《嘉莉妹妹》中主要人物的美国梦分析
《嘉莉妹妹》中美国梦论文
浅谈《嘉莉妹妹》中的美国梦摘要:在德莱塞的小说《嘉莉妹妹》中,“美国梦”这个主题贯穿故事的始终:嘉莉的性格和命运,都是当时充斥于社会中的美国梦造成的。
本文通过阐述主人公对“美国梦”的追求以及现实和梦想的破灭,暗示了“美国梦”的虚幻性和幻想破灭的必然性。
关键词:《嘉莉妹妹》美国梦性格现实命运中图分类号:i106.4 文献标识码:a一美国梦的起源与发展美国梦(american dream),是美国人引以为豪的一种信念,是指在美国,无论出身、年龄、性别、种族,只要具有坚韧不拔的毅力、勤劳肯干的精神和过人的聪明才智,任何人都可能取得成功,过上舒适的生活,使自己的梦想变为现实。
这种成功,仅仅依赖于个体的勤奋,而非依赖于他人和社会的援助。
拥有美国梦的美国人认为,只要自身的努力,就可以改变自己的社会地位,就可能从一名不文的穷人变为百万富翁,从默默无闻的小人物走进白宫。
美国梦起源于17世纪,英格兰移民怀揣自由与财富的梦想乘坐“五月花号”来到荒无人烟的美洲大陆,其中很多人是清教徒,他们主张宗教自由和民主平等,宣扬梦想靠自身的努力即可实现的观点,因此,当时的美国梦的确催人奋进,起到了积极的作用。
当历史的时针走到18世纪末期,加州大量金矿的发现激起了狂热的淘金潮,人们对金钱的贪欲达到了顶峰,并且一夜暴富成为了梦想的核心。
这就成为了美国梦开始扭曲的转折点。
《嘉莉妹妹》正是在这种时代背景下应运而生的。
二《嘉莉妹妹》美国梦的时代背景《嘉莉妹妹》是美国著名的自然主义时代社会小说家西奥多·德莱塞(1871-1945)的第一部长篇小说。
在当时德莱塞生活的时代,美国正处于由农村向城市的转型历史阶段。
此时,人们追求“美国梦”达到了白热化阶段。
但是此时的美国梦已经不再具有最初的诚实劳动改变所处环境实现梦想的积极的现实意义,人们只关注自经济地位和自身利益,而无视自己的行为是否符合传统道德观。
康涅狄格州立大学历史学教授马修·渥肖尔曾评论道:“美国梦就是对财富的无限渴求和追逐”。
《嘉莉妹妹》中主要人物的美国梦分析
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由《嘉莉妹妹》引起的对美国梦的思考
本科生毕业论文题目:由《嘉莉妹妹》引起的对美国梦的思考年级:2010级专业:英语学号: 20100002120姓名:周毛花指导教师:姚欲昕2014年5月7日An ANALYSIS OF THE AMERICAN DREAM FROM SISTER CARRIE ________________________________________A Bachelor’s ThesisPresented toThe Department of Foreign LanguagesModern College of Northwest UniversityXi’an, China_________________________________________In Partial FulfillmentOf the Requirements for theBachelor of Arts Degree_________________________________________ByZhou Maohua诚信声明本人郑重声明:本人所呈交的毕业论文(设计)是在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果。
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除文中已经注明引用的内容外,不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或在网上发表的论文。
特此声明。
论文作者签名:日期:2014年5月7日ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. A special acknowledgement should be shown to Miss Hua and professor Yao from whose lectures I benefited greatly. I am particularly indebted to Miss Hua and Professor Yao who gave me kind encouragement and useful instructions all through my writing. Finally I wish to extend my thanks to the library assistants who supplied me with reference materials of great value.ABSTRACTAmerican dream refers to equality, freedom, and democracy. At the same time, it is a life ambition that as long as we work hard,we can get a better life and a success in America. American dream has been debated for a long time. Some people say it focuses on personality and money, especially personal struggle and success while other people hold the view that American dream is a civilized mode of individual equality and freedom.This article discusses the symbolic meaning of American dream. Firstly, it begins with the personality of Carrie from Carrie, and compare the characteristics of American dream with Chinese dream. The positive role of American dream has been discussed in this paper as well. Both of American dream and Chinese dream are beliefs that encouraging people trying their best for dreams. American dream emphasizing on the individual interests, while Chinese dream stressing on collectivism. This article deals with the similarity and enlightenment of these two dreams.Keywords: American dream; Chinese dream; Individualism; Collectivism; Symbolism摘要所谓美国梦,广义上指美国的平等,自由,民主。
超越自然主义——再论《嘉莉妹妹》与美国梦
名作欣赏 / 性别世界 >超越自然主义——再论《嘉莉妹妹》与美国梦⊙姚晴晴[北京外国语大学英语学院, 北京 100089]摘 要:《嘉莉妹妹》是西奥多·德莱赛的代表作之一,也被认为是自然主义文学的代表作品之一。
嘉莉到大城市打拼,追求自己的美国梦,却如风中柳絮,无法把控自己的命运。
嘉莉妹妹的美国梦通常被认为是失败的。
本文指出,《嘉莉妹妹》并不符合法国小说家爱弥尔·左拉对自然主义小说的定义,同时嘉莉能够积极把控自己的命运,她的美国梦是超越了物质迈向更高精神追求的成功之梦。
关键词:《嘉莉妹妹》 西奥多·德莱赛 自然主义 美国梦一、超越自然主义《嘉莉妹妹》是西奥多·德莱赛的代表作之一,也被认为是自然主义文学的代表作之一,但《嘉莉妹妹》并不符合爱弥尔·左拉对自然主义小说的定义。
左拉认为遗传和环境决定人的命运,而遗传与《嘉莉妹妹》中的三个主要人物,嘉莉、德鲁埃和赫斯特伍德却没有太大关系,小说没有强调家庭遗传因素对人物发展的影响。
此外,《嘉莉妹妹》中的环境描写也异于自然主义小说对环境的陈规描述。
故事发生的主要地点——芝加哥和纽约,并不是冰冷的城市,而是为主角的发展提供了众多机会:德鲁埃商机不断,嘉莉妹妹的演艺事业蒸蒸日上,赫斯特伍德在芝加哥如鱼得水,他最后的一败涂地更多源于其自身而非外部环境。
此外,自然主义的主导特质之一——“决定论”在《嘉莉妹妹》中的表现也不明显。
决定论是指“命运被非个人化的、无法理解、无力抗拒的力量操纵”(Barrish 116)。
决定论站在自由意志的反面,展现人们在冷漠环境中无法摆脱的命运。
《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物,德鲁埃和赫斯特伍德都拥有“自由意志”,狡猾地操纵他人的命运,放纵地追求享乐和自我欲望的满足。
此外,他们也并未为自己的所作所为付出沉重的代价。
德鲁埃在小说结尾以成功人士的身份出现,成为新的品牌代理。
赫斯特伍德的偷盗行为被低调处理,被盗者只要求其将偷盗的金额奉还。
从_嘉莉妹妹_解读扭曲的美国梦_廖喜凤
/2012.3下半月wai guo wen xue yan jiu外国文学研究从《嘉莉妹妹》解读扭曲的美国梦廖喜凤摘要:《嘉莉妹妹》揭示了“美国梦”在梦想内容方面扭曲为对金钱和物质享受的追求;梦想的实现方式也由勤奋、诚实的劳动扭曲为通过非道德的手段使“梦想”成为现实。
关键词:美国梦;物质;嘉利;欲望美国的历史可以说是一部美国人追求梦想的历史,渴望成功的梦想已经浸润到美国人的思维,并成为美国民族的心灵习性。
美国南北战争前后,原本充满了希望、积极进取和乐观精神的美国梦,开始扭曲和变形。
西奥多·德莱赛紧扣时代主题,他笔下的《嘉莉妹妹》充分反映了美国梦的迷茫与失落。
一、美国梦的内涵对美国梦内涵的理解可以分为广义和狭义两种。
从广义上讲,“美国梦”指的是一种国家信念,一种作为“民主、平等、自由”的国家理想及价值理念。
从狭义上讲,“美国梦”指的是任何人只要努力奋斗,锐意进取,就一定能在美国这个充满希望的国家发财致富,过上幸福生活的个人理想。
美国人深信:一个人只要努力,就一定出人头地,会实现自己的人生理想,获得成功。
“美国梦”实现的典型代表有本杰明·富南克林、林肯、里根;现任总统奥巴马更是现代“美国梦”的代表。
二、美国梦的扭曲———对物质享受的追求美国南北战争前后,美国开始了工业化,大量的农村人口涌入城市,希望凭借勤奋和努力获得成功,拥有财富和社会地位。
嘉莉出身贫民窟,在资本主义的物欲与享乐主义的影响下,一开始就把物质消费的满足当做幸福,当一个物质享受的欲望得到满足时又产生了新的欲望,处在不断的满足和失望的循环中,纵然成功也不感到幸福。
杜洛埃对芝加哥的描述点燃了嘉莉对物质的欲望。
但是,她刚到芝加哥,她的梦想就破碎了,姐姐拮据的生活使初来乍到的嘉莉感到沮丧。
虽然嘉莉是来芝加哥工作的,但她却躲避辛苦的工作,对物质的欲望驱使着嘉莉。
她想象着“那些遥远的大人物整日数钱,穿戴华丽,出入坐马车”。
当杜洛埃再次出现在她面前时,嘉莉向自己的欲望屈服,过上了能让自己不断漂亮风光的生活。
嘉莉妹妹和盖茨比的美国梦比较分析
嘉莉妹妹和盖茨比的“美国梦”比较分析陈亚兰摘要:“美国梦”是美国文学作品中一个贯穿始终的主题。
通过《嘉莉妹妹》和《了不起的盖茨比》的比较分析,表现了两部作品的共同主题——扭曲的“美国梦”。
关键词:嘉莉妹妹;盖茨比;美国梦“美国梦”是美国文学作品中反复出现的文化母题。
十八世纪后期以来,世世代代的美国人都深信一点:只要经过努力不懈的奋斗勤奋、勇气和决心便能获得更好的生活。
“美国梦”背后的真正动力是什么?一些历史学家认为,就是对财富的渴求和追逐。
康涅狄格州立大学历史学教授马修·沃肖尔指出:“对金钱的追求,是‘美国梦中不变的成分。
”德莱塞作品《嘉莉妹妹》中,嘉莉的美国梦是她对幸福和物质的渴望。
从表面上看,嘉莉妹妹是一个典型的美国梦追寻者,而且最终也实现了她的梦想。
工作、金钱和声誉让她看上去像个大赢家。
但她失去了弥足珍贵的爱情,变得像机器般冷漠。
《了不起的盖茨比》是菲茨杰拉德最优秀、最有影响力的作品之一,小说内容可以说是家喻户晓,这里不再赘述。
通过嘉莉妹妹和盖茨比经历的比较分析,可以看到人们心中希冀的美梦,已经变得扭曲。
首先,这两部作品的最终目的都是要超越个人梦想范畴,提出美国梦的主题。
两个故事的主角,嘉莉妹妹和盖茨比,都出身贫苦、来自社会底层,他们背井离乡,到大城市追寻美国梦。
嘉莉妹妹是来自美国农村底层的普通女性,她来到大城市追求自己的理想生活。
“美国梦”的原本内涵是指众人平等,每个人都可以通过努力工作获得成功,但我们却看到,嘉莉妹妹梦想实现的过程,“美国梦”也随之破灭。
盖茨比虽然通过努力工作实现了自己的财富梦想,但他是依靠从事走私酒等非法经营的手段,才从一贫如洗的年轻人一跃成为百万富翁的。
从表面上看,嘉莉妹妹和盖茨比的结局不同,但两书作者谈论的却是同一个主题:扭曲的美国梦。
两位作者表现主题的方式大不相同。
首先,嘉莉和盖茨比的梦想来源不同。
嘉莉的最终目标是过上舒适安逸的生活,在大城市中获得物质财富的成功。
《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物分析
《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物分析本页仅作为文档封面,使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物分析摘要:《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱赛编写的第一部长篇小说,被称为典型的现代美国小说,拉开了美国现代文学的序幕。
这本书谈论的是一个年轻的乡村女孩移居到大城市中,实现自己梦想的故事。
她首先成为了一个男人的情妇,为此她感觉到了极大的优越感,后来经过自身不懈的努力成为一位著名的女演员。
这部小说被称为“伟大的美国城市小说”,深刻影响了后来20世纪的作家。
《嘉莉妹妹》中有三个主要人物:嘉莉是一个普通女孩,来自一个低收入家庭,在大城市中一步步慢慢往上爬,后来成为了高薪的女演员;而赫斯特伍德是来自上层阶级的成员最后却沦落为在街头的落魄乞丐;杜洛埃是一个推销员,年轻、精力充沛,对女人充满了热切的渴望。
小说通过对这些人物的描写比较真实地揭露了20世纪初人们狂热的追求美国梦的悲剧事实。
关键词:嘉莉;美国梦;人物分析一、简介西奥多德莱塞是美国文学历史上一名出色的作家,同时也是美国现代小说的先驱。
《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱塞的第一部长篇小说,讲述了农村少女嘉莉如何从社会底层登上百老汇红舞星宝座的过程,细腻地展示了嘉莉的生存景观及心路历程。
这部小说的面世对美国文学界产生了巨大的影响。
它在文学史上也占据了重要的位置。
《嘉莉妹妹》大胆忠实的写作方式同20世纪早期传统的写作方式大相径庭,因此成为了美国文学史上一部里程碑式的作品。
本文从人物视角分析《嘉莉妹妹》。
在《嘉莉妹妹》中,德莱塞从美国经济生活的三个阶层选取了主要人物。
他向我们展示了这些人都是如何被美国资本主义制度以及资产阶级生活压榨和腐蚀的。
二、对《嘉莉妹妹》中三个人物的分析读者不要期待《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物有高尚的道德立场或强大的分析能力。
但是这并不意味着他们是不吸引人的,甚至是无趣的。
《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物受到了各种力量的压制,又由于自身意志的薄弱,他们通常是自我迷失的。
《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义与“美国梦”
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摘 要 : ((嘉莉妹妹 是美国 自然主义文学的代表作。本文主要 从 自然主义的角度分析环境对 嘉莉的影响 ,指 出 嘉莉的道德倾以及对 “美国梦”的追求主要是受 当时的社会环境 影响而形成的,最终揭示出该作 品在反映社会现实 方 面所表现 出的批判意义 关键词: ((嘉莉妹妹》 自然主 义 美国梦
从嘉莉妹妹的性格特点看美国梦的破灭
从嘉莉妹妹的性格特点看美国梦的破灭摘要《嘉莉妹妹》刚发表时,曾在欧美文学界引起一场轩然大波。
人们对这本小说的看法褒贬不一,毁誉参半。
小说对传统理念束缚的挣脱正是众说纷纭的焦点。
尤其是作者对小说中女主人公的描写,让读者爱恨交加。
本文通过对小说中女主人公性格特点的分析,来探讨她在追梦过程中,物质上愈发富有,道德上愈发堕落,以及心灵上愈发孤寂的原因。
从而得出美国梦的虚幻以及美国梦破灭的必然性。
关键词嘉莉妹妹;性格特点;美国梦;破灭1 嘉莉妹妹的美国梦所谓美国梦,就是美国人通过自己的努力奋斗,而非他人的帮助而获得美好生活的愿望。
美好的生活不仅仅是物质上的富有,还应该有精神上的满足。
嘉莉妹妹对美国梦的追求贯穿小说的始终。
德莱赛在小说开篇的第一章就暗示了女主人公嘉莉妹妹的结局。
“一个十八岁的姑娘离家出门,她的遭遇不外乎是两种。
不是碰到好人相助而好起来,就是迅速接受花花世界的道德标准而堕落下去。
在这样的环境里,要保持中间状态是不可能的。
(P2)”“由于不明这花花世界的真相,它的美景就像音乐一般,往往会使一些头脑简单的人的直觉放松,然后削弱,然后堕入歧途。
(P2)”而嘉莉妹妹只是一个“在观察和分析能力方面,思想上都不成熟”的初出茅庐的、“头脑简单”的女孩儿,注定了她堕入歧途的结局[1-5]。
看完小说,可以说嘉莉妹妹物质上的美国梦是实现了的,因为她最终依靠自己的努力过上了有钱人的生活。
但她精神上的美国梦却以失败告终,因为她在追求物质生活的过程中,道德一步步走向堕落的深渊。
虽然她最终在物质上得到了满足,在舞台上打扮得光鲜亮丽,深受观众喜爱;但私底下却没有任何人与她分享成功的喜悦,每当夜深人静的时候,唯有寒冷和孤寂相伴。
2 嘉莉妹妹的性格特点嘉莉妹妹美国梦的破灭,和她的性格特点是分不开的。
她的性格特点可以从她对物质生活的追求和对爱情的态度上体现出来。
2.1 强烈的拜金主义思想和虚荣心在物质生活上,她和一切贫穷落后的环境格格不入。
_嘉莉妹妹_中的自然主义与_美国梦_
外国文学研究odern chinese2010.04西奥多·德莱塞是20世纪美国著名作家,他的《嘉莉妹妹》引发了读者对嘉莉道德的质疑,同时评论家也对作者的人生观和价值观产生诸多疑问:“他纵容了一个失去自我、踩着别人肩膀尤其以牺牲男人为代价爬上上层社会从而达到目的的女人”[1](P142);“一个道德沦丧的女人最后却没有受到惩罚”[2](P202),“受自己本能的驱使借一切机会向上爬的利己主义者”[3](P61)。
然而,作为一个自然主义的代表,德莱塞真实地再现了19 世纪末20世纪初的美国大都市生活,把自己的辛酸融入了作品中。
一、自然主义与《嘉莉妹妹》19世纪后期,资本主义在美国迅速发展,城市化现象尤为明显,这些特征在文学作品中都有体现。
与此同时,科学的发展也极大地影响着文学的发展,自然主义就是在这样的时代下产生的。
自然主义作品经常以高度写实的手法直接描写社会生活环境的残酷性:大都市的繁华,小人物摆脱贫困命运的挣扎来揭露人类本性中的黑暗面以及人类在这样的现实面前的软弱无助。
因此,美国自然主义文学有时也被称为残酷现实主义。
《嘉莉妹妹》是西奥多·德莱塞的处女作。
小说叙述了农村姑娘嘉莉从闭塞的村庄到繁华的都市来寻求新生活,成为一名喜剧演员的经历。
她先后沦为两位男人——杜洛埃与赫斯特渥德的情妇,最后她凭借着自己与生俱来的美貌和表演天赋成为了一颗冉冉升起的喜剧明星,而赫斯特渥德却从一位风度翩翩,衣冠楚楚的酒店经理沦落为街头乞丐,最后悲惨地死去。
西奥多·德莱塞写的《嘉莉妹妹》充分体现了自然主义的消极论及决定论。
德莱塞十分注重环境的描写,特别强调客观环境对作品中人物性格命运的决定作用,强调环境决定人物,决定人性善恶,决定人的本质属性。
《嘉莉妹妹》这部作品的背景是工业化过程中的美国大都市。
经济的繁荣改变了美国人传统的工作、生活方式,工业和交通的飞速发展使得城市化进程加快。
成千上万的渴望致富的人涌向城市,以此来实现自己的“美国梦”。
梦的破灭——浅析小说《嘉莉妹妹》中的“美国梦”
很 多文 学作 品 中都 能体 现 出来。 文 以《 莉 妹妹 》 例 , 本 嘉 为 通 过 嘉 莉 对 幸 福 生 活 的 追 求 来 分 析 这 部 作 品 中 反 映 的
陆 。 从 此 “ 利 平 等 ” 人 人 都 能 成 功 ” 为 “ 国 梦 ” 初 权 “ 成 美 最 的 口号 。 l 世 纪 末 , 国 西 部 发 现 了 多 处 金 矿 , 们 从 各 8 美 人 地 蜂 拥 而 至 , 实 现 自 己 的 “ 金 梦 ” 此 时 通 过 节 俭 和 勤 去 淘 , 劳致 富 的 “ 国梦 ”变 成 了人 人 都 能 一夜 暴 富 的 “ 金 美 淘 梦” 。美 国 内 战 时 , 业 化 进 程 开 始 , 富 差 距 的 悬 殊 , 工 贫 使 得人 人 渴望 金 钱财 富 。 着 工业 化 进程 的深入 . 些 大都 随 一 市相 继 出现 , 望 金 钱 、 望进 入 上 层 社会 使 “ 国梦 ” 渴 渴 美 充
摆 脱 贫 困过 上 富裕 生活 而 做 的“ 国梦 ” 在离 开 家 乡时 , 美 。 嘉 莉 的 心 里 还 是 怀 着 对 父 母 的 依 恋 。对 自 己 从 小 生 活 的 村 庄 、 己熟 悉 的 故 乡 的 依 依 惜 别 之 情 的 。 因 为 , 从 养 自 要 育 自己 的 父 母 身 边 离 开 ,从 自 己熟 悉 的 乡 村 生 活 环 境 到 陌 生 的 大 都 市 的 环 境 中 去 对 于 一 个 只 有 十 八 岁 、 人 生 经 验 贫 乏 的少女 而 言可 谓 异 常危 险 。 而 , 女 的 梦想 是无 然 少 限 美 好 的 , 使 前 方 道 路 坎 坷 , 已 不 重 要 。 前 方 的 路 已 即 也 经 选 定 ,她 已 经 开 始 模 模 糊 糊 地 憧 憬 起 自 己 美 好 的 未 来
试论《嘉莉妹妹》中美国梦的幻灭
曾经夸赞过那个女孩子和别的女人的这个动作,而嘉莉是
天生善于模仿的。”[ 3 ] (P103)她能够忍受当舞蹈演员微薄的工
资,不对工作挑挑拣拣。她年轻,聪明,有天赋并且知道怎
样抓住机遇。根据达尔文社会进化论,所有的这些使她符
合“适者”的角色。嘉莉的成功固然源于她的表演天赋和
重剥削。在这样的社会中,人与人的关系是用金钱来维系
的,为了得到金钱,任何事物都可以拿来交换。嘉莉的穷困
状况和杜洛所提供的舒适的生活形成了明显的对比,在嘉
莉眼中,杜洛埃是上层社会享乐主义者的代表,他衣着光
鲜,喜欢到高级
餐厅吃饭,尽管当时他不属于上流社会,
试论《嘉莉妹妹》中美国梦的幻灭
3
王春燕
(阳泉教育学院,山西 阳泉 045000)
摘 要:为了追求各自的美国梦,嘉莉和赫斯渥走上了不同的命运之路。通过对小说中这两位主人公的比较,本
文试图从不同角度分析他们命运之根源。主人公美国梦的破灭源于他们无穷尽的欲望。人们的行为是社会的内
“美国梦”最初由詹姆斯亚当斯在1931年提出。从一
般意义上说,“美国梦”是指在美国,无论地位、出身、种族
和性别等方面的差异,只要具备聪明、勤劳和坚忍不拔等必
要条件,任何人都可能在相同的条件下,通过自己的诚实劳
动与他人进行公平竞争,获得最终的成功和幸福,使自己的
梦想变成现实。[ 1 ] (P16)
“一到他们所代表的世界不再诱惑她的时候,就不信任
它的使者是及其自然的
事情。即使赫斯渥恢复了他原有的
漂亮体态,光辉的事业,现在也不能打动她的心了。她已知
美国梦_驶向不归路的欲望之车_解读_嘉莉妹妹_中主要人物的美国梦_李彤
第24卷第3期 南宁师范高等专科学校学报 VOL.24 NO.3 2007年9月 JOURNAL OF NANNING TEACHERS COLLEGE Sept.2007收稿日期:2007-06-21作者简介:李 彤(1979-)女,广西工学院外语系教师,广西师范大学外国语学院硕士研究生,研究方向:英美文学。
美国梦——驶向不归路的欲望之车——解读《嘉莉妹妹》中主要人物的美国梦李 彤(广西工学院 外语系,广西 柳州 545006 )摘 要:《嘉莉妹妹》是美国二十世纪杰出的自然主义作家-西奥多·德莱塞的第一部小说。
本文通过文本分析,深刻剖析了生活在十九世纪美国的女主人公嘉莉及赫斯渥在不同欲望的驱使下所追求的各自的美国梦。
关键词:美国梦; 欲望中图分类号:I106.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-696X(2007)03-0031-02American Dream, a Car of Lust Driven for Depression—Analysis of American Dreams of the Main Characters in Sister CarrieLi Tong(Foreign Language Department, Guangxi Industrial College, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006)Abstract :Sister Carrie is the first novel of Theodore Dreiser, an outstanding American naturalist writer in the 20th century. Based on text analysis, the paper expounds that, driven by various lusts, both Carrie and Hurstwood, living in the 20th century of the United States, seek for different American dreams.Key words :American dream; lust西奥多·德莱塞是美国20世纪杰出的自然主义作家。
浅析_嘉莉妹妹_中美国梦的破灭_杜艳霞
·欧美文学·作品评析及其它·韩静胡燕等浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中美国梦的破灭杜艳霞摘要:美国梦体现了人们希望通过自我奋斗实现理想的信仰。
然而残酷的社会现实使人们陷入了迷茫,美国梦也随之扭曲。
这种状况在美国的许多文学作品中都能体现出来。
本文以《嘉莉妹妹》为研究对象,揭示了社会底层人们想通过平等,努力获得成功实现所谓的美国梦的破灭。
关键词:美国梦;嘉莉妹妹;实现;破灭一、美国梦的起源与发展所谓的美国梦(American Dream),是一种相信只要在美国经过努力不懈的奋斗便能获致更好生活的理想,亦即人们必须透过自己的工作勤奋、勇气、创意、和决心迈向繁荣,而非依赖于特定的社会阶级和他人的援助。
美国人认为,任何人都可以通过自身的努力来改变自己的社会地位,他们崇尚从乡村小木屋到白宫,从一贫如洗的穷小子到腰缠万贯的富翁的道路。
美国梦起源于17世纪英格兰移民乘坐五月花号来的美洲寻找清教徒的“净土”时,当时的美国信奉的是政治权利平等和宗教自由,相信只要努力奋斗,都可以实现自己的梦想,在一定程度上美国梦是一种催人奋进的理想。
当历史发展到18世纪末美国加州金矿的发现,激起了淘金热的狂潮。
人们对金钱的欲望猛增都梦想着一夜暴富,此时的美国梦已经开始扭曲。
19世纪末随着工业化进程的发展,美国出现了大的城市,大量的农村人口向城市涌入希望通过自己的努力拥入财富和社会地位,但是冰冷的社会现实使人们陷入了迷茫。
人们不再相信平等和勤奋,甚至为了获取财富不择手段,此时的美国梦扭曲成了牺牲一切获取财富的梦想。
它所体现的发愤图强的精神,被过度的物质追求所影响,逐渐的消失。
文学是社会的缩影,伴随着美国梦的扭曲,一些文学作品进一步揭露了美国梦的实质,使人们逐渐意识到对于广大的下层贫民来说,美国梦只是一种无法达到的梦想。
本文选择《嘉莉妹妹》作为研究对象,揭示了社会底层人们要想通过平等,努力获得成功实现所谓的美国梦的破灭。
社会转型期的_美国梦_试论嘉莉妹妹的道德倾向
社会转型期的“美国梦”———试论嘉莉妹妹的道德倾向黄开红内容提要:“美国梦”一直是举世瞩目的理想精神之一。
它源于欧洲清教徒的宗教理想信念,后来又演变成在美国只要聪明和刻苦,人人都可以成功达到“从一文不名到亿万富豪,从社会底层到上流阶级”的目标这样一种信条。
但是,当美国发展到由农村向城市转型的历史阶段,“美国梦”的实现途径就偏离了较为正常的轨道,出现了“只有牺牲个人的优良道德才能达到目的”这样一种现象。
本文以文学伦理学批评为指针,通过对《嘉莉妹妹》中女主人公主要思想和行为情节描写的分析,指出嘉莉的道德倾向主要是受当时的社会环境影响而形成的,最终揭示出该作品在反映社会现实方面所表现出的批判意义。
关键词:美国梦 嘉莉妹妹 社会转型 道德倾向作者简介:黄开红,西南科技大学外国语学院副教授,主要从事美国文学与文化研究。
T itle:On″American D rea m″in the Transiti onal Society:Sister Carrie’sMoral Tendency Abstract:″American D rea m″has been one of the most ideal drea m s thr oughout the world.It orig2 inated fr o m the Puritan belief in″building a city upon the hill.″Later on,it devel oped int o a kind of secular idea:everyone can succeed″fr om2rags2t o2riches″with his/her own intelligence and hard work.I n American hist ory,it has attracted m illi ons of peop le t o seek their drea m s fr om all over the world,and really a l ot of drea m s have come true.However,when American hist ory entered the transiti onal peri od,which was ar ound the year1900,the means of realizing″American D rea m″deviated fr om its original track,s o there appeared an abnor mal phenomenon that″t o make your i2 deal drea m come true,you have t o do s omething i m moral.″The paper,based on ethical literary criticis m,analyzes s ome main details concerning the her oine’s(Sister Carrie’s)crucial behavi or and critical thinking,points out that the moral tendency of Sister Carrie is influenced greatly by the s ocial envir on ment,and concludes that the novel S ister Carrie is meaningful and naturalistic in reflecting the s ocial p r oble m s of that very peri od.Key words:American D rea m Sister Carrie transiti onal s ociety moral tendencyAuthor:Huang Ka i hong is ass ociate p r ofess or of English at the School of Foreign Languages and Cultures,South west University of Science and Technol ogy(M ianyang621010,China).H is maj or acade m ic interest is American literature and culture.Email:huangkaihong@s 德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》以较为客观的现实主义艺术笔调,生动地描绘了主人公嘉莉为了441外国文学研究 2006年第3期实现自己的梦想所进行的奋斗历程,反映了美国下层贫民女子在“物竞天择”的社会转型期的命运,展示了环境在人物命运中所起的巨大影响和作用,同时也暗示了所谓“人人机会均等”而获得成功的“美国梦”这一神话的幻灭。
用马斯洛需求层次理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物
摘要《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一位农村女孩不甘贫穷,独自来到芝加哥实现自己的“美国梦”,最终成为了纽约百老汇的一位著名演员,物质享受得到满足,精神却陷入迷失的故事。
阅读这部小说我们很容易注意到嘉莉不断升级的需要及日益增长的欲望,及在追求欲望的过程中对传统道德的违背。
本文主要依据马斯洛层次需求理论,分析嘉莉及与嘉莉妹妹关系密切的两位男主人公,在不同时期的不同需要,并分析这些欲望产生的原因,即一方面是人物内在的欲望,另一方面是环境、城市的诱惑等外在因素。
这两方面的相互作用最终导致嘉莉陷入精神的迷失。
《嘉莉妹妹》的故事似乎在警示我们,在物质越来越发达的今天,人们不应该盲目追求物质的享受,而应该充分认识到精神带给人们的幸福感和满足感,思索自己人生的意义和价值所在。
关键词:嘉莉妹妹;欲望;层次需求理论AbstractSister Carrie tells the story of a small country girl Carrie who moves to Chicago to realize her “American Dream” and eventually becomes a Broadway star in New York. Despite living a luxurious life, she is lost in spirit. Reading the novel, we may easily notice Carrie’s different needs and desires arising gradually and also the betrayal of traditional moral code in the process of pursuing material gain. The paper analyzes the reasons why Carrie and two male heroes closed to her have various needs at different stages of life, mainly based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. One is figures’inner desires; the other is the outside force, including temptations of environment, cites, etc. The interaction between them makes Carrie lose herself eventually. It seems to tell people that in modern society material supplies more and more abundantly, but we should never pursue it blindly and much importance should be attached to happiness and stability created by spirit. It is essential to ponder the significance and the value of life.Key words: Sister Carrie; desire; hierarchy of needsContentsChapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1 About the author and the novel (1)1.1.1 The author: Theodore Dreiser (1)1.1.2 The novel: Sister Carrie (1)1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (2)Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs (4)2.1 Carrie’s primary needs (4)2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for Chicago (4)2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistress (5)2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs (6)2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking step (6)2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced development (7)2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goal (8)Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs (10)3.1 Drouet’s primary needs (10)3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of Carrie (10)3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of material (11)3.2 Droue t’s higher level needs (12)Chapter 4 Hurstwood’s needs (13)4.1 Hurstwood’s needs in Chicago (13)4.1.1 Hurstwood’s physiological needs (13)4.1.2 Hurstwood’s safety needs (14)4.1.3 Hurstwood’s love and belonging needs (14)4.2 Hurstwood’s needs in New York (15)Conclusion (17)References (19)Acknowledgments (20)Chapter 1 General Introduction1.1 About the author and the novel1.1.1 The author: Theodore DreiserTheodore Dreiser is the most outstanding realistic novelist in the history of American literature. He is also an American naturalistic writer famous for the exploration of realistic life. Dreiser was born in Indiana in a poor German immigrant family. When Dreiser was eight, his mother was forced by the pressure of living, left home with him and three other young children, wandered from one town to another in the Midwest. The family lived a tough and criticized life. Dreiser’s childhood also endured poverty and ignorance.In 1887, he came to Chicago alone, worked in restaurants and hardware companies. In spite of this, he was attracted by the city life full of excitement and stimulation. In 1889, “he was sponsored by a sympathetic middle school teacher to study at the University of Indiana. But he dropped out of school the next year, returned to Chicago to become a debt collector in a real estate and furniture company” (Wang Sixiang, 2009: 158). This job led him to come into contact with the underworld characters and the dark side of society, accumulated a wealth of material for the future creation. It also determined the naturalistic color and the tragic thought of his creation. Dreiser entered the press in 1892, started to be a journalist. In Chicago, he witnessed the strong contrast of extreme poverty and extravagant life. These experiences are the beginning of his thought, which led him to create his own novel.1.1.2 The novel: Sister CarrieSister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser’s first novel, is a good work of epoch-making significance in the history of American fiction. This novel tells the story of Caroline Meeber, a pretty rural girl, leaves her rural home to make a living in Chicago. On the train, she meets Charles Drouet, a traveling salesman. The harsh reality shatters her dream. At the same time, in front of her is unemployment and disease. In desperation she becomes Drouet’s mistress. Later, due to the greater desire, she becomes the hotelmanager Hurstwood’s mistress. Hurstwood and Carrie elope to New York, and Carrie becomes a popular actor by chance and squeezes into the upper class. However, Hurstwood becomes poorer and finally committed suicide. The life of upper class does not make her feel satisfied. She feels empty and can not find the real meaning of life. In the loneliness and desolation, she sits in a rocking chair dreaming of the happiness that she would not get.The novel reveals the cruel squeezing of the American capitalist system for poor people and the corrosive action of bourgeois lifestyle for petty bourgeois. And the moral concept the novel reflects is also a counter-tradition. Because Carrie rather than be punished for her depravity, but becomes a popular star of musical comedies finally. Therefore, this book has aroused widespread concern in society since it was published, was banned for a time which led up to intense controversy of the literary world for more than 30 years until it is regarded as a classic to gain public recognition. Until today the novel was born one hundred years later, people are still controversial about Carrie’s character and behavior, especially her endless desire.1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needsIn Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are five kinds of needs ranging from lower level to higher level. These are physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs. (1)The physiological needs — it is the most basic requirement of human beings, including food, sleep, water, secretion, and sex. If any one of these needs, except sex, can not be satisfied, the physiological function of human can not operate normally. In other words, the life of human would be threatened. In this sense, the physiological need is the primary motivation of people’s action. Maslow believes that only those basic needs be met, the other needs can become new motivating factors. And to this point, the needs has been relatively satisfied will no longer be motivating factors. (2)The safety needs — it is the demand for the following things: personal and property safety, health care, job security and family safety. Maslow believes that the pursuit of the whole organism is a security mechanism, the human receptors, effectors’ organs, intelligence and other forms of energy are mainly seeking safety tools. We can even put both science and philosophy as part of meeting the security needs. (3)The love and belonging needs — if both physiological and safety needs are relatively well satisfied, and then there will emerge the love and belonging needs. Everyone wants to get mutual concern and care.The love and belonging needs is more meticulous than the physiological needs. It relates to a person’s physiological characteristics, experience, education and religion. Generally people will hunger for affectionate relations with others, for a place in the group and have a family. (4)The esteem needs — everyone wants to have a stable social status. And it requests that personal ability and achievements are recognized by the society. These needs can be divided into two parts. First is the desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, confidence and freedom. Secondly, we have what we may call the desire for reputation, attention, importance or appreciation. Satisfaction of the esteem need can make people have confidence, worth, strength, capability and adequacy of being useful and necessary in the world. (5)The self-actualization needs — it is the highest level of needs. It refers to the realization of personal ideals, aspirations and the individual’s ability to the greatest degree. Maslow notes that in order to satisfy self-actualization needs, different people take different measures. The self-actualization need is an effort to realize their potential. It is to make them become the characters they desire to be.These basic needs are related to each one and another, but any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role, and needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. This means that the highest goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The lower needs are minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next higher need emerges,in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators.Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs2.1 Carrie’s primary needs2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for ChicagoBy the end of the Civil War (1861-1865), most of the forces that would typify twentieth century American had begun to emerge. Northern industrialism had triumphed over southern agrarianism. The great age of big city bossism began. Americans ceased to be isolated from the world and from each other. Soon the United States had the most extensive railroad system in the world. The tempo of life accelerated as Americans became increasingly mobile. From 1870 to 1890 the total population of the United States doubled. Villages became towns, towns became cities, and cities grew to a size with a speed that would have astonished the Founding Fathers. The population of Chicago increased twenty times to two million, making it the nation’s second largest city after New York. The national income quadrupled. It was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age”. Thousands and thousands of men, women and children native-born and foreign, flooded to American cities, drawn by hopes for making their fortune. They believed that anyone could grasp an opportunity to attain success through honest and hard work. Just as American naturalists argued: the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.Dreiser clothed the social phenomenon of so-called “American Dream” through his character, Carrie. At the beginning of the novel, the heroin, Carrie, keeps pace with the general trend of the time, and moves to Chicago, which is not far away from her hometown. She is eighteen years old, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth:And yet she was interested in her charms, quickly to understand the keenerpleasures of life, ambitious to gain in material things. A half-equipped littleknight she was, venturing to reconnoiter the mysterious city and dreamingwild dreams of some vague, far-off supremacy, which should make it preyand subject-the proper penitent, groveling at a woman’s slipper. (TheodoreDreiser, 1979: 3)In Maslow’s view, humans are wanting beings, mainly because humans are not satisfied with the status and are eager to achieve a higher realm. Desire is one of the strong emotions which tells people that he is still curious to exist, that he still have an edge on his longings and want to bite into the world. Carrie is driven by the environment and the internal desire to move to Chicago. Strictly speaking, it is the physiological needs. Carrie wants to change the poor life. She begins to hunt a job to earn money to fulfill her needs. Carrie accepts a job in a shoe factory for four and a half dollars a week. Every week she pays four dollars for her board and lodging. Does the story develop smoothly like this? The author gave a hint by writing “When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse” (Zhang Xiaowei, 2011: 203). Carrie tries to live on her own to start her first step of material pursuit.2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistressChicago is a charming city indeed. Carrie is surrounded by various temptations: Carrie passed along the busy aisles, much affected by the remarkabledisplays of trinkets, dress goods, stationary and jewelry. Each separatecounter was a show place of dazzling interest and attraction. She could nothelp feeling the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally.There was nothing there which she could not have to used-nothing whichshe did not along to own. The dainty slippers and stockings, the delicatelyfrilled skirts and petticoats, the laces, ribbons, hair-combs, purses, all touchher with individual desires. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 27)She longs for dress and beauty with a whole heart.But the fact is that the cold reality takes her by the hand. First, her sister and brother-in-law live a lean life and consumed by housework. The money left by Carrie every week is not enough for her car fares, let alone clothes, laces, ribbons, etc. And none of those things is in the range of her purchase. Second, in the shoe factory, the machines work intensively. Carrie is not strong. Her shoulders and necks ache in bending over and she is totally exhausted every day. “As Carrie listened to this and much more of similar familiar badinage among the men and the girls, she instinctively withdraws into herself. She feared that the young boys about would address such remarks to he r” (LI Wei, 2011: 278). The wholeatmosphere of the shoe factory is sordid.Carrie does not like to bear the hard work, the foul working condition and the human environment. She hopes to break away from the factory to enjoy physical comfort and from such uncouth men to keep her calm. Third, as the rigorous winter is around the corner, Carrie worries about the problem of winter clothes, for she has nothing to wear. At last, as a result of illness she loses the job and to return hometown seems to be the only choice.According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerge the safety needs. The problem is that whether she can satisfy it or not, it depends on the reality which supplies enough conditions or not, besides her own effort. Carrie understands that it is impossible to buy dress and entertain herself by her personal diligence. Drouet is, for Carrie, an escape. She does not love him, but he means a source of amazement, and she recognizes that the relative opulence of his chambers and department he procures for Carrie are the signs of that for which she is striving. Eventually she betrays herself to become Drouet’s mistress to realize her safety need. Carrie and Drouet pay a visit all round the city and go shopping, take part in various activities, enjoy delicious foods. It seems that Carrie has never hesitated,“Money! Money! What a thing it was to have! How plenty of it would clear away all the troubles” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 82). She surrendered to the magic of money. At the second stage of material pursuit, Carrie has a much stronger desire. She falls in love with it without reason.2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking stepAs the plot goes, the author depicts a panorama of rising needs and desire. On one hand, Carrie is not just satisfied with living together with Drouet:That young lady, under the stress of her situation and the tutelage of hernew friend, changed effectively. She the glow of a more showy life was notupon her. She did not grow in knowledge so much as she awakened in thematter of desire. Mrs. Hale’s extended harangues upon the subjects ofwealth and position taught her to distinguish between degrees of wealth.(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 140)When she comes to her own room, Carrie sees her comparative poverty. She is not comparing it with what she has had, but what she has seen recently. She begins toponder what, after all, Drouet is and what she is. On the other hand, Carrie fears of losing Drouet’s affection, of being abandoned, and also she longs for someone to sympathize with her, but not let her ponder and wonder. It makes clear to Carrie that Drouet could not understand her. He just cares about her beauty. When Carrie is sorrow, he only asks her to dance. Carrie feels lonely and forsaken. What’s more, Carrie believes Drouet does not plan to marry her. He prefers the single state to any legal bondage. These two sides wake up Carrie’s deep desire. She “hopes to live an extravagant life but not from hand to mouth” (Peng Dankui, 1995: 74). She is eager to be understood and loved. Drouet is only an intermediary in her movement from poverty to affluence. Carrie is ready and longs to change.More wealth and higher status are Carrie’s new goal. At this time, Hurstwood becomes another male stepladder to gratify her needs both in material and spirit. Hurstwood can give her a life of honor. Carrie recognizes the quality of Hurstwood’s clothes, his style and his bearing as distinct improvements on Drouet. Hurstwood shows his thoughts and feelings concerning Carrie. “In contrast, Hurstwood appeared strong and sincere. He had no easy manner of putting her off. He sympathized with her and showed her what her true value was. He needed her, while Drouet did not care” (Gao Chenke, 2011: 115).Though Carrie has achieved her material goal, all in all, she has another need—love. Carrie begins to care about her inner thoughts, which takes the first step of exploring her spirit. Carrie’s spirit pursuit is based on material pursuit.2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced developmentAfter becoming Hurstwood’s mistress, in a material way, Carrie is considerably improved. Hurstwood writes her regularly-a letter every morning. They both enjoy the happy days. Carrie has an opportunity to take part in a play. It is not an important thing, but because of the prestige of Hurstwood, it is significant. “By the time of the 16th had arrived Hurstwood’s friends had rallied like Romans to a senator’s call. A well-dressed, good-natured, flatteringly-inclined audience was assured from the moment he thought of assisting Carrie”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 209). Carrie moves into a new environment. She feels the respect and power of celebrities. Carrie’s needs develop further: the esteem needs. That is the desire for confidence and appreciation:There was nothing bold in her manner. Life had not taught herdomination-superciliousness of grace, which is the lordly power of somewomen. Her longing for consideration was not sufficiently powerful tomove her to demand it. Even now she lacked self-assurance, but there wasthat in what she had already experienced which left her a little less thantimid. She wanted pleasure, she wanted position. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:176)For Carrie she is nervous. She hopes the play could succeed to gain confidence and appreciation, “The glamour, the tense situation, the fine clothes, the applause, these had lured her until she felt that she, too, could act-that she, too, could compel acknowledgment of power” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 192). Carrie tries best to explore her potentials.2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goalHurstwood coaxes Carrie to elope to New York. But he is merely another man who either cannot hold or find a job. He forces to begin the battle for place and comfort all over again. But his situation becomes worse and worse. At the beginning, he strolls about, and then he just picks his papers up, and stays for day after day. At last, he becomes a beggar completely, lived by other’s charity. Finally he committed suicide by turning on the gas in a Bowery flophouse. When the attraction of material disappears, it is inevitable for Carrie to abandon Hurstwood. The physiological and safety needs play an important role now. Carrie begins to make a livelihood on her own. Different from the former experience, this time, she is successful by her own power without depending on some other men. Carrie becomes an actor because of her pretty-look and her diligence. Her salary rises from 30 dollars to 150 dollars per week. She becomes a famous star. She could possess of her gowns and carriage, her furniture and bank account. But she is alone, “It does not take money long to make plain its important, providing the desires are in the realm of affection. With one hundred and fifty in hand, Carrie could think of nothing particularly to do. In itself, as a tangible, apparent thing which she could touch and look upon, but this soon passed” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 548).After Carrie gains her economic status, there is only self-actualization need left. And Ames helps Carrie sublimate her spiritual pursuit into the world of literature and philosophy. Ames isn’t attracted by Carrie’s beauty, but there is something in him that has attracted her. Ames says to Carrie that riches are not everything, and there is always a great deal more in the world than she has known. Carrie understands that the thingsAmes pointed out is not money, or clothes, or applauses but a kind heart to serve others. It is an aesthetic world of which Carrie has not dreamed of and which she recognizes as a new peak to conquer and a new level to achieve. Carrie moves to the highest needs, which states that the true value of life is not in what we get but in what we give. This is the ultimate goal in her spiritual world.Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs3.1 Drouet’s primary needs3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of CarrieDrouet is a man who has a keen desire for the feminine. In the driving of the sexual instinct, he will involuntarily chase every beautiful woman he meets. After seeing beautiful pure Carrie on the train, he is attracted by her. With beautiful clothes, grandiose talk and his experiences of chatting up girls, Drouet wins Carrie’s favor. Just as the author says:Let him meet with a young woman once and he would approach her withan air of kindly familiarity, not unmixed with pleading, which would resultin most cases in a tolerant acceptance. If she showed any tendency tocoquetry he would be apt to straighten her tie, or if she “took up” with himat all, to call her by her first name. If he visited a department store it was tolounge familiarly over the counter and ask some leading questions. In moreexclusive circles, on the train or in waiting stations, he went slower. If someseemingly vulnerable object appeared he was all attention to pass thecompliments of the day to lead the way to the parlor car, carrying her grip,or, failing that, to take a seat next her with the hope of being able to courther to her destination. Pillows, books, a footstool, the shade lowered; allthese figured in the things which he could do. If, when she reached herdestination he did not alight and attend her baggage for her, it was because,in his own estimation, he had signally failed. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:5) Drouet’s chasing for young beautiful girls is not because he is a cold-blooded, black heart, scheming villain, but because he is full of lust. When Drouet meet Carrie in the street secondly, Carrie was looking for a job and has no winter clothes to wear. Then he use Carrie’s plight to persuade her to leave her sister’s home and l ive together with him. After Carrie beca me Drouet’s mistress, Drouet didn’t have the plan to marry her. In the second part of the novel, Drouet and Carrie met again in New York, after he tried to mend fences and Carrie refused, he was not feeling so sad. Because, for him, he canfind a woman for pleasure wherever. Losing Carrie is not so important for him. At the end of the novel, on the night of a big snowstorm, he is talking with a partner to discuss where to look for a woman to have fun.3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of materialThe great industrial development in American brings about the booming of the cities like Chicago and New York. At the same time, the social gap between the rich and the poor is widening. People are obviously graded. Whether having high material consumption ability has almost become the sole criterion of level division. Drouet is divided into middle class in this social background. He doesn’t have to live in poverty like Hanson, but not as well as Hurstwood has a wealthy family and prominent position. He is good at enjoying life and the pursuit of a higher level of material comforts, immersed in his salesman career and tried to improve his social status. In his view, his life is fulfilling and almost perfect. He dressed in fashion style, wearing a striped plaid wool suit, white and pink striped shirt, gold-plated button, covered with yellow agate known as the “cat ey e”. His vest dangled a neat gold watch chain, matched with a pair of glowing shoes and a fedora. This fashionable dress greatly satisfied the vanity of him. Drouet’s s afety needs come to be realized in the abundant material world.Drouet likes to have dinner at Rector’s,a restaurant he believes that successful person would go. After dinner, he likes to go to th e resort of Fitzgerald and Moy’s to drink a glass of whiskey and enjoy a couple of cigars. In such a place, he can get to know a variety of celebrities, in order to increase the capital to show off and meet his vanity. The author has described it in detail:Rector’s, with its polished marble walls and floor, its profusion of lights, itsshow of china and silverware, and, above all, its reputation as a resort foractors and professional men, seemed to him the proper place for asuccessful man to go. He loved fine clothes, good eating, and particularlythe company and acquaintanceship of successful men. When dining, it wassource of keen satisfaction to him to know that Joseph Jefferson was wontto come to this same place, that Henry E. Dixie, a well known performer ofthe day, was then only a few tables off. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 39) As a successful salesman, Drouet believes that it is an honor to be able to make celebrities. At the same time, the big company he is working for also let him feel glory. With the reputation of Bartlett, Caryoe & Company, his work goes well. Although he isnot rich, also does not have a high social status, but he is good at communication, appropriate interaction with others, which also provides a possibility of success in his career. Living with Carrie, Drouet’s career developed gradually and his social status improved accordingly. When he and Carrie meet again, he has been responsible for a branch and is about to establish his own company. He can meet Carrie’s desire for material. He bought her beautiful dresses and coats, purchased cosmetics and went to the theatre with her. But objectively speaking, he was too concerned with material life, treat feelings do not serious. This is also the most dissatisfied for Carrie.3.2 Drouet’s higher level needsAlthough the physiological and material satisfaction is very important for Drouet, he has some higher level of needs. As a traveling salesman, Drouet’s social status is not high. He frequently went to the restaurants and pubs which celebrities always went to. In addition to the pursuit of material comforts, but also he is in the search for a social identity and the sense of belonging. Eating and talking together with the upper-class people, let him have a feeling of integrated into the society.His pursuit of Carrie is not only to satisfy his needs for sex, but also to get rid of the emptiness.Due to his work requirement, Drouet often go to travel around, and he is lacking of group sense of belonging. While Carrie as his mistress, can bring him some emotional comfort.In addition, Carrie’s young and beautiful can meet Drouet’s vanity. And he can show off in social occasions. However, Carrie is not the only choice for Drouet. Instead of creating a stable family, the best way to meet his spiritual emptiness is to seek new love affairs constantly. That is also the reason why he does not marry Carrie.。
社会转型期的“美国梦试论嘉莉妹妹的道德倾向
社会转型期的“美国梦试论嘉莉妹妹的道德倾向一、本文概述本文旨在探讨社会转型期的“美国梦”以及德莱塞小说《嘉莉妹妹》中主人公嘉莉的道德倾向。
社会转型期通常指的是社会结构、价值观念、经济形态等方面发生深刻变革的时期,而“美国梦”则是美国文化中一种普遍的信仰,认为只要通过个人努力,每个人都有可能实现自己的成功和幸福。
德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》以其对当时美国社会现实的深刻描绘和主人公嘉莉的道德选择,为我们提供了一个观察和思考社会转型期“美国梦”的绝佳视角。
本文首先将对“美国梦”的内涵及其在社会转型期的变化进行概述,分析这一时期“美国梦”的特点及其对个人道德选择的影响。
随后,将重点解读《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的道德倾向,探讨她在面对社会变革和个人命运的挑战时,如何理解和追求“美国梦”,以及她的道德选择对她个人命运和社会的影响。
通过这一研究,我们希望能够更深入地理解社会转型期“美国梦”对个人道德选择的影响,以及个人如何在复杂多变的社会环境中坚持自己的道德原则,实现自我价值。
也希望通过嘉莉的故事,引发对当代社会中“美国梦”的反思,思考如何在追求个人成功和幸福的坚守道德底线,实现社会的和谐与进步。
二、《嘉莉妹妹》中的“美国梦”解读《嘉莉妹妹》是西奥多·德莱塞的代表作之一,通过对主人公嘉莉的生活经历与道德选择的描绘,深刻揭示了19世纪末20世纪初美国社会转型期的“美国梦”现象。
在这一背景下,“美国梦”不仅仅是追求财富与成功,更是个人对于自我实现和社会地位提升的渴望。
嘉莉妹妹的道德倾向与她的“美国梦”追求紧密相连。
她初到芝加哥时,怀揣着对大城市生活的美好憧憬,然而现实的残酷却让她迅速陷入困境。
面对生活的压力和诱惑,嘉莉并没有选择放弃,而是通过自己的努力和智慧,逐渐摆脱了贫困的束缚。
她先后成为推销员杜洛埃和酒店经理赫斯渥的情妇,这些经历虽然让她在道德上承受了巨大的压力,但也让她逐渐认识到“美国梦”背后的复杂性和残酷性。
从《嘉莉妹妹》看美国梦的破灭
从《嘉莉妹妹》看美国梦的破灭作者:姜望来源:《群文天地》2012年第23期摘要:美国梦是美国文学中的一个经常出现的主题。
美国梦是人人平等,均有机会通过自身的奋斗来实现自己梦想的体现。
然而随着经济的发展,美国梦逐渐失去了原有的内涵,转而演变成不择手段追逐金钱和利益的梦想。
最后那些成功人士在实现梦想后对现实感到失望。
《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱塞的一部经典作品,文章通过嘉莉在书中的梦想的不停改变深刻的反映了变味了的美国梦的破灭。
关键词:美国梦;《嘉莉妹妹》;嘉莉一、美国梦美国梦是美国价值观的集中体现,也是美国文学中的一个常见主题。
简而言之,美国梦即美国给所有有梦想的人提供机会,每个人在这里都可以通过奋斗达到成功。
然而,随着美国经济的飞速发展,美国梦逐渐失去了原本的内涵,人们不再通过自己的努力获得成功以及别人的尊重,而是演变成了金钱至上,利益至上,为求金钱不择手段的美国梦。
与此同时,一些成功人士,在获得了金钱和权力后,在实现了他们的美国梦之后,会感到空虚与无助,会感觉到自己不惜一切代价追逐到的梦想只是一片虚无,美国梦进一步破灭。
二、美国梦的破灭《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉是一个带着美好憧憬从农村到芝加哥谋生,追逐梦想,寻找幸福的姑娘。
但是在芝加哥充满物质诱惑的花花世界中,在追逐自己不断的变化的美国梦过程中,在一次次实现了自己的梦想之后,逐渐迷失了自己,她所追逐的那一个个梦想褪下了理想的外衣,失去了对嘉莉的吸引,经济的发展和残酷的社会现实使她的美国梦经历了一次次的破灭。
(一)嘉莉离家去往芝加哥初离家的嘉莉年轻漂亮,厌倦了乡村沉闷呆板的压抑生活,充满了对大都市繁华生活的憧憬,于是她告别父母只身一人投奔她的姐姐,去芝加哥实现自己的梦想,寻找自己的幸福生活。
然而,在来到了芝加哥之后,繁华的芝加哥的大都市生活与她姐姐家狭小简陋的居所和捉襟见肘的生活的强烈对比,使她感到失落,她的梦想面临破灭。
她性格中的隐忍和执着让她没有气馁,她积极工作,指望通过自己的奋斗能够给自己带来物质享受。
嘉莉妹妹的美国梦_徐镱闻
人们普遍认为,美国梦分为广义的美国梦和狭义 的美国梦,所谓广义的美国梦,是在国家层面上,是指 “自由、平等、民主”的国家理念和追求;而狭义的美国 梦,是指在个人的层面上,每个人都能够通过自身的 努力和奋斗,最终获得富足成功幸福的人生。 只要肯 付出劳动和汗水,在美国这个“自由、平等、民主”的国 度,成就一番人生事业并不只是梦想。 早期的美国梦 来自于欧洲的清教徒思想,由于在欧洲,这些人受到 宗教的压迫, 不得不忍受来自社会各方面的压力,为 了建立一个理想中的宗教国度, 他们移民去了美国, 在一个新的环境中,往昔的身份背景和社会地位都化 为泡影,要想出人头地就必须通过自己勤劳的工作和 公平的竞争,让自己过上衣食无忧的富裕生活,以此 来实现自己的个人价值, 并体现个人带来的社会价 值。然而随着时代的变迁,在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初,美 国的资本主义迅速发展,大规模的工业化和城市化对 美国社会的各个方面产生了极大的冲击,美国梦逐渐 出现了一些不道德的因素,原先的在公平竞争的环境 中,通过个人勤奋努力,来达到精神的自由和物质上 的富裕,逐渐演变成对于金钱和物质的不择手段和无 限累积, 金钱和物质成为衡量一个人是否成功的标 尺,人们开始忽略过程而重视结果。
嘉莉妹妹的美国梦
安徽文学
ANHUIWENXUE 文 学 研 究
从嘉莉妹妹看扭曲的美国梦
从嘉莉妹妹看扭曲的美国梦
仇多红;宗蔚
【期刊名称】《宿州学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2008(023)005
【摘要】嘉莉妹妹的创作背景是20世纪初处于变革中的,被金钱至上的思想所充斥的美国大都市.女主人公利用不道德的手段成就她的财富与跻身上流社会的梦想.体现出美国梦已经从一种通过勤劳苦干、艰苦奋斗和诚实经营实现个人价值的美好梦想蜕变成为一种不择手段获取财富的扭曲的梦想.
【总页数】3页(P64-65,86)
【作者】仇多红;宗蔚
【作者单位】宿州学院英语系,安徽,宿州,234000;宿州学院英语系,安徽,宿
州,234000
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106.4
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4.独立还是依附--从《嘉莉妹妹》看美国梦与现代美国女性意识的觉醒 [J], 谢满兰
5.扭曲的美国梦--从自然主义视角看《嘉莉妹妹》 [J], 申绳林
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