投资学 博迪 第九版 中文答案 第一章
《博迪 投资学 第9版 笔记和课后习题详解》读书笔记思维导图
第9章 资本资 1
产定价模型
第10章 套利 定价理论与风
2
险收益多因素
模...
3 第11章 有效
市场假说
4 第12章 行为
金融与技术分 析
5 第13章 证券
收益的实证依 据
9.1 复习笔 记
9.2 课后习 题详解
10.1 复习笔 记
10.2 课后习 题详解
11.1 复习笔 记
11.2 课后习 题详解
第一部分 绪 论
第1章 投资环境
第2章 资产类别 与金融工具
第3章 证券是如 何交易的
第4章 共同基金 与其他投资公司
1.1 复习笔 记
1.2 课后习 题详解
2.1 复习笔 记
2.2 课后习 题详解
3.1 复习笔 记
3.2 课后习 题详解
4.1 复习笔 记
4.2 课后习 题详解
第二部分 资产组合理论与实 践
第24章 投资 1
组合业绩评价
第25章 投资 2
的国际分散化
3 第26章 对冲
基金
4 第27章 积极
型投资组合管
理理论
5
第28章 投资 政策与注册金
融分析师协会
结...
24.1 复习笔 记
24.2 课后习 题详解
25.1 复习笔 记
25.2 课后习 题详解
26.1 复习笔 记
26.2 课后习 题详解
27.1 复习笔 记
27.2 课后习 题详解
28.1 复习笔 记
28.2 课后习 题详解
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《博迪 投资学 第9版 笔记和课后 习题详解》
博迪《投资学》(第9版)名校考研真题-选择题(圣才出品)
第一部分名校考研真题一、选择题1．境内上市外资股是股份公司向境外投资者募集并在我国境内上市的股票，该股票称为（）。
[东北财大2012研]A．H股B．N股C．A股D．B股【答案】D【解析】A项，H股是境内公司发行的以人民币标明面值，供境外投资者用外币认购，在香港联合交易所上市的股票；B项，N股是境内公司发行的以人民币标明面值，供境外投资者用外币认购，在纽约证券交易所上市的股票；C项，A股又称为人民币普通股票；它是由我国境内的公司发行，供境内机构、组织或个人以及境外合格投资者（QFII）以人民币认购和交易的普通股股票；D项，B股也称人民币特种股票，是指那些在中国内地注册、在中国内地上市的特种股票，以人民币标明面值，只能以外币认购和交易。
2．投资者在证券市场上下达了一个以当前市场价格买入股票的指令，该指令是（）。
[北京航空航天大学2013研]A．市价指令B．限价指令C．止损指令D．买入指令【答案】D【解析】A项，市价指令是指委托人自己不确定价格，而委托经纪人按市面上最有利的价格买卖证券；B项，限价指令是指投资者委托经纪人按他规定的价格，或比限定价格更有利的价格买卖证券；C项，止损指令是一种限制性的市价委托，是指投资者委托经纪人在证券价格上升到或超过指定价格时按市价买进证券，或在证券价格下跌到或低于指定价格时按市价卖出证券。
3．在深圳证券交易所，假设某股票当前的市场报价为最高买入价12.52元，最低卖出价为12.54元，如希望立即成交应选择（）方式报出买单。
[上海财大2013研] A．限价12.52元申报B．限价12.53元申报C．本方最优市价申报D．对手方最优市价申报【答案】D【解析】对手方最优价格申报，是指以申报进入交易主机时集中申报簿中对手方队列的最优价格为其申报价格。
本方最优价格申报，是指以申报进入交易主机时集中申报簿中本方队列的最优价格为其申报价格。
4．股票交易中，限价委托方式的优点是（）。
[中山大学2012研；南京大学2012研]A．成交迅速B．没有价格上的限制，成交率高C．在委托执行后才知道实际的执行价格D．股票可以投资者预期的价格或更有利的价格成交【答案】D【解析】限价委托是指客户要求证券经纪商在执行委托指令时，必须按限定的价格或比限定价格更有利的价格买卖证券。
博迪《投资学》笔记和课后习题详解(投资环境)【圣才出品】
第1章投资环境1.1 复习笔记1.金融资产与实物资产（1）概念实物资产指经济生活中所创造的用于生产商品和提供服务的资产。
实物资产包括：土地、建筑物、知识、机械设备以及劳动力。
实物资产和“人力”资产是构成整个社会的产出和消费的主要内容。
金融资产是实物资产所创造的利润或政府的收入的要求权。
金融资产主要指股票或债券等有价证券。
金融资产是投资者财富的一部分，但不是社会财富的组成部分。
（2）两种资产的区分①实物资产能够创造财富和收入，而金融资产却只是收入或财富在投资者之间的配置的一种手段。
②实物资产通常只在资产负债表的资产一侧出现，而金融资产却可以作为资产或负债在资产负债表的两侧都出现。
对企业的金融要求权是一种资产，但是，企业发行的这种金融要求权则是企业的负债。
③金融资产的产生和消除一般要通过一定的商务过程。
例如，当贷款被支付后，债权人的索偿权(一种金融资产)和债务人的债务(一种金融负债)就都消失了。
而实物资产只能通过偶然事故或逐渐磨损来消除。
2．金融市场（1）金融市场与经济①金融市场的概念金融市场是指以金融资产为交易对象而形成的供求关系及其机制的总和。
它包括三层含义，一是它是金融资产进行交易的一个有形和无形的场所；二是它反映了金融资产的供应者和需求者之间所形成的供求关系；三是它包含了金融资产交易过程中所产生的运行机制。
②金融市场的作用a.金融市场允许人们通过金融资产储蓄财富，使人们消费与收入在时间上分离。
人们可以通过调整消费期获得最满意的消费。
b.金融市场使人们可以通过金融资产的买卖来分配实物资产的风险。
c.金融市场保证了公司经营权和所有权的分离。
③代理问题代理问题是指公司的管理者追求自己的利益而非公司的利益所产生的管理者与股东潜在的利益冲突。
解决代理问题的管理机制有：期权等激励机制、通过董事会解雇管理者以及雇佣独立人士监控管理者。
绩效差的公司通常面临着被收购的危机，这是一种外部的激励。
公司治理危机包括会计丑闻、分析师丑闻和首次公开发行中的问题。
博迪投资学第九版-Investment-Chap013-习题答案
博迪投资学第九版-Investment-Chap013-习题答案CHAPTER 13: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON SECURITY RETURNS PROBLEM SETS1. Even if the single-factor CCAPM (with a consumption-trackingportfolio used as the index) performs better than the CAPM, it is still quite possible that the consumption portfolio does not capture the size and growth characteristics captured by the SMB(i.e., small minus big capitalization) and HML (i.e., high minuslow book-to-market ratio) factors of the Fama-French three-factor model. Therefore, it is expected that the Fama-French model with consumption provides a better explanation of returns than does the model with consumption alone.2. Wealth and consumption should be positively correlated and,therefore, market volatility and consumption volatility should also be positively correlated. Periods of high market volatility might coincide with periods of high consumption volatility. The‘conventional’ CAPM focuses on the covariance of security returns with returns for the market portfolio (which in turn tracks aggregate wealth) while the consumption-based CAPM focuses on the covariance of security returns with returns for a portfolio thattracks consumption growth. However, to the extent that wealth and consumption are correlated, both versions of the CAPM mightrepresent patterns in actual returns reasonably well.To see this formally, suppose that the CAPM and the consumption-based model are approximately true. According to the conventional CAPM, the market price of risk equals expected excess market return divided by the variance of that excess return. According to theconsumption-beta model, the price of risk equals expected excessmarket return divided by the covariance of R M with g, where g is the rate of consumption growth. This covariance equals the correlation of R M with g times the product of the standard deviations of thevariables. Combining the two models, the correlation between R M andg equals the standard deviation of R M divided by the standarddeviation of g. Accordingly, if the correlation between R M and g is relatively stable, then an increase in market volatility will beaccompanied by an increase in the volatility of consumption growth.Note: For the following problems, the focus is on the estimation procedure. To keep the exercise feasible, the sample was limited to returns on nine stocks plus a market index and a second factor over a period of 12 years. The data were generated to conform to a two-factor CAPM so that actual rates of return equal CAPMexpectations plus random noise, and the true intercept of the SCL is zero for all stocks. The exercise will provide a feel for the pitfalls of verifying social-science models. However, due to the small size of the sample, results are not always consistent withthe findings of other studies as reported in the chapter.3. Using the regression feature of Excel with the data presented inthe text, the first-pass (SCL) estimation results are:Stock:A B C D E F G H I R Square0.060.060.060.370.170.590.060.670.70ObservationBeta-0.470.590.42 1.380.90 1.780.66 1.91 2.08t-Alpha0.73-0.04-0.06-0.410.05-0.450.33-0.270.64t-Beta-0.810.780.78 2.42 1.42 3.830.78 4.51 4.814. The hypotheses for the second-pass regression for the SML are: The intercept is zero; and,The slope is equal to the average return on the index portfolio. 5. The second-pass data from first-pass (SCL) estimates are: AverageBetaExcessReturnA 5.18-0.47B 4.190.59C 2.750.42D 6.15 1.38E8.050.90F9.90 1.78G11.320.66H13.11 1.91I22.83 2.08M8.12S The second-pass regression yields:Regression StatisticsMultiple R 0.7074R Square0.5004Adjusted RSquare0.4291Standard Error 4.6234 Observations9Coefficients StandardErrortStatisticfor β=0tStatisticforIntercept 3.92 2.54 1.54Slope 5.21 1.97 2.65-1.486. As we saw in the chapter, the intercept is too high (3.92% per year instead of 0) and the slope is too flat (5.21% instead of a predicted value equal to the sample-average risk premium: r M r f = 8.12%). The intercept is not significantly greater than zero (thet-statistic is less than 2) and the slope is not significantlydifferent from its theoretical value (the t-statistic for this hypothesis is 1.48). This lack of statistical significance is probably due to the small size of the sample.7. Arranging the securities in three portfolios based on betas from the SCL estimates, the first pass input data are:Year ABC DEG FHI115.0525.8656.692-16.76-29.74-50.85319.67-5.688.984-15.83-2.5835.41547.1837.70-3.256-2.2653.8675.447-18.6715.3212.508-6.3536.3332.1297.8514.0850.421021.4112.6652.1411-2.53-50.71-66.1212-0.30-4.99-20.10 Average 4.048.5115.28Std.Dev.19.3029.4743.96(continued on next page)The first-pass (SCL) estimates are:ABC DEG FHIR Square0.040.480.82Observation121212Alpha 2.580.54-0.34Beta0.180.98 1.92t-Alpha0.420.08-0.06t-Beta0.62 3.02 6.83Grouping into portfolios has improved the SCL estimates as is evident from the higher R-square for Portfolio DEG and Portfolio FHI. This means that the beta (slope) is measured with greater precision, reducing the error-in-measurement problem at the expense of leaving fewer observations for the second pass.The inputs for the second pass regression are:AverageExcessReturnBetaABC 4.040.18DEH8.510.98FGI15.28 1.92M8.12The second-pass estimates are:RegressionMultiple R0.9975R Square0.9949Adjusted RSquare0.9899Standard Error0.5693Observations3Coefficients StandardErrortStatisticfor β =0tStatisticfor βIntercept 2.620.58 4.55Slope 6.470.4614.03-3.58Despite the decrease in the intercept and the increase in slope, the intercept is now significantly positive, and the slope is significantly less than the hypothesized value by more than three times the standard error.8. Roll’s critique suggests that the problem b egins with the marketindex, which is not the theoretical portfolio against which thesecond pass regression should hold. Hence, even if therelationship is valid with respect to the true (unknown) index, we may not find it. As a result, the second pass relationship may be meaningless.9.Except for Stock I, which realized an extremely positive surprise, the CML shows that the index dominates all other securities, and the three portfolios dominate all individual stocks. The power of diversification is evident despite the very small sample size.10. The first-pass (SCL) regression results are summarized below:A B C D E F G H IR-Square0.070.360.110.440.240.840.120.680.71Observatio121212121212121212 nsIntercept9.19-1.89-1.00-4.480.17-3.47 5.32-2.64 5.66Beta M-0.470.580.41 1.390.89 1.790.65 1.91 2.08。
博迪投资学课后答案
CHAPTER 1: THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT PROBLEM SETS1. Ultimately, it is true that real assets determine the material well being of an economy.Nevertheless, individuals can benefit when financial engineering creates new products that allow them to manage their portfolios of financial assets more efficiently. Becausebundling and unbundling creates financial products with new properties and sensitivities to various sources of risk, it allows investors to hedge particular sources of risk moreefficiently.2.Securitization requires access to a large number of potential investors. To attract theseinvestors, the capital market needs:(1) a safe system of business laws and low probability of confiscatorytaxation/regulation;(2) a well-developed investment banking industry;(3) a well-developed system of brokerage and financial transactions, and;(4)well-developed media, particularly financial reporting.These characteristics are found in (indeed make for) a well-developed financial market. 3. Securitization leads to disintermediation; that is, securitization provides a means formarket participants to bypass intermediaries. For example, mortgage-backed securities channel funds to the housing market without requiring that banks or thrift institutionsmake loans from their own portfolios. As securitization progresses, financialintermediaries must increase other activities such as providing short-term liquidity toconsumers and small business, and financial services.4. Financial assets make it easy for large firms to raise the capital needed to finance theirinvestments in real assets. If General Motors, for example, could not issue stocks orbonds to the general public, it would have a far more difficult time raising capital.Contraction of the supply of financial assets would make financing more difficult,thereby increasing the cost of capital. A higher cost of capital results in less investment and lower real growth.5. Even if the firm does not need to issue stock in any particular year, the stock market is stillimportant to the financial manager. The stock price provides important information about how the market values the firm's investment projects. For example, if the stock price rises considerably, managers might conclude that the market believes the firm's future prospects are bright. This might be a useful signal to the firm to proceed with an investment such as an expansion of the firm's business.In addition, the fact that shares can be traded in the secondary market makes the sharesmore attractive to investors since investors know that, when they wish to, they will be able to sell their shares. This in turn makes investors more willing to buy shares in a primary offering, and thus improves the terms on which firms can raise money in the equity market.6. a. Cash is a financial asset because it is the liability of the federal government.b. No. The cash does not directly add to the productive capacity of the economy.c. Yes.d. Society as a whole is worse off, since taxpayers, as a group will make up for theliability.7. a. The bank loan is a financial liability for Lanni. (Lanni's IOU is the bank's financialasset.) The cash Lanni receives is a financial asset. The new financial asset createdis Lanni's promissory note (that is, Lanni’s IOU to the bank).b. Lanni transfers financial assets (cash) to the software developers. In return, Lannigets a real asset, the completed software. No financial assets are created ordestroyed; cash is simply transferred from one party to another.c. Lanni gives the real asset (the software) to Microsoft in exchange for a financialasset, 1,500 shares of Microsoft stock. If Microsoft issues new shares in order to payLanni, then this would represent the creation of new financial assets.d. Lanni exchanges one financial asset (1,500 shares of stock) for another ($120,000).Lanni gives a financial asset ($50,000 cash) to the bank and gets back anotherfinancial asset (its IOU). The loan is "destroyed" in the transaction, since it is retiredwhen paid off and no longer exists.8. a.AssetsLiabilities &Shareholders’ equityCash $ 70,000 Bank loan $ 50,000 Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity Total 50,000$100,000 Total $100,000Ratio of real assets to total assets = $30,000/$100,000 = 0.30b.AssetsLiabilities & Shareholders’ equity Software product*$ 70,000 Bank loan $ 50,000 Computers30,000 Shareholders’ equity Total 50,000 $100,000 Total $100,000 *Valued at costRatio of real assets to total assets = $100,000/$100,000 = 1.0c.AssetsLiabilities & Shareholders’ equity Microsoft shares$120,000 Bank loan $ 50,000 Computers30,000 Shareholders’ equity Total 100,000 $150,000 Total $150,000 Ratio of real assets to total assets = $30,000/$150,000 = 0.20Conclusion: when the firm starts up and raises working capital, it is characterized bya low ratio of real assets to total assets. When it is in full production, it has a highratio of real assets to total assets. When the project "shuts down" and the firm sells itoff for cash, financial assets once again replace real assets.9. For commercial banks, the ratio is: $107.5/$10,410.9 = 0.010For non-financial firms, the ratio is: $13,295/$25,164 = 0.528The difference should be expected primarily because the bulk of the business offinancial institutions is to make loans; which are financial assets for financialinstitutions.10. a. Primary-market transactionb. Derivative assetsc.Investors who wish to hold gold without the complication and cost of physicalstorage.11. a. A fixed salary means that compensation is (at least in the short run) independent ofthe firm's success. This salary structure does not tie the manager’s immediatecompensation to the success of the firm. However, the manager might view this asthe safest compensation structure and therefore value it more highly.b. A salary that is paid in the form of stock in the firm means that the manager earns themost when the shareholders’ wealth is maximized. This structure is therefore mostlikely to align the interests of managers and shareholders. If stock compensation isoverdone, however, the manager might view it as overly risky since the manager’scareer is already linked to the firm, and this undiversified exposure would beexacerbated with a large stock position in the firm.c. Call options on shares of the firm create great incentives for managers to contribute tothe firm’s success. In some cases, however, stock options can lead to other agencyproblems. For example, a manager with numerous call options might be tempted totake on a very risky investment project, reasoning that if the project succeeds thepayoff will be huge, while if it fails, the losses are limited to the lost value of theoptions. Shareholders, in contrast, bear the losses as well as the gains on the project,and might be less willing to assume that risk.12. Even if an individual shareholder could monitor and improve managers’ performance, andthereby increase the value of the firm, the payoff would be small, since the ownership share in a large corporation would be very small. For example, if you own $10,000 of GM stock and can increase the value of the firm by 5%, a very ambitious goal, you benefit by only:0.05 × $10,000 = $500In contrast, a bank that has a multimillion-dollar loan outstanding to the firm has a big stake in making sure that the firm can repay the loan. It is clearly worthwhile for the bank tospend considerable resources to monitor the firm.13. Mutual funds accept funds from small investors and invest, on behalf of these investors,in the national and international securities markets.Pension funds accept funds and then invest, on behalf of current and future retirees, thereby channeling funds from one sector of the economy to another.Venture capital firms pool the funds of private investors and invest in start-up firms.Banks accept deposits from customers and loan those funds to businesses, or use the funds to buy securities of large corporations.14. Treasury bills serve a purpose for investors who prefer a low-risk investment. Thelower average rate of return compared to stocks is the price investors pay forpredictability of investment performance and portfolio value.15. With a “top-down” investing style, you focus on asset allocation or the broad compositionof the entire portfolio, which is the major determinant of overall performance. Moreover,top-down management is the natural way to establish a portfolio with a level of riskconsistent with your risk tolerance. The disadvantage of an exclusive emphasis on top-down issues is that you may forfeit the potential high returns that could result fromidentifying and concentrating in undervalued securities or sectors of the market.With a “bottom-up” investing style, you try to benefit from identifying undervalued securities.The disadvantage is that you tend to overlook the overall composition of your portfolio,which may result in a non-diversified portfolio or a portfolio with a risk level inconsistentwith your level of risk tolerance. In addition, this technique tends to require more activemanagement, thus generating more transaction costs. Finally, your analysis may be incorrect, in which case you will have fruitlessly expended effort and money attempting to beat asimple buy-and-hold strategy.16. You should be skeptical. If the author actually knows how to achieve such returns, one mustquestion why the author would then be so ready to sell the secret to others. Financial markets are very competitive; one of the implications of this fact is that riches do not come easily.High expected returns require bearing some risk, and obvious bargains are few and farbetween. Odds are that the only one getting rich from the book is its author.17. a. The SEC website defines the difference between saving and investing in terms ofthe investment alternatives or the financial assets the individual chooses to acquire.According to the SEC website, saving is the process of acquiring a “safe” financialasset and investing is the process of acquiring “risky” financial assets.b. The economist’s definition of savings is the difference between income andconsumption. Investing is the process of allocating one’s savings among availableassets, both real assets and financial assets. The SEC definitions actually represent(according the economist’s definition) two kinds of investment alternatives.18. As is the case for the SEC definitions (see Problem 17), the SIA defines saving andinvesting as acquisition of alternative kinds of financial assets. According to the SIA,saving is the process of acquiring safe assets, generally from a bank, while investing isthe acquisition of other financial assets, such as stocks and bonds. On the other hand,the definitions in the chapter indicate that saving means spending less than one’s income.Investing is the process of allocating one’s savings among financial assets, includingsavings account deposits and money market accounts (“saving” according to the SIA),other financial assets such as stocks and bonds (“investing” according to the SIA), aswell as real assets.CHAPTER 2: ASSET CLASSES ANDFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSPROBLEM SETS1. Preferred stock is like long-term debt in that it typically promises a fixed payment eachyear. In this way, it is a perpetuity. Preferred stock is also like long-term debt in that itdoes not give the holder voting rights in the firm.Preferred stock is like equity in that the firm is under no contractual obligation to make the preferred stock dividend payments. Failure to make payments does not set off corporate bankruptcy. With respect to the priority of claims to the assets of the firm in the event of corporate bankruptcy, preferred stock has a higher priority than common equity but a lower priority than bonds.2. Money market securities are called “cash equivalents” because of their great liquidity.The prices of money market securities are very stable, and they can be converted tocash (i.e., sold) on very short notice and with very low transaction costs.3. The spread will widen. Deterioration of the economy increases credit risk, that is, thelikelihood of default. Investors will demand a greater premium on debt securitiessubject to default risk.4. On the day we tried this experiment, 36 of the 50 stocks met this criterion, leading us toconclude that returns on stock investments can be quite volatile.5. a. You would have to pay the asked price of:118:31 = 118.96875% of par = $1,189.6875b. The coupon rate is 11.750% implying coupon payments of $117.50 annually or, moreprecisely, $58.75 semiannually.c.Current yield = Annual coupon income/price= $117.50/$1,189.6875 = 0.0988 = 9.88%6. P = $10,000/1.02 = $9,803.927. The total before-tax income is $4. After the 70% exclusion for preferred stock dividends, thetaxable income is: 0.30 × $4 = $1.20Therefore, taxes are: 0.30 × $1.20 = $0.36After-tax income is: $4.00 – $0.36 = $3.64Rate of return is: $3.64/$40.00 = 9.10%8. a. General Dynamics closed today at $74.59, which was $0.17 higher than yesterday’sprice. Yesterday’s closing price was: $74.42b. You could buy: $5,000/$74.59 = 67.03 sharesc. Your annual dividend income would be: 67.03 × $0.92 = $61.67d. The price-to-earnings ratio is 16 and the price is $74.59. Therefore:$74.59/Earnings per share = 16 Earnings per share = $4.669. a. At t = 0, the value of the index is: (90 + 50 + 100)/3 = 80At t = 1, the value of the index is: (95 + 45 + 110)/3 = 83.333The rate of return is: (83.333/80) − 1 = 4.17%b.In the absence of a split, Stock C would sell for 110, so the value of the indexwould be: 250/3 = 83.333After the split, Stock C sells for 55. Therefore, we need to find the divisor (d)such that:83.333 = (95 + 45 + 55)/d ⇒ d = 2.340c. The return is zero. The index remains unchanged because the return for each stockseparately equals zero.10. a. Total market value at t = 0 is: ($9,000 + $10,000 + $20,000) = $39,000T otal market value at t = 1 is: ($9,500 + $9,000 + $22,000) = $40,500R ate of return = ($40,500/$39,000) – 1 = 3.85%b.The return on each stock is as follows:r A r = (95/90) – 1 = 0.0556B r = (45/50) – 1 = –0.10CThe equally-weighted average is:= (110/100) – 1 = 0.10[0.0556 + (-0.10) + 0.10]/3 = 0.0185 = 1.85%11. The after-tax yield on the corporate bonds is: 0.09 × (1 – 0.30) = 0.0630 = 6.30%Therefore, municipals must offer at least 6.30% yields.12. Equation (2.2) shows that the equivalent taxable yield is: r = r m/(1 – t)a. 4.00%b. 4.44%c. 5.00%d. 5.71%13. a. The higher coupon bond.b. The call with the lower exercise price.c. The put on the lower priced stock.14. a. You bought the contract when the futures price was 1427.50 (see Figure 2.12). Thecontract closes at a price of 1300, which is 127.50 less than the original futures price. Thecontract multiplier is $250. Therefore, the loss will be:127.50 × $250 = $31,875b. Open interest is 601,655 contracts.15. a. Since the stock price exceeds the exercise price, you will exercise the call.The payoff on the option will be: $42 − $40 = $2The option originally cost $2.14, so the profit is: $2.00 − $2.14 = −$0.14Rate of return = −$0.14/$2.14 = −0.0654 = −6.54%b. If the call has an exercise price of $42.50, you would not exercise for any stock price of$42.50 or less. The loss on the call would be the initial cost: $0.72c. Since the stock price is less than the exercise price, you will exercise the put.The payoff on the option will be: $42.50 − $42.00 = $0.50The option originally cost $1.83 so the profit is: $0.50 − $1.83 = −$1.33Rate of return = −$1.33/$1.83 = −0.7268 = −72.68%16. There is always a possibility that the option will be in-the-money at some time prior toexpiration. Investors will pay something for this possibility of a positive payoff.17.Value of call at expiration Initial Cost Profita. 0 4 -4b. 0 4 -4c. 0 4 -4d. 5 4 1e. 10 4 6Value of put at expiration Initial Cost Profita. 10 6 4b. 5 6 -1c. 0 6 -6d. 0 6 -6e. 0 6 -618. A put option conveys the right to sell the underlying asset at the exercise price. A shortposition in a futures contract carries an obligation to sell the underlying asset at thefutures price.19. A call option conveys the right to buy the underlying asset at the exercise price. A longposition in a futures contract carries an obligation to buy the underlying asset at thefutures price.CFA PROBLEMS1.(d)2. The equivalent taxable yield is: 6.75%/(1 − 0.34) = 10.23%3. (a) Writing a call entails unlimited potential losses as the stock price rises.4. a. The taxable bond. With a zero tax bracket, the after-tax yield for the taxable bond isthe same as the before-tax yield (5%), which is greater than the yield on the municipalbond.b.The taxable bond. The after-tax yield for the taxable bond is:0.05 × (1 – 0.10) = 4.5%c.You are indifferent. The after-tax yield for the taxable bond is:0.05 × (1 – 0.20) = 4.0%The after-tax yield is the same as that of the municipal bond.d. The municipal bond offers the higher after-tax yield for investors in tax brackets above20%.5.If the after-tax yields are equal, then: 0.056 = 0.08 × (1 – t)This implies that t = 0.30 =30%.CHAPTER 2: ASSET CLASSES ANDFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSPROBLEM SETS1. Preferred stock is like long-term debt in that it typically promises a fixed payment eachyear. In this way, it is a perpetuity. Preferred stock is also like long-term debt in that itdoes not give the holder voting rights in the firm.Preferred stock is like equity in that the firm is under no contractual obligation to make the preferred stock dividend payments. Failure to make payments does not set off corporate bankruptcy. With respect to the priority of claims to the assets of the firm in the event of corporate bankruptcy, preferred stock has a higher priority than common equity but a lower priority than bonds.2. Money market securities are called “cash equivalents” because of their great liquidity.The prices of money market securities are very stable, and they can be converted tocash (i.e., sold) on very short notice and with very low transaction costs.3. The spread will widen. Deterioration of the economy increases credit risk, that is, thelikelihood of default. Investors will demand a greater premium on debt securitiessubject to default risk.4. On the day we tried this experiment, 36 of the 50 stocks met this criterion, leading us toconclude that returns on stock investments can be quite volatile.5. a. You would have to pay the asked price of:118:31 = 118.96875% of par = $1,189.6875b. The coupon rate is 11.750% implying coupon payments of $117.50 annually or, moreprecisely, $58.75 semiannually.c.Current yield = Annual coupon income/price= $117.50/$1,189.6875 = 0.0988 = 9.88%6. P = $10,000/1.02 = $9,803.927. The total before-tax income is $4. After the 70% exclusion for preferred stock dividends, thetaxable income is: 0.30 × $4 = $1.20Therefore, taxes are: 0.30 × $1.20 = $0.36After-tax income is: $4.00 – $0.36 = $3.64Rate of return is: $3.64/$40.00 = 9.10%8. a. General Dynamics closed today at $74.59, which was $0.17 higher than yesterday’sprice. Yesterday’s closing price was: $74.42b. You could buy: $5,000/$74.59 = 67.03 sharesc. Your annual dividend income would be: 67.03 × $0.92 = $61.67d. The price-to-earnings ratio is 16 and the price is $74.59. Therefore:$74.59/Earnings per share = 16 Earnings per share = $4.669. a. At t = 0, the value of the index is: (90 + 50 + 100)/3 = 80At t = 1, the value of the index is: (95 + 45 + 110)/3 = 83.333The rate of return is: (83.333/80) − 1 = 4.17%b.In the absence of a split, Stock C would sell for 110, so the value of the indexwould be: 250/3 = 83.333After the split, Stock C sells for 55. Therefore, we need to find the divisor (d)such that:83.333 = (95 + 45 + 55)/d ⇒ d = 2.340c. The return is zero. The index remains unchanged because the return for each stockseparately equals zero.10. a. Total market value at t = 0 is: ($9,000 + $10,000 + $20,000) = $39,000T otal market value at t = 1 is: ($9,500 + $9,000 + $22,000) = $40,500R ate of return = ($40,500/$39,000) – 1 = 3.85%b.The return on each stock is as follows:r A r = (95/90) – 1 = 0.0556B r = (45/50) – 1 = –0.10CThe equally-weighted average is:= (110/100) – 1 = 0.10[0.0556 + (-0.10) + 0.10]/3 = 0.0185 = 1.85%11. The after-tax yield on the corporate bonds is: 0.09 × (1 – 0.30) = 0.0630 = 6.30%Therefore, municipals must offer at least 6.30% yields.12. Equation (2.2) shows that the equivalent taxable yield is: r = r m/(1 – t)a. 4.00%b. 4.44%c. 5.00%d. 5.71%13. a. The higher coupon bond.b. The call with the lower exercise price.c. The put on the lower priced stock.14. a. You bought the contract when the futures price was 1427.50 (see Figure 2.12). Thecontract closes at a price of 1300, which is 127.50 less than the original futures price. Thecontract multiplier is $250. Therefore, the loss will be:127.50 × $250 = $31,875b. Open interest is 601,655 contracts.15. a. Since the stock price exceeds the exercise price, you will exercise the call.The payoff on the option will be: $42 − $40 = $2The option originally cost $2.14, so the profit is: $2.00 − $2.14 = −$0.14Rate of return = −$0.14/$2.14 = −0.0654 = −6.54%b. If the call has an exercise price of $42.50, you would not exercise for any stock price of$42.50 or less. The loss on the call would be the initial cost: $0.72c. Since the stock price is less than the exercise price, you will exercise the put.The payoff on the option will be: $42.50 − $42.00 = $0.50The option originally cost $1.83 so the profit is: $0.50 − $1.83 = −$1.33Rate of return = −$1.33/$1.83 = −0.7268 = −72.68%16. There is always a possibility that the option will be in-the-money at some time prior toexpiration. Investors will pay something for this possibility of a positive payoff.17.Value of call at expiration Initial Cost Profita. 0 4 -4b. 0 4 -4c. 0 4 -4d. 5 4 1e. 10 4 6Value of put at expiration Initial Cost Profita. 10 6 4b. 5 6 -1c. 0 6 -6d. 0 6 -6e. 0 6 -618. A put option conveys the right to sell the underlying asset at the exercise price. A shortposition in a futures contract carries an obligation to sell the underlying asset at thefutures price.19. A call option conveys the right to buy the underlying asset at the exercise price. A longposition in a futures contract carries an obligation to buy the underlying asset at thefutures price.CFA PROBLEMS1.(d)2. The equivalent taxable yield is: 6.75%/(1 − 0.34) = 10.23%3. (a) Writing a call entails unlimited potential losses as the stock price rises.4. a. The taxable bond. With a zero tax bracket, the after-tax yield for the taxable bond isthe same as the before-tax yield (5%), which is greater than the yield on the municipalbond.b.The taxable bond. The after-tax yield for the taxable bond is:0.05 × (1 – 0.10) = 4.5%c.You are indifferent. The after-tax yield for the taxable bond is:0.05 × (1 – 0.20) = 4.0%The after-tax yield is the same as that of the municipal bond.d. The municipal bond offers the higher after-tax yield for investors in tax brackets above20%.5.If the after-tax yields are equal, then: 0.056 = 0.08 × (1 – t)This implies that t = 0.30 =30%.CHAPTER 3: HOW SECURITIES ARE TRADEDPROBLEM SETS1.Answers to this problem will vary.2. The SuperDot system expedites the flow of orders from exchange members to thespecialists. It allows members to send computerized orders directly to the floor of theexchange, which allows the nearly simultaneous sale of each stock in a large portfolio.This capability is necessary for program trading.3. The dealer sets the bid and asked price. Spreads should be higher on inactively traded stocksand lower on actively traded stocks.4. a. In principle, potential losses are unbounded, growing directly with increases in theprice of IBM.b. If the stop-buy order can be filled at $128, the maximum possible loss per share is$8. If the price of IBM shares goes above $128, then the stop-buy order would beexecuted, limiting the losses from the short sale.5. a. The stock is purchased for: 300 × $40 = $12,000The amount borrowed is $4,000. Therefore, the investor put up equity, or margin,of $8,000.b.If the share price falls to $30, then the value of the stock falls to $9,000. By theend of the year, the amount of the loan owed to the broker grows to:$4,000 × 1.08 = $4,320Therefore, the remaining margin in the investor’s account is:$9,000 − $4,320 = $4,680The percentage margin is now: $4,680/$9,000 = 0.52 = 52%Therefore, the investor will not receive a margin call.c.The rate of return on the investment over the year is:(Ending equity in the account − Initial equity)/Initial equity= ($4,680 − $8,000)/$8,000 = −0.415 = −41.5%6. a. The initial margin was: 0.50 × 1,000 × $40 = $20,000As a result of the increase in the stock price Old Economy Traders loses:$10 × 1,000 = $10,000Therefore, margin decreases by $10,000. Moreover, Old Economy Traders mustpay the dividend of $2 per share to the lender of the shares, so that the margin inthe account decreases by an additional $2,000. Therefore, the remaining margin is:$20,000 – $10,000 – $2,000 = $8,000b.The percentage margin is: $8,000/$50,000 = 0.16 = 16% So there will be a margin call.c.The equity in the account decreased from $20,000 to $8,000 in one year, for a rate of return of: (−$12,000/$20,000) = −0.60 = −60%7. Much of what the specialist does (e.g., crossing orders and maintaining the limit order book)can be accomplished by a computerized system. In fact, some exchanges use an automated system for night trading. A more difficult issue to resolve is whether the more discretionary activities of specialists involving trading for their own accounts (e.g., maintaining an orderly market) can be replicated by a computer system.8. a.The buy order will be filled at the best limit-sell order price: $50.25 b. The next market buy order will be filled at the next-best limit-sell orderprice: $51.50c. You would want to increase your inventory. There is considerable buying demand atprices just below $50, indicating that downside risk is limited. In contrast, limit sellorders are sparse, indicating that a moderate buy order could result in a substantialprice increase.9. a.You buy 200 shares of Telecom for $10,000. These shares increase in value by 10%,or $1,000. You pay interest of: 0.08 × $5,000 = $400 The rate of return will be:000,5$400$000,1$−= 0.12 = 12%。
莫顿、博迪版 金融学课后习题答案(中文版)第一章
h 小,同时,单收入家庭比双收入家庭更愿意购买残疾保险,人身保险.然 k 而,如果单收入家庭需要有人照顾放学后回家的孩子,他们还要再支付 . 照看小孩的额外费用. w五．学生们结合他们具体的经历和看法会给出不同的答案。很多的人 w很可能会说应该是在完成学业，并获得一份可观收入的工作之后实现 w经济上的独立。
o 资产包括:经常帐户余额 c 储蓄存款帐户余额 . 家具设备，首饰类（如表） w 车（如果有的话）
负债包括：学生贷款
a 信用卡结余的差额 d 各种租用金的协定（不包括转租） h 应付车款 k 在计算净值时学生会特别地排除了他们一生潜在的赚钱
能力的价值
. 三．一个单身汉之需要养活他自己，所以他可以独立自主的作出金融 w决策。如果他不想购买健康保险（而愿意承担由这个决定而带来的金 w融风险）那么除了这个单身汉自身，没谁会受这个决定的影响。另外， w他不需要在家庭成员之间分配收入这件事上做任何决定。单身汉是很
m ●拥有我自己的房子 o ●供养我的家庭生活
●供养孩子上学
c ●退休 . 在我实现目标的过程中，金融所扮演的角色： w 答案样例：1，金融现在可以为我提供大学本科及研究生教育的 a 学费并帮我完成学业，帮我决定投资于上学是否是一个好的投资决定 d 2，高等教育可以帮助提高我赚钱的能力以及获得一个我喜欢的工作 h 的能力 3，当我结婚并且有了孩子以后，我就有了额外的金融责任（以
课 后 答 案 网
因为修补这些损坏而造成的花费需要靠什么工程项目的推迟来弥补。 如何支付楼下礼拜室维修的费用。 怎么样可以增加团体成员的参与和捐赠数量。 怎么样可以组织和要求志愿者参加一年一度的教堂义卖（这是每年最 大的资金募集活动）。
博迪《投资学》(第9版)课后习题-资产类别与金融工具(圣才出品)
第2章资产类别与金融工具一、习题1．优先股与长期债务的相似点是什么？其与权益的相似点又是什么？答：优先股像长期债务一样，它承诺向持有者每年支付固定的收益。
从这个角度讲，优先股类似于无限期的债券，即永久债券。
优先股另一个与长期债务相似的特点是：它没有赋予其持有者参与公司决策的权利。
优先股是一种权益投资，公司保留向优先股股东支付股利的自主权，支付股利并不是公司的合同义务。
若无法支付，公司并不会破产。
而在公司破产的情况下，优先股对公司资产的求偿权优先于普通股，但位于债券之后。
2．为什么有时把货币市场证券称为“现金等价物”？答：货币市场证券被称为“现金等价物”，是因为它们具有很大的流动性。
货币市场证券的价格都非常稳定，它们可以在极短的时间内变现（即卖出），并且具有非常低的交易成本。
3．下面哪一项对回购协议的描述是正确的？a．出售证券时承诺将在特定的日期按确定的价格回购这些证券。
b．出售证券时承诺将在不确定的日期按确定的价格回购这些证券。
c．购买证券时承诺将在特定的日期购买更多的同种证券。
答：a项正确。
回购协议是证券的卖方同意在约定时间以约定价格向买方“回购”该证券的协议。
这通常是证券交易商获取资金购买证券的手段。
4．如果发生严重的经济衰退，你预期商业票据的收益率与短期国库券的收益率之差将如何变化？答：它们的收益率之差将会扩大。
经济的恶化会增加信贷风险，即增加违约的可能性。
因此，对于具有较高违约风险的债务证券，投资者将要求更高的溢价。
5．普通股、优先股以及公司债券之间的主要区别是什么？答：普通股、优先股以及公司债券之间的主要区别如下表所示：6．为什么与低税率等级的投资者相比，高税率等级的投资者更倾向于投资市政债券？答：市政债券的利息是免税的。
当面临更高的边际税率时，高收入的投资者更倾向于投资免税的证券。
7．回顾教材图2-3，观察将于2039年2月到期的长期国债：a．购买这样一张证券你需要支付多少钱？b．它的利率是多少？c．该国债当前的收益率是多少？答：a．需要支付的价格为：86:14＝面值×86.43750%＝864.375（美元）。
博迪《投资学》(第9版)配套题库【章节题库】第1章~第4章 【圣才出品】
第三部分章节题库第1章投资环境简答题1．什么是金融资产？答：金融资产是与实物资产相对应的概念，它是从实物资产产生的收入的索偿权。
金融资产包括股票和债券。
它们对于经济来说并不直接产生生产力。
金融资产出现在资产负债表的两侧。
2．什么是所有权和经营权的分离，为什么它很重要？答：不同于独资企业中所有者就是管理者，公司的股票持有人和所有人是股东。
股东选举董事会，董事会聘用管理层。
因此公司的日常管理是由各方共同执行而非仅仅是所有者执行。
这可以保证公司在所有权发生变化时保持稳定，并且允许投资者在不用承担管理职责的同时拥有部分的公司所有权。
3．什么是代理问题？对于代理问题有无可能的解决方案？答：代理问题是指在公司的所有者（股东）和公司的管理者（经理层）之间可能存在利益冲突。
公司的经理层可能不会做出最有利于股东利益的事情，比如购买奢侈办公用品和外出旅游等支出。
可能的解决方案在于让经理们的工资与公司的业绩挂钩，董事会可以罢免不合格的经理，分析师们需要监测公司的表现并汇报那些不利于公司业绩的表现。
4．什么是风险分配，为什么说它重要？答：风险分配是指公司企业可以发行不同风险的债券，投资者可以根据他们的偏好选择不同风险等级的资产。
由于不同风险收益的特征，可以让公司企业筹集所需资本，也可以让投资者做不同的投资选择。
风险分配方式对于需要筹集资金来支持其投资的公司而言是有利的。
当投资者都能够选择具有适合自身风险偏好的风险一收益特征的证券类型时，每种证券都能以最合适的价格出售，这加速了实物资产股票化的建立过程。
第2章资产类别与金融工具一、选择题1．证券交易所发布的股票价格指数所采用的计算方法通常采用的是（）。
[东北财大2012研]A．算术平均法B．综合平均法C．加权平均法D．加权几何平均法【答案】C【解析】股价指数是将计算期的股价或市值与某一基期的股价或市值相比较的相对变化值，用以反映市场股票价格的相对水平。
股价指数的编制方法有简单算术股价指数和加权股价指数两类。
投资学第九版课后答案,博迪投资学第九版课后答案
投资学第九版课后答案,博迪投资学第九版课后答案CHAPTER1:THEINVESTMENTENVIRONMENTPROBLEMSETS1.Ultimately,itistruethatrealassetsdeterminethematerialwellbeingofaneconomy.Nevertheless,inpidualscanbenefitwhenfinancialengineeringcreatesnewproductsthatallowt hemtomanagetheirportfoliosoffinancialassetsmoreefficiently.Becausebundlingandunbundlingcreat esfinancialproductswithnewpropertiesandsensitivitiestovarioussourcesofrisk,itallowsinvestorstohe dgeparticularsourcesofriskmoreefficiently.2.Securitizationrequiresaccesstoalargenumberofpotentialinvestors.Toattracttheseinvestors,thecapitalmarketneeds:1.asafesystemofbusinesslawsandlowprobabilityofconfiscatorytaxation/regulation;2.awell-developedinvestmentbankingindustry;3.awell-developedsystemofbrokerageandfinancialtransactions,and;4.well-developedmedia,particularlyfinancialreporting.Thesecharacteristicsarefoundin(indeedmakefor)awell-developedfinancialmarket.3.Securitizationleadstodisintermediation;thatis,securitizationprovidesameansformarketparticipantstobypassintermediaries.Forexample,mortgage-backedsecuritieschannelfundstothehousingmarketwithoutrequiringthatbanksorthriftinstitutionsmakeloansfromtheirownportfolios. Assecuritizationprogresses,financialintermediariesmustincreaseotheractivitiessuchasprovidingshort-termliquiditytoconsumersandsmallbusiness,andfinancialservices.Financialassetsmakeiteasyforlargefirmstoraisethecapitalneededtofinancetheirinvestmentsinrealasse ts.IfFord,forexample,couldnotissuestocksorbondstothegeneralpublic,itwouldhaveafarmoredifficultt imeraisingcapital.Contractionofthesupplyoffinancialassetswouldmakefinancingmoredifficult,there byincreasingthecostofcapital.Ahighercostofcapitalresultsinlessinvestmentandlowerrealgrowth.4. 1-15.Evenifthefirmdoesnotneedtoissuestockinanyparticularyear,thestockmarketisstillimportanttothefinancialmanager.Thestockpriceprovidesimportantinformationabouthowthemarketvaluesthefirmsinvestmentprojects.Forexample,ifthestockpricerises considerably,managersmightconcludethatthemarketbelievesthefirmsfutureprospectsarebright.Thismightbeausefulsignaltothefirmtoproceedwithaninves tmentsuchasanexpansionofthefirmsbusiness.Inaddition,sharesthatcanbetradedinthesecondarymarke taremoreattractivetoinitialinvestorssincetheyknowthattheywillbeabletoselltheirshares.Thisinturnma kesinvestorsmorewillingtobuysharesinaprimaryoffering,andthusimprovesthetermsonwhichfirmsca nraisemoneyintheequitymarket.6.a.No.Theincreaseinpricedidnotaddtotheproductivecapacityoftheeconomy.b.Yes,thevalueoftheequit yheldintheseassetshasincreased.c.Futurehomeownersasawholeareworseoff,sincemortgageliabilitieshavealsoincreased.Inaddition,thishousingpricebubblewilleventuallyburstandsocietyasawhole(andmostlikelytaxpayers)willendurethedamage.7.a.ThebankloanisafinancialliabilityforLanni.(LannisIOUisthebanksfinancialasset.)ThecashLannirec eivesisafinancialasset.ThenewfinancialassetcreatedisLannispromissorynote(thatis,Lanni’sIOUtothebank).nnitransfersfinancialassets(cash)tothesoftwaredevelopers.Inreturn,Lannigetsarealasset,thecompletedsoftware.Nofinancialassetsarecreatedordestroyed;cashissimplytra nsferredfromonepartytoanother.nnigivestherealasset(thesoftware)toMicrosoftinexchangeforafinancialasset,1,500sharesofMicr osoftstock.IfMicrosoftissuesnewsharesinordertopayLanni,thenthiswouldrepresentthecreationofnew financialassets.nniexchangesonefinancialasset(1,500sharesofstock)foranother($120,000).Lannigivesafinancialasset($50,000cash)tothebankandgetsbackanotherfinancialasset(itsIOU).Theloanisdestroyedinthetransaction,sinceitisretiredwhenpaidoffandnolongerexists.1-28.a.LiabilitiesShareholders’equityCash$70,000Bankloan$50,000computersShareholders’equityTotal$100,000Total$100,000Ratioofrealassetstototalassets=$30,000/$100,000=0.30Assetsb.AssetsSoftwareproduct*computersTotal*ValuedatcostRatioofrealassetstototalassets=$100,000/$100,000=1.0c.AssetsMicrosoftsharescomputersTotalLiabilitiesShareholders’equity$120,000Bankloan$50,000Shareholders’equity$150,000Total$150,000LiabilitiesShareholders’equity$70,000Bankloan$50,000Shareholders’equity$100,000Total$100,000Ratioofrealassetstototalassets=$30,000/$150,000=0.20Conclusion:whenthefirmstartsupandraisesworkingcapital,itischaracterizedbyalowratioofrealassetst ototalassets.Whenitisinfullproduction,ithasahighratioofrealassetstototalassets.Whentheprojectshuts downandthefirmsellsitoffforcash,financialassetsonceagainreplacerealassets.9.Forcommercialbanks,theratiois:$140.1/$11,895.1=0.0118Fornon-financialfirms,theratiois:$12,538/$26,572=0.4719Thedifferenceshouldbeexpectedprimarilybecausethebulkofthebusinessoffinancialinstitutionsistomakeloans;whicharefinancialassetsforfinancialinstitutions.10.a.Primary-markettransactionb.Derivativeassetsc.Investorswhowishtoholdgoldwithoutthecomplicationandcostofphysicalstorage.1-311.a.Afixedsalarymeansthatcompensationis(atleastintheshortrun)independentofthefirmssuccess.Thissalarystructuredoesnottiethemanager’simmediatecompensationtothesuccessofthefirm.However,themanagermightviewthisasthesafestcom pensationstructureandthereforevalueitmorehighly.b.Asalarythatispaidintheformofstockinthefirmmeansthatthemanagerearnsthemostwhenthesharehol ders’wealthismaximized.Fiveyearsofvestinghelpsaligntheinterestsoftheemployeewiththelong-termperformanceofthefirm.Thisstructureisthereforemostlikelytoaligntheinterestsofmanagersandshareholders. Ifstockcompensationisoverdone,however,themanagermightviewitasoverlyriskysincethemanager’scareerisalreadylinkedtothefirm,andthisunpersifiedexposurewouldbeexacerbatedwithalargestockpo sitioninthefirm.c.Aprofit-linkedsalarycreatesgreatincentivesformanagerstocontributetothefirm’ssuccess.However,amanagerwhosesalaryistiedtoshort-termprofitswillberiskseeking,especiallyifthe seshort-termprofitsdeterminesalaryorifthecompensationstructuredoesnotbearthefullcostoftheproject’srisks.Shareholders,incontrast,bearthelossesaswellasthegainsontheproject,andmightbelesswillingtoassumethatrisk.12.Evenifaninpidualshareholdercouldmonitorandimprovemanagers’performance,andtherebyincreasethevalueofthefirm,thepayoffwouldbesmall,sincetheownershipshareinalargecorporationwouldbeverysmall.Forexample,ifyouown$10,000ofFordstocka ndcanincreasethevalueofthefirmby5%,averyambitiousgoal,youbenefitbyonly:0.05×$10,000=$500Incontrast,abankthathasamultimillion-dollarloanoutstandingtothefirmhasabigstakeinmakingsuretha tthefirmcanrepaytheloan.Itisclearlyworthwhileforthebanktospendconsiderableresourcestomonitort hefirm.13.Mutualfundsacceptfundsfromsmallinvestorsandinvest,onbehalfoftheseinvestors,inthenationalandinternationalsecuritiesmarkets.Pensionfundsacceptfundsandtheninvest,onbehalfofcurrentandfutureretirees,therebychannelingfund sfromonesectoroftheeconomytoanother.Venturecapitalfirmspoolthefundsofprivateinvestorsandinvestinstart-upfirms.Banksacceptdepositsfr omcustomersandloanthosefundstobusinesses,orusethefundstobuysecuritiesoflargecorporations.Treasurybillsserveapurposeforinvestorswhopreferalow-riskinvestment.Theloweraveragerateofreturncomparedtostocksisthepriceinvestorspayforpredictabilityofinvestmentperformanceandportfoliovalue.14.1-415.Witha“top-down”investingstyle,youfocusonassetallocationorthebroadcompositionoftheentireportfolio,whichisthemajordeterminantofoverallperformance.Moreover,top-downmanagementisthenaturalwaytoestablishaportfoliowithalevelofriskconsistentwithyourrisktoler ance.Thedisadvantageofanexclusiveemphasisontop-downissuesisthatyoumayforfeitthepotentialhig hreturnsthatcouldresultfromidentifyingandconcentratinginundervaluedsecuritiesorsectorsofthemar ket.Witha“bottom-up”investingstyle,youtrytobenefitfromidentifyingundervaluedsecurities.Thedisadva ntageisthatyoutendtooverlooktheoverallcompositionofyourportfolio,whichmayresultinanon-persifi edportfoliooraportfoliowitharisklevelinconsistentwithyourlevelofrisktolerance.Inaddition,thistechn iquetendstorequiremoreactivemanagement,thusgeneratingmoretransactioncosts.Finally,youranalysi smaybeincorrect,inwhichcaseyouwillhavefruitlesslyexpendedeffortandmoneyattemptingtobeatasimplebuy-and-holdstrategy.Youshouldbeskeptical.Iftheauthoractuallyknowshowtoachievesuchreturns,onemustquestionwhythe authorwouldthenbesoreadytosellthesecrettoothers.Financialmarketsareverycompetitive;oneoftheim plicationsofthisfactisthatrichesdonotcomeeasily.Highexpectedreturnsrequirebearingsomerisk,ando bviousbargainsarefewandfarbetween.Oddsarethattheonlyonegettingrichfromthebookisitsauthor.16.。
投资学第1章参考答案
投资学第1章参考答案第1章参考答案1.实物投资与金融投资的关系：投资具体包括实物投资（real investment）和金融投资（financial investment）两大类。
其中，实物投资是与实际资产相关的，如厂房、机器、土地等生产要素，通过这类投资活动可以获得用于生产或创造的资源，即资本形成；而金融投资则是与种类繁多的金融工具相关，如股票、债券、基金、金融衍生品等，通过在金融市场上交易金融工具获取一定数量的收益。
在过去的经济运行中，大多数投资主要表现为第一种方式，即实物投资；而在现代经济中，大多数投资则是表现为金融投资方式，这种趋势与金融市场深化及金融投资机构发展密切相关。
当然，尽管在经济生活中可以区分这两类投资方式，但是这两种投资方式并非相互排斥而是相互补充的，实物投资可以为金融投资奠定重要的基础，投资主体在高度发达的金融市场上进行金融投资服务又可以大大促进实物投资的发展，这也就是通常所说的虚拟经济与实体经济的良性互动问题。
设定投资目标：投资过程的首要步骤，就是投资者的投资目标。
投资者应首先制订投资计划，投资计划中应包含投资者的风险收益的具体目标及限制条件。
投资工具分析：设定投资目标后，为选择合适的投资对象，必须对投资工具进行分析，即证券分析。
证券分析必须了解各种证券的特性与影响这些证券价值的因素，以及选择适当的评价模型来对证券进行估值。
制定投资策略：根据投资目标，在证券分析的基础上，选择与投资者风险承受能力相适应的投资工具或者证券组合，这一过程称为制定投资策略。
它包括确认拟投资的资产类型以及每种资产投入的资金数额。
在此，必须注意资产配置策略、资产选择、资产多元化等问题。
投资实施：在投资流程的这一步骤中，实际上是在实施资产配置的决定和选择具体的证券。
在投资实施过程中，一般包括消极管理和积极管理两种管理策略。
监控评价：进行投资的目的是要达到投资者期初设定的投资目标，而投资目标是否能达到，则有赖于投资者对自己投资的表现加以检测、评估和衡量，即投资决策过程的最后一个步骤——投资业绩评价。
《博迪-投资学》【中文版教材课后习题答案】
(1)安全的商业法规体系，较低的税负，较少的管制； (2)高度发达的投资银行业； (3)高度发达的经纪行和金融交易体系： (4)高度发达的信息系统，尤其是在财务披露方面。 这些都是一个高度发达的金融市场的必备条件，所以证券化只发生在高度发达的证券市 场上。
11.答：a．固定工资意味着管理者的报酬（至少在短期内）与公司的业绩无关，这种薪酬形 式难以将管理者的利益与公司业绩统一起来，不能解决二者的潜在利益冲突，即使管理者认 为固定工资是稳定的工资结构。 b．将公司股票作为薪酬发放给管理者，在公司业绩好时，公司股价上升，管理者报酬上升。 这在一定程度上将管理者与股东的利益统一起来，能够促使管理者努力提升公司业绩，有助 于解决管理者与股东之间的潜在利益冲突。然而，如果股票补偿过度，管理者可能会认为这 过于冒险，因为管理者的事业与公司紧密相连。 C．与利润挂钩的工资制度将会激励管理者为公司的成功做出贡献。然而，工资与短期利润 挂钩的管理者会过于冒险，尤其是当短期利润决定工资，或者当回报无法补偿项目风险的全 部成本的时候。相比之下，承担着项目的损益的股东可能不太愿意承担这种风险。 12．答： (1)对管理者的监管是需要付出大量成本的，个人投资者的财力、精力和对公司的 控制权都不足以胜任对管理者的监管；而大机构投资者却可以运用其充足的财力、大量的专 业人才和对公司的有力的控制权来雇佣独立人士或在公司内部实行某种机制来对管理者进 行监管。 (2)在监管成本一定时，即使个人投资者可以监控和改善代理人的业绩，增加公司的市值， 但是这种回报会很少，因为个人在一个大公司中拥有的股票数量是非常少的。举例来说，假 如某人拥有 10000 美元通用汽车公司的股票，公司的市值增加了 5%而他仅仅能从中受益 500( 10000 X0.05)美元。相反，对于有几百万美元企业贷款的银行而言，确信企业能偿还贷 款是非常重要的。银行显然值得花费大量的资源去监控企业。 (3)对管理者的监管存在着外部经济效应，即某个股东在对管理者进行监管，他并不能得到 其监管活动的所有收益，因为其他股东也能从其监管中获得好处。当小股东执行监管时，外 部经济效应是非常大的；而大股东执行监管时，虽然仍存在着外部经济效应，却能降低这种 外部经济效应。
投资学(博迪) 中文 答案
P=10 000[1-rB D(n/ 3 6 0 ) ]，这里rB D是贴现率。
Pa s k =10 000[1-0.0681(60/360)]=9 886.50美元
( 2 5 0P-5 000)/250P=0.25或当P= 2 6 . 6 7美元时
收到追加保证金的通知。
c.但是现在你借入的是10 000美元而不是5 000美元。因此，股权仅为2 5 0P-10 000美元。你
会在
( 2 5 0P-10 000)/250P=0.25或当P= 5 3 . 3 3美元时
收益%=价格变动的%×总投资/投资者初始股权=价格变动的%×1 . 3 3 3
例如，当股票价格从8 0上涨至8 8时，价格变动百分率为1 0%，而投资者收益百分率是1 . 3 3 3倍，
即1 3 . 3 3%：
收益的%= 1 0%×20 000美元/15 000美元= 1 3 . 3 3%
b. 250股股票价值为2 5 0P。股权为2 5 0P-5 000。你会在
b. i.rB D=[(10 000-9 764)/10 000]×360/91=0.093 4
ii.rB D=[(10 000-9 539)/10 000]×360/182=0.091 2
第三章证券是如何交易的
1.假设Intel公司现以80美元/股的价格卖出股票，投资者买了250股，其中15000美元是投资者自有资金，其余则是投资者从经纪人处借得的，保证金贷款的利率是8%。
10.67%; -2.67%; -16%
博迪第九版投资学中文答案第1-4章
第1章:投资环境1．的确,实际资产决定经济的物质享受。
然而,当金融工程创建新产品时, 个人可以受益，可以让他们更有效地管理金融资产投资组合。
因为对于不同的风险来源，捆绑和拆分创造具有新属性和敏感性的金融产品,能让投资者更有效地对冲特定来源的风险。
2．证券化需要大量的潜在投资者。
为了吸引这些投资者,资本市场需求:1。
一个安全系统的商业法律和概率低的没收的税收法律/法规;2。
一个成熟的投资银行业;3。
成熟的经纪和金融交易系统,;4。
发达的媒介,尤其是财务报告。
这些特征在一个发达的金融市场中具有。
3．证券化导致金融脱媒;也就是说,证券化为市场参与者提供了一个手段绕过中介。
例如,抵押贷款支持证券是房地产市场获得资金不需要通过银行或储蓄机构发放贷款的投资组合。
随着资产证券化的发展,金融中介机构必须增加其他活动，例如向消费者和小型企业提供短期流动性,金融服务。
4．金融资产使大公司筹集支持实物资产投资的资本变得容易。
如果福特,例如,可以不向公众发行股票或债券,这将更难以筹集资金。
紧缩金融资产的供应将使融资更加困难,从而增加了资本成本。
更高的资本成本导致更少的投资和较低的实际增长。
5．即使公司不需要发行股票，股票市场对于财务经理依然很重要。
股票价格提供关于公司投资项目的市场价值的重要信息。
例如，如果股票价格大幅上涨，经理可能得出结论，认为公司的前景是光明的。
这对于公司继续投资扩大资产业务可能是个有用的信号。
此外，股票可以在二级市场交易是对初始投资者更具吸引力的方面，因为他们知道他们可以出售股票。
反过来这会使得市场投资者更愿意购买初始股票，从而使得公司更容易在股市筹集资金。
6． a、不会，价格的增加不会增加经济的生产能力。
b、是的，股票在这些资产的价值增加了。
c、未来业主作为一个整体更糟，因为抵押贷款债务也增加了。
此外，这个房价泡沫最终会破裂，社会作为一个整体将承受损失。
7．a 银行贷款是兰尼的金融负债，收到的现金是兰尼的金融资产。
博迪《投资学》教材精讲讲义-第1~8章【圣才出品】
六、市场参不者
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圣才电子书
1．金融市场主体
十万种考研考证电子书、题库规频学习平台
（1）公司（企业）。公司通常筹集资金幵将其投资二厂房和训备。返些实物资产创造
的收益为该公司収行证券的投资者提供收益。
（2）家庭。家庭通常是纯储蓄者，它们质买需要融资的公司収行的证券。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库规频学习平台
【比较】美国家庭资产负债表（如表 1-1 所示）不美国国民财富净值表（如表 1-2 所示）， 可以収现实物资产不金融资产乀间存在明显的区别。家庭财富包括银行败户、企业股票戒债券 等金融资产。返些家庭金融证券对収行者杢说是负债。因此，在汇总所有的资产负债表时，金 融资产会相互抵消，叧剩下实物资产作为净资产。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库规频学习平台
（1）提供引寻资本有效配置信息：资本价格収现和传逑； （2）给主体选择消费时机的机会：金融市场可以使个人的消费不收入在时间上分离（个 人和企业收入的生命周期）； （3）在绊济主体间配置风险：资本市场将投资所固有的风险转秱给了愿意承担风险的投资 者； （4）便利公司所有权和绊营权的分离。 两权分离的优势：与业化绊营、聚集资本觃模效应、分散风险、所有权转讥丌破坏 公司运营等。 代理问题：代理问题是指公司的管理者追求自己的利益而非股东利益所产生的管理 者不股东潜在的利益冲突。解决代理问题的管理机制有：薪酬（包括期权等）激励机制、通 过董亊会解雇管理者、讥外部证券分析师（戒其他独立人士）和大机构投资者（比如养老基 金）对公司实斲密切监督、以及讥绩效差的公司管理者面临着被接管的危机（公司收质、代 理权竞赛）等。 3．公司治理和公司伦理 要想使证券市场能够有效地収挥返一功能，就必须有一定的透明度，以便投资者能够在 信息灵通的情冴下做出投资决策。如果企业可以在公司的収展前景斱面误寻公众，那举很多 决策都会出错。 公司治理和伦理危机：会计丑闻、分析师丑闻、审计师丑闻等——信用危机。 公司追求完美的声誉最终将成为企业不客户乀间构建长丽关系的关键，也是企业最有价 值的资产乀一。
投资学博迪第九版中文答案
基础题1、单位投资信托基金的运营费用应该较低。
因为一旦信托设立，信托投资组合是固定的，当市场改变时，它不需要支付投资组合经理不断监控和调整投资者组合的费用。
因为投资组合是固定的，所以单位投资信托基金几乎没有交易成本。
2、a单位信托基金：大规模投资的多元化，大规模交易的低成本，低管理费用，可预测的投资组合成分，投资组合的低换手率。
b开放式基金：大规模投资的多元化，大规模交易的低成本，专业的管理可以实现在机会出现时的买入或卖出，记录交易过程。
c个人自主选择的股票和债券：没有管理费用，在协调个人所得税的情况下实现资本利得或者损失，可以根据个人风险偏好来设计投资组合。
3、开放式基金是有义务以资产净值赎回投资者的股票，因此必须保持手头现金及现金证券以满足潜在的赎回。
封闭式基金不需要现金储备，因为对封闭式基金不能赎回。
封闭式基金的投资者希望套现时，他们会出售股票。
4、平衡基金以相对稳定的比例投资于每个资产类别，供投资者投资整个资产组合时选择使用。
生命周期基金属于平衡基金，其资产配置取决于投资者的年龄构成。
积极的生命周期基金，持有大量的股票，是面向年轻的投资者，而保守的生命周期基金，则持有大量的债券，主要针对年长的投资者。
相比之下，资产配置基金会根据对每一个板块相对业绩的预测而显著改变基金在每一个市场的资产配置比例。
因此资产配置资金更强调市场时机的选择。
5、与开放式基金不同，其基金股份随时准备以资产净值赎回，封闭式基金作为一种证券在交易所中交易，因此，它的价格可以偏离它的净值。
6、交易所交易基金的优势：交易所交易基金持续地交易，并且可以通过保证金来购买和出售当交易所交易基金出售时，没有资本利得税(股票只是从一个投资者转移到了另一个投资者)投资者直接从经纪人处购买，从而基金节省了直接向小投资者销售的成本，这种费用降低了管理费用。
交易所交易基金的劣势：价格可能偏离资产净值(不像开放式基金)在从经纪人手中购买时，必须支付费用(不像免佣基金)中级题7、发行价格包括6%的前端费用，也即销售费用，意味着每一美元的支付，仅能得到$0.94的股票净值。
投资学 博迪 第九版 中文答案 第一章
第1章:投资环境问题集1．的确,实际资产决定经济的物质享受。
然而,当金融工程创建新产品时, 个人可以受益，可以让他们更有效地管理金融资产投资组合。
因为对于不同的风险来源，捆绑和拆分创造具有新属性和敏感性的金融产品,能让投资者更有效地对冲特定来源的风险。
2．证券化需要大量的潜在投资者。
为了吸引这些投资者,资本市场需求: 1。
一个安全系统的商业法律和概率低的没收的税收法律/法规;2。
一个成熟的投资银行业;3。
成熟的经纪和金融交易系统,;4。
发达的媒介,尤其是财务报告。
这些特征在一个发达的金融市场中具有。
3．证券化导致金融脱媒;也就是说,证券化为市场参与者提供了一个手段绕过中介。
例如,抵押贷款支持证券是房地产市场获得资金不需要通过银行或储蓄机构发放贷款的投资组合。
随着资产证券化的发展,金融中介机构必须增加其他活动，例如向消费者和小型企业提供短期流动性,金融服务。
4．金融资产使大公司筹集支持实物资产投资的资本变得容易。
如果福特,例如,可以不向公众发行股票或债券,这将更难以筹集资金。
紧缩金融资产的供应将使融资更加困难,从而增加了资本成本。
更高的资本成本导致更少的投资和较低的实际增长。
5．即使公司不需要发行股票，股票市场对于财务经理依然很重要。
股票价格提供关于公司投资项目的市场价值的重要信息。
例如，如果股票价格大幅上涨，经理可能得出结论，认为公司的前景是光明的。
这对于公司继续投资扩大资产业务可能是个有用的信号。
此外，股票可以在二级市场交易是对初始投资者更具吸引力的方面，因为他们知道他们可以出售股票。
反过来这会使得市场投资者更愿意购买初始股票，从而使得公司更容易在股市筹集资金。
6．a、不会，价格的增加不会增加经济的生产能力。
b、是的，股票在这些资产的价值增加了。
c、未来业主作为一个整体更糟，因为抵押贷款债务也增加了。
此外，这个房价泡沫最终会破裂，社会作为一个整体将承受损失。
7．a 银行贷款是兰尼的金融负债，收到的现金是兰尼的金融资产。
博迪投资学第九版课件Chap001
博迪投资学第九版课件Chap001Chapter 1The Investment EnvironmentThe Investment EnvironmentINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSReal Assets Versus Financial Assets ?Real AssetsReal Assets–Determine the productive capacity andnet income of the economyt i f th–Examples: Land, buildings, machines,knowledge used to produce goods andservicesFinancial Assets–Claims on real assetsINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial AssetsThree types:1.Fixed income or debt1Fixed income or debt/doc/c30ecec07c1cfad6185fa718.html mon stock or equity 3.Derivative securitiesINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFixed IncomePayments fixed or determined by aP t fi d d t i d bformulaMoney market debt: short term, highly ?Money market debt:short term highly marketable, usually low credit risk Capital market debt: long term bonds, can be safe or riskyINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSCommon Stock and Derivatives ?Common Stock is equity or ownershipCommon Stock is equity or ownershipin a corporation.–Payments to stockholders are not fixed,P t t t kh ld t fi dbut depend on the success of the firm ?Derivatives–Value derives from prices of othersecurities, such as stocks and bonds–Used to transfer riskINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial Markets and the Economy ?Information Role: Capital flows tocompanies with best prospectscompanies with best prospectsConsumption Timing: Use securitiesto store wealth and transferto store wealth and transferconsumption to the futureINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial Markets and theEconomy (Ctd.)Allocation of Risk: Investors can select securities consistent with their tastesfor riskfor riskSeparation of Ownership andg y Management: With stability comes agency problemsINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial Markets and theEconomy (Ctd.)Corporate Governance and Corporate Ethicsg–Accounting ScandalsExamples –Enron, Rite Aid, HealthSouth –Auditors –watchdogs of the firms Auditors–watchdogs of the firms–Analyst ScandalsArthur Andersen–Sarbanes-Oxley ActTighten the rules of corporate governanceINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSThe Investment ProcessAsset allocationChoice among broad asset classes–Choice among broad asset classes ?Security selection–Choice of which securities to hold withinasset class–Security analysis to value securities anddetermine investment attractivenessdetermine investment attractivenessINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSMarkets are CompetitiveRisk-Return Trade-OffEfficient Markets–Active ManagementFinding mispriced securitiesFinding mispriced securitiesTiming the marketINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSMarkets are Competitive (Ctd.)(Ctd)–Passive ManagementNo attempt to find undervaluedNo attempt to find undervaluedsecuritiesN tt t t ti th k tNo attempt to time the marketo d g a g y d e s ed po t o o ?Holding a highly diversified portfolioINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSThe PlayersBusiness Firms–net borrowers Households –net saversGovernments can be both borrowers ?Governments–can be both borrowersand saversINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUS(Ctd)The Players (Ctd.)Financial Intermediaries: Pool and invest funds–Investment Companies–Banks–Insurance companies–Credit unionsINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSUniversal Bank ActivitiesInvestment Banking Commercial Banking g ?Underwrite new stockand bond issues g ?Take deposits and ?Sell newly issued securities to public in p make loans pthe primary marketInvestors trade previously issued securities amongthemselves in thesecondary markets INVESTMENTS |BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFinancial Crisis of 2008Antecedents of the Crisis:–“The Great Moderation”: a time in which theU.S. had a stable economy with low interestrates and a tame business cycle with onlyy y mild recessions–Historic boom in housing marketINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFigure 1.3 The Case‐Shiller Index of U.S.Housing PricesINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSChanges in Housing Finance Old Way New Way yLocal thrift institution made mortgage loans to y Securitization: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac made mortgage loans to homeownersThrift’s major asset:a Mae and Freddie Mac bought mortgage loans and bundled them into Thrift s major asset: a portfolio of long-term mortgage loans large pools ?Mortgage-backed g gThrift’s main liability:depositssecurities are tradable claims against the underlying mortgage pool ?“Originate to hold”underlying mortgage pool“Originate to distribute”INVESTMENTS |BODIE, KANE, MARCUSFigure 1.4 Cash Flows in a MortgagePass‐Through SecurityINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUSChanges in Housing Finance(Ctd.)At first, Fannie Mae and Freddie MacAt fi t F i M d F ddi M securitized conforming mortgages, which were lower risk and properly documented.?Later, private firms began securitizing ,p g g nonconforming “subprime”loans withg e de au t shigher default risk.–Little due diligencePlaced higher default risk on investors–Placed higher default risk on investors–Greater use of ARMs and “piggyback” loansINVESTMENTS|BODIE, KANE, MARCUS。
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第1章:投资环境
问题集
1．的确,实际资产决定经济的物质享受。
然而,当金融工程创建新产品时, 个人可以受益，可以让他们更有效地管理金融资产投资组合。
因为对于不同的风险来源，捆绑和拆分创造具有新属性和敏感性的金融产品,能让投资者更有效地对冲特定来源的风险。
2．证券化需要大量的潜在投资者。
为了吸引这些投资者,资本市场需求: 1。
一个安全系统的商业法律和概率低的没收的税收法律/法规;
2。
一个成熟的投资银行业;
3。
成熟的经纪和金融交易系统,;
4。
发达的媒介,尤其是财务报告。
这些特征在一个发达的金融市场中具有。
3．证券化导致金融脱媒;也就是说,证券化为市场参与者提供了一个手段绕过中介。
例如,抵押贷款支持证券是房地产市场获得资金不需要通过银行或储蓄机构发放贷款的投资组合。
随着资产证券化的发展,金融中介机构必须增加其他活动，例如向消费者和小型企业提供短期流动性,金融服务。
4．金融资产使大公司筹集支持实物资产投资的资本变得容易。
如果福特,例如,可以不向公众发行股票或债券,这将更难以筹集资金。
紧缩金融资产的供应将使融资更加困难,从而增加了资本成本。
更高的资本成本导致更少的投资和较低的实际增长。
5．即使公司不需要发行股票，股票市场对于财务经理依然很重要。
股票价格提供关于公司投资项目的市场价值的重要信息。
例如，如果股票价格大幅上涨，经理可能得出结论，认为公司的前景是光明的。
这对于公司继续投资扩大资产业务可能是个有用的信号。
此外，股票可以在二级市场交易是对初始投资者更具吸引力的方面，因为他们知道他们可以出售股票。
反过来这会使得市场投资者更愿意购买初始股票，从而使得公司更容易在股市筹集资金。
6．a、不会，价格的增加不会增加经济的生产能力。
b、是的，股票在这些资产的价值增加了。
c、未来业主作为一个整体更糟，因为抵押贷款债务也增加了。
此外，这个房
价泡沫最终会破裂，社会作为一个整体将承受损失。
7．a 银行贷款是兰尼的金融负债，收到的现金是兰尼的金融资产。
银行的金融资产转换成本票。
b 兰尼将金融资产投入到软件开发，则兰尼得到实物资产，开发的软件。
没
有创造和减少金融资产，金融资产（现金）只是从一方转移到了另一方。
c 兰尼用实物资产（软件）和微软公司交换了金融资产（1500股股票），如
果微软为了支付兰尼增发了新股，则创造了金融资产。
d 兰尼将股票金融资产转化为了现金金融资产。
兰尼将部分现金金融资产还
给银行，赎回借据金融资产，则减少了金融资产。
8
9．商业银行：实物资产/总资产=140.1/11895.1=0.0118
非金融企业：实物资产/总资产=12538/26572=0.4719
差别的主要原因是商业银行的主要业务是贷款，而贷款对于金融组织来说是金融资产。
10． a 一级市场进行
b 衍生证券
c 希望拥有黄金但是不具备物理储存条件和成本的投资者
11． a 固定工资意味着补偿（至少在短期内）是和公司的成功相独立的。
这种薪酬结构没有将公司的成功和管理者的薪酬联系在一起。
但是管理者可能认为这是最安全的薪酬结构，所以看中它。
b 在公司以股票的形式支付工资意味着当股东财富最大化时，管理者的
收入最多。
五年的期限有助于使员工的利益和公司的长期业绩保持一致。
因此这种结构最可能使管理者的利益和股东的利益保持一致。
如果股票的报酬有点过头，不过，经理可能认为这是过度风险，因为经理的职业前景和公司联系在一起，同时这也会造成管理层在公司的大量持股。
c 利润挂钩工资激励经理为公司的成功做出贡献。
但是，薪水与短期利
润挂钩，将导致经理寻求风险，尤其是短期利润决定薪水，或者薪酬结构不能承担项目风险的全部成本。
相比之下，股东承担损失以及项目的收益，但可能并不愿意承担这种风险。
12．即使一个个人股东可以监控和改善经理人绩效，从而增加公司的价值，但是回报小，因为其在一个大公司的所有权份额中比例小。
例如,如果你拥有10000美元的福特股票和可以增加公司价值的5%,一个雄心勃勃的目标,只有你的收益:0.05×10000 = 500美元。
相比之下，给公司大量的贷款的银行有很大的动机去保证公司能够偿还贷款。
银行显然值得花费相当大的资源监控公司。
13．共同基金接受来自中小投资者的资金进行投资，在国家和国际证券市场上代表它的投资者。
养老基金接受投资者的资金，代表当前和未来的退休人员，从而引导资金从经济的一个部门到另一个部门。
风险资本公司汇聚私人投资者的资金并投资于初创公司。
银行接受客户的存款并将这些资金贷给企业，或者用这些资金购买大公司的证券。
14．国库券为为偏好低风险的投资者提供选择。
和股票市场相比的较低的平均回报率正是投资者对可预测性的投资业绩和投资组合的价值支付的价格。
15．“自上而下”的投资风格，你会专注于资产配置或者广泛的整体投资组合，这是构成整体性能的主要决定因素。
此外，自上而下的管理是建立一个符合你的风险承受能力的投资组合的自然的方式。
缺点是可能会丧失通过识别被低估的证券和行业集中的市场带来的潜在的高回报。
“自下而上”的投资风格，你试图受益于识别被低估的证券。
缺点是你倾向于忽视你的投资组合的整体构成，这可能会导致一个不变的投资组合或投资组合的风险水平与你的风险容忍度水平不一致。
此外，这种方法往往需要积极地管理，从而产生更多的交易成本。
最后，分析可能是不正确的，这种情况下你会徒劳地花费精力和金钱试图进行一个简单的买入并持有的策略。
16．你应该怀疑。
如果作者真的知道如何实现这样的回报，你必须问为什么作者会准备出售给别人这样的秘密。
金融市场是有效竞争的，这一事实的结果是没有免费的午餐。
高回报必然要求高风险，明显的讨价还价是很少的。
可能唯一致富的是书的作者。
17．金融资产提供一种手段来获取实际资产或者实现实物资产的扩张。
但是金融资产的产生必然伴随着金融负债的产生，合并企业和个人的资产负债表后，金融资产和金融负债将会全部抵消，所以金融资产不是国家财富的内容。
18．允许交易商分享利润增加了交易员愿意承担的风险。
交易商将直接受利同时仅间接面对失业的风险。
与此相反，股票持有者将直接受到潜在风险的影响。
19．答案可能不同。
比如增加透明度，健全法律法规，提高资本充足率，提升风险评估。