专四语法(非谓语动词)解读
非谓语动词讲解(超全)
非谓语动词讲解(超全)非谓语动词是指动词的非限定形式,不可以独立作谓语。
它可以由动词原形、现在分词和过去分词构成,常见的形式有不定式、动名词和分词。
一、不定式:不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,常常在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
它的构成方式为"to + 动词原形"。
例句:1. To learn a foreign language is not easy.(作主语)2. She wants to go shopping.(作宾语)3. The best way to learn English well is to practice every day.(作表语)4. He has a lot of work to finish.(作定语)不定式也具有进行时态、完成时态和被动语态的形式:进行时态:to be + 动词的现在分词完成时态:to have + 动词的过去分词被动语态:to be + 动词过去分词例句:1. He seems to be sleeping.(不定式进行时态)2. You should have told me earlier.(不定式完成时态)3. The car needs to be repaired.(不定式被动语态)二、动名词:动名词是指动词的-ing形式,它可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。
在句中的位置和用法与名词相似。
例句:1. Reading is my favorite hobby.(作主语)2. I enjoy swimming in the summer.(作宾语)3. Her dream is becoming a famous singer.(作表语)4. The girl standing over there is my sister.(作定语)5. He went to the party without saying goodbye.(作状语)动名词与不定式的区别在于动名词具有进行时态和被动语态,而不定式没有。
专四练习之语法2(非谓语动词,独立结构、悬垂结构)解读
2. 非谓语动词作宾语
1.to do 和doing可作宾语,done不行 To do 表未完成或未发生,doing表已完成或已 发生。 1)接to do的动词:afford/agree/aim/apply arrange/ ask/ beg/ choose/ claim/ dare/ decide/ decline/ demand/ desire/ determine/ expect/ fail/ guarantee/ hope/ manage/ offer/ ought / plan/ prepare/ presume/ pretend/ proceed/ promise/ refuse/ request/ resolve/ seek/ strive/ swear/ threaten/ undertake/ volunteer/ wish 等
3.非谓语动词作补语的要点提示
1. 现在分词表动作正在进行, 过去分词表被动, 不定式表动作已完成或结束 2.补语如果是非持续性动词,不定式表 一次性的动作,现在分词则表示反复发 生的动作。
I. 非谓语动词
非谓语动词讲解(超全超实用)
非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词: a.动词不定式 b. v-ing c. 过去分词概述:1.谓语动词:在句子中担任谓语的动词2.非谓语动词:是动词的特殊形式,在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。
She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.动词不定式一.动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。
不定式的形式有五种:1.一般式to do I like to read English.2.进行式to be doing He seemed to be reading something at that time.3.完成式to have done He seemed to have cleaned the room.4.被动式to be done The work is to be done soon.5.完成被动式to have been doneThe boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.疑问词+动词不定式What, who, which, where, when, how, why等疑问词构成不定式短语,这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。
二. 动词不定式的用法I.作主语(1)不定式做主语时,可以直接放在谓语动词之前。
To see is to believe.Not to get there in time is your fault.(2)注:常用it做形式主语,将to do位于之后,使句子保持平衡。
句型1:It + 谓语+(+sb.)+时间/金钱+ to doIt takes us an hour _to__ get there by bus.It costs you only $ 100 a month to cook at home.It seemed impossible to save money.句型2:I t’s + n. (+ for sb) + to doIt’s our duty _to_ help the poor.It is a great enjoyment _to_ spend our holiday in the countryside..It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.句型3:It is + adj (+ for sb)to do sth(是形容事物的性质的)It is + adj (+ of sb)to do sth(是形容人的品质的)It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.It is very kind of you to give me some help.It's impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.疑问词+不定式作主语When to start remains undecided.1.It is easy to get there by bus or taxi.2. It takes about 3 hours to see all the birds.3. It is also impolite to speak with your mouth full when you are eating.4. It’s our duty to take good care of the old.5. How long did it take you to finish the work?6. It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.7. When to start has not been decided.8. It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.9. It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.10. It is useful for our health to do morning exercises.II.作宾语接不定式做宾语I want to know this matter.I don’t expect to meet you here(1)常见动词有:like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, fail, manage, learn, seem, forget, want, prepare, pretend, plan, wish等They want to get_( get ) on the bus, didn’t they?He said he wished __to be ( be ) a professor.(2)it作形式宾语I find/feel to work with him interesting .I find/feel it interesting to work with him.Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider… it+adj/n + to do sth.1.We thought _it__ better __to_ start early.2.Do you consider _it__ better not _to_ go?3. I feel _it_ my duty _to_ change all that.4.We think it __ important _ to _ obey the law.5.I know _ it _ impossible _ to _ finish so much homework in a day.(3)疑问词+不定式作宾语常常放在这些动词的后面作宾语:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain…He taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.The dictionary didn’t tell the Frenchman how to pronounce the word.(4) 作介词but, except, besides的宾语。
语法全解析非谓语动词的形式用法及注意事项
语法全解析非谓语动词的形式用法及注意事项非谓语动词是英语语法中的重要部分,它具有丰富的形式用法和一些需要注意的事项。
在本文中,我们将对非谓语动词进行全面解析,介绍其各种形式及用法,并注意一些需要特别注意的事项。
一、非谓语动词的形式用法非谓语动词包括动词原形、动词-ing形式和动词过去分词形式。
它们在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等不同的成分,从而起到丰富语言表达的作用。
1. 动词原形作主语例:To travel is my dream.翻译:旅行是我的梦想。
2. 动词-ing形式作主语例:Swimming is good for health.翻译:游泳对健康有益。
3. 动词过去分词形式作主语例:Determined, she achieved her goal.翻译:她坚定不移,实现了她的目标。
4. 动词-ing形式作定语例:The running water is clear.翻译:流水清澈。
5. 动词过去分词形式作定语例:The broken vase needs to be fixed.翻译:那个破碎的花瓶需要修理。
6. 动词原形作宾语例:I want to learn English.翻译:我想学英语。
7. 动词-ing形式作宾语例:She enjoys reading books.翻译:她喜欢读书。
8. 动词过去分词形式作宾语例:We have finished our homework.翻译:我们已经完成了作业。
9. 动词-ing形式作状语例:He left without saying goodbye.翻译:他走了,没有说再见。
10. 动词过去分词形式作状语例:Exhausted, she fell asleep quickly.翻译:她累得很,很快就睡着了。
二、非谓语动词的注意事项在使用非谓语动词时,需要注意以下几个问题:1. 动词-ing形式与动词过去分词形式的区别动词-ing形式表示正在进行的动作,而动词过去分词形式则表示已经完成的动作或状态。
大学英语非谓语动词语法大讲解
大学英语非谓语动词语法大讲解导语:非谓语动词也称非限定动词,是动词的非谓语形式。
它在人称和数方面不受主语的限制,但也保留了动词的若干特征,如时态变化、语态变化,可以带宾语,可以被状语修饰等。
非谓语动词形式包括不定式、动名词和分词。
下面YJBYS店铺向大家讲解非谓语动词,欢迎参考!第一节不定式不定式有两种形式:一是带to的不定式,一是不带to的不定式,后者即通常所谓的动词原形。
动词不定式主要起名词、形容词和副词的作用,同时又保留了动词的某些特征。
不定式在句中可用作主语、表语、定语、同位语、状语和补语等。
一、动词不定式的形式动词不定式的形式如下表所示:二、不定式的功用1.不定式作主语例1:To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
例2:To err is human,to forgive,divine.犯错误是人之常情,宽恕是超凡的。
英语中常用it作形式主语,而将真实主语动词不定式放在谓语之后,从而形成“It+谓语+作主语的动词不定式”结构。
经典考点1:It is quite necessary for a qualifiedteacher to have good mannersand knowledge.(CET-4,1996年1月)A)extensive B)expansive C)intensive D)expensive巧解本题应选A。
四个选项的意思分别为A)广博的;B)扩展的,拓展的;C)精心的,专注的;D)昂贵的。
全句意思是:一个称职的教师必须有良好的举止和渊博的知识。
经典考点2:It took him several months to the wild horse.(CET-4,1995年6月)A)tend B)cultivate C)breed D)tame巧解?本题应选D。
四个选项的意思分别为:cultivate作“培养,培育”讲;breed表示“饲养,繁殖”;tend表示“易于”;tame表示“驯服”。
专四语法考点串讲之三 非谓语动词
• I have a lot of homework to do. • We were waiting for the door to be opened. • .
• 完成式 •
to have done to have been done 分词动作比谓语动作的发生早
• •
eg. I'm sorry to have lost your key. I am happy for the article to have been finished in time.
• 注意:why +动词原形或not+动词原形。
• •
。Why
make so much noise 为什么发出这么大的噪音? Why not join us 为什么不加入我们?
• 3. It is + 形容词 + for of sb + to do 结构 • Eg. It's kind of you to think so much of us. • 难为你这么为我们着想.
用完成式。
Eg. Having done his homework, he began to watch TV. • • Having heard this, the woman expressed her satisfaction
考点四:不定式做状语四结果三目的 (必备)
• 一、不定式表结果 • 1) so(such) ... as to do 如此…以便(表结果) • Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自 行车借给我好吗? • 2) enough to do • He didn‘t run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快, 没赶上火车。 • 3) too ... to do • His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. • 4)only to不料(却)……,结果(却)……",表示坏的结果 • I went to shopping, only to find it was closed.
专四语法非谓语动词
English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语, 相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: ambition to do “干……的雄心” →be ambitious to do“有雄心干……” curiosity to do “对……的好奇心” →be curious to do“对……好奇” ability to do“做……的能力” →able to do“有能力做……”
2.不定式做宾语 掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:
afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear,
the door, only to find it locked.
The three men tried many times to sneak across the
border into the neighbouring country, only to be captured by the police each time.(99年)
changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)
四级语法讲座2:非谓语动词
分词作状语与独立主格结构
要注意区分分词作状语与独立主格结构,前者的逻辑 主语是与句子的主语是一致的,而后者有自己的主语, 即分词的前面有名词/代词,否则句子的意义就不通。 如: Getting dark, I left in a hurry. 这是个错句。正确的形式是在分词前加上它的主语it. 再如: Stepping on the platform, the audience gave John a thunderous applause. 这个句子的真正意思是想说:当John登上舞台的时候, 观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。正确的说法应是: Stepping on the platform, John received/was given a thunderous applause.
语态
1. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______to the nation. (96/6/24) 【D】 A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left 2. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self--restraint as if I were the one ______. 【D】 (96/6/28) A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected 3. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in 【B】 Cuba. (00/1/45) A) having cultivated B) being cultivated C) been cultivated D) cultivating
超详细非谓语动词讲解精编版
非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)定义在句子中不是谓语的动词,形式:不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)作用:在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等。
特点:1.非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
2.非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
3.非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
4.谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
5.英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
与谓语动词的关系相同点(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:They built a garden. They suggested building a garden.(2)都可以被状语修饰:The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well.(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。
例如:He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)Having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式)(4)都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)We are League members.(谓语动词的主语)We being League member, the work was well done. (现在分词的逻辑主语)不定式一、形式功能:动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
非谓语动词讲解(超全
非谓语动词讲解(超全非谓语动词是指动词的非谓语形式,包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。
与主谓结构不同,非谓语动词可在句子中作状语、定语或表语。
在英语中,非谓语动词的形式是相对固定的,但在不同的语法环境中所表示的意义和用法有所差异。
1. 动词不定式(to-infinitive)动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:I want to go to the zoo.(我想去动物园。
)- 主语:To speak English fluently is important for your career.(流利地说英语对你的事业很重要。
)- 状语:He went to the store to buy some groceries.(他去商店买了些杂货。
)- 定语:She needs a pen to write her essay.(她需要一支笔来写作文。
)2. 动名词(gerund)动名词是将动词加上-ing构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:I enjoy reading books in my spare time.(我闲暇时喜欢读书。
)- 主语:Swimming is good exercise.(游泳是很好的锻炼。
)- 状语:She left the party early, feeling tired.(她因为感觉累了,所以提前离开了聚会。
)- 定语:The crying baby woke up the whole neighborhood.(哭闹的婴儿把整个邻居都吵醒了。
)3. 现在分词(present participle)现在分词由动词原形加上-ing构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:He enjoys playing soccer on weekends.(他喜欢周末踢足球。
)- 主语:Listening to music helps me relax.(听音乐帮助我放松。
英语四级之非谓语动词
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主语: To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To see is to believe. 动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面第一句可用 如下形式: It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. (2)作表语: Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. (3)作宾语: 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面 有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾 语补足语后面,例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如: I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作宾语补足语: 在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种 复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema. 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式 连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.
专升本语法培训四非谓语动词
专升本语法培训四非谓语动词一、什么是非谓语动词在英语语法中,非谓语动词是指动词的一种形式,不具备人称和数的变化,也不能单独作谓语,需要与其他词语连用,才能表达完整的意思。
非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式、分词和动词短语等形式。
在本文中,我们将重点介绍四种非谓语动词的用法和特点。
二、动名词动名词是动词加上-ing形成的名词,具有动词和名词的特点。
动名词既可以作主语、宾语、表语等成分,也可以和一些特定的动词搭配使用。
比如:•主语:Swimming is my favorite sport.•宾语:I enjoy reading books.•表语:Her hobby is singing.动名词还可以和一些介词搭配,表示一些固定的搭配形式。
比如:•介词+动名词:She is good at cooking.•动名词+介词:I am thinking about going to the beach.三、不定式不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,由to + 动词原形构成。
不定式可以作宾语、主语、表语等成分,也可以和情态动词、感官动词等搭配使用。
例如:•作宾语:She wants to learn Chinese.•作主语:To travel around the world is her dream.•作表语:Her goal is to become a doctor.不定式还可以和形容词连用,修饰名词。
比如:•形容词+不定式:It is important to study hard.•名词+不定式:She has a plan to visit Europe.四、分词分词是动词的一种非谓语形式,分为现在分词和过去分词两种形式。
分词可以作状语、表语、定语等成分,也可以和助动词、be动词等搭配使用。
比如:•作状语:Feeling tired, she decided to take a break.•作表语:The book is interesting.•作定语:The woman standing there is my teacher.分词还可以与被动语态搭配使用,表示被动的动作或状态。
非谓语动词(大学英语四级版)
非谓语动词(一)概述在大学英语四六级考试的词汇和语法部分中,年年必考的一项语法就是非谓语动词(Non-finite Verb)。
非谓语动词分为三类:不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)和分词(participle)。
其特点是:1.不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分,但就是不能单独做谓语,这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。
2.它们具有各种形态:原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。
3.不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。
但不管起什么作用,它们都具有动词的功能,但无语法上的动词性质,这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。
4.分词起形容词和副词作用,可做表语、定语、状语和复合结构中的复合宾语,但不能做主语和宾语。
它也不受主语人称和数的限制。
不定式1.结构不定式的主动态是to do,其否定式是not to do,被动态是to be done,进行态是to be doing,完成态是to have done。
例:1996年6月四级第24题Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation.A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left结合选项来看,全句的意思:“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家"。
收藏品是"被留给国家”,因此需要一个被动式做宾语,所以答案是D) is to be left。
2.不定式做主语例:1995年1月四级第55题It is not unusual for workers in that region _________.A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a monthC) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a monthit 在句中作形式主语。
专四练习之语法(非谓语动词,独立结构)
1.名词(或代词)+现在分词(或过去分词)。如: 1)The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey. 2)Good-bye said,he went home.
With +n./pron.+ doing/done/prep.
With book in hand
主格名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词
短语
(作逻辑主语)
(作逻辑谓语)
(二) 独立主格结构的特点: 1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独 立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词 等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 4)用分词时表示主动关系用现在分词,被动关系用过 去分词;
3.非谓语动词作补语的要点提示
1. 现在分词表动作正在进行, 过去分词表被动, 不定式表动作已完成或结束 2.补语如果是非持续性动词,不定式表
一次性的动作,现在分词则表示反复发 生的动作。
真题演练(2004)
The Minister of Finance is believed____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.
Consider/ decide/ know/ explain /forget/ learn/ remember/ tell/ wonder
真题演练(1993)
I never regretted_______ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay.
(完整版)非谓语动词语法讲解
非谓语动词语法讲解一、非谓语动词的概念动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种:1、动词不定式:to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词:done二、三种形式的含义(基本用法)不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to do to have done to be doing被动to be done to have beendoneing 形式主动doing having done 被动being done having beendone过去分词被动done四、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing五、非谓语动词的复合结构不定式的复合结构:for / of sb. to do sth.动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时,用的所有格+doing)六、非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法:分析句子,看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.学习非谓语形式时,建议把三种形式一起来比较学习,会更加有效一些。
七、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如:________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为,用动名词作主语,选 Bb. 不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,即用句型:It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.It’s important for us to learn English well.It’s kind of you to help us.注意:下面几个句型是用动名词:It’s no good / use doing sth.It’s usel ess doing sth.There is no need to do sth.2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较1、不定式、动名词作表语,.表示主语的内容。
TEM4语法—Unit 1 非谓语动词
Unit 1 非谓语动词非谓语动词,又叫非限定动词,在句中不能单独充当谓语(但可以和情态动词或助动词一起充当谓语),它们不受主语的限定,没有人称和数的变化,具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等(除谓语外的其他各种成分)。
同时非限定动词也保留了动词的部分特征,有时态和语态的变化,也可以有自己的宾语、表语、状语等,构成非限定动词短语,在逻辑意义上也有其动作的执行者或承受者,叫非限定动词的逻辑主语(Logical Subjects)。
在历年的专四考试中,非谓语动词的考查占了相当大的比重。
1.非谓语动词做主语:(1)不定式和动名词在句中可以做主语,分词不可以。
(2)不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的动作。
eg: Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体) (3)不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语,但在含有no, -lese等否定词的句子里,常用动名词作主语。
eg: It is useless talking with her.It is no good discussing with her.(4)如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词,两种应保持同样的形式,或同为不定式,或同为动名词。
eg: To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.(5)非谓语动词的否定式是直接在非谓语动词前加noteg: Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.2.非谓语动词作宾语:(1)不定式和动名词在句中可以做宾语,分词不可以。
二者的区别在于:前者往往表示“未完成的”或者“未发生的动作”,而后者则表示“已完成的”或“已发生的”动作。
专四非谓语动词讲解周洁
专四非谓语动词讲解周洁非谓语动词是指在句子中充当除谓语以外的成分,不具备人称和数的变化。
在英语语法中,常见的非谓语动词有不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)和现在分词(present participle)、过去分词(past participle)。
一、不定式1. 不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”,常用作动词的宾语。
例如:I want to go to the park.(我想去公园。
)2. 不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词。
例如:I bought a book to read.(我买了一本书来读。
)3. 不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。
例如:I ran to catch the bus.(我跑去赶公交车。
)二、动名词1. 动名词的基本形式是动词的现在分词形式(-ing),常用作名词的主语、宾语或表语。
例如:Swimming is good exercise.(游泳是一种好的锻炼方式。
)2. 动名词可以与一些介词连用,形成介词短语。
例如:She is good at playing the piano.(她擅长弹钢琴。
)3. 动名词可以用于形容词后面,表示被动概念。
例如:I am interested in learning new things.(我对学习新事物很感兴趣。
)三、现在分词和过去分词1. 现在分词的基本形式是动词的现在分词形式(-ing),常用作形容词,修饰名词或代词。
例如:The running water is cold.(流动的水很冷。
)2. 现在分词可以修饰主语,表示主动和进行。
例如:Listening to music, she danced happily.(她边听音乐边跳舞。
)3. 过去分词的基本形式通常是动词的过去分词形式(-ed或不规则变化),常用作形容词,用于表示被动或完成。
例如:The broken vase was thrown away.(被打破的花瓶被丢弃了。
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(4) 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表 示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的 逻辑主语则由of引导: absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如: Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
• 真题示例:“The man preparing the documents is the firm’s lawyer” has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT • A. the man who has prepared the documents • B. the man who has been preparing the documents. • C. the man who is preparing the documents • D. the man who will prepare the documents
真题演练
• 1. It is not uncommon for there ____ problem of communication between the old and the young. • A. being B. would be C. be D. to be • 2. _____ at in his way, the situation doesn’t seem so desperate. • A. Looking B. Looked • C. Being looked D. To look • 3. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ___ the spoil ones. • A. not counting B. not to count • C. don’t count D. having not counted
• (分析) 考查现在分词作定语。名词后V-ing 形式多数表示正在进行的动作,也可表示 一般的动作。前三项表示的时间都是现在, 而第四项表示的是将来。事实上,用于表 示将来时的通常使用不定式结构。故D为选 项。
• 5. 非谓语动词作状语 • 1)不定式和分词都可以作状语,表示原因、时 间、方式、伴随、让步、结果等。不定时常在 句中作目的状语,而分词一般不具备这种功能, 分词能表示时间或伴随情况,不定式却不能这 样用。例如: • He came to see me. • Singing a song, they came into the classroom. • 2)当不定式和分词有了自己的主语,便构成了 不定式和分词的独立结构。 • 不定式独立结构通常在句中作状语,表示伴随 状况;分词独立结构在句中作状语,表示时间、 伴随、原因和条件。例如:
• 1、非谓语动词作主语 • (1)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语, 但分词却不可以。不定式一般表示具体或 一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象 的多次动作。
• _____ is not a serious disadvantage in life. ( 2001, 51) • A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall
• 4. What’s the chance of ____ a general election this year? • A. there being B. there to be • C. there be D. there going to be • 5. The meeting was put off because we ____ a meeting without John. • A. objected having • B. were objected to having • C. objected to have • D. objected to having
• 3. 非谓语动词作补语 • 不定式和分词都可以作主语补足语和宾语补足 语,但二者表达的意义有所不同,现在分词表 示动作正在进行;过去分词表示被动意义;不 定式表示动作将要完成。如: • I heard someone singing this song. • I heard my name called. • He asked me to get in touch with her.
• 2、非谓语动词作宾语 • (1)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当宾语, 但分词却不可以。 • A. 有些动词后只能接动名词,如:abandon, acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, mind, pardon, practice, postpone, recall,recollect,risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。 如: • I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
• C. 有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词, 如:love, like, hate, begin, start, etc. 这时, 二者的差别不大,主要在于:不定式一般 表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示 一般或抽象的多次动作。如: • I like getting up early. 我喜欢早起。(一种 生活习惯) • I hate to get up early tomorrow. 我讨厌明天 要早起。(一次性的行为)
• C. Being not tall D. Not being tall • [D]【详解】非谓语动词在句中作了主语。非谓 语动词的否定式,要直接在非谓语动词前加not, 因此可以直接排除[A]和[C]。动名词和不定式 都可以作句子主语,但动名词表示一贯性动作, 不定式表示具体的一次性动作。个子不高是一 贯的事实,应用动名词形式,所以[D]正确。
• • • • •
• • • •
4. 非谓语动词作定语 不定式、现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语 不定式通常作名词后置定语,如, Do you have time to help us? 一些可作形容词的现在分词常用作前置定语,此外, 一些现在分词(短语)可用在名词后作定语,相当于 一个从句。例如: Here is a van stopping(=which is stopping)outside 有很多表示情绪的过去分词,以及一些其他类型的过 去分词可用作定语。 例如:She could hear his agitated voice 激动的声音 Closed door 关着的门
We divided the work, he to clean the table and I to move the box. Time permitting, we will have a meeting. 3) 主语应与分词保持一致 主语英语分词保持一致,避免悬垂分词的出现,也 就是要避免既不带自己的主语,又不以句子主语 作自己的逻辑主语的分词短语。例如,下面的句 子就是错误的。 Hearing the terrible news, her eyes filled with tears. 改:Hearing the terrible news, she burst into tears.
• (分析)本句中主语he 和obtain 之间是逻辑上的 主谓关系,因此是现在分词短语作原因状语; 由于“没弄到票”发生在“看电视”之前,这 里应该使用现在分词的完成式,即having obtained a ticket for the match,否定词not 应 该置于整个现在分词结构之前,因此本题应该 选C。
• 4) 非谓语动词作主语和状语时,若要使用其否定 形式,则需要将否定词放在整个非谓语动词结构 之前。 • 真题示例: • _____ , he can now only watch it on TV at home. • A. obtaining not a ticket for the match. • B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match. • C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match. • D. Not obtained a ticket for the match.
• D. 有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词,如: remember, regret,forget, stop, mean, try, remain, etc. 此时,二者的差别很大,需要加以区别。 • 真题提示: • I never regretted _____ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. • A. not to accept B. not having accepted • C. having not accepted D. not accepting • (分析Байду номын сангаас to regret doing sth. 表示“后悔做过某事”, 即某事已经发生了;to regret to do sth. 表示“对做 某事感到遗憾”。根据句意“我从来不后悔没有接 受那份工作,因为那并非我的兴趣所在”,可以直 接排除A。由于regret 后的内容并不是强调事情发 生的时间,所以排除B、C,所以D为正确答案。