2015年清华大学遗传学考博真题
2015年高考真题分章汇编解析：必修二《遗传和进化》
专题七遗传的分子基础考点1 DNA是主要的遗传物质、DNA分子的结构和复制考点2 基因指导蛋白质的合成和基因对性状的控制（2015安徽卷，4，6分）Qβ噬菌体的遗传物质（QβRNA）是一条单链RNA，当噬菌体侵染大肠杆菌后，QβRNA立即作为模板翻译出成熟蛋白、外壳蛋白和RNA复制酶（如图所示），然后利用该复制酶复制QβRNA。
下列叙述正确的是A.QβRNA的复制需经历一个逆转录的过程B.QβRNA的复制需经历形成双链RNA的过程C.一条QβRNA模板只能翻译出一条肽链D.QβRNA复制后，复制酶基因才能进行表达[答案]B[命题立意]本题考查基因的复制和表达的相关知识，考查识记和理解能力。
难度适中。
[解析]QβRNA的复制不需要经历逆转录过程，是由单链复制成双链，再形成一条与原来的单链相同的子代RNA，所以A错误，B正确；由图可以看出一条QβRNA模板翻译出的肽链至少三条，C错误；由题意可知：有QβRNA复制酶，QβRNA的复制才能进行，QβRNA复制酶基因的表达在QβRNA的复制之前，D错误。
（2015新课标卷Ⅰ，5，6分）5.人或动物PrP基因编码一种蛋白(PrP c)，该蛋白无致病性。
PrP c 的空间结构改变后成为PrP sc（朊粒），就具有了致病性。
PrP sc可以诱导更多的PrP c转变为PrP sc，实现朊粒的增殖，可以引起疯牛病。
据此判断，下列叙述正确的是A.朊粒侵入机体后可整合到宿主的基因组中B.朊粒的增殖方式与肺炎双球菌的增殖方式相同C.蛋白质空间结构的改变可以使其功能发生变化D. PrP c转变为PrP Bc的过程属于遗传信息的翻译过程【答案】C【解析】基因是有遗传效应的DNA分子片段，而朊粒为蛋白质，不能整合到宿主细胞的基因组中，A错误；朊粒通过诱导正常的蛋白质转变为PrP Bc (朊粒)而实现朊粒的增殖，而肺炎双球菌的增殖方式是细胞的二分裂，B错误；“PrP c的空间结构改变后成为PrP Bc(朊粒)，就具有了致病性”，说明蛋白质的空间结构改变导致其功能发生了变化，C正确；PrP c转变为PrP sc的过程是在某些因素的作用下导致的蛋白质空间结构的变化，遗传信息存在于基因上，它通过转录和翻译两个过程才能形成相应的蛋白质，D错误。
清华大学生物学考研历年真题及参考资料
清华大学生物学考研历年真题及参考资料普生03年一．名词解释（每个4分）1、朊粒2、端粒3、钠钾泵4、操纵子5、内稳态6、生态演替7、孤雌生殖8、共质体途径二．填空（每空1分）1、自然界最小的细胞是【支原体】2、细胞膜的脂类成分包括磷脂、糖脂和【胆固醇】3、神经元胞体中粗面内质网和游离核糖体组成的结构称为【尼氏体】4、细胞呼吸产生的二氧化碳和消耗的氧气的分子比称为【呼吸商】5、植物叶中光合作用的产物运输途径是【（韧皮部）筛管】6、植物细胞停止生长后所形成的细胞壁称为【次生细胞壁】7、植物对光照和黑暗时间长短的反应称为【光周期现象】8、C3途径中固定二氧化碳的受体是【RuBP，即核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸】9、骨骼肌纤维两条Z线之间的一段肌原纤维称为【肌小节/肌节】10、与调节血钙有关的一对拮抗激素分别是降钙素和【甲状旁腺素】11、响尾蛇探测温血动物所处方位的感受器是【红外探测器】12、鸟类体温调节中枢位于中枢神经系统的【下丘脑】13、胚珠中的大孢子母细胞来自【孢原细胞】14、哺乳动物相当于囊胚阶段的胚胎称为【胚泡】15、在生物数量性状表达上，每个基因只有较小的一部分表型效应，这类基因称为【微效基因】16、cDNA的中文表述是【互补DNA】（c：complementary）17、Mullis等科学家发明的PCR其中文表述是【聚合酶链式反应】18、限制性内切酶不能切开细菌本身DNA，是因为细菌DNA.的腺嘌呤和胞嘧啶【甲基化】19、细菌内形成的孢子称为【芽孢/内生孢子】20、生物种群在群落中的生活方式和在时间与空间上占有的地位称为【生态位】三．问答1、比较真核细胞和原核细胞的区别。
【这题能写满一张纸，主要从细胞结构、遗传结构及装置、基因表达这三方面回答，第三项属分子生物学范畴】2、简述两栖动物的循环系统。
【2房1室，心室无分隔，不完全双循环，每循环一次经过两次心脏】3、说明植物在登陆之前需要具备的条件。
【（1）维管组织（起支持和输导作用）；（2）表皮有蜡质和角质层保水，有气孔帮助呼吸；（3）出现孢子生殖，生殖完全摆脱了对水的依赖（后发展为种子生殖）。
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
2015年清华大学考博英语阅读真题模拟(3)-育明考博
2015年清华大学考博英语阅读真题模拟（3）Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large.The same problem,on a smaller scale,faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs.There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institution, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back,he does not have to go to the company wiht whom he originally placed it.Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker(证券经纪人)to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function.All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government,local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending,and they,too,come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her emplorers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.（ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba ;QQ:wu si qi ling liu san ba liu er）Almost all companies involved in new production and development must _____.[ANSWER]A)rely in their own financial resourses.B)persuade the banks to provide long-term finance.C)borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know.D)depend on the population as a whole for finance.The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is _____.[ANSWER]A)repaid to its original owners as soon as possible.B)raised by the selling of shares in the companies.C)exchanged for part ownership in The Stock Exchange.D)invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange.when the savers want their money back they _____.[ANSWER]A)ask another company to obtain their money for them.B)look for other people to borrow money from.C)put their shares in the company back on the market.D)transfer their money to a more successful company.All the essential services on which we depend are _____.[ANSWER]A)run by the Government or our local authorities.B)in constant need of financial support.C)financed wholly by rates and taxes.D)unable to provide for the needs of the population.The Stock exchange makes it possible for the Government,local authorities and nationlized industries _____.[ANSWER]A)to borrow as much money as they wish.B)to make certain everybody saves money.C)to raise money to finance new developments.D)to make certain everybody lends money to them.Passage 2The year 1400 opened with more peacefulness thanusual in England. Only a few months before,Richard II weak,wicked,and treacherous--had been deposed(废黜),and Herry IV declared king in his stead.But it was only a seeming peacefulness,lasting for but a little while;for though King Herry proved himself a just and a merciful man--as hustice and mercy went with the men of iron of those days--and though he did not care to shed blood needlessly,there were many noble families who had been benifited by King Richard during his reign,and who had lost some what of their power and prestige from the coming in of the new king.Among these were a number of great lords who had been degraded from their former titles and eatates,from which degradation King Richard had lifted them.They planned to fall upon King herry and his followers and to massacre(屠杀)them during a great tournament(中世纪之马上比武大会) which was being held at Oxford.And they might have succeeded had not one of their own members betrayed them.But Herry did not appear at the lists;whereupon,knowing that he had been lodging at Windsor with only a few attendants,the conspirators marched there against him.In the meantime,the king had been warned of the plot,so that instead of finding him in the royal castle,they discovered through their scouts that he had hurried to London,and that he was marching against them at the head of a considerable army.So nothing was left but flight.One and another,they were all caught and some killed.Those few who found friends faithful and bold enough to afford them shelter dragged those friends down in their own ruin.What does the author seem to think of King Herry?[ANSWER]A)He was the best king England had ever had.B)He was unfair and cowardly.C)He was just as evil as King Richard.D)He was a better ruler than King Richard.How did King Herry find out about the plot?[ANSWER]A)His scouts discovered it.B)He saw the conspirators coming.C)One of the conspirators told him.D)He found a copy of the conspirators'plan.How did the conspirators find out that Herry was in London?[ANSWER]A)They saw him leave windsor.B)Herry's attendants told them.C)They saw him at the tournament.D)Their scouts told them.Why did the nobles wish to kill Herry?[ANSWER]A)Herry had taken away power given to them by Richard.B)Herry was weak,wicked,and treacherous.C)Herry had needlessly killed members of their families.D)Herry had killed King Richard.It can be inferred that Richard II's reign was _____.[ANSWER]A)peacefulB)corruptC)democraticD)illegalPassage 3The ballad and the fork song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile of amusement by almost everyone else.Neither fork songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America.But in their devotion to these modes of expression, the peoplemade them their own. The dime novel, intersted as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator (共同点，标准): themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped(定型的). Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the fork song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true "proletarian" literature, that is, a literature written for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the Amerian tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have minded so many obscure lodes of Amerian literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind.Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly decoured (贪婪地阅读) by soldiers, lumberjacks (伐木工人), trainmen, hired girl, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable even for the historian, much as the socialandhistorical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids (小刊，小报), I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to _____.[ANSWER]A)explore a segment of Amerian society.B)Promote the Amerian political philosophy.C)raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of people.D)make money.The "lowest common denominator" refers to _____.[ANSWER]A)the poorer classes.B)themes ans attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of people.C)attitudes accepted by the Amerian intellectuals.D)the character of the authors of the dime novel."Proletarian" literature is _____.[ANSWER]A)written for and read by the great masses of people.B)distinguished by its devotion to pornography.C)distinguished by its elegant style.D)written for,but not actually read by,most people.The author believes that a study of our dime novels _____.[ANSWER]A)is a waste of time.B)would be sufficient in itself to determine the essential characteristics of the American tradition.C)would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of the American tradition.D)would be amusing but unimportant.Which of the followingis implied in the passage?[ANSWER]A)The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.B)The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.C)The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understand the attitudes and interests of the common people.D)Because the themes in the dime novels were not good,they could no longer be legally distributed.Passage 4There are two methods of fighting, the one by law,the other by force; the first method is that of men,the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient,one must have recourse to the second.It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable(寓言) of this semi-animal,semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures. and that the without the other is not durable.A prince,being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps. and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not underdtand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be agaist his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wish to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and sho how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have secceeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well,and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceiced.The writer does not believe that _____.[ANSWER]A)the truth makes men free.B)people can protect themselves.C)princes are human.D)leaders have to be consistent."Prince" in the passage designates _____.[ANSWER]A)anyone in power.B)elected officials.C)aristocrats.D)sons of kings.The lion represents those who are _____.[ANSWER]A)too trusting.B)reliant on force.C)strong and powerful.D)lacking in intelligence.The fox,in the passage,is _____.[ANSWER]A)admired for his trickery.B)no match for the lion.C)pitied for his wiles.D)considered worthless.The writer suggests that a successful leader must _____.[ANSWER]A)be prudent and faithful.B)cheat and lie.C)have principle to guide his actions.D)follow the truth.Passage 5These is a new type of advitisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns.It is sometimes placed among"situations vacant",although it doesn't offer anyone job,and sometimes it appears "situations wanted",although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either.What is does is to offer help in applying for a job."Contact us before writing your application", or "Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae (工作简历) or job history", is how it is usually expressed.The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is,of course,a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae(or job histor),with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekersimply wrote letters of application." Just put down your name,address,age and whether you have passed any exams", was about the average lavel of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school.The letter was really just foropeners, it was explained,everything else could and should be saved for the interview.And in thosedays of full employment the technique worked.The letter proved that you could write and were available for work.Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder,something slightly more sophisticated was called for.The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest.It might be the aggressive approach. "Your search is over.I am the person you are looking for," was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded.Or it might be some apecial feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt,however,that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns _____.[ANSWER]A)informs job hunters of the opportunities available.B)promises useful advice to those looking for employment.C)divides available jobs into various types.D)informs employers that people are available for work.Nowadays a demand for this spacialized type of service has been created because _____.[ANSWER]A)there is a lack of jobs available for artistic people.B)there are so many top-level job available.C)there are so many people out of work.D)the job history si considered to be a work of art.In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _____.[ANSWER]A)write a initial letter giving their life history.B)pass some exams before applying for a job.C)have no qualifications other than being able to read and write.D)keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview.Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs,one was advised to include in the letter _____.[ANSWER]A)something that would attract attention to one's application.B)a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to join.C)something that would offend the person reading it.D)a lie that one could easily get away with telling.The job history has become such an important document because _____.[ANSWER]A)there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertised.B)there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degrees.C)jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadays.D)the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicated.Passage 6The accuracy fo scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods.For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that given promise of more precise timekeeping.In their search for precision,scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their "ticking"(滴答滴答地响).This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration.The nitrogen atom in ammonia,for example,vitrates or "ticks" 24 billion time a second.One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probably lose no more than a second in 3000 years.It will be of great importance in fields such as astrological observation and long-range navigation.The heart of this Atomichron is a cesium(铯) atom that vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of bioling water.An atomic colck that operates with an ammonia molecule may be used to check the accuray of the predictions based on Einstein's relativety theories,according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently.Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at the speed of 18000 miles an hour,the clock could broadcast its time readings to ground station,where they could be compared with a readings on a similar model.Whatever differences develop would be checked against the differe nces predicted.The selection say that the accuray of scientific observation depends on _____.[ANSWER]A)methods of measurement.B)timekeeping methods.C)basic assumptions.D)earlier experiments.Atomic clocks differ according to _____.[ANSWER]A)function.B)type of molecule or atom used.C)rate of vibration.D)both B and C.From the selection,we may assume that temperature changes _____.[ANSWER]A)affect only ammonia molecules.B)may affect the vibration rate of atoms.C)affect the speed at which the atoms travel.D)do not affect atoms in any way.Identical atomic clocks may be used to check _____.[ANSWER]A)the effect of outer space on an atomic clock.B)the actual speed of an orbting satellite.C)the accuracy of predicitons based on theories of relativity.D)all of Einstein's theories.Implied but not stated: _____.[ANSWER]A)Precise timekeeping is essential in science.B)Scientists expect to disprove einstein's relativity theories.C)Atomic clocks will be important in space flight.D)The rate of vibration of an atom never varies.An appropriate title for this selectiom would be _____.[ANSWER]A)A Peacetime Use of the Atom.B)Atoms and Molecules.C)The Satellite Timekeepers.D)The Role of the Clock.答案及解析请请咨询育明考博 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2015年高考生物真题汇编专题8遗传的基本规律(含解析)
专题八遗传的基本规律考点1 基因的分离定律（2015新课标卷Ⅰ，32，9分）32.假设某果蝇种群中雌雄个体数目相等，且对于A和a这对等位基因来说只有Aa一种基因型。
回答下列问题：（1）若不考虑基因突变和染色体变异，则该果蝇种群中A基因频率：a基因频率为。
理论上该果蝇种群随机交配产生的第一代中AA、Aa和aa的数量比为，A基因频率为。
（2）若该果蝇种群随机交配的实验结果是第一代中只有Aa和aa两种基因型，且比例为2：1，则对该结果最合理的解释是。
根据这一解释，第一代再随机交配，第二代中Aa 和 aa基因型个体数量的比例应为。
【答案】（1）1：1 1：2：1 0.5（2）A基因纯合致死 1：1【解析】（1）该种群中，“雌雄个体数目相等，且对于A和a这对等位基因来说只有Aa一种基因型”，A和a的基因频率均为50%，A基因频率：a基因频率=0.5：0.5=1:1。
该果蝇种群随机交配，（A+a）×（A+a）→1AA：2Aa：1aa，则A的基因频率为为0.5。
（2）“若该果蝇种群随机交配的实验结果是第一代中只有Aa和aa两种基因型”，说明基因型为AA的个体不能存活，即基因A纯合致死。
第一代Aa：aa=2:1，产生的配子比例为A:a=2:1，自由交配，若后代都能存活，其基因型为AA：Aa：aa=1:4:4，Aa和aa基因型个体数量的比例为1:1。
考点2 基因的自由组合定律(2015福建卷，28，14分)28.（14分）鳟鱼的眼球颜色和体表颜色分别由两对等位基因A、a和B、b控制。
现以红眼黄体鳟鱼和黑眼黑体鳟鱼为亲本，进行杂交实验，正交和反交结果相同。
实验结果如图所示。
请回答：（1）在鳟鱼体表颜色性状中，显性性状是。
亲本中的红眼黄体鳟鱼的基因型是。
（2）已知这两对等位基因的遗传符合自由自合定律，理论上F2还应该出现性状的个体，但实际并未出现，推测其原因可能是基因型为的个体本应该表现出该性状，却表现出黑眼黑体的性状。
2015考博真题
一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
（以后想起来再补充）
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称，并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。
2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能？
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法，面神经主干的解剖标志点？
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型，请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型，并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为？
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性，叙述牙骨质龋特点？
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例，及其镜下鉴别要点。
清华大学遗传本科试题
Ghrornosomes in theF 2 oftspnng X 23__________«=■ Chromofiome horn ■DDT^ensiive^jrChro (TK>so«netiaii t清华大学遗传学部分Final rehearsal problem set. Gen etics-Spri ng 2003The real final is about 3 times long, and is formatted in a slightly different way for scoring convenien ce. 1. (5 pts)Drosophila is used to investigate genes involving the resistance of DTT (a kind of pesticide*).One DTT resista nce strain is obta ined after multiple rounds of select ion. By cross ing DTT resistance strain with sensitive strain, DTT resistance of 16 kinds of female progenies is evaluated and shownabove. Based on the results, what conclusion can you draw for these DTT resistance genes?*in sect killi ng age nt2. (3pts)A fetus dies in uterus. Several of its cells are karyotyped. About 75% of the cells are dipoid, and 25% tetraploid (have 4 copies of each chromosome). What do you think happened? When in developme nt did it probably occur?3. (2pts)In yeast, a haploid petite mutant also carries a mutant gene that requires the amino acid histidine for growth. The petite/ his - strain is crossed to a wild-type strain and to yield the following tetrad after sporulati on:2 cells: petite/his - 2 cells: petite/his +Explain the inheritance of thepetite and his - mutations. 4. (2pts)Percent survival ol fhe F ； oftsprng wlwn pxposHd in DDT0 1 5 10 20 40 60 L臭 I J■一 h d丄 1* LRadiati on can gen erate what kind of DNA damage1) deletion2) point mutati on3) tran slocati on4) ALL OF THE ABOVE5. (4pts)In an isolated population, an early autosomal-recessive-lethal disease happens 1 in a millionJf the allele frequency is stabilized, what mutation frequency for this disease would you expect to arise in each gen eratio n?1) 1/millio n chromosomes2) 2/million chromosomes3) 1/1000 chromosomes4) 2/1000 chromosomes5) None of the above6. (4pts)Here are the DNA fingerprints of five people: a child, mother, and three potential fathers:Mother Offspri ng Male #1 Male #2 Male #3Which male(s) could be the father?（孙路提供）清华生物系2003春季遗传学本科专业试题1. 一种双倍体生物染色体44条与另一双倍体生物染色体38条进行交配，杂种通常的染色体数是__________ 如果杂种来自双倍体的生殖细胞,则染色体数是__________ 以上哪个是可育的__________ . （参考答案:41,82,后者）2. 判断正误：Hfr与F-系接合时,转移越早的基因转移率越高_______________ ; Hfr与F-系接合时几乎所以细菌都变成Hfr ____________ ;尸与F'不能接合 ____________ ;Klinefelter症的患者是男性所以没有体细胞中的巴氏小体____________ 由于X染色体的随机失活，杂合的红绿色盲携带者女性多半是色盲的______________ 果蝇中性别决定是X染色体与常染色体的比例,所以丫染色体不起性别决定作用 ______________ .（参考答案:T,F,T,F,F,T）3. °口" 如左图,B和C之间发生交换后重组子为__________ （正常,不正常，有时正常），D和E之间发生交换后重组子为__________ 正常,不正常，有时正常）.（参考答案：正常，不正常）4. MSUD是常染色体隐性遗传病.8000个新生儿中有1个得病.则该隐性基因的频率为：A 1/8000B 1/30C 1/90D 1/180E 1/45参考答5. 一男性O型血，与一A型女性结婚，该女性母亲AB型,父亲O型，则小孩的血型几率是：O _____ ;A ___ ;B _____ ;AB ______ ; （参考答案:1/2,1/2,0,0）6. 一人携带相互异位的常染色体，无表型.与一正常人交配则后代正常成活的比率是：______ 与另一携带完全相同情况的染色体变异交配后代成活率是_______A 1/2B 1/3C 1/4D 3/8E 3/4F 1/8参考答案:A,C7. 将A碱基转换B碱基颠换C读码框移填入下列突变的情况:1硝酸或烷基化，羟基化试剂;2 .5■溴尿嘧啶;3 丫啶橙 ____________ ; ______________ （参考答案:A,A,C）8. 对于一种隐性遗传病频率1/10000,亲表兄妹的后代的病的比例最接近__________A 0.01B 0.0001C 0.0007D 0.006E 0.025F 0.25参考答案：C9. 对于给的三点测交数据如下，分析基因距离与相关项目：1320 ver,mi n, sab1346 +,+,+102 ver,mi n,+90 +,+,sab42 ver,+,+48 +,mi n,sab2 ver,+,sab1 +,mi n,+指出基因顺序___________________计算基因图距__________ , ___________计算干涉___________（参考答案:3.15m.u.,6.61m.u.,0.512）10.11.有序列标记位点三个,分别多态性长度为88kb,102 kb,122 kb,146 kb,188 kb ,204 kb.已知母亲是STS1=88 kb,STS2=122 kb,STS3=188 kb 的纯合体.父亲一是STS2=102 kb, STS3=188 kb 纯合,STS1=88/146 kb 的杂合；父亲二是STS1=146 kb 纯合，STS3=204/188kb 杂合,STS2=102/122 kb杂合.问下列子女哪些是父亲一所生，哪些是父亲二？STSs 1 2 3 4 5204 + - + - -188 + + + + +146 + - + - +122 + + + + +102 + + - + +88 + + + + +（参考答案:1:父亲二,2:父亲一;3:父亲二;4:父亲一;5:不确定）参考答案：467932851或467932815) 陈晓蕊回忆并翻译2007年遗传考题回忆一共39道题，全部都是选择题。
2015年医学博士外语真题试卷
2015年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.How to deal with his sleeping problem.B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.A.To take the medicine for a longer time.B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.A.To take it easy and continue to work.B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.A.Fullness in the stomach.B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.A.Extremely severe.B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.（分数：10.00）A.He has lost some weight.B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.A.She is giving the man an injection.B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.A.In the gym.B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.A.Diarrhea.B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.A.She has developed allergies.B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.（分数：10.00）A.Listen to music.B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.A.She isn't feeling well.B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weather.D.She is feeling relieved.A.Michael's wife was ill.B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.A.She is absent-minded.B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.A.Ten years ago.B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.A blood test.B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.A.To lose some weight.B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller, lighter meals.A.Potato chips.B.Chicken.C.Cereal.D.Fish.A.Ulcer.B.Cancer.C.Depression.D.Hernia.A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.（分数：10.00）A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D.It is more chemically complex.A.Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C.Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood.（分数：10.00）A.Vegetative patients are more aware.B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movements.C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.A.The left-hand side of the brain.B.The right-hand side of the brain.C.The central part of the brain.D.The front part of the brain.A.31.B.6.C.4.D.1A.The patient was brain-dead.B.The patient wasn't brain-dead.C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.A.The patient is no technically vegetative.B.The patient can communicate in some way.C.We can train the patient to speak.D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.Despite his doctor's note of caution, he never______from drinking and smoking.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstained5.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likelyto______their hearing.（分数：2.00）A.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplement6.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to______Larry in any way in his success.（分数：2.00）A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impede7.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.（分数：2.00）A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD.relatively8.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can______future adults with appreciation of music.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintB.familiarizeC.endowD.amuse9.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices______. （分数：2.00）A.level outB.stand oute offD.wear off10.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate______from qualified medical personnel.（分数：2.00）A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interposition11.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and______of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.（分数：2.00）A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onset12.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, ______and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.（分数：2.00）A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabs13.The newly designed system is______to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.（分数：2.00）parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenable14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________15.Every year more than 1, 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.（分数：2.00）A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promising16.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS. （分数：2.00）A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregation17.Surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude .（分数：2.00）A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicap18.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.（分数：2.00）A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinct19.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.（分数：2.00）A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verify20.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.（分数：2.00）A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demanding21.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.（分数：2.00）A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspended22.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.（分数：2.00）B.eliminateC.assimilateD.puncture23.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.（分数：2.00）A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpected24.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.（分数：2.00）A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipating五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,【C1】______a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,【C2】______tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,【C3】______would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cells made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first【C4】______case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case — microchimerism,【C5】______cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half【C6】______. As the BBC pointed out, the greater【C7】______in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the【C8】______of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 【C9】______, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger". Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined【C10】______of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.suggestsB.suggestingC.having suggestedD.suggested(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.sinceB.althoughC.whereasD.when(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whomD.as(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.predictedB.notoriousC.provenD.detailed(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whenC.ifD.whatever(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.as manyB.as muchC.as wellD.as often(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.threatB.puzzleC.obstacleD.dilemma(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.detectionB.deletionC.amplificationD.addition(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.NeverthelessD.Conclusively(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.likelihoodB.functionC.influenceD.flexibility六、PartⅣ Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests, and nine out often is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent? Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In atest of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been tried if two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads together. Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the odds are pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）petition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC.The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD.Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug(2).In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now______.（分数：2.00）A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC.are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD.care only about their profits(3).From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that______.（分数：2.00）A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy(4).From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question______.（分数：2.00）A.is nowhere to be foundB.can drive one crazyC.can be multipleD.is conditional(5).The tone of the author of this passage seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimisticLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U. S. , chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's no guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats. The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically. With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days. The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However, the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant). But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong — and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create healthy liver cells from the very patients who need transplants — lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to______.（分数：2.00）A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB.explore the unknown functions of the human liverC.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U. S.D.address the source of liver transplants(2).What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?（分数：2.00）A.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor liver.D.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.(3).The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until______.（分数：2.00）A.duplicated syntheticallyB.isolated from the healthy liverC.repopulated with the healthy cellsD.the addition of some man-made blood vessels(4).What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?（分数：2.00）A.The rats as wrong recipients.B.The time point of the transplantation.C.The short period of the recellularization.D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.(5).The research team holds high hopes of______.（分数：2.00）A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB.the timetable for generating human livers in the labC.stem-cell research as the future of medicineD.building a fully functioning liver into ratsPatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea. Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery. Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring vision, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves. Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries. The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B.The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.(2).The Italian technique reported in this passage______.（分数：2.00）A.can repair damaged retinasB.is able to treat damaged optic nervesC.is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?（分数：2.00）A.The places in which people work.B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C.The mishaps that involve vehicles batteries.D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.(4).What is one of the requirements for the current approach?（分数：2.00）A.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B.The patient physically healthy.C.The damaged eye with partial vision.D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.(5).Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?（分数：2.00）A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Positive.Here is a shaming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that. America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare. But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively. We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia. To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine. It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.（分数：10.00）(1).As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.（分数：2.00）A.injustice everywhereB.racial discriminationC.a growing life spanD.health inequalities(2).Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?（分数：2.00）A.Where to live.B.Which race to belong to.C.How to adjust environmentally.D.What medical problem to suffer.(3).The Chicago-based project focuses its management on______.（分数：2.00）A.a particular medical problem and its related social issueB.racial discrimination and its related social problemsC.the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD.a specific disease and its medical treatment(4).Which of the following can most probably be neglected by sociologists?（分数：2.00）A.The racial perspective.B.The environmental aspect.C.The biological dimension.D.The psychological angel.(5).The author is a big fan of______.（分数：2.00）A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC.the mutual understanding and respect between racesD.public education and health promotionAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science. One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says. The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008. The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies. Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies, " which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement. Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest three test methods that blend the three new antibodies together in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug. If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the HIV strainsB.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection(2).What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?（分数：2.00）A.They can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world.B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugs.C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.D.They will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection.(3).The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.pathologyB.pharmacologyC.HIV neutralizationD.HIV epidemiology(4).According to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to______.（分数：2.00）。
清华大学博士考试英语试题及答案
清华大学博士考试英语试题及答案Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (20%)(略）Part Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWET SHEET with a single line through the center.21. The__________of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country.A. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter22. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill23. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad__________when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC.plague D. pigment24. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary25. Some linguists believe that the__________age for children learninga foreign language is 5 to 8.A. optimisticB. optionalC. optimalD. oppressed26. It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the__________of their cities.A. paradisesB. omissionsC. orchardsD. outskirts27. The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided28. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew29. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated30. This problem should be discussed first, for it takes__________over all the other issues.A. precedenceB. prosperityC. presumptionD. probability31. Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________.A. torrentB. transientC.tensile D. textured32. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird33. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower34. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription35. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached36. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded asa kind of a __________event.A. cholesterolB. charcoalC. catastrophicD. chronic37. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secretes38. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded39. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated40. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPartⅢ Reading Comprehension (40%) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions of unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Each year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safedrinking water in that country can be a problem. However, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free.The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called “first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank.A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water.Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total, the water storage system can hold up tothree-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last even longer.International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However, International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.41. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water42. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of using rainwater?A. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.43. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tank?A. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD. a storage tank44. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush deviceD. sunlight45. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottom?A. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it. Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties withtheir development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill―the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.46. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children__________.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child'shappinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage: More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 American children under the age of tenhave one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves asJewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government―individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matterhow small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there wasa suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite.I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B. motive C. cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. is over D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C. fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrived to D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. atseeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. beingalone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C. somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. such a D. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. up myselfC. up to myselfD. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C. air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have to close D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. in shutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like that C. as I did so D. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no one C. It was anyone D. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lock C. remind locking D. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumped C. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是2. 使我难忘的原因是3. 它对我后来的影响是参考答案21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. C 26. D 27. D 28. B29. A 30. A 31.B 32. D 33.C 34. A 35.D 36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. B41. B 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. B 47. B 48. D 49. D 50. A 51.B 52. B 53.C 54. B 55.D 56. C 57. A 58. B 59. A 60. B Part Ⅳ Cloze61. D 62. A 63. C 64. B 65. A 66. D 67. D 68. A69. D 70.D 71. C 72. C 73. D 74. A 75. A 76. A 77. C 78. B 79. D 80. C Part Ⅴ Writing参考范文:Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and WorkThe most unforgettable thing in my research career by now is a course named aspects of translation that was given in the second semester when I was a senior undergraduate student.One of the reasons for which the course has left such a deep impression on me is that it was the first time I learned to look at and study translation from a completely new perspective, the perspective of linguistics. Before taking that course, I though that translation was no more than the mechanic practice of turning texts written in one language into those in another and didn't realize that it had anything to do with linguistics, though, in retrospect, the link ought to be obvious for linguistics is the science that studies language properly. It was very fortunate for me to attend during the same semester the course Introduction to Linguistics, which helped me pave the way for the study of that critical course. Obvious as the link between the two disciplines was, it was still a giant project to actually connect the two and the course proved to be very brain-consuming. However, once the barriers collapsed, the landscape altered and became much more open. I could appreciate many beautiful scenes that I had never discovered before.Encouraged by the first attempt at inter-disciplinary study, inmy later research and life I always try to bridge what I have learned in different courses and different aspects of life, to fill them into my jigsaw of knowledge about the world and myself and to complete it and perfect myself.更多在职考研信息/。
清华生科院02 14全部真题 去答案(3)
清华生科院02 14全部真题去答案(3)清华生科院02-14全部真题去答案(3)普生02-14普生02第一题：名词解释。
(10分)1.神经元；2.脊索；3.生物圈；4.凯氏带；5.遗传自然选择。
第二题：填空。
(20分，每空0.5分)1、写出8种生态系统。
2、结缔组织的类型（不晓得为什么回敬了6个空）。
3、尿的形成在____和____中进行，主要过程为____、____、____。
4、真核细胞中主要的细胞器（只给了7个空）。
5、举出一种c3植物____，一种c4植物____。
6、骨骼来自于____胚层，神经来自于____胚层。
7、被子植物中____体高度发达，雄配子为____，雌配子为____。
（注意：雌雄配子和雌雄配子体是不一样的，前者为卵细胞和精子，后者为成熟胚囊和花粉）第三题：挑选。
(10分后)1、血液流经肺泡细胞时，发生什么样的反应，标出箭头方向。
(1)hb+4o2----hb(o2)4(2)h2o+co2----h2co3(3)h2co3----h++hco3―2、哪个植物进行双受精（）a、水杉b、含羞草c、槐叶萍d、松树(似的就是)3、哪个就是原核生物（）a、衣藻b、蓝藻c、裸藻d、(不记得了)4、分别用＋和-标示出短日照植物和短日照与否开花。
(4分后)短日照植物短日照植物-□□□□□□□■■■■■+-□□□□□■□■■■■■++□□□□■■■■■■■■-5、剧烈运动时，流经哪个器官的血液会减少（）a、脑b、心脏c、肌肉d、肝脏6、珊瑚属哪种动物四个选项，反正是腔肠动物，呵呵，其它的不重要7、蛋白质是由以下那种器官分泌的消化液消化的。
（胃，小肠，胰腺）四个选项，分别是胃，小肠，胰腺，肝，唾液腺的组合8、与真菌相比，藻类的特有的是（）a、叶绿体b、纤维素的细胞壁c、叶绿体和纤维素细胞壁d、附足e、……(不回忆起了，反正不对)第四题：从b栏中选出与a栏中各项完全相符的。
(27分)（一个一分，其实有点像连线题，以下顺序打乱）1、aba唾液……a十二指肠bph高b胃c稀释营养物质c尿道d细菌制备维生素d结肠e 胰液……e口腔2、aba推动新陈代谢(??)a乙烯b推动淀粉水解b生长素c促进抽苔(疯长)c赤霉素d顶端优势的形成d脱落酸e胚芽未受光照的一面浓度高3、aba××动物和××动物就是而脊索动物不是a两胚层b棘皮动物就是而××动物不是b三胚层c扁形动物具备c后口动物d海绵动物和腔肠动物具备d原口动物e××动物和××动物具备e原体腔(这道题记不清了，总之就是托福体腔、胚层和口的)4、aba受acth作用a突触小泡b神经递质××b乙酰胆碱××c中间神经系统c肾上××d 交感神经××(或者是副交感，呵呵^^b)e××××5、aba分泌不足引起矮人症a肾上腺b储存下丘脑激素b垂体c××巨人症c胰岛d含有能降低血糖的蛋白d甲状腺e分泌胰高血糖素f分泌去甲肾上腺素g与碘××有关第五题：简答题。
(完整版)遗传学试题库及答案_(12套_)(1)
遗传学试题库及答案 (12套 )遗传学试题库（一）一、名词解释：（每小题3分，共18分）1、外显子2、复等位基因3、F因子4、母性影响5、伴性遗传6、杂种优势二、填空题：（每空0.5分，共20分）1、豌豆中，高茎(T)对矮茎（t）为显性，黄子叶(Y)对绿子叶（y）为显性，假设这两个位点的遗传符合自由组合规律，若把真实遗传的高茎黄子叶个体与矮茎绿子叶个体进行杂交，F2中矮茎黄子叶的概率为。
2、人类中，苯丙酮尿症的常染色体隐性纯合体是一种严重的代谢缺馅。
如果正常的双亲生了一个患病的女儿，一个正常表型的儿子。
问：儿子是此病基因携带者的概率是。
3、大麦中，密穗对稀穗为显性，抗条诱对不抗条诱为显性。
一个育种工作者现有一个能真实遗传的密穗染病材料和一个能真实遗传的稀穗抗病材料，他想用这两个材料杂交，以选出稳定的密穗抗病品种，所需要类型有第______代就会出现，所占比例为_______，到第________代才能肯定获得，如果在F3代想得到100个能稳定遗传的目标株系，F2代至少需种植_________株。
4、某一植物二倍体细胞有10条同源染色体，在减数分裂前期Ⅰ可观察到个双价体，此时共有条染色单体，到中期Ⅱ每一细胞可观察到条染色单体。
5、人类的性别决定属于型，鸡的性别决定属于型，蝗虫的性别决定属于型6、有一杂交：CCDD × ccdd，假设两位点是连锁的，而且相距20个图距单位。
F2中基因型(ccdd)所占比率为。
7、遗传力是指_____________________________；广义遗传力是_________方差占________方差的比值。
遗传力越_____，说明性状传递给子代的能力就越_____，选择效果越________。
8、萝卜甘蓝是萝卜和甘蓝的杂种，若杂种体细胞染色体数为36，甘蓝亲本产生的配子染色体数为９条，萝卜单倍体数应为______条，可育的杂种是________倍体。
9、在臂间倒位情况下，如果倒位环内非姊妹染色单体之间发生一次交换，则后期将形成四种形式的染色体即染色体，染色体，染色体，染色体。
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生遗传学入学试题
三、 转座(transposition)与易位(translocation)有什么不同？它们各自有哪些类型？对于基因组的进化各有哪些意义？（20分）
四、 简述你所从事过的一项最主要研究工作。如果给你以足够的研究条件，以及3-4年的时间，你将如何进一步深化你的研究工作？（20分）
五、 负调控在生命活动中有重要的意义，除经典的操纵子模型以外，近年来还发现有泛素（ubiquitin）介导的蛋白质降解机制和micro RNA(miRNA)介导的转录和翻译抑制机制，请从后两者中任选一种举例说明其作用机制与生物学意义。（20分）
4、如果两种生物基因组DNA在四种碱基的比率上有显著差异，那么预期在它们编码的tRNA、rRNA和mRNA上是否也会在四种碱基的比率上呈现同样的差异？（8分）
二、在一牛群中，外观正常的双亲产生一头矮生的雄犊。请你提出可能导致这种矮生的各种原因，并根据每种原因提出相应的调查研究的提纲（注意整个调查研究工作必须在两个月内完成）。（20分）
blot 表明ABC 蛋白在sab 突变体细胞中高水平富集。
根据上述结果，简要回答下述问题（第1－4 小题，答案请勿超过50 个字；第5
小题请勿超过200 字）：
（1） 该研究生可能通过什么方法制备了抗原（即用于制作抗体用的ABC 蛋白）？
（2） 请解释为什么部分ABC 突变蛋白（即赖氨酸突变为甘氨酸后）会定位在细
(abc)。遗传分C 基因，
发现ABC基因编码一个转录因子。DNA测序分析发现在abc突变体中，一个单碱基的突
变导致了在一个富含碱性氨基酸的区段（5 个连续的赖氨酸或精氨酸）中的一个赖氨酸
突变为甘氨酸。
该研究生制备了抗ABC 蛋白的多克隆抗体。通过原位免疫荧光技术，该研究生发
(完整版)中科院考博真题2015植物生理学
中国科学院大学
2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题
科目名称：植物生理学
考生须知：
1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（请选择其中10题作答，多答不加分。
每小题3分，共30分）
1、光补偿点
2、逆境蛋白
3、冻害与冷害
4、春化作用
5、极性运输
6、层积处理
7、根压
8、离子拮抗
9、平衡溶液10、PQ穿梭11、质外体12、生理碱性盐13、反应中心色素
二、简答题（请选择其中4题作答，多答不加分。
每小题10分，共40分）
1、固氮酶有哪些特性？简述生物固氮机理。
2、简述生长、分化与发育三者之间的区别与关系。
3、简述气孔开闭机理的假说。
4、试比较“伤流”与“吐水”的异同。
5、为什么膜脂中不饱和脂肪酸含量高的植物抗寒性强？
三、论述题（每小题15分，共30分）
1、根据光合作用碳素同化途径的不同，可以将高等植物分为哪三个类群？温室效应会分别对这三类群植物施加哪些影响？
2、根据所学的植物生理学知识，论述植物引种驯化中需要注意的主要问题。
科目名称：植物生理学第1页共1页。
(完整版)遗传学考试题库(汇总)(含答案)
第一章绪论一、名词解释遗传学：研究生物遗传与变异的科学。
变异（variation）：指亲代与子代以及子代各个个体之间总是存在不同程度的差异有时子代甚至产生与亲代完全不同形状表现的现象。
遗传(heredity)：指在生物繁殖过程中，亲代与子代以及子代各个体之间在各方面相似的现象。
二、填空题在遗传学的发展过程中，Lamarck提出了器官的用进废退和获得性遗传等学说；达尔文发表了著名的物种起源，提出了以自然选择为基础的生物进化理论；于1892年提出了种质学说，认为生物体是由体质和种质两部分组成的；孟德尔于1866，认为性状的遗传是由遗传因子控制的，并提出了遗传因子的分离和自由组合定律；摩尔根以果蝇为材料，确定了基因的连锁程度，创立了基因学说。
沃特森和克里克提出了著名的DNA分子双螺旋结构模式，揭开了分子遗传学的序幕。
遗传和变异以及自然选择是形成物种的三大因素。
三、选择题1、被遗传学家作为研究对象的理想生物，应具有哪些特征？以下选项中属于这些特征的有：( D )A.相对较短的生命周期B.种群中的各个个体的遗传差异较大C.每次交配产生大量的子代D.以上均是理想的特征2、最早根据杂交实验的结果建立起遗传学基本原理的科学家是：( )A James D. WatsonB Barbara McClintockC AristotleD Gregor Mendel3、以下几种真核生物，遗传学家已广泛研究的包括：( )A 酵母B 果蝇C 玉米D 以上选项均是4、根据红色面包霉的研究，提出“一个基因一种酶”理论的科学家是：（）A Avery O. TB Barbara McClintockC Beadle G. WD Gregor Mendel三、简答题如何辩证的理解遗传和变异的关系？遗传与变异是对立统一的关系：遗传是相对的、保守的；变异是绝对的、发展的；遗传保持物种的相对稳定性，变异是生物进化产生新性状的源泉，是动植物新品种选育的物质基础；遗传和变异都有与环境具有不可分割的关系。
2010-2015年生物联赛-遗传学真题
2010-2015年生物联赛-遗传学真题2010-2015年生物联赛-遗传学真题201091．1953年War Soil和Crick提出的是哪一项。
(1分)A．遗传物质是DNA而非RNA B．DNA的复制是半保留的C．三个连续的核苷酸代表一个遗传密码D．多核苷酸DNA链通过氢键连接成一个双螺旋92—99．关于野茉莉花的表型，花的颜色是由核基因编码的制造色素的酶所决定：92．野茉莉花呈现出白色、浅红、粉红、大红和深红等各种各样的颜色，由此可以推断出下列哪些结论：(2分)A．花的颜色由两对以上的等位基因决定B．决定花的颜色的是。
对等位基因C．如果只有一个基因决定花的颜色，则此基因是复等位基因D．依靠不同颜色植株问的杂交，可以判断决定花的颜色的基因数量和相互关系E．花色的深浅不同是不完全显性的结果。
93．如果白色花对任何有色花都是隐性性状，那么以下哪些是正确的：(2分)A．白色花之间杂交，只会得到白色花的后代 B．有色花问杂交，可能会得到白色花C．粉红花之间杂交，总是得到红花、粉红花和白花 D．粉红花间杂交，有可能只得到粉红花94．如果花的颜色由‘一个基因座的状态决定，同样是粉红花的两个植株杂交，可能得到的后代表型有哪些：(2分) A．都是粉红色B．都不是粉红色，而是一半比亲代颜色深，另一半比亲代颜色浅C．一半粉红色，一半深红色D．一半粉红色，1／4深红色，l／4白色E．全部是深红色95．如果深红色花对白色或浅红色都是湿性，一株浅红的野茉莉和一株白色的野茉莉杂交，后代全部都开深红色花，可能的原因哪个：(1分)A．基因突变 B．回复突变 C．叠加效应 D．基因互补 E．被其他花粉污染。
96．有时候，个别粉红色和浅红色的花朵上出现少数门色斑，而大红和深红色花朵上从来没有发现过这种现象，以F说法正确的有哪些：(2分)A．粉红和浅红是隐性性状，大红和深红是湿性性状B．粉红和浅红很可能是杂合体，其中一个等位基斟控制白色表型2 / 14C．是基因抑制的结果D．有可能是体细胞发生重组E．可能是转座子活动的结果97．有时候，为数不少的白色花朵上出现很多红色斑，以下说法正确的有：(1分)A．是回复突变的结果 B．白花植株是杂合体，其中一个等位基因控制红色表型C．是基因互补的结果 D．有可能是体细胞发生重组 E．可能是转座子活动的结果98．如果花的颜色由一个基因座的状态决定。
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怎样检测某生物个体某性状是否可以遗传，如果可以遗传的话，遗传规律是什么？设计杂交试验进行检测？
第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions） 1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？） 这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。这是一个必问的问题。考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历 史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者 MBA。下面是一 个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。大学期 间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重 要的是要确信顾客能够满意。不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。我很有竞争意识，力求 完美对我很重要。” In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in. As a college student, I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily. The sale was important, but for me, it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied. It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them. I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.
【全国百所名校定向保录】 【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
考博详解与指导
遗传学
一、名词解释（3*Байду номын сангаас）
表现度 霍。尔效应 花瓣位置效应 高频重组菌株 第二代分子标记 性染色体-常染色体性别决定假说 密码子的兼并性 操纵子
二、简答题（14*4=56）
1、基因定点诱变的方法及原理，至少两种 2、基因突变检测的方法，至少三种 3.数量性状的概念及广义狭义遗传力，主要计算方法 4.体细胞遗传学的概念及应用，如何应用于人类基因定位
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【全国百所名校定向保录】 【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
2、 What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后 5 年内你想做些什么？） 你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。你可以事先和其他的 MBA 交流一番。问问他们在毕业后在公司的头 5 年都 做了些什么。可以这样回答：“我希望能在我的职位上尽力做好工作，由于在同一领域工作的许多人都被提 为区域负责人，所以我亦有此打算。” I hope to do my best I can be at my job and because many in this line of work are promoted to area manager, I am planning on that also. 3. What is your greatest strength?（你最突出的优点是什么？） 这是很多面试考官喜欢问的一个问题，这是你"展示自己"的最佳机会，不要吹嘘自己或过于自负，但要让雇 主知道你相信自己，你知道自己的优点。如可答：“我认为我最大的优点是能够执着地尽力把事情办好。当 做完一件工作而其成果又正合我的预想时，我会有一种真正的成就感。我给自己定了一些高目标。比如说， 我要成为出色的毕业生。尽管在大学一年级时我启动慢了些，但最终我以优等论文完成了学业。” I feel that my strongest asset is my ability to stick to things to get them done. I feel a real sense of accomplishment when I finish a job and it turns out just as I’d planned. I’ve set some high goals for myself. For example, I want to graduate with highest distinction. And even though I had a slow start in my freshman year, I made up for it by doing an honor’s thesis. 4. What is your greatest weakness?（你最大的弱点是什么？） 你不应该说你没有任何弱点，以此来回避这个问题。每个人都有弱点，最佳策略是承认你的弱点，但同时 表明你在予以改进，并有克服弱点的计划。可能的话，你可说出一项可能会给公司带来好处的弱点，如可 说：“我是一个完美主义者。工作做得不漂亮，我是不会撒手的。” I''m such a perfectionist that I will not stop until a job is well done. 5. How do you feel about your progress to date?"（对于你至今所取得的进步你是怎样看的？） 绝不要对你以前的所作所为表示内疚。如可答：“我认为我在学校表现不错。事实上，有好几门功课我的成 绩居全班第一。在某公司实习时，我获得了该公司数年来给予其雇员的好几项最高评价。” I think I did well in school. In fact, in a number of courses I received the highest exam scores in the class. As an intern for the X Company, I received some of the highest evaluations that had been given in years. 第二部分、其他常见问题 6.Why did you choose peking university? 7.Why did you choose MBA? 8.What would you like to be doing five years after graduation? 9.What has been your greatest accomplishment? 10.Describe your greatest strengths and weaknesses. 11.What have you learned from the jobs you have held? 三、行为面试问题（Sample Behavioral Interview Questions）: 12.Describe the best/worst team of which you have been a member. 13Tell me about a time when your course load was heaviest. How did you get all of your work done? 14.Give me a specific example of a time when you sold someone on an idea or concept. 15.Tell me about a time when you were creative in solving a problem. 16.Describe a time when you got co-workers or classmates who dislike each other to work together. 17.Tell me about a time when you made a bad decision. 四、压力面试问题（Sample Stress Interview Questions）: 18.What kinds of people do you find it difficult to work with? 19.What are some of the things you find difficult to do? 20.How would you evaluate me as an interviewer?
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【全国百所名校定向保录】 【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
21.What interests you least about MBA? 22.How do you handle rejection? 23.What is the worst thing you have heard about our school? 24.See this pen I''m holding. Sell it to me. 五、案例面试问题（Sample Case Interview Questions）: 25.A chain of grocery stores currently receives its stock on a decentralized basis. Each store deals independently with its suppliers. The president of the chain is wondering whether the firm can benefit from a centralized warehouse. What are the key considerations in making this decision? A magazine publisher is trying to decide how many magazines she should deliver to each individual distribution outlet in order to maximize profits. She has extensive historical sales volume data for each of the outlets. How should she determine delivery quantities? 六、非常规问题： 26.It is the 15th Century. How do convince the Pope that the Earth is round? 27. If I gave you an elephant, where would you hide it? 28. Why are soda cans tapered on the top and bottom? 29. How much RAM does a PC need to run Windows95? 30. You are in a boat on a fresh water lake. In your hand is a rock. You throw the rock into the lake. How is the lake''s water level affected? 31. If it rained music, what would grow? 32. Describe your best friend and what he or she does for a living. 33. In what ways are you similar or different from your best friend? 34.What are your career''s strengths and how do you capitalize on them? 35. Are you a happy person? 36. According to JRM, Jr., a fast growing software company asked this question... You have a wealthy aunt who weighs 300 pounds. Tell me how you would redesign her toilet. 七、其他常见的英语面试问题： 37.Would you please make a brief introduction about yourself? 38.Why did you take the MBA examination? Would you please say something about the currently MBA program in China? 39.Why do you choose RENMIN University to study MBA? Tell me a little about RENMIN University form your understanding. 40.How do the people around you review MBA? 41.What’s the difference between MBA program at home and abroad? 42.If you failed this time what will you do in the near future? 43.Why do you want to be a part of MBA students? 44.Why do you think you are qualified for MBA program? 45.Do you have a career plan in 5 years? 46.Do you have a study plan if you were accepted as a MBA student? 47.What’s your opinion about the requirement that a MBA student must have working experience? 48.How do you define marketing or management? 49.Do you think English is quite important in MBA study? Why? 50.Do you think MBA training courses will help you a lot in your future life? Why? 51.What do you want to do after your MBA study?