数据采集中英文文献
(完整word版)中国知网等文献检索的一般方法
文献检索一般方法同学们：可能你们目前接触到的文献并不多，但以后你的作业和设计很大一部分要求自己查阅文献，期刊，论文来解决（比如说：微生物学，微生物工程工艺原理，酶工程，白酒工艺学，啤酒工艺学，食品安全学，白酒勾兑等）。
在四川理工学院我们检索文献的方式不外乎在图书馆找纸质档案和网络检索两种，因为我们通常使用的文献都要求是近三年核心期刊发表的文章，因为只有这些才能反映某个领域目前发展的现状，所以我们一般都偏向于跟新更快的网络搜索，其中又以知网和超星使用最多。
下面简单介绍文献检索的一般方法，希望能给大家的学习，包括实验室学习带来一点帮助，有不明白的地方请直接联系我。
1、检索课题名称（中英文）计算机在中学物理中的应用The application of computer to physics in middle school2、分析研究课题随着计算机技术的不断发展，计算机在教育中的作用愈发突出。
在中学物理教育中，同样可以引入计算的先进技术，改进教育方法，提高教学效率。
如今，计算机在中学物理中的应用主要体现在以下几个方面：1)计算机技术在课件制作中的应用。
2)计算机在实验仿真中的应用。
3)计算机在教学数据处理中的应用。
根据以上分析，本课题主要是根据计算机在中学物理教学中的几个应用进行相关材料的查找。
3、检索策略3.1 检索工具1)利用“中国知网”查找有关硕士、博士论文。
2)利用“中国期刊全文数据库”查找相关期刊论文。
3)利用“维普科技期刊数据库”查找相关期刊论文。
4)利用“超星数字图书馆”查找相关图书。
5)利用“SpringLink”查找相关论文。
6)利用“百度”搜索相关知识。
3.2 检索词1)计算机 and 中学 and 物理教育2)计算机 and 课件制作3)计算机 and 物理实验 and 仿真4)计算机 and 成绩分析4、检索步骤及检索结果4.1 检索工具中国知网（中国博士学位论文全文数据库、中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库）4.1.1检索式1)题名=计算机 and 物理教育2)主题=计算机 and 物理教育3)题名=计算机 and 物理实验仿真4)主题=计算机 and 物理实验仿真4.1.2 检索年限2000.1.1——2010.34.1.3 检索结果[1]唐军.关于在高中物理中运用计算机辅助教学的探讨. 华中师范大学,2003-07-31.中文摘要：随着教育技术理论的不断完善，人们对计算机辅助教学的研究已经逐渐脱离了将计算机媒体与其它媒体进行比较的模式，转而将计算机纳入教学媒体系统中，用科学的方法对教学进行设计，这其中当然包括教学媒体的设计。
文献翻译-多路数据采集与分析系统的设计及应用
附录五中英文资料Multi-channel data collection and analysisof the design and applicationAbstract:The Paper mainly introduces a multichannel data acquisition and analysis system composed of one PC and one measuring instrument. The system can test eight products parallelly. It reduces the test cost and improves work efficiency. The paper also gives the hardware structure and software flow diagr am of the system. The application in the gyro test is also introduced briefly.Key words:communication prot;data acquisition; gyro; testWith the development of computer technology and the digital measuring instrument, usually by computer and measuring instruments to communicate with each other in real-time data collection and use of computer powerful computing capability to conduct the analysis of the data processing. Particularly in the large volume of data, measuring the length of time occasions, such as the Gyro-tilt test, using computer for automatic control of measuring instruments, automatic data acquisition and analysis it is particularly important, can save a lot of manpower and material resources to improve work efficiency, reduce costs , The conventional method of testing is usually a measuring instrument at the same time can only test a product, namely a computer and a measuring instrument test system can only be composed of serial testing. To test multiple products at the same time, they need multiple systems, testing products in large volume, low efficiency, such as the composition of several sets of test system, an increase of cost. First on a machine with a PC and a measuring instrument consisting of 8-way data collection and analysissystem, which can carry out multiple sets of product testing, at no additional cost on the basis of a computer give full play to the advantages of automatic test, Improve work efficiency.1 PrincipleThe system hardware and software system. A PC through a RS232 port and a measuring instrument connected, PC-parallel port (LPT) and an 8-way channel selector attached to a 8-way connector will channel selector were connected with a number of test products.The working principle as shown in Figure 1. The course of testing, computer through the parallel port 8-way control channel selection, were open different channels, each channel for data transmission by choosing to measuring instruments, measuring instruments through the RS232 port to the computer data sent to save, A complete cycle of all channels of data collection, and this has also tested a number of product features.Figure 1 system block diagram of workThroughout the course of testing, all the control operations have completed the software automatically, without human intervention.2 hardware designThe system is mainly to use the computer onboard RS232 communication ports and digital measuring instrument of communication port connecting communications, re-use LPT parallel port on a 8-way channel selector for access control. 8-way channel of choice for an 8-elected one of analog switches and related circuit, the control signals from the computer's parallel port to provide and meet shown in table 1.Table1 The relation between channel selection and port output8-way channel selector industry can use the SCM, subject to additional controls, select RS232 serial port as data transmission, because the RS232 port is the computer and measuring instruments on the standard configuration, communicate with each other without additional hardware , Easy to use. In addition, a serial communication-only a bit, with only a standard data-voltage potential, hence more difficult in data errors. In a parallel port to transfer data 8-bit, data transmission speed, but the data vulnerable to interference. Transmission distance in a shorter amount of data transmission larger circumstances, may be parallel port (such as GPIB, LPT, etc.) to communicate. In addition, since LPT parallel port may signal transmission, channel selection is suitable for the control port.System in the course of work, good access control modules and data acquisition module synchronization is particularly important because different channels of datastorage needs of the corresponding data buffer pool, which is controlled by software.3 software designThe whole system software design is the most important part. Software system from the bottom of the communication protocol can be divided into functional three-tier module and user interface. Software design in the use of multi-threaded Windows technology, the technology for data collection procedures can effectively accelerate the reaction time and increase the efficiency of implementation. The procedures used in a separate thread for data collection, so the guaranteed maximum energy collection of real-time; using another thread at the same time data processing, such procedures to avoid a single-threaded the same time only the implementation of a functional deficiencies. Especially when the amount of data collection, data processing task, using multi-threaded technology will greatly improve the efficiency of the system as a whole.3.1 Data Acquisition ModuleData acquisition modules to eight channels of data in a cycle of all the acquisition to the computer, and save the channel, and the corresponding data in the buffer. Its procedures diagram shown in Figure 2.Fig 2 Flow diagram of data acquisitionAt the beginning of procedures, with the choice of control and store data buffer at the same time to switch to the same channel, 8-way data collection cycle and command judgement, in the end not received orders, has recycling collection to do.Multi-channel data acquisition process the data vulnerable to interference, especially in the fast-channel switching, the data vulnerable to fluctuations, as shown in Figure 3. At this time if the data collection, will be collecting the wrong data, the need to add some software algorithms to prevent this from happening. If we develop the automated data tracking algorithm to automatically track each channel data to determine whether the channel in a stable state, and only the stability of dataacquisition, the volatility of other data. In addition, the software can also add some filtering algorithm (such as limiting filter, etc.) to filter out man-made interference or other factors caused by the mutation data. Limiting filter for（1）Figure 3 channel switching, the data volatilityWhen the new collected data and the data before a difference to the absolute value of more than one set of values that the data is invalid, and the previous data from the current data.3.2 Data Analysis ModuleIn the data analysis module can be added if the algorithm analysis, graphics display and print output, and other useful features, such as gyroscopes and stability in the standard deviation algorithm can function in the course of testing real-time calculation of zero stability, and through chart shows. Zero stability calculation formula as follows:（2）According to first-(2) to prepare an algorithm function, and then call in the analysis module. Analysis module diagram of the procedure shown in Figure 4.Figure 4 data analysis process flow chartBecause the system uses multi-threaded technology, in the cycle of operation and will not affect the acquisition module's operation. The module also in its algorithm in the function of any expansion, forming a algorithm to adapt to different procedures for data analysis.In addition, software design, a friendly user interface is necessary in the process of the functions from the package, through a unified interface to users, to reduce operating difficulties and enhance efficiency.4 system test resultsFigure 5 to 8 in the analysis of data acquisition systems, at the same time two three-axis gyro and a single axis gyroscope total of seven road test data of thesituation. Its precise data collection, data analysis can be conducted at the same time, and through real-time charts, user-friendly, easy to operate.Figure 5 8 Data Collection and Analysis System5 ConclusionMulti-channel data acquisition and analysis system for the hardware requirements simple, easy to set up, can be applied to various tests occasions, it can also test multiple products, thereby reducing the cost and enhance efficiency. As a result of a multi-threaded technology, the speed of data acquisition systems and hardware only (instrument) and the response speed of the speed of Communication. With the collection and analysis software algorithm has nothing to do.PAD programming tools can be used to develop a data collection, data analysis, graphics display and print output, and other powerful features and friendly user interface of our software. Software modular design and easy to carry out expansion, according to different algorithm for data analysis at the request of upgrades, and hardware can remain the same. The system give full play to the use of computers and measuring instruments of mutual communication, automation and test advantage.多路数据采集与分析系统的设计及应用摘要：介绍了用一台PC机和一台测量仪表组成的8路数据采集与分析系统。
气体检测系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
⽓体检测系统中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照翻译研究智能⽓体检测系统⽂摘根据统计数据，中国近年来，煤⽓泄漏时有发⽣，对⼈⾝安全造成很⼤威胁，因此⽓体检测和监控系统是需要作为⼀个安全装置在家庭应⽤。
在本⽂中，智能⽓体检测系统的设计。
该检测仪采⽤单⽚机AT89S52为控制核⼼，采⽤催化燃烧式⽓体传感器元件MC112作为⽓体传感器（CH4）检测。
该系统的主要功能如下：浓度的实时监测CH4和显⽰的浓度值；发射声光报警信号，如果CH4浓度值超过报警值通过键盘⾯板输⼊；串⾏通信⼝发送数据地⾯以上主机。
软件调试和硬件仿真上述系统也实现在同⼀时间。
关键词：数据采集，传感器,串⾏通信,单⽚机。
在本⽂中，检测系统采⽤单⽚机作为控制计算机；整个系统的⽰意图如图1所⽰。
选择理由：单⽚机作为控制核⼼，它具有体积⼩尺⼨，⾼可靠性，低价格，使其成为⾏业使⽤⾮常合适智能仪表、实时控制领域。
系统的操作界⾯如图2所⽰。
在右上⾓号码显⽰默认的或⽤户定义的⽓体浓度值，在左上⾓显⽰检测到的⽓体浓度值。
报警灯的设置。
所有的功能通过设置控制⾯板上的按键控制，包括电源键，复位键，数据采集的关键。
其他键包括⼗个数字键，调整值键和回车键来改变阈值。
基本操作程序如下：⾸先按下电源键，系统初始化机数据采集的关键，LED在右上⾓显⽰的阈值1；⽤户可以定制阈值调整值的按键和数字键，然后按回车键确认更改。
系统开始检测⽓体浓度和上显⽰这些参左叶⾯积，同时实时数据的传输，通过RS-485总线主机地⾯上的。
3⽓体检测系统的硬件系统设计主要包括主控单元系统的硬件结构，传感器和信号放⼤电路，A/D转换模块，声光报警电路，键盘显⽰模块，串⼝通信模块。
3.1主控单元具有集成度⾼,体积⼩,价格低，单⽚机已⼴泛应⽤于⼯业过程中⼴泛应⽤包括控制，数据采集，机电⼀体化，智能仪表，家⽤电器和⽹络技术，以及显著提⾼的程度技术和⾃动化。
考虑在芯⽚选择两个因素，⼀是抗⼲扰的能⼒，提⾼单⽚机应⽤系统的⼲扰，图2. 系统运⾏界⾯图所以单⽚机必须有较⾼的外界⼲扰；⼆是单⽚机的性能价格⽐。
毕业论文文献综述的数据采集与分析
毕业论文文献综述的数据采集与分析在撰写毕业论文时，文献综述是一个至关重要的部分，而数据采集与分析则是文献综述中不可或缺的环节。
通过对相关文献的搜集、筛选和分析，可以为论文的研究提供有力的支撑和论证。
本文将重点探讨毕业论文文献综述中数据采集与分析的重要性、方法和技巧。
一、数据采集的重要性1.1 确定研究方向在进行文献综述时，首先需要明确研究的方向和目的。
通过数据采集，可以帮助研究者更好地了解该领域的研究现状、热点问题和研究趋势，从而明确自己的研究方向，避免重复劳动和盲目研究。
1.2 收集相关资料数据采集是获取文献资料的过程，包括书籍、期刊、论文、报告等各种形式的文献。
通过广泛而有针对性地收集相关资料，可以为文献综述提供充分的依据和支持，使论文的内容更加丰富和可靠。
1.3 筛选文献在数据采集的过程中，需要对收集到的文献进行筛选和整理。
筛选文献的标准包括文献的权威性、可靠性、时效性和相关性等，只有经过严格筛选的文献才能为论文的撰写提供有力的支持。
二、数据采集的方法2.1 图书馆检索图书馆是获取文献资料的重要途径，研究者可以通过图书馆的资源检索系统查找到大量相关文献。
在进行文献检索时，可以根据关键词、主题词、作者等信息进行检索，以获取所需的文献资料。
2.2 电子数据库检索随着信息技术的发展，各种电子数据库如CNKI、万方、SCI等成为了研究者获取文献资料的重要平台。
通过电子数据库检索，研究者可以快速、准确地找到相关文献，并进行下载和保存。
2.3 专家咨询在进行数据采集时，研究者还可以向相关领域的专家学者请教，获取他们的建议和推荐。
专家咨询可以帮助研究者找到一些难以获取的文献，同时也可以获得专家们对研究方向和方法的指导。
三、数据分析的技巧3.1 文献综述在进行数据分析时，研究者需要对收集到的文献进行仔细阅读和分析。
通过文献综述，可以了解到该领域的研究现状、热点问题和争议点，为论文的撰写提供理论依据和实证支持。
(完整word版)基于STM32的数据采集系统英文文献
Design of the Data Acquisition System Based on STM32ABSTRACTEarly detection of failures in machinery equipments is one of the most important concerns to industry. In order to monitor effective of rotating machinery, we development a micro-controller uC/OS-II system of signal acquisition system based on STM32 in this paper。
we have given the whole design scheme of system and the multi —channel vibration signal in axis X，Y and Z of the rotary shaft can be acquired rapidly and display in real-time。
Our system has the character of simple structure，low power consumption, miniaturization.Keywords:STM32；data acquisition；embedded system；uC/OS-II；1.1. IntroductionThe real—time acquisition of vibration in rotating machinery can effectively predict, assess and diagnose equipment operation state，the industry gets vibration data acquisition Rapidly and analysis in real-time can monitor the rotating machinery state and guarantee the safe running of the equipment。
数据采集 英文文献
Developing conversational interfaces is a classic chicken and egg problem. In order to develop the system capabilities, one needs to have a large corpus of data for system development, training and evaluation. In order to collect data that reflect actual usage, one needs to have a system that users can speak to. Figure 1 illustrates a typical cycle of system development. For a new domain or language, one must first develop some limited natural language capabilities, thus enabling an “experimenter-in-the-loop,” or wizard-of-oz, data collection paradigm, in which an experimenter types the spoken sentences to the system, after removing spontaneous speech artifacts. This process has the advantage of eliminating potential recognition errors. The resulting data are then used for the development and training of the speech recognition and natural language components. As these components begin to mature, it becomes feasible to collect more data using the “system-in-the-loop,” or wizardless, paradigm, which is both more realistic and more cost effective. Performance evaluation using newly collected data will facilitate system refinement.
数据采集外文文献翻译中英文
数据采集外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Txomin Nieva. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS [J]. Computers in Industry, 2013, 4(2):215-237.英文原文DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMSTxomin NievaData acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products and/or processes used to collect information to document or analyze some phenomenon. In the simplest form, a technician logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is performing data acquisition. As technology has progressed, this type of process has been simplified and made more accurate, versatile, and reliable through electronic equipment. Equipment ranges from simple recorders to sophisticated computer systems. Data acquisition products serve as a focal point in a system, tying together a wide variety of products, such as sensors that indicate temperature, flow, level, or pressure. Some common data acquisition terms are shown below.Data collection technology has made great progress in the past 30 to 40 years. For example, 40 years ago, in a well-known college laboratory, the device used to track temperature rises in bronze made of helium was composed of thermocouples, relays, interrogators, a bundle of papers, anda pencil.Today's university students are likely to automatically process and analyze data on PCs. There are many ways you can choose to collect data. The choice of which method to use depends on many factors, including the complexity of the task, the speed and accuracy you need, the evidence you want, and more. Whether simple or complex, the data acquisition system can operate and play its role.The old way of using pencils and papers is still feasible for some situations, and it is cheap, easy to obtain, quick and easy to start. All you need is to capture multiple channels of digital information (DMM) and start recording data by hand.Unfortunately, this method is prone to errors, slower acquisition of data, and requires too much human analysis. In addition, it can only collect data in a single channel; but when you use a multi-channel DMM, the system will soon become very bulky and clumsy. Accuracy depends on the level of the writer, and you may need to scale it yourself. For example, if the DMM is not equipped with a sensor that handles temperature, the old one needs to start looking for a proportion. Given these limitations, it is an acceptable method only if you need to implement a rapid experiment.Modern versions of the strip chart recorder allow you to retrieve data from multiple inputs. They provide long-term paper records of databecause the data is in graphic format and they are easy to collect data on site. Once a bar chart recorder has been set up, most recorders have enough internal intelligence to operate without an operator or computer. The disadvantages are the lack of flexibility and the relative low precision, often limited to a percentage point. You can clearly feel that there is only a small change with the pen. In the long-term monitoring of the multi-channel, the recorders can play a very good role, in addition, their value is limited. For example, they cannot interact with other devices. Other concerns are the maintenance of pens and paper, the supply of paper and the storage of data. The most important is the abuse and waste of paper. However, recorders are fairly easy to set up and operate, providing a permanent record of data for quick and easy analysis.Some benchtop DMMs offer selectable scanning capabilities. The back of the instrument has a slot to receive a scanner card that can be multiplexed for more inputs, typically 8 to 10 channels of mux. This is inherently limited in the front panel of the instrument. Its flexibility is also limited because it cannot exceed the number of available channels. External PCs usually handle data acquisition and analysis.The PC plug-in card is a single-board measurement system that uses the ISA or PCI bus to expand the slot in the PC. They often have a reading rate of up to 1000 per second. 8 to 16 channels are common, and the collected data is stored directly in the computer and then analyzed.Because the card is essentially a part of the computer, it is easy to establish the test. PC-cards are also relatively inexpensive, partly because they have since been hosted by PCs to provide energy, mechanical accessories, and user interfaces. Data collection optionsOn the downside, the PC plug-in cards often have a 12-word capacity, so you can't detect small changes in the input signal. In addition, the electronic environment within the PC is often susceptible to noise, high clock rates, and bus noise. The electronic contacts limit the accuracy of the PC card. These plug-in cards also measure a range of voltages. To measure other input signals, such as voltage, temperature, and resistance, you may need some external signal monitoring devices. Other considerations include complex calibrations and overall system costs, especially if you need to purchase additional signal monitoring devices or adapt the PC card to the card. Take this into account. If your needs change within the capabilities and limitations of the card, the PC plug-in card provides an attractive method for data collection.Data electronic recorders are typical stand-alone instruments that, once equipped with them, enable the measurement, recording, and display of data without the involvement of an operator or computer. They can handle multiple signal inputs, sometimes up to 120 channels. Accuracy rivals unrivalled desktop DMMs because it operates within a 22 word, 0.004 percent accuracy range. Some data electronic automatic recordershave the ability to measure proportionally, the inspection result is not limited by the user's definition, and the output is a control signal.One of the advantages of using data electronic loggers is their internal monitoring signals. Most can directly measure several different input signals without the need for additional signal monitoring devices. One channel can monitor thermocouples, RTDs, and voltages.Thermocouples provide valuable compensation for accurate temperature measurements. They are typically equipped with multi-channel cards. Built-in intelligent electronic data recorder helps you set the measurement period and specify the parameters for each channel. Once you set it all up, the data electronic recorder will behave like an unbeatable device. The data they store is distributed in memory and can hold 500,000 or more readings.Connecting to a PC makes it easy to transfer data to a computer for further analysis. Most data electronic recorders can be designed to be flexible and simple to configure and operate, and most provide remote location operation options via battery packs or other methods. Thanks to the A/D conversion technology, certain data electronic recorders have a lower reading rate, especially when compared with PC plug-in cards. However, a reading rate of 250 per second is relatively rare. Keep in mind that many of the phenomena that are being measured are physical in nature, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, and there are generallyfewer changes. In addition, because of the monitoring accuracy of the data electron loggers, a large amount of average reading is not necessary, just as they are often stuck on PC plug-in cards.Front-end data acquisition is often done as a module and is typically connected to a PC or controller. They are used in automated tests to collect data, control and cycle detection signals for other test equipment. Send signal test equipment spare parts. The efficiency of the front-end operation is very high, and can match the speed and accuracy with the best stand-alone instrument. Front-end data acquisition works in many models, including VXI versions such as the Agilent E1419A multi-function measurement and VXI control model, as well as a proprietary card elevator. Although the cost of front-end units has been reduced, these systems can be very expensive unless you need to provide high levels of operation, and finding their prices is prohibited. On the other hand, they do provide considerable flexibility and measurement capabilities.Good, low-cost electronic data loggers have the right number of channels (20-60 channels) and scan rates are relatively low but are common enough for most engineers. Some of the key applications include:•product features•Hot die cutting of electronic products•Test of the environmentEnvironmental monitoring•Composition characteristics•Battery testBuilding and computer capacity monitoringA new system designThe conceptual model of a universal system can be applied to the analysis phase of a specific system to better understand the problem and to specify the best solution more easily based on the specific requirements of a particular system. The conceptual model of a universal system can also be used as a starting point for designing a specific system. Therefore, using a general-purpose conceptual model will save time and reduce the cost of specific system development. To test this hypothesis, we developed DAS for railway equipment based on our generic DAS concept model. In this section, we summarize the main results and conclusions of this DAS development.We analyzed the device model package. The result of this analysis is a partial conceptual model of a system consisting of a three-tier device model. We analyzed the equipment project package in the equipment environment. Based on this analysis, we have listed a three-level item hierarchy in the conceptual model of the system. Equipment projects are specialized for individual equipment projects.We analyzed the equipment model monitoring standard package in the equipment context. One of the requirements of this system is the ability to use a predefined set of data to record specific status monitoring reports. We analyzed the equipment project monitoring standard package in the equipment environment. The requirements of the system are: (i) the ability to record condition monitoring reports and event monitoring reports corresponding to the items, which can be triggered by time triggering conditions or event triggering conditions; (ii) the definition of private and public monitoring standards; (iii) Ability to define custom and predefined train data sets. Therefore, we have introduced the "monitoring standards for equipment projects", "public standards", "special standards", "equipment monitoring standards", "equipment condition monitoring standards", "equipment project status monitoring standards and equipment project event monitoring standards, respectively Training item triggering conditions, training item time triggering conditions and training item event triggering conditions are device equipment trigger conditions, equipment item time trigger conditions and device project event trigger condition specialization; and training item data sets, training custom data Sets and trains predefined data sets, which are device project data sets, custom data sets, and specialized sets of predefined data sets.Finally, we analyzed the observations and monitoring reports in the equipment environment. The system's requirement is to recordmeasurements and category observations. In addition, status and incident monitoring reports can be recorded. Therefore, we introduce the concept of observation, measurement, classification observation and monitoring report into the conceptual model of the system.Our generic DAS concept model plays an important role in the design of DAS equipment. We use this model to better organize the data that will be used by system components. Conceptual models also make it easier to design certain components in the system. Therefore, we have an implementation in which a large number of design classes represent the concepts specified in our generic DAS conceptual model. Through an industrial example, the development of this particular DAS demonstrates the usefulness of a generic system conceptual model for developing a particular system.中文译文数据采集系统Txomin Nieva数据采集系统, 正如名字所暗示的, 是一种用来采集信息成文件或分析一些现象的产品或过程。
科技文献中英文对照翻译
Human Geomatics in Urban Design—Two Case Studies在城市设计中的人类地理信息学——两个案例研究Małgorzata Hanzl1,*,Karol Dzik2,Paulina Kowalczyk2,Krystian Kwieciński2,Ewa Stankiewicz2and AgataŁ.Wierzbicka2Abstract:The mapping of different aspects of urban phenomena and their relation to thephysical cityscape has been greatly extended by the use of geomatics.The tradition to basereasoning on‗understanding the world‘dates from the time of Aristotle.The extensionplan for Barcelona(Eixample),developed by Cerdà,which opened the era of modern urbanplanning,was preceded by analyses of rich data,describing both detailed demographicissues and physical structures.The contemporary,postmodernist city planning continuesthis tradition,although a shift towards analyses of more human-related issues can beobserved,covering,inter alia,citizens‘perception,cultural differences and patterns ofhuman activities with regard to distinct social groups.The change towards a morehuman-related perspective and the inclusion of urban morphology analyses are directconsequences of this trend.The required data may be gathered within a crowd-sourcingparticipation process.According to communicative planning theory,communication withthe wider public is indispensable in order to achieve the best results,and can be realizedwith the use of sophisticated IT tools.Evidence-based reasoning may be supported byimages of significant aesthetic values,which inspire immediate reactions.Keywords:GIS;crowd-sourcing;mash-up;education;urban planning;urban analyses摘要：不同方面的城市现象及其与物理城市景观的关系映射经由地理信息学的使用已经大大扩展了。
DCS分布式控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
DCS分布式控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述中文：DCSDCS是分布式控制系统的英文缩写（Distributed Control System），在国内自控行业又称之为集散控制系统。
即所谓的分布式控制系统，或在有些资料中称之为集散系统，是相对于集中式控制系统而言的一种新型计算机控制系统，它是在集中式控制系统的基础上发展、演变而来的。
它是一个由过程控制级和过程监控级组成的以通信网络为纽带的多级计算机系统，综合了计算机，通信、显示和控制等4C技术，其基本思想是分散控制、集中操作、分级管理、配置灵活以及组态方便。
在系统功能方面，DCS和集中式控制系统的区别不大，但在系统功能的实现方法上却完全不同。
首先，DCS的骨架—系统网络，它是DCS的基础和核心。
由于网络对于DCS 整个系统的实时性、可靠性和扩充性，起着决定性的作用，因此各厂家都在这方面进行了精心的设计。
对于DCS的系统网络来说，它必须满足实时性的要求，即在确定的时间限度内完成信息的传送。
这里所说的“确定”的时间限度，是指在无论何种情况下，信息传送都能在这个时间限度内完成，而这个时间限度则是根据被控制过程的实时性要求确定的。
因此，衡量系统网络性能的指标并不是网络的速率，即通常所说的每秒比特数（bps），而是系统网络的实时性，即能在多长的时间内确保所需信息的传输完成。
系统网络还必须非常可靠，无论在任何情况下，网络通信都不能中断，因此多数厂家的DCS均采用双总线、环形或双重星形的网络拓扑结构。
为了满足系统扩充性的要求，系统网络上可接入的最大节点数量应比实际使用的节点数量大若干倍。
这样，一方面可以随时增加新的节点，另一方面也可以使系统网络运行于较轻的通信负荷状态，以确保系统的实时性和可靠性。
在系统实际运行过程中，各个节点的上网和下网是随时可能发生的，特别是操作员站，这样，网络重构会经常进行，而这种操作绝对不能影响系统的正常运行，因此，系统网络应该具有很强在线网络重构功能。
DCS分布式控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
DCS分布式控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述中文：DCSDCS是分布式控制系统的英文缩写（Distributed Control System），在国内自控行业又称之为集散控制系统。
即所谓的分布式控制系统，或在有些资料中称之为集散系统，是相对于集中式控制系统而言的一种新型计算机控制系统，它是在集中式控制系统的基础上发展、演变而来的。
它是一个由过程控制级和过程监控级组成的以通信网络为纽带的多级计算机系统，综合了计算机，通信、显示和控制等4C技术，其基本思想是分散控制、集中操作、分级管理、配置灵活以及组态方便。
在系统功能方面，DCS和集中式控制系统的区别不大，但在系统功能的实现方法上却完全不同。
首先，DCS的骨架—系统网络，它是DCS的基础和核心。
由于网络对于DCS 整个系统的实时性、可靠性和扩充性，起着决定性的作用，因此各厂家都在这方面进行了精心的设计。
对于DCS的系统网络来说，它必须满足实时性的要求，即在确定的时间限度内完成信息的传送。
这里所说的“确定”的时间限度，是指在无论何种情况下，信息传送都能在这个时间限度内完成，而这个时间限度则是根据被控制过程的实时性要求确定的。
因此，衡量系统网络性能的指标并不是网络的速率，即通常所说的每秒比特数（bps），而是系统网络的实时性，即能在多长的时间内确保所需信息的传输完成。
系统网络还必须非常可靠，无论在任何情况下，网络通信都不能中断，因此多数厂家的DCS均采用双总线、环形或双重星形的网络拓扑结构。
为了满足系统扩充性的要求，系统网络上可接入的最大节点数量应比实际使用的节点数量大若干倍。
这样，一方面可以随时增加新的节点，另一方面也可以使系统网络运行于较轻的通信负荷状态，以确保系统的实时性和可靠性。
在系统实际运行过程中，各个节点的上网和下网是随时可能发生的，特别是操作员站，这样，网络重构会经常进行，而这种操作绝对不能影响系统的正常运行，因此，系统网络应该具有很强在线网络重构功能。
报告中的数据采集和文献回顾技巧
报告中的数据采集和文献回顾技巧引言：在撰写报告时，准确和全面的数据采集和文献回顾是至关重要的。
合适的数据和充足的文献支持可以使报告更具可信度和说服力。
本文将介绍报告中的数据采集和文献回顾的技巧，以帮助读者在写作过程中更好地应用这些方法，提升报告的质量和准确性。
一、数据采集技巧1.了解数据来源：在数据采集过程中，首先要确定数据的来源。
掌握和理解数据的来源将有助于评估数据的可靠性和适用性。
数据可以来自各种渠道，如报纸、期刊、数据库、调查、实验室测试等。
了解数据来源后，可以更好地选择并使用可靠和合适的数据。
2.选择合适的采集方法：数据采集有多种方式，包括直接观察、调查问卷、实验研究等。
在选择采集方法时，要根据报告的主题和目的来确定最合适的方法。
例如，要研究市场趋势，可以采用调查问卷的方法；要研究新产品的效果，可以采用实验研究的方法。
选择合适的方法可以确保数据的准确性和可靠性。
3.注意抽样方法：在进行数据采集时，样本的选择非常重要。
样本应该能够代表整体群体，以确保结果的普遍性和可推广性。
其中，随机抽样是一种常见的抽样方法，可以降低抽样误差。
另外，还可以使用分层抽样、系统抽样等方法，根据具体研究情况灵活选择合适的抽样方法。
二、文献回顾技巧1.明确文献回顾目的：在进行文献回顾时，首先要明确回顾的目的。
文献回顾可以帮助读者了解已有的研究成果和研究现状，从而在报告中提供有力的支持和参考。
在明确回顾目的的基础上，可以有针对性地查找和分析相关文献。
2.充分利用学术数据库：学术数据库是进行文献回顾的重要资源。
各个领域都有相应的学术数据库，如PubMed、IEEE Xplore、Web of Science等。
通过学术数据库可以检索到近期和相关的学术论文，在文献回顾中提供可靠和权威的资料支持。
3.查找灰色文献：除了学术论文之外，灰色文献也是文献回顾中不可忽视的资源。
灰色文献包括会议论文、报告、技术手册、工程规范等非学术性的文献资料。
中英文论文题目选题参考
中英文论文题目一、最新中英文论文选题参考1、通用中英文专业搜索引擎技术的研究及应用2、中英文语言活动区功能磁共振成像研究3、中英文专业搜索引擎中数据采集加工的设计与实现4、中英文版《中国植物志(夹竹桃科)》的比较5、论英语听说教学中英文电影的应用6、跨语言学习心理测评——来自中英文阅读动机和阅读水平的证据7、中英文双语交叉过滤的逻辑模型8、科技期刊中英文摘要体裁对比与分析9、中英文商标翻译管窥10、中英文网络检索工具评价与比较11、基于树核函数的中英文代词消解12、基于特征向量的中英文语义角色标注研究13、基于自适应特征与多级反馈模型的中英文混排文档分割14、中英文双语教学方法探析15、著名中英文搜索引擎检索性能测评16、中英文道歉策略差异的统计分析17、基于中文WordNet的中英文词语相似度计算18、从中英文广告的差异看广告翻译19、中英文Stroop干扰效应的脑机制20、有关中英文版中医药学主题词表的研究二、中英文论文题目大全1、中英文指代消解中待消解项识别的研究2、运用中英文双语进行生物化学教学的点滴体会3、《红楼梦》中英文语料库的创建及应用研究4、隐喻的微观对比研究:中英文"风"的映射层面分析5、中英文论文摘要中作者的自称语与身份构建6、从文化差异的角度论中英文习语翻译7、LCD上多点阵中英文字符串的存储与显示技术8、二语习得年龄与高熟练度中英文双语者心理词典表征9、中英文动物词汇文化内涵比较10、中英文认知神经基础的功能核磁共振研究11、中英文前言作者自称语语用对比研究12、词性对中英文文本聚类的影响研究13、基于改进后缀树算法中英文聚类引擎的实现14、中英文版<中国植物志(萝摩科)>的比较15、中英文标识语言需规范16、中英文混排文字识别系统的设计与实现17、从一则实例看医学期刊中英文摘要不对应问题18、中英文双语者语义加工的词频相关性磁共振脑功能成像19、中英文政治演说的情态对比研究20、SPEECH RECODING IN SILENT READING: A COMPARISON OF CHINESE AND ENGLISH / 文字、语音与阅读理解: 中英文的比较三、热门中英文专业论文题目推荐1、“天网”:一个中英文环球网搜索引擎2、中英文新闻导语语篇结构差异分析3、对医学院校开展中英文双语教学的思考4、景德镇旅游景点中英文双语标识的使用现状与问题5、科技论文中英文摘要的人称与语态问题6、中英文基本颜色词的文化差异及其翻译7、在科技英文编辑中应注意中英文的差异8、十二生肖动物词汇中英文原义与联想意义的应用9、中英文破折号、连接号用法异同比较10、科技书刊中英文缩略语的书写问题11、中英文求职信的体裁对比分析12、大学英语听力课中英文歌曲的辅助教学13、谷氨酰胺与谷氨酰胺双肽用于外科营养支持的证据: 中英文文献随机对照研究的系统评价14、论中英文化差异及其对中英文语言表达的影响15、海洋法相关公约及中英文索引16、基于Unicode码的中英文字符的区分方法17、中英文兼容的C-Xenix系统总体设计及实现18、计算机产生中英文植物分类检索表19、中英文广告中语气系统的功能分析20、中英文广告“双关”修辞法例析四、关于中英文毕业论文题目1、基于最大熵方法的中英文基本名词短语识别2、21世纪的管理挑战: 中英文双语典藏版 : 汉英对照3、中英文WWW搜索引擎的信息处理4、网络远程教育概念辨析及中英文术语互译研究5、中英文光盘版电子期刊的利用与比较分析6、中英文报纸社论之元话语标记对比分析7、中英文WWW搜索引擎中数据获取的设计与实现8、面向中英文混合环境的多模式匹配算法9、中英文混合文章识别问题10、中国大陆肺炎发病率与死亡率:1985-2008年中英文文献的系统分析11、《红楼梦》中英文平行语料库的创建12、医学专业教学中英文教材选用的调查分析13、一个中英文全文搜索引擎的设计与实现14、中英文前言中的礼貌对比研究15、中英文网络问答社区比较研究与评价实验16、免疫肠内营养临床有效性的证据:中英文文献的系统评价17、免疫肠内营养用于临床营养支持的证据:中英文文献的系统评价18、中英文时间表征的对比探析19、异曲同工,异彩纷呈──中英文谜语比读20、利用平行网页建立中英文统计翻译模型五、比较好写的中英文论文题目1、中英文计算机词汇的文体差异2、中英文双语查房在骨科临床实习中的实践和体会3、学术期刊中约定俗成规范——论文基金资助项目中英文标注表述形式浅析4、中英文应用语言学论文引言体裁分析5、从认知语言学的角度看中英文爱情隐喻与文化的关系6、中英文奈伏泰斯接收机软件设计和实现7、中英文广告中责任情态人际意义的对比分析8、一种中英文管理信息系统网站的设计模式9、一个中英文双语者的自我身份个案研究10、EndNote中实现中英文文献混排的方法11、正常人及脑肿瘤患者听觉性中英文语言刺激的fMRI研究12、基于HCSIPA的中英文混合语音合成13、责任编辑对英文摘要质量的调控——关于中英文摘要的一致性14、PASS认知成分和语音意识在中英文阅读中的作用15、动物词象征意义的中英文比较分类16、一部值得推荐的GIS双语教程——《地理信息系统导论(第三版)》中英文导读版17、科技论文中英文关键词的规范表达18、浅谈中英文诗歌中月亮意象对比19、网络语言中英文语码混合现象的成因分析20、中英文新闻标题的差异探微。
统计学(中英文)_ch01
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Chap 1-12
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Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Chap 1-8
Inferential Statistics 推断统计
Estimation 估计 e.g., Estimate the population mean weight using the sample mean weight 例如：利用采样的平均重量估计人口的平均体 重 Hypothesis testing 假设检验 e.g., Test the claim that the population mean weight is 120 pounds 例如：根据测试的要求，人口平均体重是120 磅
英文翻译乃自己所做， 英文翻译乃自己所做，有错误 之处请自行查证。 之处请自行查证。
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Chap 1-1
Business Statistics, A First Course
Defined descriptive vs. inferential statistics 描述性统计和推理统计 Reviewed data types 回顾数据类型
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Categorical vs. Numerical data 绝对的和数值的数据 Discrete vs. Continuous data 离散的和连续的数据
基于STM32的数据采集系统英文文献
traditional mainstream technology in embedded systems, and the collecting data toward the direction of high real-time, multi-parameter, high-precision, while data storage become large capacity, more miniaturization and portable, and the development of multicommunication mode and long-distance for data transmission. So as to meet the actual acquisition system multitasking requirements, this article has designed based on STM32 micro-controller uC/OS-II system of signal acquisition system. Therefore, in order to meet the actual acquisition system multitask requirements, this novelty of this article has designed a signal acquisition system in micro-controller uC/OS-II based on STM32.
基于 STM32的数据采集系统英文 文献
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Design of the Data Acquisition System Based on STM32
物联网中英文对照外文翻译文献
物联网中英文对照外文翻译文献一、引言物联网（Internet of Things，IoT）作为当今信息技术领域的热门话题，正在深刻地改变着我们的生活和工作方式。
它通过将各种物理设备与互联网连接，实现了设备之间的智能交互和数据共享，为人们带来了前所未有的便利和效率。
在这一领域，中英文对照的外文翻译文献对于推动技术的发展和交流具有重要的意义。
二、物联网的概念和特点（一）物联网的定义物联网是指通过各种信息传感设备，实时采集任何需要监控、连接、互动的物体或过程等各种需要的信息，与互联网结合形成的一个巨大网络。
其目的是实现物与物、人与物之间的智能化识别、定位、跟踪、监控和管理。
（二）物联网的特点1、全面感知通过各种传感器和智能设备，实现对物理世界的全面感知和数据采集。
2、可靠传输利用多种通信技术，确保数据的稳定、安全和快速传输。
3、智能处理运用大数据分析、人工智能等技术，对采集到的数据进行处理和分析，以实现智能化的决策和控制。
三、物联网的关键技术（一）传感器技术传感器是物联网获取信息的基础，能够将物理世界的各种信号转换为电信号。
（二）射频识别技术（RFID）通过无线电波实现对物体的自动识别和数据采集。
（三）无线通信技术包括 WiFi、蓝牙、Zigbee 等，为物联网设备之间的通信提供支持。
（四）云计算和大数据技术用于处理和存储海量的物联网数据，并从中挖掘有价值的信息。
四、物联网的应用领域（一）智能家居实现家庭设备的智能化控制和管理，提高生活的舒适性和便利性。
（二）智能交通优化交通流量，提高交通运输的安全性和效率。
（三）工业物联网提升工业生产的自动化水平和管理效率，降低成本。
（四）医疗物联网改善医疗服务质量，实现患者的远程监护和医疗资源的优化配置。
五、物联网中英文对照外文翻译文献的重要性（一）促进技术交流帮助不同国家和地区的研究人员和工程师更好地了解彼此的研究成果和技术进展。
（二）加速技术创新为国内的研究和开发提供新的思路和方法，推动物联网技术的创新发展。
数据采集系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Data Acquisition SystemsData acquisition systems are used to acquire process operating data and store it on，secondary storage devices for later analysis. Many or the data acquisition systems acquire this data at very high speeds and very little computer time is left to carry out any necessary, or desirable, data manipulations or reduction. All the data are stored on secondary storage devices and manipulated subsequently to derive the variables ofin-terest. It is very often necessary to design special purpose data acquisition systems and interfaces to acquire the high speed process data. This special purpose design can be an expensive proposition.Powerful mini- and mainframe computers are used to combine the data acquisition with other functions such as comparisons between the actual output and the desirable output values, and to then decide on the control action which must be taken to ensure that the output variables lie within preset limits. The computing power required will depend upon the type of process control system implemented. Software requirements for carrying out proportional, ratio or three term control of process variables are relatively trivial, and microcomputers can be used to implement such process control systems. It would not be possible to use many of the currently available microcomputers for the implementation of high speed adaptive control systems which require the use of suitable process models and considerable online manipulation of data.Microcomputer based data loggers are used to carry out intermediate functions such as data acquisition at comparatively low speeds, simple mathematical manipulations of raw data and some forms of data reduction. The first generation of data loggers, without any programmable computing facilities, was used simply for slow speed data acquisition from up to one hundred channels. All the acquired data could be punched out on paper tape or printed for subsequent analysis. Such hardwired data loggers are being replaced by the new generation of data loggers which incorporate microcomputers and can be programmed by the user. They offer an extremely good method of collecting the process data, using standardized interfaces, and subsequently performing the necessary manipulations to provide the information of interest to the process operator. The data acquired can be analyzed to establish correlations, if any, between process variables and to develop mathematical models necessary for adaptive and optimal process control.The data acquisition function carried out by data loggers varies from one to 9 in system to another. Simple data logging systems acquire data from a few channels while complex systems can receive data from hundreds, or even thousands, of input channels distributed around one or more processes. The rudimentary data loggers scan the selected number of channels, connected to sensors or transducers, in a sequential manner and the data are recorded in a digital format. A data logger can be dedicated in the sense that it can only collect data from particular types of sensors and transducers. It is best to use a nondedicated data logger since any transducer or sensor can be connected to the channels via suitable interface circuitry. This facility requires the use of appropriate signal conditioning modules.Microcomputer controlled data acquisition facilitates the scanning of a large number of sensors. The scanning rate depends upon the signal dynamics which means that some channels must be scanned at very high speeds in order to avoid aliasing errors while there is very little loss of information by scanning other channels at slower speeds. In some data logging applications the faster channels require sampling at speeds of up to 100 times per second while slow channels can be sampled once every five minutes. The conventional hardwired, non-programmable data loggers sample all the channels in a sequential manner and the sampling frequency of all the channels must be the same. This procedure results in the accumulation of very large amounts of data, some of which is unnecessary, and also slows down the overall effective sampling frequency. Microcomputer based data loggers can be used to scan some fast channels at a higher frequency than other slow speed channels.The vast majority of the user programmable data loggers can be used to scan up to 1000 analog and 1000 digital input channels. A small number of data loggers, with a higher degree of sophistication, are suitable for acquiring data from up to 15, 000 analog and digital channels. The data from digital channels can be in the form of Transistor- Transistor Logic or contact closure signals. Analog data must be converted into digital format before it is recorded and requires the use of suitable analog to digital converters (ADC)．The characteristics of the ADC will define the resolution that can be achieved and the rate at which the various channels can be sampled. An in-crease in the number of bits used in the ADC improves the resolution capability. Successive approximation ADC's arefaster than integrating ADC's. Many microcomputer controlled data loggers include a facility to program the channel scanning rates. Typical scanning rates vary from 2 channels per second to 10, 000 channels per second.Most data loggers have a resolution capability of ±0.01% or better, It is also pos-sible to achieve a resolution of 1 micro-volt. The resolution capability, in absolute terms, also depends upon the range of input signals, Standard input signal ranges are 0-10 volt, 0-50 volt and 0-100 volt. The lowest measurable signal varies form 1 t, volt to 50, volt. A higher degree of recording accuracy can be achieved by using modules which accept data in small, selectable ranges. An alternative is the auto ranging facil-ity available on some data loggers.The accuracy with which the data are acquired and logged-on the appropriate storage device is extremely important. It is therefore necessary that the data acquisi-tion module should be able to reject common mode noise and common mode voltage. Typical common mode noise rejection capabilities lie in the range 110 dB to 150 dB. A decibel (dB) is a tern which defines the ratio of the power levels of two signals. Thus if the reference and actual signals have power levels of N, and Na respectively, they will have a ratio of n decibels, wheren＝10 Log10（Na /Nr）Protection against maximum common mode voltages of 200 to 500 volt is available on typical microcomputer based data loggers.The voltage input to an individual data logger channel is measured, scaled and linearised before any further data manipulations or comparisons are carried out.In many situations, it becomes necessary to alter the frequency at which particu-lar channels are sampled depending upon the values of data signals received from a particular input sensor. Thus a channel might normally be sampled once every 10 minutes. If, however, the sensor signals approach the alarm limit, then it is obviously desirable to sample that channel once every minute or even faster so that the operators can be informed, thereby avoiding any catastrophes. Microcomputer controlledintel-ligent data loggers may be programmed to alter the sampling frequencies depending upon the values of process signals. Other data loggers include self-scanning modules which can initiate sampling.The conventional hardwired data loggers, without any programming facilities, simply record the instantaneous values of transducer outputs at a regular samplingin-terval. This raw data often means very little to the typical user. To be meaningful, this data must be linearised and scaled, using a calibration curve, in order to determine the real value of the variable in appropriate engineering units. Prior to the availability of programmable data loggers, this function was usually carried out in the off-line mode on a mini- or mainframe computer. The raw data values had to be punched out on pa-per tape, in binary or octal code, to be input subsequently to the computer used for analysis purposes and converted to the engineering units. Paper tape punches are slow speed mechanical devices which reduce the speed at which channels can be scanned. An alternative was to print out the raw data values which further reduced the data scanning rate. It was not possible to carry out any limit comparisons or provide any alarm information. Every single value acquired by the data logger had to be recorded eventhough it might not serve any useful purpose during subsequent analysis; many data values only need recording when they lie outside the pre-set low and high limits.If the analog data must be transmitted over any distance, differences in ground potential between the signal source and final location can add noise in the interface design. In order to separate common-mode interference form the signal to be recorded or processed, devices designed for this purpose, such as instrumentation amplifiers, may be used. An instrumentation amplifier is characterized by good common-mode- rejection capability, a high input impedance, low drift, adjustable gain, and greater cost than operational amplifiers. They range from monolithic ICs to potted modules, and larger rack-mounted modules with manual scaling and null adjustments. When a very high common-mode voltage is present or the need for extremely-lowcom-mon-mode leakage current exists（as in many medical-electronics applications），an isolation amplifier is required. Isolation amplifiers may use optical or transformer isolation.Analog function circuits are special-purpose circuits that are used for a variety of signal conditioning operations on signals which are in analog form. When their accu-racy is adequate, they can relieve the microprocessor of time-consuming software and computations. Among the typical operations performed are multiplications, division, powers, roots, nonlinear functions such as for linearizing transducers, rimsmeasure-ments, computing vector sums, integration and differentiation, andcurrent-to-voltage or voltage- to-current conversion. Many of these operations can be purchased in available devices as multiplier/dividers, log/antilog amplifiers, and others.When data from a number of independent signal sources must be processed by the same microcomputer or communications channel, a multiplexer is used to channel the input signals into the A/D converter.Multiplexers are also used in reverse, as when a converter must distribute analog information to many different channels. The multiplexer is fed by a D／A converter which continually refreshes the output channels with new information.In many systems, the analog signal varies during the time that the converter takes to digitize an input signal. The changes in this signal level during the conversion process can result in errors since the conversion period can be completed some time after the conversion command. The final value never represents the data at the instant when the conversion command is transmitted. Sample-hold circuits are used to make an acquisition of the varying analog signal and to hold this signal for the duration of the conversion process. Sample-hold circuits are common in multichannel distribution systems where they allow each channel to receive and hold the signal level.In order to get the data in digital form as rapidly and as accurately as possible, we must use an analog/digital (A/D) converter, which might be a shaft encoder, a small module with digital outputs, or a high-resolution, high-speed panel instrument. These devices, which range form IC chips to rack-mounted instruments, convert ana-log input data, usually voltage, into an equivalent digital form. The characteristics of A/D converters include absolute and relative accuracy, linearity, monotonic, resolu-tion, conversion speed, and stability. A choice of input ranges, output codes, and other features are available. The successive-approximation technique is popular for a large number ofapplications, with the most popular alternatives being the counter-comparator types, and dual-ramp approaches. The dual-ramp has been widely-used in digital voltmeters.D/A converters convert a digital format into an equivalent analog representation. The basic converter consists of a circuit of weighted resistance values or ratios, each controlled by a particular level or weight of digital input data, which develops the output voltage or current in accordance with the digital input code. A special class of D/A converter exists which have the capability of handling variable reference sources. These devices are the multiplying DACs. Their output value is the product of the number represented by the digital input code and the analog reference voltage, which may vary form full scale to zero, and in some cases, to negative values.Component Selection CriteriaIn the past decade, data-acquisition hardware has changed radically due to ad-vances in semiconductors, and prices have come down too; what have not changed, however, are the fundamental system problems confronting the designer. Signals may be obscured by noise, rfi，ground loops, power-line pickup, and transients coupled into signal lines from machinery. Separating the signals from these effects becomes a matter for concern.Data-acquisition systems may be separated into two basic categories:（1）those suited to favorable environments like laboratories -and（2）those required for hostile environments such as factories, vehicles, and military installations. The latter group includes industrial process control systems where temperature information may be gathered by sensors on tanks, boilers, wats, or pipelines that may be spread over miles of facilities. That data may then be sent to a central processor to provide real-time process control. The digital control of steel mills, automated chemical production, and machine tools is carried out in this kind of hostile environment. The vulnerability of the data signals leads to the requirement for isolation and other techniques.At the other end of the spectrum-laboratory applications, such as test systems for gathering information on gas chromatographs, mass spectrometers, and other sophis-ticated instruments-the designer's problems are concerned with the performing of sen-sitive measurements under favorable conditions rather than with the problem ofpro-tecting the integrity of collected data under hostile conditions.Systems in hostile environments might require components for wide tempera-tures, shielding, common-mode noise reduction, conversion at an early stage, redun-dant circuits for critical measurements, and preprocessing of the digital data to test its reliability. Laboratory systems, on the other hand, will have narrower temperature ranges and less ambient noise. But the higher accuracies require sensitive devices, and a major effort may be necessary for the required signal /noise ratios.The choice of configuration and components in data-acquisition design depends on consideration of a number of factors:1. Resolution and accuracy required in final format.2. Number of analog sensors to be monitored.3. Sampling rate desired.4. Signal-conditioning requirement due to environment and accuracy.5. Cost trade-offs.Some of the choices for a basic data-acquisition configuration include：1 ．Single-channel techniques.A. Direct conversion.B. Preamplification and direct conversion.C. Sample-hold and conversion.D. Preamplification, sample-hold, and conversion.E. Preamplification, signal-conditioning, and direct conversion.F. Preamplification, signal-conditioning, sample-hold, and conversion.2. Multichannel techniques.A. Multiplexing the outputs of single-channel converters.B. Multiplexing the outputs of sample-holds.C. Multiplexing the inputs of sample-holds.D. Multiplexing low-level data.E. More than one tier of multiplexers.Signal-conditioning may include:1. Radiometric conversion techniques.B. Range biasing.D. Logarithmic compression.A. Analog filtering.B. Integrating converters.C. Digital data processing.We shall consider these techniques later, but first we will examine some of the components used in these data-acquisition system configurations.MultiplexersWhen more than one channel requires analog-to-digital conversion, it is neces-sary to use time-division multiplexing in order to connect the analog inputs to a single converter, or to provide a converter for each input and then combine the converter outputs by digital multiplexing.Analog MultiplexersAnalog multiplexer circuits allow the timesharing of analog-to-digital converters between a numbers of analog information channels. An analog multiplexer consists of a group of switches arranged with inputs connected to the individual analog channels and outputs connected in common（as shown in Fig. 1）．The switches may be ad-dressed by a digital input code.Many alternative analog switches are available in electromechanical and solid-state forms. Electromechanical switch types include relays, stepper switches,cross-bar switches, mercury-wetted switches, and dry-reed relay switches. The best switching speed is provided by reed relays（about 1 ms）．The mechanical switches provide high do isolation resistance, low contact resistance, and the capacity to handle voltages up to 1 KV, and they are usually inexpensive. Multiplexers using mechanical switches are suited to low-speed applications as well as those having high resolution requirements. They interface well with the slower A/D converters, like the integrating dual-slope types. Mechanical switches have a finite life, however, usually expressed innumber of operations. A reed relay might have a life of 109 operations, which wouldallow a 3-year life at 10 operations/second.Solid-state switch devices are capable of operation at 30 ns, and they have a life which exceeds most equipment requirements. Field-effect transistors（FETs）are used in most multiplexers. They have superseded bipolar transistors which can introduce large voltage offsets when used as switches.FET devices have a leakage from drain to source in the off state and a leakage from gate or substrate to drain and source in both the on and off states. Gate leakage in MOS devices is small compared to other sources of leakage. When the device has a Zener-diode-protected gate, an additional leakage path exists between the gate and source.Enhancement-mode MOS-FETs have the advantage that the switch turns off when power is removed from the MUX. Junction-FET multiplexers always turn on with the power off.A more recent development, the CMOS-complementary MOS-switch has the advantage of being able to multiplex voltages up to and including the supply voltages. A±10-V signal can be handled with a ±10-V supply.Trade-off Considerations for the DesignerAnalog multiplexing has been the favored technique for achieving lowest system cost. The decreasing cost of A/D converters and the availability of low-cost, digital integrated circuits specifically designed for multiplexing provide an alternative with advantages for some applications. A decision on the technique to use for a givensys-tem will hinge on trade-offs between the following factors:1. Resolution. The cost of A/D converters rises steeply as the resolution increases due to the cost of precision elements. At the 8-bit level, the per-channel cost of an analog multiplexer may be a considerable proportion of the cost of a converter. At resolutions above 12 bits, the reverse is true, and analog multiplexing tends to be more economical.2. Number of channels. This controls the size of the multiplexer required and the amount of wiring and interconnections. Digital multiplexing onto a common data bus reduces wiring to a minimum in many cases. Analog multiplexing is suited for 8 to 256 channels; beyond this number, the technique is unwieldy and analog errors be-come difficult to minimize. Analog and digital multiplexing is often combined in very large systems.3. Speed of measurement, or throughput. High-speed A/D converters can add a considerable cost to the system. If analog multiplexing demands a high-speedcon-verter to achieve the desired sample rate, a slower converter for each channel with digital multiplexing can be less costly．4. Signal level and conditioning. Wide dynamic ranges between channels can be difficult with analog multiplexing. Signals less than 1V generally require differential low-level analog multiplexing which is expensive, with programmable-gain amplifiers after the MUX operation. The alternative of fixed-gain converters on each channel, with signal-conditioning designed for the channel requirement, with digital multi-plexing may be more efficient.5. Physical location of measurement points. Analog multiplexing is suitedfor making measurements at distances up to a few hundred feet from the converter, since analog lines may suffer from losses, transmission-line reflections, and interference. Lines may range from twisted wire pairs to multiconductor shielded cable, depending on signal levels, distance, and noise environments. Digital multiplexing is operable to thousands of miles, with the proper transmission equipment, for digital transmission systems can offer the powerful noise-rejection characteristics that are required for29 Data Acquisition Systems long-distance transmission.Digital MultiplexingFor systems with small numbers of channels, medium-scale integrated digital multiplexers are available in TTL and MOS logic families. The 74151 is a typical example. Eight of these integrated circuits can be used to multiplex eight A/D con-verters of 8-bit resolution onto a common data bus.This digital multiplexing example offers little advantages in wiring economy, but it is lowest in cost, and the high switching speed allows operation at sampling rates much faster than analog multiplexers. The A/D converters are required only to keep up with the channel sample rate, and not with the commutating rate. When large numbers of A/D converters are multiplexed, the data-bus technique reduces system interconnections. This alone may in many cases justify multiple A/D converters. Data can be bussed onto the lines in bit-parallel or bit-serial format, as many converters have both serial and parallel outputs. A variety of devices can be used to drive the bus, from open collector and tristate TTL gates to line drivers and optoelectronic isolators. Channel-selection decoders can be built from 1-of-16 decoders to the required size. This technique also allows additional reliability in that a failure of one A/D does not affect the other channels. An important requirement is that the multiplexer operate without introducing unacceptable errors at the sample-rate speed. For a digital MUX system, one can determine the speed from propagation delays and the time required to charge the bus capacitance.Analog multiplexers can be more difficult to characterize. Their speed is a func-tion not only of internal parameters but also external parameters such as channel, source impedance, stray capacitance and the number of channels, and the circuit lay-out. The user must be aware of the limiting parameters in the system to judge their ef-fect on performance.The nonideal transmission and open-circuit characteristics of analog multiplexers can introduce static and dynamic errors into the signal path. These errors include leakage through switches, coupling of control signals into the analog path, and inter-actions with sources and following amplifiers. Moreover, the circuit layout can com-pound these effects.Since analog multiplexers may be connected directly to sources which may have little overload capacity or poor settling after overloads, the switches should have a break-before-make action to prevent the possibility of shorting channels together. It may be necessary to avoid shorted channels when power is removed and a chan-nels-off with power-down characteristic is desirable. In addition to the chan-nel-addressing lines, which are normally binary-coded, it is useful to have inhibited or enable lines to turn all switches off regardless of the channel being addressed. This simplifies the external logic necessary to cascade multiplexers and can also be useful in certain modes of channeladdressing. Another requirement for both analog and digital multiplexers is the tolerance of line transients and overload conditions, and the ability to absorb the transient energy and recover without damage.数据采集系统数据采集系统是用来获取数据处理和存储在二级存储设备，为后来的分析。
中国知网等文献检索的一般方法
文献检索一般方法同学们：可能你们目前接触到的文献并不多，但以后你的作业和设计很大一部分要求自己查阅文献，期刊，论文来解决（比如说：微生物学，微生物工程工艺原理，酶工程，白酒工艺学，啤酒工艺学，食品安全学，白酒勾兑等）。
在四川理工学院我们检索文献的方式不外乎在图书馆找纸质档案和网络检索两种，因为我们通常使用的文献都要求是近三年核心期刊发表的文章，因为只有这些才能反映某个领域目前发展的现状，所以我们一般都偏向于跟新更快的网络搜索，其中又以知网和超星使用最多。
下面简单介绍文献检索的一般方法，希望能给大家的学习，包括实验室学习带来一点帮助，有不明白的地方请直接联系我。
1、检索课题名称（中英文）计算机在中学物理中的应用The application of computer to physics in middle school2、分析研究课题随着计算机技术的不断发展，计算机在教育中的作用愈发突出。
在中学物理教育中，同样可以引入计算的先进技术，改进教育方法，提高教学效率。
如今，计算机在中学物理中的应用主要体现在以下几个方面：1)计算机技术在课件制作中的应用。
2)计算机在实验仿真中的应用。
3)计算机在教学数据处理中的应用。
根据以上分析，本课题主要是根据计算机在中学物理教学中的几个应用进行相关材料的查找。
3、检索策略3.1 检索工具1)利用“中国知网”查找有关硕士、博士论文。
2)利用“中国期刊全文数据库”查找相关期刊论文。
3)利用“维普科技期刊数据库”查找相关期刊论文。
4)利用“超星数字图书馆”查找相关图书。
5)利用“SpringLink”查找相关论文。
6)利用“百度”搜索相关知识。
3.2 检索词1)计算机 and 中学 and 物理教育2)计算机 and 课件制作3)计算机 and 物理实验 and 仿真4)计算机 and 成绩分析4、检索步骤及检索结果4.1 检索工具中国知网（中国博士学位论文全文数据库、中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库）4.1.1检索式1)题名=计算机 and 物理教育2)主题=计算机 and 物理教育3)题名=计算机 and 物理实验仿真4)主题=计算机 and 物理实验仿真4.1.2 检索年限2000.1.1——2010.34.1.3 检索结果[1]唐军.关于在高中物理中运用计算机辅助教学的探讨 . 华中师范大学,2003-07-31.中文摘要：随着教育技术理论的不断完善，人们对计算机辅助教学的研究已经逐渐脱离了将计算机媒体与其它媒体进行比较的模式，转而将计算机纳入教学媒体系统中，用科学的方法对教学进行设计，这其中当然包括教学媒体的设计。
Labview毕业论文毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
Labview毕业论文毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献中英文资料Virtual Instruments Based on Reconfigurable LogicVirtual Instruments advantages of more traditional instruments:中英文资料greatly enhanced the capabilities of traditional instruments.Nevertheless, there are two main factors which limits the application of virtual中英文资料基于虚拟仪器的可重构逻辑虚拟仪器的出现是测量仪器发展历史上的一场革命。
它充分利用最新的计算机技术来实现和扩展仪器的功能，用计算机屏幕可以简单地模拟大多数仪器的调节控制面板，以各种需要的形式表达并且输出检测结果，用计算机软件实现大部分信号的分析和处理,完成大多数控制和检测功能。
用户通过应用程序将一般的通用计算机与功能化模块硬件结合起来,通过友好的界面来操作计算机,就像在操作自己定义，自己设计的单个仪器,可完成对被测量的采集，分析，判断，控制，显示，数据存储等。
虚拟仪器较传统仪器的优点(1)融合计算机强大的硬件资源,突破了传统仪器在数据处理，显示，存储等方面的限制，大大增强了传统仪器的功能。
(2)利用计算机丰富的软件资源，实现了部分仪器硬件的软件化，节省了物质资源，增加了系统灵活性。
通过软件技术和相应数值算法，实时，直接地对测试数据进行各种分析与处理，通过图形用户界面技术,真正做到界面友好、人中英文资料机交互。
(3)虚拟仪器的硬件和软件都具有开放性，模块化，可重复使用及互换性等特点。
因此，用户可根据自己的需要，选用不同厂家的产品,使仪器系统的开发更为灵活，效率更高，缩短系统组建时间。
传统的仪器是以固定的硬件和软件资源为基础的specific系统，这使得系统的功能和应用程序由制造商定义。
英语词汇研究之数据采集
英语词汇研究之数据采集作者：李梦圆来源：《中国教育技术装备》2017年第08期摘要英语词汇数据分析近年来发展较快，数据采集是词汇数据分析的基础工作。
介绍利用英语词汇分析工具专用软件采集词汇数据，包括采集范畴、数据类型和相关性质。
关键词英语词汇；英语词汇分析工具；数据采集中图分类号：H319.3 文献标识码：B文章编号：1671-489X（2017）08-0027-04Abstract Recently there has been a fairly great rapid development inthe data analysis for the English vocabulary. The data collection serves as the basis for the vocabulary data analysis. The present paperwill give an introduction to the collection of vocabulary data， inclu-ding the collection scope， the data kinds and the relative correspon-ding qualities by using the special software An Analysis Tool for the English Vocabulary.Key words English vocabulary； an analysis tool for the English vocabulary； data collection1 引言英语语言研究中词汇研究占有重要位置。
利用维普期刊资源整合服务平台[1]对国内1989—2016年期刊发表的文献进行关键词检索，英语研究类文献中词汇研究文献多达22 600篇。
其中英语词汇数据研究文献1989—1998年仅为4篇，1999—2008年增至8篇，2009—2016年则达到25篇，显示出词汇数据分析研究领域发展很快。
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数据采集数据采集是对现实世界抽样产生出可以由计算机操纵的数据，有时也把它缩写为DAS或者DAQ，数据采集和信号通常涉及到的信号波形采集和处理，以获得所需的信息。
数据采集系统的组成部分包括的任何测量参数转换为电信号，然后调节电信号，然后再通过数据采集硬件获取相应数据的传感器。
使用厂商提供的软件，或自定义显示和控制，开发利用如BASIC，C，Fortran，Java，Lisp，Pascal各种通用编程语言把获得的数据显示，分析和存储在计算机中。
为了构建大规模数据采集系统，使用了包括EPICS等专业的编程语言进行的数据采集。
LabVIEW，内置了图形化工具和数据的采集和分析，它提供了图形化编程环境数据采集优化，并使用MATLAB作为其编程语言。
数据是如何取得(1)来源根据调查，数据采集是和物理现象或物体的物理性质一起开始的。
这物理性质或现象，可能是根据温度或房间温度，强度或光源的强度变化而变化，内部的压力，迫使应用到一个对象，或许多其他事情。
一个有效的数据采集系统可以测量这些不同性质或现象。
换能器是一种可以将电压，电流，电阻或电容值的变化等转换成相应的可测量的电信号的装置，数据采集系统衡量不同的物理现象的能力，取决于换能器把数据采集硬件采集到的可测量的物理现象转换成可测量信号。
在DAQ系统中，传感器是感应器的代名词。
不同的传感器有许多不同的应用，如测量温度，压力，或液体流动。
数据采集还进行各种信号调理技术，将充分修改各种不同的电压，使之变为可以使用ADC测量的数字化电信号。
(2)信号信号可能是数字信号（有时也称为逻辑信号）或使用不同的传感器进行模拟分析的结果。
如果从传感器得到的信号与数据采集硬件不兼容，信号调理就是非常必要的了。
该信号可以被放大，或者可能需要过滤，或锁定放大器解调列入执行。
模拟信号容忍几乎没有串音等转换为数字数据，然后才接近一台PC或之前沿长电缆。
对于模拟数据，具有很高的信噪比，信号需要非常高，同时派遣一个50欧姆的终端快速信号路径+ -10伏特，需要强大的驱动程序。
(3)数据采集硬件数据采集硬件通常是与信号和PC接口。
它可以从母板连接到计算机的端口（并行，串行，USB等..）或连接到插槽卡（PCI，ISA和PCI - E等..）。
通常在一个PCI卡背面的空间太小，不能满足所有需要的连接的血药，所以外部的盒式是必需的。
这之间的电缆盒和PC是昂贵的原因是许多的电线需屏蔽。
数据采集卡通常包含复用器，模数转换，数模转换，与TTL印务局，高速定时器，RAM等多个组件。
这些都可以通过由一个可以运行小程序的总线的微控制器进行控制。
该控制器比硬布线逻辑灵活，但比CPU便宜，所以用它阻止它用简单的投票循环是没有问题。
例如：等待一个触发，启动ADC时，查找的时间，等待完成的ADC，移动值到RAM，切换多路，得到TTL输入，让数模转换器进行电压斜坡。
由于16位模数转换器，数模转换器，运算放大器和样品，并作为2007年只有1兆赫运行等精度认为，即使像成本低为AVR32数字控制器有簿记之间约100个时钟周期。
可重构计算可提供高速数字信号。
数字信号处理器算法花费大量的硅，并允许严格控制回路或过滤器。
与个人电脑连接允许舒适固定编制和调试。
使用外部住房在1总线插槽模块化设计，可以增加与用户的需求。
高速二进制数据需要特殊用途的硬件要求时向数字转换器和高速8位ADC称为数字存储示波器示波器＃，这是典型的未连接到DAQ硬件，而是直接到PC。
另外值得注意的是，并非所有的数据采集硬件的运行永久连接到电脑上，例如智能独立伐木者和控制器，可以从电脑操作，但他们可以经营完全独立的个人电脑。
(4)数据采集软件数据采集软件，是为了对数据采集硬件与PC的工作。
这样可能会至少在三个方面：应用程序直接从硬件寄存器，低层次的软件驱动程序（通常包装与数据采集硬件），让开发更高级别的应用程序注册资料从硬件和越野的现成应用程序来驱动软件，通常与数据采集硬件或其他厂商来了，让操作系统识别的数据采集硬件和程序访问的信号正由数据采集硬件阅读。
一个优秀的车手提供了高，低级别的访问。
所以，一开始时会与高级别提供的解决办法，提高到组装说明在时间关键的或外来的申请。
场外的现成应用程序编程接口的手段包括记录，分析和显示所获得的数据。
这种软件的例子是MATLAB和LabVIEW中，既提供一个高层次的图形化编程语言。
Data acquisitionData acquisition is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer. Sometimes abbreviated DAQ or DAS, data acquisition typically involves acquisition of signals and waveforms and processing the signals to obtain desired information. The components of data acquisition systems include appropriate sensors that convert any measurement parameter to an electrical signal, then conditioning the electrical signal which can then be acquired by data acquisition hardware.Acquired data are displayed, analyzed, and stored on a computer, either using vendor supplied software, or custom displays and control can be developed using various general purpose programming languages such as BASIC, C, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal. Specialized programming languages used for data acquisition include EPICS, used to build large scale data acquisition systems, LabVIEW, which offers a graphical programming environment optimized for data acquisition, and MATLAB which provides aprogramming language, and also built-in graphical tools and libraries for data acquisition and analysis.How data is acquiredSourceData acquisition begins with the physical phenomenon or physical property of an object (under investigation) to be measured. This physical property or phenomenon could be the temperature or temperature change of a room, the intensity or intensity change of a light source, the pressure inside a chamber, the force applied to an object, or many other things. An effective data acquisition system can measure all of these different properties or phenomena.A transducer is a device that converts a physical property or phenomenon into a corresponding measurable electrical signal, such as voltage, current, change in resistance or capacitor values, etc. The ability of a data acquisition system to measure different phenomena depends on the transducers to convert the physical phenomena into signals measurable by the data acquisition hardware. Transducers are synonymous with sensors in DAQ systems. There are specific transducers for many different applications, such as measuring temperature, pressure, or fluid flow. DAQ also deploy various signal conditioning techniques to adequately modify various different electrical signals into voltage that can then be digitized using ADCs.SignalsSignals may be digital (also called logic signals sometimes) or analog depending on the transducer used.Signal conditioning may be necessary if the signal from the transducer is not suitable for the DAQ hardware to be used. The signal may be amplified, or may require filtering, or a lock-in amplifier is included to perform demodulation. Analog signals tolerate almost no cross talk and so are converted to digital data, before coming close to a PC or before traveling along long cables. For analog data to have a high signal to noise ratio, the signal needs to be very high, and sending +-10 Volts along a fast signal path with a 50 Ohm termination requires powerful drivers.DAQ hardwareDAQ hardware is what usually interfaces between the signal and a PC. It could be in the form of modules that can be connected to the computer's ports (parallel, serial, USB, etc...) or cards connected to slots (PCI, ISA, PCI-E, etc...) in the mother board. Usually the space on the back of a PCI card is too smallfor all the connections needed, so an external breakout box is required. The cable between this Box and the PC is expensive due to the many wires and the required shielding and because it is exotic.DAQ-cards often contain multiple components (multiplexer, ADC, DAC, TTL-IO, high speed timers, RAM). These are accessible via a bus by a micro controller, which can run small programs. The controller is more flexible than a hard wired logic, yet cheaper than a CPU so that it is alright to block it with simple polling loops. For example: Waiting for a trigger, starting the ADC, looking up the time, waiting for the ADC to finish, move value to RAM, switch multiplexer, get TTL input, let DAC proceed with voltage ramp. As 16 bit ADCs, DACs, OpAmps and sample and holds with equal precision as of 2007 only run at 1 MHz, even low cost digital controllers like the AVR32 have about 100 clock cycles for bookkeeping in between.Reconfigurable computing may deliver high speed for digital signals. Digital signal processors spend a lot of silicon on arithmetic and allow tight control loops or filters. The fixed connection with the PC allows for comfortable compilation and debugging. Using an external housing a modular design with slots in a bus can grow with the needs of the user. High speed binary data needs special purpose hardware called Time to digital converter and high speed 8 bit ADCs are called oscilloscope#Digital storage oscilloscope, which are typically not connected to DAQ hardware, but directly to the PC.Also notable is that not all DAQ hardware has to run permanently connected to a PC, for example intelligent stand-alone loggers and controllers, which can be operated from a PC, yet they can operate completely independent of the PC.DAQ softwareDAQ software is needed in order to the DAQ Hardware to work with a PC. This can come in at least three flavors: applications that register directly from the hardware, low-level software driver (usually packaged with the DAQ hardware) to allow developing higher level applications to register data coming from the hardware and off-the-shelf applicationsDriver software that usually comes with the DAQ hardware or from other vendors, allows the operating system to recognize the DAQ hardware and programs to access the signals being read by the DAQ hardware. A good driver offers high and low level access. So one would start out with the high level solutions offered and improves down to assembly instructions in time critical or exotic applications.Off-the-shelf applications include interface for programming means to log,analyze and display the acquired data. Examples of this kind of software are MATLAB and LabVIEW, both providing a high level graphical programming language.。