完整
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家)[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英美文学选读课文选段总复习
Mark Twin presented the 19th century American in his own unique way. Discuss Twain’s art of fiction: the setting, the language, and the characters, etc., based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.1.Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom, writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and therefore known as a local colorist.2.He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality.3.He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial language belonging to the lower class, the living local American English.4.He has created a special humor to satirize social injustice and the decayed convention.：1.How do you know about Renaissance? Give a summery about English literature in the period?1.The Renaissance refers to the period between 14th----mid-17th century. It first started in Italy.2.The Renaissance means rebirth or revival----the discovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.3.In essence, The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of Roman Catholic church.4.Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. The humanism exalted/praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and thepresent life. They thought man had the right to enjoy the beauty of life and had the ability to perfect himself and made wonders, which got ready for the appearance of the great Elizabethan writers in Britain. Poetry and drama were the most outstanding literary forms.5.Shakespeare, Marlowe and Francis Bacon etc. were the remarkable representatives of the English Renaissance.2. Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” soliloquy “To be or not to be” is ’a philosophical exploration of life and death’. The soliloquy condemned the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption of the world, and revealed the character of Hamlet---so ’speculative, questioning, contemplative and melancholy./gloomy’. It was not because he was not able to take action to revenge, but because of his ’hesitative/hesitant character’, when the chance for action came, it seemed defeat.It can be interpreted as: Hamlet bears the heavy burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, he is forced to live in the suspense of facts and fiction, language and action. He considers that it would be better to ’commit suicide’, but being scared of what might happen to him in the afterlife. So he put off the thing because of the sin. He considers the plan carefully only to find reason for not carrying it out. The soliloquy conveys ’the sense of world-weariness 4. What are the main themes of Shakespeare’s plays?1.Shakespeare’s plays are divided into 3 types: comedies, tragedies and historical plays.1) His historical plays are with the theme-----national unity under a might and just sovereign/ruler is necessary.2)In his romantic comedies, he takes an optimistic attitude toward love friendship and youth.3)In histragedies, Shakespeare always portrays some noble heroes, who faces the injustice of life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of his nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature. We also see the conflict between the individual and the evil force in the society. And his major characters are always individuals representing certain types.5. Please comment on the character of Satan in “Paradise Lost.”1. Satan is a rebellious (叛逆的) figure against God in literature, defeated, he and his rebel angels were cast into hell. However, Satan refused to accept his failure, swearing that “all was not lost” and that he would revenge for his downfall. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Satan’s character, which was the important spirit of the rising middle class. While he tempted Adam and Eve, which proved his evilness.1.Please analyze the Neoclassical period and the characters of the literature.1)The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798, also known as"the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".2)Its background was:a.It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;b.It was an age of fast development for English to becomethe first powerful capitalist country in the world;c.It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.3)In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement.4)The Enlighteners believed in self-restraint, self-reliance and hard work;They celebrated reason/rationality, equality and science.They advocated universal education, which could make peoplerational and prefect, they believed.5)In literature, The Enlightenment Movement brought about arevival of interest in the ancient Greek and Roman classical works; the works at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing; having fixed laws and rules for every type of the literature; among which prose and the modern English novel predominated the age. (At the end of the age sentimentalism and Gothic Novel appeared.) 6) The age was an important age with the remarkable authors Pope, Defoe, etc.2.Please cite examples from "Gulliver’s Travels" to explain brieflyhow did Swift criticized and allude to the government and the society.1)In the first par t of the "Gulliver’s Travels", Swift described the tricks and practices in the competition held before royal members to allude to the fact that the successof the officials was not for their wisdom and excellence but fortheir skills in the games;2)In the part 4 of the book, Swift made horses with reason and good qualities.The citizens who are "hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every way" to criticize/satirize all respects of the English and European life, and urge people to consider the nature of the human and life. (P108-109)1.Please list the subjects and the faculties of theRomanticism.(1 The subjects are: love, nature, nationalism, individualism, (2) The faculties they cherished are: imagination, spontaneity, inspiration. (P162)2.William Wordsworth was the first representative author ofRom,How do you know his idea and style?(1)His poems are most about Nature and Human Life;(2)Beyond the pleasure of the picturesque with the eye and the external aspects of nature, however, lies in deeper moral awareness, a sense of completeness in multiplicity. (3)Common life and the joy and sorrow of the common people andinner self are his subjects;(4)He is a poet in memory of the past and was called "prophets of nature";(5)He deliberately writes in simple and ordinaryspeech ,refuses to decorate the truth of experience of pure and profound feeling;(6)He thought poet is "a man speaking to men," poetry is "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates inemotion recollected in tranquility."(7)He always writes an elusive beauty simplicity or a rural figure.3.What thoughts and event influenced the period of Romanticism?(1) Rousseau explored new ideas about nature, society and education, which provided guiding priding principles for the French Revolution and Romanticism;(2) The French Revolution and "the Declaration of Rights ofMan"aroused the great sympathy and enthusiasm in the English liberals and radicals,which became a great source for Romanticism.(3) England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes as industrialism,which were reflected in the works of literature.how do you know about Jane AustenGenerally speaking, Austen was writer of the 18th century.(1)Her novels always dealt with the romantic entanglement of the heroines;(2)She believed in it thatreason over passion, sense of responsibility, good manners,and clear judgment over romance; she honored the Augustan virtues of moderation,dignity disciplined emotion and common sense;(3)She contempt snobbery, stupidity, worldliness etc;(4)Her main concern was the relationship between men and women in love;(5)Her writing range was limited, all restricted to theprovincial life of the 18th century England;(6)She presented the quiet,day-to-day country life of themiddle -upper -class English.(7)Her characteristic theme was: maturity is got by the loss of illusions.Ideologically, what influenced Victorian literature? Wha t characters does it have? Darwin’s theory “the survival of the fittest” shook t he theoretical basis of the traditional faith, many authors expressed their doubts and uncertainty in their works;Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced, many conscious authors severely criticized the Utilitarianism, especially its devalue of culture and its cold indifference to human feeling and imagination;Realism novels criticized the society and defended for the mass, and they concerned about the fate of the common people such as their poverty misery, angry with the inhuman social institution, the social immorality, injustice and money-worship.Victorian literature represents the reality of the age. Thehigh-spirit vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humour and unbound imagination are unprecedented.can you analyze the character of Jane EyreJane Eyre was a little plain governess with quick wit, honesty, frankness, loving heart and the spirit of independence and self-dignity.In literature, she is an individual conscious to self-realization. She was lonely and neglected young woman with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.In author’s mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual struggle between sin and virtue, good and evil. The heroines’ joy, comes from the sacrifice of self and the overcome of some weakness.By Jane’s experience, we can see the cruelty, hypocrisy, and other evils of the upper classes and the misery and the suffering of the poor, and the false social convention on love and marriage. Analyze the background of the Victorian Period.Economic developed rapidly and social problems prevailed in England and it became the “workshop of the world”.England settled down to a time of prosperity and stability, the people valued earnestness, respectability, modesty, and democracy.In the last decades, British empire declined, and Victorian values decayed.Analyze the style of Charles Dickens.Adeptness/skilfulness with the vernacular and large vocabulary;The most distinguishing/remarkable character-portrayal;The best writing from thechild’s point of view; (His best depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, helpless children)The depiction of those horrible and grotesque characters;The mingling/mixing features of humor and pathos/sorrow. (P241) How do you know the naturalistic idea of Hardy?The tragic sense is the keynote of Hardy’s novels, and he is a nostalgicauthor.Hardy’s novels always set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude region, which is threatened by the invading capitalism, expressing the conflict between the traditional and the modern, the old and the modern.Man’s fate is tragic with born, driven by the force of the nature of outside and inside, and man is bound by his inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for happiness or success, and set him in conflict with the environment; we can see he is influenced greatly by Darwin’s th eory “survival of the fittest”.Man proves to be incompetent/impotent before Fate, and he seldom escapes his destiny. The pessimistic view of life predominates most works of Hardy, which earns him the name of a naturalistic writer.Hardy is noted for he rustic dialect and a poetic flavor, so he is also called local-colorist.1.“For herein Fortune shows herself more kind……Of such misery doth she cut me off”1.I dentify the title of the works and author.2.Explain “from which…cut me off”.3.What happened to him, which caused the wordsThe lines are from “The Merchant of Venice”, William Shakespeare. (P48)2) This sentence means she, ’Lady Fortune(命运女神)’, is more kind to him because she is taking away both his wealth and life.3) The speaker is Antonio, it’s said that his ship have all been lost, and he is penniless, and will have to pay the pound of flesh. (Because Shylock has made a strange bond that requires Antonio to pay him a pound of flesh if he can’t repay him the money that he borrowed for his friend in due time.)3.“ Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;When in eternal lines to timethou grow’st:So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.1) Where does the poem comes from? Who wrote it?What does “eternal lines”mean? Interpret it briefly.1) The poem is “ Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day”, by Shakespeare. 2) Eternal lines means the lines of the poem and other sonnets. 3) It means: you will not lose your beauty, and death will not threaten you with darkness, either. As long as man can live in the world, they will see your beauty in my lines of my poem, which has given you eternal life. (Or A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.4.“… All is no lost: the unconquerable will,Irreconcilable to our grand Foe”1) Please identify the poem and the poet.2) Interpret“all is not lost”.3) What does the whole passage mean?1) It is taken from John Milton’s “Paradise Lost”. 2) “all is not lost” is the word from Satan----Satan and other angels rebel against God, but they are driven from Heaven into hell. In the fire of the hell, Satan is determined to fight back, just like what he says: not all is lost, the unconquerable will, the deep hatred, and the courage to fight till death still remain. 3) This passage shows Satan’s will not to submit and the desire to long for freedom; to beg God for mercy and worship his power is more shameful and disgraceful than the downfall.1. "A little black thing among the snowCrying "’weep! ’weep! "They are both gone up to the church to prey."(1)Identify the poem and poet.(2)Explain "notes of woe".(3)What does the sentence mean "they ate both gone up to the church to prey."(1)It is from "The Chimney Sweeper (from songs of experience) by Blake (2)"notes of woe" means the songs/notes of sadness.(3)It implies: religion is the instrument of their repression/ oppression, its nature is to help bring misery to the poor children.3. "With plough and spade and hoe and loom …England be your Sepulcher"(1)Explain "sepulcher"(2)What was the deep implication of the poem?(1)Sepulcher means grave. (2)The poem ironically addressed to the workers who submit to capitalist exploitation. It warned them: If they gave up the struggle, they wouldbe digging graves for themselves wish their own hands.6. "For oft, when on my couch I lie Which is the bliss of solitude;And dance with the daffodils."(1) What is the "bliss of the solitude"?(2) Interpret the passage.(3) Why did the poet write the poem, what did he want to express? (1)The Daffodils the poem saw. (2)It is a bliss/happiness to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind when he is solitude/lonely.(3)The poem depicts/deals with the flowers that he came across along waterside, by which he expresses the quiet, sympathy, loving feeling to nature just like his words "poetry is from "emotion recollected in tranquility".7. "Then naked & white, all their bags left behind,…He’d have God for his father, and never want joy."(1)Identify the poem and its poet;(2)What does the poem implies?(1) The poem is take from "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)", which was written by William Blake. (2) This is a lovely poem presenting a happy and innocent world, though the wretched child are exploited and orphaned, they hadnicedream for life and the world, which implies religion make people obedient to exploitation, and from religion, they can get consolation and an "illusory happiness".8. "As thus with thee i n prayer in my sore need….One too like thee: tameless, and swift and proud."(1)Explain "I fall upon the thorns of life, I bleed" (2)Can you comprehend the deep emotion contained in the poem? What’s that?(3)The poet was called the "the heart of all hearts", he trumpeted the radical prophecy of hope and rebirth. Please write out his classic words.(1)The sentence call Shelley’s desire that he couldn’t best being fettered to/limited by the humdrum/too ordinary reality of everyday! (2)In the poem, the west wind has become the poet himself,he wants to be free, proud and controllable like the wild west wind,to destruct and construct with the strong power like the west wind. (3)"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"10. "Where fore feed and Clothe and saveFrom the cradle to the graveDrain your sweat---nay, drink your blood?"(1)Who wrote the poem? What’s its name?(2) Explain "drones",(3) Interp(1)The poem is ret the passage."A song: Men of England" by Shelley. (2)Drones the male of the honey-bees that don’t work ,referring to the parasitic class in human society.(drones and bees are the devices of metaphor) (3)The poet called all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but point out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. It expressed the love for freedom and the hatred to tyranny of the author.11. "Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!"(1)What does the "wild spirit "refer to?(2)Why called it "Destroyer and Preserver" at the same time?(3)Identify the poet and the poem.(1)"wild spirit" refers to west wind/autumn wind. (2)Because west wind buried the dead year and year and prepared for a new spring, the poet call it "Destroyer and preserver".(3)It is "Ode to the west wind" of Shelley.“You teach me now how cruel you’ve --- Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy?I have not one word of comfort---you deserve this…”Who is the speaker?What does it refer to “you despise me, you break your own heart”?What was the meaning of the story fro m the social point of view?What is the main device of the story in description?The speaker was Heathcliff. It refers to Cathy married her husband and deserted him and her own love.From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man –Heathcliff abused, betrayed and distorted by his social betters/by the people with higher social position, because he is a poor nobody“In pursuance of this determination, little Oliver, to his excessive astonishment, Oliver begins to cry very piteously. Thinking, not unnaturally, that the board must fatten him up in this way.”Identify the title and the writer.Why Oliver was released from the bondage?Why had he been punished?Interpret “A very tremendous sight”.This is an excerpt from “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens. Because he would be sold to a notorious chimney-sweeper and became his apprentice. Oliver was punished for that “impious and profane offence of asking for more gruel.” Fromthe passage we can see the food is so little and poor in fact, but in the little Oliver’s eyes, it became “A very tremendous sight”. Because in the usual days Oliver and other children were maltreated and abused cruelly, they couldn’t eat well and were punished severely by the cruelty and hypocrisy of the dehumanizing workhouse board.“Come, Tess, Tell me in confidence.” …“The trees have inquisitive eyes, haven’t they? … and drive all such horrid fancies away!”1) Interpret the passage.Tess, as pure woman brought up with the traditional ideas, is abused and destroyed by the destructive force, and the misery made her frightened to the future, which implied the naturalistic viewpoint of Hardy.1.。
{精品}英美文学选读 复习资料 重点知识点
一、名词解释1. Meter:Meter is the measured arrangement of words in the poetry, the rhythmic pattern of a stanza, determined by the kind and number of lines. It’s the beat of the poem and meter is an organized way to arrange unstressed and stressed syllables. The length of lines is described by the number of repeated meters in the line.1 meter,2 dimeter,3 trimeter,4 tetrameter,5 pentameter,6 hexameter,7 heptameter,8 octameter2. Stressed pattern:The most common stressed pattern in English is the iamb, which consists of 2 syllables and the 2nd one of which is accented. Another common stressed pattern is trochee (also 2 syllables, but with the 1st accented).Iamb: unstressed/ stressedTrochee: stressed/ unstressedAnapest: unstressed/ unstressed/ stressedDactyl: stressed/ unstressed/ unstressed• A line with three iambic feet is known as iambic trimester.• A line with six dactylic feet is known as dactylic hexamete r.•Shakespeare is famous for his use of the iambic pentameter.3. Rhyme:Rhyme is when the endings of the words sound the same.4. Rhyme Scheme:Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyming word at the end of each line.Not all poetry has rhyme scheme. Poems of more than one stanza often repeat the same rhyme scheme in each stanza.5. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or the same kinds of sound at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal.6. Assonance: 谐音，类韵Assonance is the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants and it’s a kind of vowel rhyme.7. Consonance:尾韵Consonance is the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds and it’s a kind of consonant rhyme.8. Repetition:Repetition is the repeating of a sound, word, or phrase for emphasis.10. Meaning devices:Diction is the writer’s choice of words. The words that a writer chooses to use may carry both denotative and connotative meanings. Denotative is the explicit definition as listed in a dictionary, while connotative is the association or set of associations that a word usually brings to mind.11. Figurative language:Figurative language is any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or f resh insights into an idea or a subject.Whenever you describe sth.by comparing it with sth. else, you’re using figurative language.•Simile:A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared,often in a phrase introd uces by “like” or “as”.•Metaphor:A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made betweentwo unlike things that actually have sth. important in common.•Symbol:Symbol is an image that comes to stand for sth. (often an idea) beyond itself. •Pun:A pun occurs when a word is used in such a way as to have more than one meaning and in this way. It’s a kind of instant metaphor.•Imagery:Imagery is an appeal to the senses. The poet describes sth. to help you see, hear, smell, taste or touch the topic of the poem. It’s similar to descriptive writing only in poetry form.•Personification:Personification is a figure of speech, which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object or an idea. It’s a comparison, which the author uses to show sth.in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it.•Paradox:Paradox is a statement that on the surface seems to contradict itself and doesn’t make sense, but that at another level expresses a truth.12. English Romanticism<1>. It prevailed in English during the period of 1798—1832. The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marked its beginning and the death of Water Scott in 1832 marked its ending.<2>. Highlights of English RomanticismImagination is the supreme faculty of the mindIdealization of Nature: that Nature never did betray the heart that loved herIndividualism: man is an individual in a solitary state; the exploration and evaluation of the inner self.13. Point of view:Point of view is the vantage point from which a story is told.<1>. The First Person Point of View:A character from the story is telling the story; uses pronouns “he”, “she”, “they”.In the first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story; knows and can tell only what he or she thinks and feels; may be reliable and trustworthy or may be an unreliable narrator.<2>. Types of Third-Person Point of View:Third-person limited: the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings on only ONEcharacter in a story.Third-person omniscient: the narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of ALL the characters in a story.•Third-Person-Limited Point of View:In Third-person-limited point of view, the narrator plays no part in the story; he knows and can tell what a single character is thinking and feeling.•Omniscient point of view:In the omniscient point of view, the all-knowing narrator plays no part in the story;knows and can tell what any character is thinking and feeling; knows what is happening in all of the story’s settings.14. SettingSetting generally provides the time and place of a story;Setting can also include the mood of the time period, situation and event;Setting can be the social, political, environmental or emotional climate;Setting can also include the emotional state of a character.15. CharacterThe term character refers to a person or an animal in a story, play or other literary work. Characterization is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.•The protagonist is the main character in a story and the story often revolves around this character.•The antagonist is the force that or character who opposes the protagonist. •Minor characters are present, generally named and have a role that in some way was highlights the protagonist.16. ThemeTheme is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life.Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life, society or human nature.Theme is typically implied rather than explicit. The reader has to think about it.Generally, there’s one major theme in a piece of literature. Add itional themes can often be found in a piece of literature.17. Parts of a plotPlot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with structure, like a map of a story.•Exposition: introduction; This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story.Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story.Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (problem).•Rising action: events that occur as result of central conflictThis part of the story begins to develop the conflicts. A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complication arises.•Climax: highest point of interest or suspense of a storyThis is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face witha conflict. The main character will change in some way and this is themostintense moment.•Falling action: tension eases; events show the results of how the main character begins to resolve the conflict.It’s the action that follows the climax a nd ultimately leads to the resolution. •Resolution: the conclusion; all loose ends are tied up; the conflict is solved Either the character defeats the problem, learns to live with the problem or the problem defeats the character.18. ConflictConflict is a problem that must be solved; it’s an issue between the protagonist and antagonist forces. It forms the basis of the plot and conflict can be external or internal. External conflict: exists when a character struggles against some outside force such as another character, group, society, nature, fate or a nonhuman obstacle.E.g. <1>. Man vs. Man is the conflict of one person against another person.<2>. Man vs. Nature is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of nature, and shows how insignificant one person can be when compared to the cosmic scheme of things<3>. Man vs. Society is the conflict of a person/ people and the views of society. Prejudice/Racism is a good example.Internal conflict exits within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. E.g. Man vs. Himself is internal conflict. It’s those conflicts an individual has with his conscience.19. Special Techniques used in a Story<1>. Suspense: excitement, tension, curiosity<2>. Foreshadowing: hint or clue about what will happen in story<3>. Flashback: interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past<4>. Symbolism: use of specific objects or images to represent ideas<5>. Personification: when you make a thing, idea or animal do something only humans do<6>. Surprise Ending: conclusion that reader does not expect二、文学作品节选承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following1. A Rose for Emily --- William FaulknerThe narration shifts in time frequently and gives out bits of information about the main character Miss Emily in such a way that the reader has to piece them together by himself.Para.1 It tells us who is the main character and who is telling the story. The author chooses “we”, the people of the town, as the collective narrator. “We” represents the gossip of the town, they are observers of the events. But this collective narrator does not know everything. None of “us” have benn inside Miss Emily’s house until her death.•So inevitably there are gaps in the narration that are bound to cause confusion on the part of the readers or the listener of the story. Thatleaves a lot of room for reader participation.Para. 2 This paragraph provides details about the setting of the story --- the place and the time. From the descriptions of the appearance of Miss Emily’s house we learn something about her family and her character, and from the visible changes on the streets over the years we get to know something about the historical and social changes that were taking place then.Part 2.In this part time is shifted back to thirty years before the visit of the deputation. Three things took place during this period of time. There was a bad smell coming from Miss Emily’s house. Two years before that her father dies, and Emily behaved rather strangely by refusing to let the townspeople bury him. A short time after that she had a sweetheart, whom the townspeople believed deserted her.2. A Tale of Two Cities --- Charles Dickensantithesis对照/对仗，anaphora首语重复法，repetition, juxtaposition并列，oxymoron 矛盾3.Romeo and Juliet --- William Shakespeare4.Persuasion --- Jane Austen三、诗歌欣赏1. A Red Red Rose --- Robert Burns①A Red Red Rose is a ballad that written by Robert Burns.②It consists of 4 quatrains (four-line stanzas), in iambic tetrameter in first andthird lines, and iambic trimetersecond and fourth lines. The rhyme scheme isabcb.③The poem focuses on the theme of love. A man professes his true love for hisbeloved girl.④In the first stanzathe author describes her pretty appearance and praise he finedisposition. And he addresses the young lady as bonnie in second stanzas. Hepledges his eternal and faithful love in the next 3 stanzas from 3 dimensions:Depth, length and distance.The man vows to love her however far he may go.⑤There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author compares his beloved girl to a red rose which has recently blossomed in June by using simile. And he compares her to melodywhich is the beauty lives on abstraction. Those make the poetry vivid and live.In the second place, he uses hyperbole in the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show that all is possible.Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show the permanent love. The repetition not only emphasizes his love but alsoaddsome musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses symbol to expresses his faithful love. Rosesymbolizes passionate love, and rock symbolizes staunch love, sands symbolizeseternal love, seas symbolizes deep love.2.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud --- William Wordsworth①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a lyric poem written byWilliam Wordsworth.②This poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet rather thantelling a story or presenting a witty observation.③It consists of 4 six-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and an ABABCC rhymescheme.④Figurative language:Using personification, the author compares the cloud to a lonely human.By using simile, there is the c omparison of the speaker’s solitariness to that of acloud.Alliteration: lonely as a cloud(line 1)⑤Diction&Tone：Diction can be assumed as indifferent or melancholy in the firsttwo lines. The speaker is comparing himself to a cloud that floats carelessly andyet feels distant or separated from the world beneath himBy the third line“when all at once I saw a crowd” the poem shifts into ablithe/joyful attitude, an interest towards the gorgeous scene which he describesand keeps throughout the poem.-Fluttering/dancing/shine/twinkle/sprightly/dance/glee/gay/jocund/wealth/bliss/ pleasure fills⑥Analysis ：In the first stanzas, Wordsworth describes the scene when we wanders “as lonely as a cloud”.He compares himself to a single cloud that is floating over the valleys and the hills.The speaker feels distant and seperated from the world below. The poet says thathe is like a cloud. That’s a simile.Then he sees a “crowd” of golden daffodils which are under the trees and beside alake and are “fluttering and dancing in the breeze”. He uses calm and soft words.In the second stanza, the speaker makes a connection with the daffodils and the stars. This stanza is still full of imagery. He compares the daffodils to the shiningstars that sparkle in the Milky Way as the number of daffodils are near the riverseem to be thousands in number.In the third stanza, he again compares the waves of the lake to the waves of daffodils. He decides that even though the lake is “sparkling”, the daffodils win because they have more “glee.” He felt so happy and expressed his feeling as gay in such a jocund company. He looked at the scene for a long time ,but while he was there, he couldn’t understand what he had gained from his experience. The repetition of “gaze” tells us that he kept looking at the flowers for a long time.In the last stanza, he describes how that scene affected him because whenever he is at home and on his own “in the bliss of solitude,” he remembers the flowers that fills him with pleasure and his heart “dances with the daffodils”. Again the use of words like “bliss” show his happiness each time the memory of tho se flowers and the way theydanced that day comes back to him.⑦This is a beautiful but simple poem about the beauty of nature and how inspiring it can be. This poem was written so that you can visualize and image how it would look in your perspective. In most of this poem, he gave the flowers a human quality, like dancing. There are rhyming words at the end of every alternate line of the poem giving it both continuity and a sense of rhythm.3.Break, Break, Break --- Alfred Tennyson①Break, Break, Break isa lyric poem thatwritten by Alfred Tennyson.②The poem contains four quatrains with combined iambic and anapestic. Mostlines have three feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb.③This poem expresses Tennyson’s grief after his friend died, the preciousness ofyouth and indifference of nature. Namely, the world continues to be busy andbeautiful, but the happy moments of one’s life never stay.④Hallam died of a stroke in 1833 when he was only 22. Nature, of course, doesnot stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, thewaves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausingeven for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman's boyhappily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plyingthe waters of commerce. Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns totouch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no,Hallam is gone forever; his "tender grace" will never again return.⑤The author use repetition in the title and the first line to emphasizes that theocean waves are going to keep breaking.Apostrophe (Lines 1 and 2): The narrator addresses the sea.Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, forthe poet regards the sea as a human being.Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay(Lines 9-12): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows:And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanished hand,And the sound of a voice that is still!Alliteration (Line 15): day that is deadRepetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1; Line 7 repeats the first twowords of Line 5.Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voicethat is still (Line 12).4.Because I Could Not Stop for Death --- Emily Dickinson①Because I Could Not Stop for Death is written by Emily Dickinson.②It consists of 6 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Therhyme is not strict.③The poem focuses on the theme of death and immortality. The author’s puzzlingover death leading to ly, the arrival of death is not unpleasant.Death means eternity.④The author use simple and plain word to describe the world of living, and moresolemn and serious words to describe death and immortality.⑤In the first stanza is an angel of death, in the image of a kind person comes in acarriage for the sake of immortality and the poet. This stanza reveals Emily’s calm acceptable of death. Death is seen as kind and polite. The journey to her grave begins when death comes calling.In the second stanza, the drive symbolizes her physical leaving life. He drives her slowly, which could be an expression of his consideration for her. Having relinquished her labor and leisure for the ride, she gives death her respect a full attention.In the third stanza, using metaphor, Dickinson speaks about the different stages of her life. School and children at recess symbolizes her childhood. Gazing grain symbolizes her adulthood. The setting sun represents her final years and decent into death. And the atmosphere surrounding the ride begin to change when we see the setting sun.In fourth stanza, it is a shift that makes her getting closer to the death.In fifth stanza, she saw a house with small size, scarcely visible cornice in the ground, which was actually house of the death. The word “house” is used as a euphemism for a grave to indicate how comfortable she feels about death.In the last stanza, she finally realized that she had been dead and also she had already got eternity. The word “eternity” is the echo of the word “immortality ”in first stanza.⑥Tone: In the first place, the tone is light and pleasant, and then turns to serious.In final, it is meditative.5.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening --- Robert Frost①Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening iswritten by Robert Frost②It consists of 4 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter andanAABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDDrhyme scheme.③As a traveler, the poet is fascinated by the beautiful scene in the woods. He stopsto enjoy it, but his mind urges him to go on, because there is still a long way ahead of him, an unfinished duty waiting for him. This poem stresses a central conflict between man's enjoyment of natural beauty and his responsibility in society.④The first stanza tells us that the man is stopping in front of the woods owned byanother person in the village--the village and the owner can both represent human society. Only the man is watching the woods being filled up with snow.The woods and snow can both hint at natural occurrences.The second stanza says the location is far from civilization (farmhouse), light (darkest evening) and warmth (frozen lake) that even the horse would think the man is queer to stop there.In the third stanza, there is the climax of the whole poem. The man is woken up by his horse and steps out of fantasy but he finds himself in acontradiction between reality and fantasy.The last stanza reveals the woods’ attractiontowards the man as it is “lovely, dark and deep”. It also shows the man’s determination to break away from suchaesthetic temptation because he has to take on worldly burdens andresponsibilities (“promises”).⑥There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author uses personification in the sentences “My little horse must think it queer” and “to ask if there is some mistake”.In the second place, there is the alliteration in words “sound”and “sleep”, ”dark” and “deep”Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “and miles to go before I sleep”. The superficial meaning is that there is still a long distance before thespeaker. But there is an implied meaning is that there are still numerousresponsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end. The repetition alsoadds some musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses images in many lines. For example, the woods symbolizes the mystery of nature; the temptations in our life. The snowsymbolizes something of purity. Village & He (the owner of thewoods)—Human world & societyPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life四、散文1.Letter to Lord Chesterfield --- Samuel JohnsonFebruary 7th, 1755My Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor经营者ofthe World,that two Papers两篇文章, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the Public, were written by your Lordship阁下. To be so distinguished, is an honour受到如此破格的垂青，是一份荣耀, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the Great很不习惯来自大人物的褒奖, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge用什么话来表达感激之情.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered深受感动, like the rest of Mankind其他人, by the enchantment of your address您富有魅力的言辞; and could not forbear to wish 奢望that I might boast夸口说myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre世界征服者的征服者, that I might obtain that regard 受到重视for which I saw the world contending争先，奋斗的; but I found my attendance拜访so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty谦逊would suffer me to continue it使我能够继续忍受下去. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public 当众向大人致意, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess我用尽了一个性情懒散，不善逢迎的书生所持有的所有手段以博取您欢心. I had done all that I could; and no Man is well pleased 高兴的to have his all neglected他的一切努力被忽视, be it ever so little无论多么微不足道.Seven years, My Lord, have now past已经过去七年了, since I waited in your outward Rooms, or was repulsed from your Door被拒之于门外; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties在困难中推进我的工作, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of Publication快要出版了, without one Act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. 没有的到一点帮助，没有得到一句鼓励，没有看到一个笑脸支持Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before我不曾指望能有这样的待遇，因为我此前从未有权贵提携.The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a Native of the Rocks.维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。
英美文学选读完美中英对照版
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照Part one: English Literature Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
自考“英美文学选读”总复习概要（2）
Thomas Hardy 1.evaluation：naturalist（wrance； Theodore Dreiser； George Eliot），also critical realist writer （Dickens） 2.works：Wessex， The Return of the Nature； The Mayor of Casterbridge； Tess of the D‘Urbervilles； Jude the Obscure 3.features：nostalgic（Washington Irving； F.Scott Fitzergerald； William Faulkner），also pessimistic 4.naturalism：Darwin‘s idea of “survival of the fittest” （1）man is born with tragic，inevitably bound by his own hereditary traits （2）man proves powerless before fate however he tries，he seldom escapes his doomed destiny 5.Tess of the D‘Urbervilles： （1）criticize the society， hypocrisy of the society （2）nauralism， the misery， poverty Tess suffers Chapter5 The Modern Period （England） 1.background：second half of the 19th century to early of the 20th decades （1）natural and social sciences enormously advanced （2）capitalism came into its monopoly stage （3）the gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened （4）World War 1 2 broke 2.what ideas influence this period： all kinds of philosophical ideas （1）Karl Marx： scientific socialism （2）Darwin‘s theory of evolution， “survival of the fittest” （3）Freud‘s analytical psychology （4）The irrationalist philosophers give immense influence 3.ideas：（1）Modernism originated from skepticism and disillusion of capitalism （2）The French symbolism announced modernism （3）takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.The major themes are the distorted，alienated and ill relationships 4.difference between Modernism and Realism Modernism is a reaction against realism in many aspects （1）Modernism rejects rationalism， which is the theoretical base of Realism （2）Modernism refects the source of Realism， i.e. the external， objective， material world （3）Modernism rejects almost all the traditional elements in literature wence‘s works’ features： （1）he interests in exploring the psychological development， he thinks life impulse is man‘s instinct. any conscious oppression will cause distortion of the individual’s personality （2）make a psychological exploration of human relationships， especially those between men and women （3）he emphasizes that it‘s capitalist industrialization that turn man into inhuman machines. And the desires for powerand money cause the alienation of human relationships 6.John Osborne： “Look back in Anger” “Angry Young Man”， the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurb George Bernard Shawn 1.idea：against “art for art‘s sake”， art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life， revealing social contradictions and educating common people 2.works features： prolem plays， only one passion： indignation （1）showing one‘s character by the expense of another’s （2）inversion。
自考“英美文学选读”总复习概要（1）
Chapter4 Victorian Period1836-1901 2. background （1）early years： rapid economic development as well as serious social problems （2）the next twenty years： prosperity and relative stability. a national spirit of earnestness， respectability， modesty domesticity （3）the last three decades： the decline of the British empire and the decay of the Victorian values 3. idea： （1）Darwin‘s The Origin of Species； The Descent of Man shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith （2）Utilitarianism： whether it could promote the material happiness （3）socially conscious writers criticized（2）‘s depreciation of cultural values， cold indifference towards human feeling （4）literature： magnitude and diversity， romantically and realistically 4.critical realist writers： criticized the society， concerned about the fate of common people Charles Dickens 1.theme：critical realist writers， criticize： poverty， injustice， hypocrisy， corruptness 2.works： Oliver Twist； The Pickwick Paper； David Copperfield； Domeby and Son； A Tale of Two Cities； Bleak House； Little Dorrit； Hard Times； Great Expectations 3.characteristics： （1）he is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary （2）character portrayal （3）characters are mostly innocent， helpless ，persecuted child characters （4）a mixture of humor and sympathism （5）bizarre figure， horrible 4.Oliver Twist： the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse system and the dark criminal underworld life The Bronte Sisters 1.scene：vast，rough，untouched moorland wilderness 2.Charlotte Bronte： Jane Eyre Mr. Rochester and Jane Eyre. Rochester： a grim-looking， energetic， quick-tempered， but an understanding middle-aged man Jane Eyre： has a burning spirit and a longing to love and be loved Jane Eyre： struggles for recognition of her basic rights and equality as a woman. It‘s an individual conscious struggle towards self-realization. She gets joy through the sacrifice of herself or her weakness overcome 3.Emily Bronte： Wuthering Heights（uses flashbacks） Nelly： Catherine‘s old nurse， narrator， told Mr.Lockwood， a temporary tenant the story Alfred Tennyson 1.Crossing the Bar； Ulysses； Break， Break， Break 2.evaluation：Poet Laureate （Wordsworth， Southey） 3.features：a powerful expression of the poet‘s philosophical and religious thoughts， his doubts about life， soul. Robert Browning 1.features：perfects “dramatic monologue”， keeps readers onmouseover， thoughtful and enlightened 2.works： My Last Dutches， in heroic couplets， dramatic monologue George Eliot 1.idea：founder of “stream of consciousness”， focus on inner struggle. hereditary influences govern human action. concern for the destiny of woman. the tragedy of women lies in their very birth（hereditary influences） 2.works features ：naturalistic and psychological novel 3.works：Middlemarch：a full view of life in a small Englishtown。
英美文学选读考前总复习中英文版
一.What is the theme of Beowulf这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。
这首诗是自然界神话与英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。
Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚?（1）四个悲剧。
（二）四大悲剧的共同之处3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。
1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：?哈姆雷特、?奥赛罗、?李尔王、?麦克白。
2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运与整个国家的命运息息相关。
3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质?；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力?；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. 3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up hisambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
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一.What is the theme of Beowulf?这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。
这首诗是自然界神话与英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。
Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚（1）四个悲剧。
（二）四大悲剧的共同之处？3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。
1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白。
2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运与整个国家的命运息息相关。
3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行1.Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.2.Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。
1.主要特点是既不是仅仅是个人的也不是类型；他们是代表某些类型的个人。
每个字符都有他或她自己的个性；与此同时，他们可能与别人分享功能。
2.通过运用心理分析的方法，莎士比亚成功探索刻画心灵。
3.莎士比亚很少发明自己的情节；相反，他借用他们的一些旧的戏剧或故事书，或从古希腊和古罗马的来源。
4.在他的著作中，伪装也是重要的设备，打造戏剧反讽，通常伪装成男人的女人。
5.他在不同的诗歌形式，就像这首十四行诗、空白的诗句，押韵一样经常巧妙地写道。
1.Shakespeare’s major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones;they are individuals representing certain types.each character has his or her own personalities;meanwhile,they may share features with others.2.By applying a psycho-analytic approach,Shakespeare succeeds i n exploring the characters’ inner mind.3.Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots;instead,he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks,or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.4.In his writings,disguise is also an important device to create dramatic irony,usually with woman disguised as man.5.He often wrote skillfully in different poetic forms,like the sonnet,the blank verse,and the rhymed couplet.四.简要讨论为什么莎士比亚的哈姆雷特让人印象深刻。
1.在 Shakespeare 主人公是行动的的戏剧哈姆雷特》指出的他hesitation 采取他的复仇，他忧郁的性质，只能拒绝做任何事情的可能性。
2.他终于知道他的父亲被谋杀了，他成了国王的叔叔。
他恨他太深了，他想杀了他。
但他热爱他守寡的母亲，后来嫁给了他的叔叔。
这使他陷入麻烦。
3.当他打算杀死他的叔叔，他不敢伤害他的母亲。
也，当一切准备好让他杀死他的叔叔，他还是原谅了他因为他的叔叔向上帝祈祷，为他的罪行。
因此，他失去了很好的机会。
4.哈姆雷特》代表他那个时代的人文精神。
1.The hero Hamlet in Shakespeare is play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge,his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything.2.He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king.He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him.But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle.This made him deep in trouble.3.When he planned to kill his uncle,he was afraid to hurt his mother.And also,when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle,he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime.Thus he lost good chance.4.Hamlet represented humanism of his time.五.为什么在他的时代约翰·弥尔顿是最伟大的作家？在他的生活中，弥尔顿显示出自己真正的革命，诗圣，一位伟大的散文作家。
他争取自由的各个方面作为一个基督教的人文主义者，虽然他在文学的成就使他在他那个时代的所有其他英语作家塔和施加很大的影响，在后来的。
In his life,Milton shows himself a real revolutionary,a master poet and a great prose writer.He fought for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanist,while his achievements in literature make him tower over all the other English writers of his time and exert a great influence over later ones.根据《失乐园》这首诗的设置，讨论的主题，作者的内涵，创造它，这首诗表达的含义。
《失乐园》这首诗的主题是"人类的堕落"即勒芒抗命和天堂，丧失其主要的原因---撒旦。
2.写这首诗的作者意图是以公开的方式向撒旦"证明上帝的方式待人。
"3.在这首诗，作者隐式关切他基本的自由和选择，他相信圣经》启示的不容置疑的事实意味着全知的上帝只是在让亚当和夏娃被诱惑和他们的自由意志的选择罪恶和其必然的惩罚。
The theme of the poem “Paradise Lost”is the” Fall of Man,” i.e. mans disobedience and the l oss of Paradise, with its prime cause----Satan. 2.The authors intention to write this poem is to expose the ways of Satan to” justify the ways of God to men.”3.In this poem,the author implicitly expresses his fundamental concern with freedom and choice and his belief that the unquestionable truth of biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and eve to be tempted and of their free will to choose sin and its inevitable punishment.通过分析珀西 ·雪莱的诗，讨论他的诗歌艺术。
1.雪莱是激烈和原始的抒情诗人，在英语语言中。
2.他的诗是充满古典神话中的典故。
3.他的风格盛产拟人化和隐喻和其他修辞格。
4.他生动地描述了我们看到的和感觉的或表达热情使我们感动。
1.Percy Bysshe Shelly is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.2.His poems are full of classical and mythological allusions.3.His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech.4.He describes vividly what we see and feel,or express what passionately moves us.基于她的著作，讨论简 ·奥斯丁是英国文学的最大贡献。