整理后的经贸知识英语复习

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外贸实务英语期末备考总结

外贸实务英语期末备考总结Firstly, I have learned about the process of exporting and importing goods. Exporting is the act of selling goods or services produced in one country to another country. Importing, on the other hand, is the act of buying goods or services from another country. The process of exporting and importing involves various steps, including market research, product selection, international contract negotiation, customs clearance, and transportation logistics. Throughout the semester, we have studied each of these steps in detail, which has provided me with a comprehensive understanding of how goods are traded internationally.Next, I have gained knowledge about international trade policies and regulations. International trade is governed by a complex set of laws and regulations at both the national and international levels. These regulations aim to promote fair trade practices, protect domestic industries, and ensure the safety and quality of traded goods. Some of the key regulations that we have studied include import and export licensing, customs duties, trade barriers, and trade agreements. Understanding these regulations is crucial for businesses to comply with the law and minimize trade risks.Moreover, I have learned about the various strategies used by businesses to expand their overseas markets. One such strategy is market entry modes, which refers to the ways in which companies enter foreign markets. There are several market entry modes, including exporting, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, and foreign direct investment. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and businesses need to carefully evaluate their options based on factors such as market characteristics, financial resources, and risk tolerance. Additionally, we have also learned about marketing strategies for international markets, including market segmentation, positioning, branding, and distribution. These strategies help businesses adapt to the unique characteristics of foreign markets and achieve competitive advantage.Throughout the semester, I have also gained practical skills in foreign trade practice. We have participated in various simulation exercises and case studies, where we have had the opportunity to apply our knowledge to real-world trade scenarios. These practical exercises have improved my problem-solving abilities, analytical skills, and decision-making capabilities. Additionally, I have also learned valuable communication skills, as foreign trade practice often involves negotiating with international partners, resolving conflicts, and building strong business relationships.In conclusion, the study of foreign trade practice has provided me with a comprehensive understanding of the processes, regulations, and strategies involved in international trade. I have gained knowledge about the process of exporting and importing goods, international trade policies and regulations, and the strategies used by businesses to expand their overseas markets. I have also developed practical skills in problem-solving, analytical thinking, and communication. Overall, I believe that the knowledge and skills I have gained in this subject will be valuable in my future career in international trade.。

国际贸易专业英语整理

国际贸易专业英语整理第一篇：国际贸易专业英语整理可能出翻译(1)FOB: Free on Board(…named port of shipment)装运港船上交货（……指定装运港）“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at thenamed port of shipment.（2）CFR: Cost and Freight(…named port of destination)成本加运费（……指定目的港）“Cost and Freight” means that the seller is responsible for chartering a liner and loading the goods on the liner at the stipulated time in the contract.（3）CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight(…named port of destination)成本、保险加运费（……指定目的港）“Cost Insurance and Freight” means that the seller has the obligations to procure marine insurance against the risks of losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage.1.The theory ofcomparative advantageAlthough Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it(or would it)trade ?尽管斯密的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。

经贸英语阅读完整复习资料.doc

U11、信用紧缩的后果之一就是贫富差距进一步扩大。

As a consequence,,the credit crunch widened the disparity between the wealthy and the rest 3、次债危机过后，很多人已难以获得按揭贷款。

After subprime meltdown,getting a mortgage has been put out of the reach of many people.U23、金融吃紧，很可能会波及欧元区的经济弱国，进而对意大利形成潜在威胁。

The financial strains could become systemic across the weaker members of the eurozone ,and infecting potentially even Italy.4、商业银行包销了日本政府为减缓地震恐慌而发行的国债。

The commercial banks underwrote all the bonds issued by Japanese government against the earthquake. Panic.U32、这家设计公司把所有的计算技术工作都报给别家公司去做。

The projecting firm outsources all its computing work.3、供过于求，造成产品大量积压。

Production has outpaced demand,and a lot of products have been lying in the stock.U41、今年全国产出上涨远远高于趋势增长率。

National output has risen well above its trend trend rate this year.4、许多企业正试图利用繁荣的股市来募集扩张资金。

国际贸易实务复习重点中英文全套

国际贸易实务复习重点中英⽂全套08级国贸资料整理Chapter 1 General introductionLearning objectives:Define international tradeExplain the reasons for international tradeIdentify the benefits of international tradeExplain the major categories of international tradeTell the differences between domestic trade and international tradeDefinition of international tradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and service between nations. Reasons for international trade1) Resource reasons:a. Uneven distribution of natural resources;b. Development of human and technologicalresources2) Economic reasons:i.e. economic benefits3) Other reasons:A. Political objectivesB. Diversification of the productC. Consumers’requirementsBenefits of international tradeEconomic growthCheaper goods or servicesGreater varietyDifferences between international trade and domestic tradeDifferent language and cultureDifferent currencyDifferent legal system and policiesDifferent risk levelsDifferent difficulties and managementClassification of international tradeExport tradeImport tradeTransit tradeDirect tradeIndirect tradeEntrepot tradeVisible tradeInvisible tradeBarter tradeFree-liquidation tradeChapter 2 International Trade TermsThink about it:●按FOB条件达成的合同，凡需租船运输的⼤宗货物，应在合同中具体证明（）A. 装船费⽤由谁负担B. 卸货费⽤由谁负担C. 保险费⽤由谁负担●当我在进⼝合同中使⽤FOBST条件或在出⼝合同中使⽤CIF ex ship’s hold条件时，在使⽤班轮运输船的情况下，我是否有权向对⽅收回装货费或卸货费？为什么？●我某出⼝公司按CIF条件向德国某进⼝商出⼝⼀批草帽，向中国⼈民保险公司投保了⼀切险，并规定⽤信⽤证⽅式⽀付。

《经贸知识英语》复习小结

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ｃｍｐｕｄｄｔｓ（ｘｕｉ）复税）ａｅｏｏｎｕｉｍｉｅｄｔｓ（ｅｄｅ：ｔｘｓ
ｌｖｅｎｇｚｄｃｏｄｎｏｌ）ｈｉｒｅｅｉｏｃ）ｓａｃｒｉｇｔｘｔｔｐｉ．ｄｓｃ
ｄａｂｃ（税）ｕｉａｎｉｏｔｃｔｒｗａｋ退：ｄｔｐｉｏｓｅｄｍｐｒｅｇｘｓｄｘｓｅｔｒｇｎｅｉｎ
在进口关税下面有若干术语表明关税的类型，应明白每一术语的意思。ｓｅｉｃ从量税）ａｅｖｅｎｇｘｓｃｏｄｎｐｃｆ（ｉ：ｔｘｌｉｏｃｔａｃｒｉｇｓｅｄｘ
ｎｔｎｌｏｎａｉｏｉｃｕｅｔｒｍｏｅｉｄｐｎｅｔａｉａｕｄｒｅｔｌｄｗｏｏｒｅｅｄｎｏｂｓｎｎ
ｎａ［ＩＩＳ．ＯＩ
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Ｔａｉａｉｓ关税壁垒）ｒｈｋｏｒｆｒｅ（ｆｂｒａｅｔｅｍｃｔｃｍｍｏｓｎ
ｆｒｓｏｒｄｅｔｉｔｎｏｍｆｔｅｒｓｒｉ．ａｃｏ

国际贸易英语知识点总结

国际贸易英语知识点总结一、国际贸易术语（Incoterms）1. FOB (Free on Board)- 含义：卖方在指定的装运港将货物装上买方指定的船只后，卖方即完成交货义务。

风险在货物越过船舷时转移给买方。

- 示例：We offer the goods FOB Shanghai.（我们提供上海港船上交货价的货物。

）- 相关费用：卖方负责将货物运至装运港船上之前的一切费用，包括国内运输、装卸等费用；买方负责从装运港到目的港的运费、保险费等。

2. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责支付货物成本、保险费和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。

- 示例：The price is quoted CIF New York.（价格报的是纽约港到岸价。

）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物到达目的港之前的成本、保险费和运费；买方负责卸货后的费用，如进口关税等。

风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。

3. CFR (Cost and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责货物成本和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。

与CIF相比，不包含保险费。

- 示例：We can supply the goods CFR London.（我们可以供应伦敦港成本加运费价的货物。

）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物运至目的港的成本和运费，买方负责保险费及卸货后的费用。

风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。

二、商务信函写作。

1. 信头（Letterhead）- 包含公司名称、地址、联系方式（电话、传真、电子邮箱等）。

- 例如：ABC Company.123 Main Street, New York, NY 10001.Tel: +1 - 212 - 1234567.Fax: +1 - 212 - 1234568.Email:*******************.2. 称呼（Salutation）- 如果知道对方姓名，用“Dear Mr./Ms. + 姓氏”，如“Dear Mr. Smith”；如果不知道具体姓名，可用“Dear Sir/Madam”或者“To Whom It May Concern”。

外贸口语知识点总结英文

外贸口语知识点总结英文一、询盘1. Hi, I’m writing to inquire about your products.2. Could you please send me more information about your goods?3. I’m interested in your (product name). Can you provide more details?4. Can you give me a quotation for (product name)?5. What’s your best price for (product name)?6. Do you have a catalog or price list for your products?二、报盘1. Thank you for your inquiry. We are pleased to offer you the following quotation.2. Please find attached our price list/catalog for your reference.3. The price we quoted is based on (terms of payment, delivery, etc.).4. We can also offer you a discount if you place a large order.5. The quoted price is valid for (time period).6. We can offer you a sample for testing.三、订单确认1. We are satisfied with your quotation and would like to place an order.2. Please send us a proforma invoice for the order.3. We will pay by (terms of payment).4. Could you give us an estimated delivery time?5. We look forward to doing business with you.四、支付方式1. We can accept payment by T/T, L/C, Western Union, etc.2. We require a 30% deposit before production and the balance before shipment.3. The payment terms are negotiable based on the order amount.4. The payment should be made in US dollars or Euros.五、货物提运1. We have arranged the shipment of your order.2. The goods will be delivered to your designated port.3. The tracking number will be provided once the goods are shipped.4. Please confirm the receipt of the goods when they arrive.六、质量检验1. We have received the goods and they are in good condition.2. We are satisfied with the quality of the products.3. There are some defects in the goods. We request a replacement.4. We will conduct a quality inspection upon receipt of the goods.七、投诉处理1. We are unsatisfied with the quality of the products received.2. We request a refund for the defective goods.3. We hope you can rectify the problem and improve the quality of your products.4. We expect better service in the future to avoid similar issues.八、市场营销1. We would like to introduce our new product line to you.2. We are offering a special promotion for our products this month.3. We are interested in becoming your distributor in our region.4. We would like to explore opportunities for collaboration with your company. 以上是一些常见的外贸口语知识点，希望对您有所帮助。

外刊经贸知识选读

One1.pattern (n.)式样，样品，方式，方针1）These patterns are quite popular in the international market.这些产品的款式是目前国际市场上比较流行的。

2）A complete range of patterns was sent to you by express airmail yesterday.全套样品已于昨天以航空特快寄给贵方。

3）Each trade in each country has its own patterns of sales channels.任何国家的任何交易都有它自己的销售渠道方式。

4）There patterns of trade are changing.这些贸易方针正在变化。

2.contract (n.)合同，合约1）Contracts have been signed but work hasn’t begun yet.合同已经签订，但工程还没开始。

2）We will have the contract ready for signature.我们将备好合约待签。

(v.)缩小，收缩1）The volume of foreign trade contracted sharply during past two years.过去两年间，对外贸易额大幅下降。

2）Matals contract as they become cool.金属冷却则收缩。

3.account (n.)账目，账户，账单，会计科目1）The account will be used for payment under letters of credit,collection orders and remittances. 本账户用于信用证，托收和汇款的结算。

2）The account sales of your parcel shall be forwarded in my next letter.贵公司寄售商品的销售账单，我们将于下次函寄。

外刊经贸知识选读复习要点

Lesson One China in the Market Place一、术语：manufactured goods 制成品capital equipment 资本货物balance of payments 国际收支current account 经常项目visible trade account 有形贸易项目invisible trade account 无形贸易项目trade surplus 贸易顺差trade deficit 贸易逆差barter 易货贸易compensation trade 补偿贸易counter-trade 反向贸易assembly manufacturing 组装生产industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税joint venture 合资企业deferred payment 延期付款buyer credit 买方信贷supplier credit 卖方信贷soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款）MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系NI: National Income 国民收入GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体EU: European Union 欧洲联盟FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资二、词语释义：exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化disrupt: interrupt 中断in the wake of: following 继┉之后breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的run-down: reductionmount exhibitions: hold exhibitionsinsofar as: to the extent 在┉范围之内bottlenecks: obstacles; problems that retard or halt free movement or progress三、句子翻译：Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese ec onomy has caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978, placing undue strain on the na tional economy.官方认为，外国技术可在中国经济现代化中起重要作用，这导致了1978年中国的进口增加了50%以上，从而给国民经济带来了重压。

英语专业国贸知识点汇总全

Chapter 5Licenses 许可证 Formalities 手续 Delivery 发货 Document 单证Duty=tariff 关税 Customs formalities 海关手续 Customs clearance 清关International chamber of commerce 国际商会EXW Ex Works (…named place)工厂交货 FCA Free Carrier 货交承运人（……指定地点）FAS --- Free Alongside Ship 船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB, Free on Board (…Named port of Shipment) 指定装运港船上交货FOB Liner terms 班轮条件 FOB under tackle 吊钩下交货 FOB stowed 并理舱 FOB trimmed 并平舱CFR (COST AND FREIGHT ，…NAMED PORT OF DESTINA TION)成本加运费(……指定目的港)CFR liner terms 班轮条件 CFR landed 岸上交货 CFR ex-ship ’s hold 船底交货 CIF (COST ，INSURANCE AND FREIGHT ，…NAMED PORT OF DESTINA TION)成本加保险费、运费(……指定目的港)CPT(carriage paid to (d place of destination)) 运费付至.（..指定目的地）CIP(carriage and insurance paid d of destination)运费和保险付至...指定目的地 Instant notice 及时通知Chapter 6Sales by Sample 凭样品买卖Representative samples 代表性样品 Sale by buyer ’s sample 凭买方样品买卖 Return sample 回样 Counter sample 对等样品 Sealed sample 密封的样品 Reference sample 参考样品 Sales by specification/grade/standard 凭规格/等级/标准买卖 Sales by brand or trademark 凭品牌买卖Sales by description, drawing or diagram 凭说明书或图表买卖 F.A.Q(fair average quality)良好平均品质G .M.Q(good ,merchantable quality)良好可销品质Metric system 公制 The British System 英制 The U.S System 美制 International Measurement Conference 国际度量衡协会 International System of Units(SI) 国际单位制By gross weight 按毛重计算 By net weight 按净重计算 By actual tare 按实际皮重 By average tare 按平均皮重 By customary tare 按习惯皮重 By computed tare 按约定皮重、 Gross for net 以毛作净 By conditioned weight 按公量计算 By theoretical weight 按理论计算 More or less clause 溢短装条约Chapter 7Conference line vessels 班轮工会船 Non- conference line vessels 非班轮工会船 Tramp ships 定期远洋货轮 V oyage charter 定程租船 Charter ships 租船 Dead freight 空舱费要背出来哦Lay days 装卸货时数Demurrage charter 滞期费Dispatch money 速遣费Time charter 定期租船Bare boat charter 光船租船Surcharge 附加运费Bill of lading 提单Chapter 8Insurer 保险人Perils of sea 海上风险The insured 被保险人insurance applicant 投保人Insurance broker 经纪人claimant 索赔者Coverage 险种percentage of addition 投保加成率Extraneous risks 外来风险Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accident 意外事故General Extraneous risks 一般外来风险Special Extraneous risks 特殊外来风险A verage 海损Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total loss 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失General average 共同海损Particular average 单独海损Sue and labor expenses 所谓施救费用Salvage charges 救助费用FPA(free from particular average)平安险WPA(with particular average)水渍险All risks 一切险、General additional risks 一般附加险Special additional risks 特殊附加险Additional coverage 附加险Premium 保险费Insurance policy 保单Insurance claim 索赔Insurance amount 保险金额Premium rate 保费率Chapter9Cost of production 生产成本selling and delivery costs 销售运送成本Domestic charges 国内费overseas freight 海运费Customs duties 关税commission 佣金Discount 折扣plain commission 明佣Secret commission 暗佣commission rate 佣金率Net price 净价c-included price 含佣价Unit price 单价total amount 总值Chapter 10Amount of payment 支付金额payment currency 支付货币Depreciate 贬值appreciate 增值Evaluation currency 估价货币convertible currency 可交换的货币Bill of exchange/draft/bill 汇票promissory note 本票Drawer 出票人drawee 受票人Payee 收款人drawing =to issue 出票Endorsement 背书blank endorsement 空白背书Special Endorsement 特别背书Restrictive Endorsement 限定性背书General Endorsement 一般背书finance under bills of exchange 汇票的融资Without recourse 无追索权prior party 前手Conditional endorsement 有条件的背书endorser 背书人Presentment 提示acceptance 承兑Dishonor 拒付recourse 追索Protest 据证书right of recourse 追索权Bona fide holder 合法持有人sight draft 即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票banker’s draft/bank draft 银行汇票Commercial bill/trader’s bill 商业票据documentary bill 跟单汇票Clean bill 光票汇票discounting 贴现Net proceeds 净收入forfeiting 罚金打款Commercial promissory note 商业本票banker’s promissory note 银行本票Checque 支票transfer check 转账支票Crossed check 划线支票remittance 汇付Collection 托付letter of credit 信用证Favorable exchange 顺付adverse exchange 逆付Bank guarantee 银行担保the remitting bank 汇出行The remitter 汇款人the paying bank 汇入行Beneficiary 受益行mail transfer M/T信汇Telegraphic transfer T/T电汇demand draft D/D票汇Open account 赊销payment in advance 预付货款Principal 委托人卖方remitting bank 托收行Collecting bank 代收行the presenting bank 提示行Customer’s representative in case of need 必要时的代理Documents against payment D/P付款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单D/P at days after sight 见票后几天后付款trust receipt 信托收据Documents against acceptance D/A承兑交单applicant 开证申请人Issuing bank 开证行advising bank 通知银行Revocable documentary credit 可撤销的信用证the irrevocable documentary credit 不可撤销的信用证the confirmed irrevocable documentary credit 保兑不可撤销信用证the negotiation 议付SWIFT 环球同业银行金融电讯协会trade association 贸易联合会Cash check 现金支票notory public 公证机关贸易术语贸易术语主要运费风险转移界限出口报关责任费用谁负担进口报关...运费方式EXW 买方商品所在地（工厂）交货买方处置时买方买方任何方式FCA 买方出口国内地货交承运人处置时卖方买方任何方式FAS 买方装运港货交船边后卖方买方水上运输FOB 买方货物越过装运港船舷卖方买方水上运输CFR 卖方货物越过装运港船舷卖方买方水上运输CIF 卖方货物越过装运港船舷卖方买方水上运输非常重要CPT 卖方出口国内地，港口货交卖方承运处置时卖方买方任何方式CIP 卖方出口国内地，港口货交卖方承运处置时卖方买方任何方式1.EXW (Ex-works…named place——工厂交货……指定地)使用方式：各种运输方式该术语是指卖方在其所在处所（工厂或仓库等）将货物提供给买方时，即履行了交货义务。

外贸交易知识点总结英文

外贸交易知识点总结英文International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It is an important aspect of the global economy and can have a significant impact on a country's economic growth and development. Here are some key points to consider when engaging in international trade:1. Trade Agreements and Tariffs- Trade agreements are formal agreements between two or more countries to facilitate and promote trade and economic cooperation. These agreements may include provisions for reducing or eliminating tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers.- Tariffs are taxes or duties imposed on imported goods and are used to protect domestic industries and generate revenue for the government. Tariffs can have a significant impact on the cost and availability of goods in the importing country.2. Exporting and Importing- Exporting is the sale of goods and services to foreign markets, while importing is the purchase of goods and services from foreign markets. Both exporting and importing can provide opportunities for businesses to expand their customer base and increase revenue.- Exporting and importing require careful consideration of regulations, documentation, and logistics. It is important for businesses to understand the legal and logistical requirements for international trade in order to avoid potential pitfalls and ensure smooth transactions.3. Currency Exchange and Exchange Rates- Currency exchange is the conversion of one currency into another for the purpose of trade or investment. Exchange rates represent the value of one currency relative to another and can fluctuate based on a variety of factors, including economic conditions and geopolitical events.- Fluctuations in exchange rates can have a significant impact on the cost and profitability of international trade. Businesses engaged in international trade should monitor exchange rates and consider strategies to manage currency risk, such as hedging and forward contracts.4. Trade Finance- Trade finance refers to the financial instruments and products that facilitate international trade, such as letters of credit, trade finance loans, and export credit insurance. These financial tools can help businesses mitigate the risks associated with international trade and access the capital needed to support their trade activities.- Trade finance can be complex and requires a thorough understanding of international trade regulations and financial practices. Businesses should work with experienced financial and legal professionals to navigate the complexities of trade finance and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations.5. Trade Compliance and Documentation- International trade is subject to a variety of regulations and documentation requirements, including customs declarations, import and export licenses, and compliance with trade sanctions and embargoes. Non-compliance with these requirements can result in significant penalties and legal consequences.- Businesses engaged in international trade should have robust compliance programs in place to ensure adherence to applicable laws and regulations. This may include engaging with customs brokers, legal counsel, and trade compliance experts to navigate the complexities of international trade regulations and documentation.6. Market Research and Cultural Considerations- Before entering a new international market, businesses should conduct thorough market research to understand the local demand, competitive landscape, and cultural considerations. Cultural differences can have a significant impact on business practices, communication, and consumer behavior.- Businesses should be mindful of cultural nuances and adapt their marketing and business strategies accordingly to effectively engage with customers in international markets. This may include tailoring product offerings, marketing messaging, and business practices to align with local customs and preferences.7. Risk Management and Insurance- International trade involves various risks, including political, economic, and commercial risks. Businesses should consider strategies to mitigate these risks, such as obtaining trade credit insurance, political risk insurance, and commercial risk insurance.- Effective risk management is critical to the success of international trade operations. Businesses should assess and quantify their risk exposure and implement strategies to mitigate and transfer risk. This may include working with insurance providers, legal counsel, and risk management experts to develop a comprehensive risk management strategy.8. Intellectual Property Protection- Intellectual property rights, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights, are essential for protecting innovation and creativity in international trade. Businesses should understand the importance of intellectual property protection and take steps to safeguard their intellectual assets in international markets.- Intellectual property infringement is a significant risk in international trade, particularly in regions with weak intellectual property enforcement. Businesses should take proactive measures to protect their intellectual property, including obtaining patents and trademarks, enforcing their rights through legal channels, and working with local counsel to navigate intellectual property regulations in foreign markets.9. Ethical and Social Responsibility- Businesses engaged in international trade should uphold ethical and social responsibility standards throughout their operations. This may include adhering to fair labor practices, sustainability initiatives, and responsible sourcing and manufacturing practices.- Ethical and social responsibility considerations are increasingly important in international trade, as consumers and stakeholders demand transparency and accountability from businesses. Companies should implement ethical and socially responsible practices in their international operations and communicate these efforts to their stakeholders.In conclusion, international trade presents significant opportunities for businesses to expand their reach and access new markets. However, navigating the complexities of international trade requires careful consideration of trade regulations, financial practices, risk management, and ethical considerations. Businesses should work with experienced professionals and stakeholders to develop a comprehensive international trade strategy and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. By approaching international trade with a thorough understanding of its complexities and risks, businesses can maximize the benefits of global trade and position themselves for success in the international marketplace.。

大三经贸英语复习重点--翻译

Text 11.Politicians in rich and poor countries have seized on recent price spikes as proof that free farm trade is a risky business and self-sufficiency, a worthy goal.2.For years reformers have advocated freer trade on the grounds that market distortions，particularly the rich world’s subsidies, depress prices and hurt rural areas in poor countries，where three—quarters of the world’s indigent live．3. The lavishness of farm subsidies means that the net effect of fully freeing trade would be to raise prices，by an average of 5.5％for primary farm products and 1.3％for processed goods，according to the World Bank．4. Such trade brings broader benefits：even if higher prices for staples exacerbate poverty in some countries，at least in the short term，the effect may be outweighed by increased demand for other farm exports，such as processed goods，as rich countries cut tariffs．5. Removing rich—country subsidies on staple goods，the focus of much debate in the Doha round，may be less useful in the fight against poverty than cutting tariffs would be．Text 21. It cannot be blamed on“crony capitalism”in peripheral economies，but world economy rather on irresponsibility in the core of the core of the world economy.2. It took foolish borrowers，foolish investors and clever intermediaries，who persuaded the former to borrow what they could not afford and the latter to invest in what they did not understand．3. In fact，even the borrowers might not have been foolish：if one owns nothing，it may be quite sensible to speculate on ever-rising house prices in the knowledge that personal bankruptcy is always a way out．4. Although this episode appears to have been triggered largely by heightened concerns about subprime mortgages，global financial losses have far exceeded even the most pessimistic projections of credit losses on those loans．5. Investor uncertainty has increased significantly，as the difficulty of evaluating the risks of structured products that can be opaque or have complex pay-offs has become more evident．6. as in many episodes of financial stress，uncertainty about possible forced sales by leveraged participants and a higher cost of risk capital seem to have made investors hesitant to take advantage of possible buying opportunities．7. They have two classic functions：to ensure inflation and deflation；and to provide liquidity to an illiquid financial systems.8. Good reasons can still be advanced for shifting exposure from the balance sheets of thinly capitalized banks to those of better capitalized outside investors．9. In the short run, securitized debt is likely to contract，as existing debt is paid down or written off．In the longer term, intermediaries will have to find a way to make their products more transparent to the buyers．10. But paternalists may require minimum down payments or the abolition of “teaser" interest rates and other devices that encouraged ordinary people to borrow more than they could afford．11. Restrictions would have to be imposed on products sold or on the ability of guaranteed financial institutions to engage in off-balance-sheet transactions．12. It showed the normal pattern of rising prices of assets，expanding credit，speculation, excess, then falling prices，default and finally panic．Text31.Trade protectionism，emblematic of the destructive economic policies followed in the Great Depression of the 1930s，has been remarkably absent since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008．2. But with high unemployment in the rich countries and renewed threats of economic weakness across the global economy，experts and policy makers are becoming less sanguine that the beast will remain deep in slumber.3. The world trading system did not settle down to low levels of protectionism after the spike in beggar·-thy—neighbor policies in 2009.4. The extent of trade restrictions remains hard to quantify：many involve changes in 1icensimg or regulation rather than more easily—measured actions such as anti—dumping and countervailing(anti—subsidy)duties on imports．5. The WTO’s dispute settlement system is being called into action to mediate disagreements particularly about whether a widespread resort to emergency blocks on tariffs contravenes international 1aw．6. The US，where the Obama administration recently brought its first case against India at the WTO，is also fighting a resolute legal battle against China，defending its method of imposing antidumping and countervailing duties．7. And over the whole world trading system hangs the biggest cause of tension-the threat of the global economy slipping back into recession，increasing pressure on governments to favour domestic companies in an attempt to keep jobs at home·8. The longer that economic weakness endures, the more trade restrictions become a permanent part of the environment. The 1esson of the Depression is that，once in place，restrictions become increasingly difficult to reverse．Text 41. They attributed the slowdown to the global economy losing momentum due to a number of shocks，including the European sovereign debt crisis2. A significant braking of trade expansion had been forecast for 2011，but multiple economic setbacks during the year dampened growth beyond expectations and led to a stronger than anticipated easing in the fourth quarter．3. The WTO has so far deterred economic nationalism，but the sluggish pace of recovery raises concerns that a steady trickle of restrictive trade measures could gradually undermine the benefits of trade openness．4. These include a steeper than expected downturn in Europe，financial contagion related to the sovereign debt crisis，rapidly rising oil prices，and geopolitical risks．Text51. This kind of dichotomy--market returns that may not accurately reflect the underlying economy--actually Occurs rather often，and it poses a ticklish problem，both for professional money managers and for the rest of us．2. if you focus on the economy and find that it’s weak，you might think it wise to lighten the risk in your portfolio and concentrate on protecting your assets．On the other hand，if you focus on themarket’s momentum and believe stocks are likely to keep climbing，you might try to ride that wave until it crests．3. But if you look at both the economy and the market，and believe both that the economy is weak and that the market’s momentum is upward，you may not be entirely comfortable with any course of action．4. The first of these is “the Fed”-- meaning the Federal Reserve and other central banks around the world, which have adopted extraordinarily accommodative monetary policies and committed to redoubling their efforts if economic growth falters．Text71.Banks already conduct transactions in euros；checks，credit transfers and direct debits can be denominated in them；equities are priced in euros；and foreign exchange dealers trade in euros．2. Companies operating within the euro zone have already enjoyed a reduction in many of their costs．particularly in treasury management，foreign exchange transactions and through the elimination of much foreign exchange risk．3. With the conversion to euro notes and coins however，increased price transparency should trigger strong competition in some sectors so，the cost to consumers of certain goods in certain markets may have to fall．Businesses also face one-ff costs in the changing of equipment and staff training．4. However, critics of the euro feel that handing over control of interest rates and exchange rate policy to the ECB mean that action is taken centrally which is inappropriate for the economies in which companies operate．The launching of euro and the completion of the EMU will be instrumental in reshaping the international monetary system，principally by making it more balanced and symmetrical．5.The use of single currency will better coordinate the economic policies of its Member States，which in turn will contribute to a more pronounced economic status of the euro area comparable to that of the US and larger than that of Japan．6.Owing to the disappearance of tensions between European currencies，the economic performance of the euro zone will be less sensitive to exchange rate fluctuations7.With the completion of EMU，the European financial market will become truly integrated with the implementation of an efficient trans—border payment system．The recent agreement clinched by the ECB to finalize the deadline for lowering the charges and commission rates for trans—border transactions and capital transfer can serve as a case in point．8.The euro should constitute an important reserve currency and play a key role in portfolios of financial assets on an international scale．9.European economic policies should，in light of its aim to foster easy monetary conditions and maintain appropriate exchange rates，merit close attention as a valuable source of reference in international economic affairs．10,The representation of the EMU within international institutions such as the IMF is a matter awaiting further discussions and consultations．Mechanisms of monitoring and mutual compatibility are to be highlighted．Text 101. Last October the Senate passed a bill，which has yet to pass the House，to let American companies seek duties on Chinese imports to compensate for what is said to be an undervaluation2. These include cheap labor，multinationals，outsourcing of production to China，a huge jump in productivity and China’s 2001 entry into the World Trade Organization，which limited the ability of other countries to stop its exports．3. The IMF forecasts that China’s surplus will rebound gradually to4.25 percent of the country’s output by 2017．But it noted that if the renminbi continues to gain--either through faster appreciation or sustained higher inflation—the surplus will be smaller．4. An important reason the surplus shrank in China is that the global recession clipped consumer spending in its main export markets in the United States and Europe．5. China has not adopted many of the reforms that economists suggest are needed to lay the groundwork for a new phase of development that relies 1ess on exports to other countries and depends more on the spending of the Chinese themselves．6. And China’s terms of trade will get worse as the price of energy and the other raw materials it imports keeps rising even as the electronic devices and other machines it exports keep getting cheaper．7. And weird as this may seem for a country of 1.3 billion people，China is looking at a labor shortage down the road that will start increasing wages ahead of productivity growth，eroding China’s competitive edge．8. China’s backward farm economy will continue shedding workers for a few years，adding to the urban labor force．Still，Chinese factories on the coast are haying a harder time drawing workers from the agricultural hinterland in the west．That is partly because rising food prices are raising farm incomes．9. It is also important for China—who se reliance on exports to drive employment and growth is distorting the economy，repressing consumer demand，feeding a surge in unproductive investment and loading banks with dubious loans．Text141. What is more，if oil and shipping prices stay high，many Western companies that now outsource their manufacturing to China might decide that it makes more sense to shift production closer to their customers at home．2. And this can be attributed to a number of factors，including China’s stronger currency (up almost 7％against the dollar this year)，upward pressure on domestic wages，less generous Chinese government incentives for low—end exporters and weakening foreign demand．3. Few companies will take the decision to leave China lightly，especially when no one knows if the price of oil will hit$200 or fall back to$100 in the coming months.Text 15.1. Doha Ministerial Declaration has set a clear target by making a commitment to the“objective of duty—free，quota-free market access for products originating from LDCs”Trade is one of the most important policy areas for development．2. Studies，including one recently conducted by the OECD，suggest that non-reciprocal trade preferences have generated limited(at best)economic success in terms of increasing the tradeshares of developing countries and fostering their growth and diversification．3. Factors influencing the effectiveness of trade preferences(with no particular order of importance)are：insecure market access；insufficient product coverage；excessively stringent rules of origin with respect to the industrial capacity of developing countries；poor understanding or awareness of the preferences available and the conditions attached；weak capacity；and non—trade related conditions，like infrastructure．4. At the Doha meeting two years ago，trade ministers made clear their appreciation that the development challenges facing poor countries cannot be addressed through trade negotiations alone．Several trade and development objectives have to be tackled comprehensively，such as the need to import essential materials at affordable world prices to expand exports，to enhance the ability of firms to meet the price and quality requirements of their clients，and to build the legal and physical infrastructures conducive to fostering businesses capable of fending for themselves on the global market．5.Dealing with these issues is fundamental．Trade ministers recognize the importance of greater coherence in global policymaking and have made a renewed commitment to continue working with relevant national and international agencies to help poor countries bring trade into the mainstream of their national strategies for development and poverty reduction．6. Only in this way can the complex issues of ownership and implementation of policies be resolved，so that the development benefits of trade—linked investment actually materialize and improve the lot of the poor.7. The capacity gap，however，needs to be bridged so that poor countries can fully enjoy the benefits of an open，rules-based multilateral trade system．Text 161. The problem is that although economies may have decoupled, their monetary policies have not．Whereas the greater resilience of the emerging world is a source of stability for the global economy，the monetary linkages between rich and poor economies complicate matters．2. As China and Gulf oil exporters purchased American Treasury bonds in order to hold down their currencies，this pushed down bond yields and helped to fuel the housing boom. Low yields also encouraged investors to seek higher returns in riskier assets, such as mortgage-backed securities.3.Now，those same exchange—rate policies that helped to cause America’s financial crisis are leading emerging economies to run overly loose monetary policies．4. In turn，continued surging demand in emerging economies boosts commodity prices，which reduces Americans’ spending power and SO encourages the Fed to cut rates further．The more the Fed cuts，the bigger the risk of inflation in emerging markets．5. The danger of allowing these currencies to float is that they could overshoot as foreign capital foods in，eroding competitiveness and leaving economies vulnerable to a future reversal in capital flows．。

英语经贸知识

一、英译domestic business 国内贸易ecomomic globalisation 经济全球化host country 东道主国家intellectual property 知识产权non-tariff barriers 非关税贸易壁垒portfolio investment 证券certificate deposit大额存单management contract 管理合同 contract manufacturing 承包生产Turkey project 交钥匙工程wasted interests 既得利益 BOBOT(build,operate,transfer)建设personal advancement个人晋升service industry 服务产业National product 国民产值per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值staple goods大路货 organization of economic and development 经济合作commonwealth of idpendent States 独立国家联合体 creditor country 债权国 ASEAN东南亚国家联盟 PPP（pu organization of petroleum exporting countries（OPEC）north 石油输出国组织 American free trade agre economic integration 经济一体化 common market 共同市场 sovereign state 主权国家 political entity day to day running 日常管理 the parent MNE 多国公司母公司 National economic welfare 国self-sufficient 自给自足的 farm produce 农产品 the endowments of Nature 自然禀赋 peproduction capability 生产能力 consumption preference 消费偏好 cost advantage 成本优势customs clearance 结关 EDI 电子数据交换 incoterms 国际贸易术语解释通则 destination potrade fair 交易会 international trunk call 国际长途 the business line 业务范围 forceleverage 杠杆作用 trade credit account 贸易信贷往来账户 centrally planned economy 中央计划经济 com financial market 金融市场 vertically related 纵向关联的 procession trade 加工贸易 leasing trade 租to open account 开立账户 consignment transaction 寄售交易 a usance draft 远期汇票 documentary colle periodic payments 分期付款 clean draft 光票 insurance policy 保险单 documents against acceptance 承impeccable documents 正确无误单据 correspondent bank 往来行 advising bank 通知行 confirming bank 保credit-worthiness 信誉 opening bank 开证行 the paying bank 付款行 the negotitation 议付行 partial irrevocable credit 不可撤销的信用证 sight credit 及期信用证 deferred payment credit 推迟付款信用证face value 面值 net proceeds 净值 discount charges 贴现费 non-trade settlement 非贸易结算 revolving consignor 托运人 consular invoice 领事发票 notify party 被通知人 credit terms 信用证条款 terms of p time lag 时差 claim on goods 对货物的索赔 all risks 一切险 premium 保险费 insurer 保险人 common poo settlement of a claim 理赔 freight forwarder 货运代理行 utmost good faith 最大诚信原则 valued polic exchange rate 汇率 balance of payment 收支平衡 directo quote 直接标价 buying rate 买入价 financial gold standard 金本位制 gold par value 金平价 interaction of supply and demand 供求关系变化 foreig fixed exchange rate 固定汇率 par value 平价 the international bank of reconstruction and developm reserve currency 储备货币 the special drawing right 特别提款权 favorable balance of payment 贸易顺financial resources 资金 retained capital 预留资金 grace period 宽限期、优惠期 a specialized mand the international monetary fund 国际货币基金组织 IDA the international development association 国际private sector 私营经济 tax holiday 免税期 Greenfield strategy 绿地战略 customer mobility 客户流动 VER，voluntary export restriction 自动出口限制 after-sale service 售后服务 distribution network 销售government stock 政府债券 market maker 股票经营商 standing committee 常务委员会 underlying securit long-term capital 长期资本 fixed interest stocks 定息股 SEAQ（stock，exchange，automated，quotatio the domestic equity market 国内普通股市场 the gilt-edged market 金边证券市场 the trade options mark listed market 过牌证券交易市场 VAT（value added tax）增值税 institutional investors 事业机构投资商a uniform tariff system 统一关税体系 the optional use of the resources 资源的最佳利用 a provisional non-discriminate principle 非歧视原则 export subsidy 出口补贴 escape clause 豁免条款 a new economic UNGA（united nations general assembly）联合国大会 principle of a differential treatment 差别待遇原trade and development board 贸易发展理事会 income distribution 收入分配 infrastructure基础设施 for free trade area 自由贸易区 European union 欧盟 Asia-Pacific economic co-operation（OPEC）亚太经合组shareholder股东 manufacturing facilities 生产设施 international economic environment 国际经济环境 productive resources 生产资源 ready markets 现成的市场 continued survival 持续生存 the distributi the theory of comparative advantage 比较利益理论 the multual beneficial trade 互利贸易 the reserves CIF 肩负运费保险费货架 trade terms 贸易条款 amendment to the letter of credit 修改信用证 container bill of lading 提单 quotation 报价to make an offer 发盘 the validity periodi有效期 mode of payment付bilateral agreement双边协议 barter易货贸易 vertical combination垂直合并、纵向组合 hyperinflation极go bankrupt 破产 lead to loss of business 导致损失业务 open account 记账交易 commercial letter of c confirmed credit保兑信用证 usance credit远期信用证 face value票面价值 capital turnover资金周转 con port of shipment 装运港 commercial invoice商业发票 customs invoice海关发票 consular invoice 领事发 net weight 净重 Gross weight 毛重 primitive mode of production原始的生产方式 the free movement of commercial intercourse 商业交流 margin保证金 investment in stocks股票投资 cargo insurance货物保险 vhandmaiden 起服务作用的事物 subrogation代位追偿 the doctrine of proximate近因原则 opefreight fowarder 运输代理行 utmost good faith 最大诚信（原则）life or personal accident insurance人world capital market世界资本市场 the cost of borrowing（lending）借贷成本 net earning净收入 equity IFC，international finance corporation 国际金融公司 official reserves 官方储备 voting power 投票权 stand by arrangement 备用（贷款）安排 mid-term loans 中期贷款 joint venture合资公司 acquisition并购sales volume 销售量 existing debts 现存的债务 backward equipment陈旧的设备 out-moded management pro the issue and trading of securities证券的发行与交易 a consultative mechanism协商机制 bilateral nemultilateral trade system多边贸易体系 the general agreement on tariff and trade关税及贸易总协定 technology transfer技术转让 commodity agreement商品协议 preferential优惠关税 the new internation compensatory measures补偿措施 collaboration 合作二、barrier——things that prevents or controls progress or movement；hindrancelicence——official document showing that permission has been given to own，use or do something；pe patent——the right to be the only maker and seller of articleprofit——money left over as earning after all expences have been paidfranchise——formal permission to sell a company‘s goods or services in a particular area potentia——what sb. Or sth. Is capable ofclue——fact，idea，etc. that suggest a possible answer to a problemspur——to urge or encourageproximity——nearnesshemisphere——half a sphere；half the earthwitness——be present at and see；give evidence ofautonomy——self-government,freemdomlandmark——event，Discovery，change,etc. that marks a stage or turning-pointveto——right to reject or forbid somethingcommissioner——member of a commission，sep. one with particular dutiesacclaim——welcome with shouts of approval；applaud loudlyadverse——unfavorable；contrary or hostilecontroversial——likely to cause controversypredominance——superiority in strength，numbers，etc.intervene——interfere so as to prevent sth. Or change the resultdistribution——the movement of goods and materials from place to placedefine——state precisely the meeaning ofefficiency——competency in performancescarce——insufficient in number or amount to meet a demand readilyendowment——money；property，etc. given to provide an incomeperishable——esp.of food quickly or easy going badcoincide——（of ideas,etc.）be in harmony or agreementrefund——pay back money to sbconcession——conceding,that which is conceded,esp. after discussion，a difference ofimpose——lay or place tax,duty,etc. onclimate——a prevailing attitude，atmosphere，or conditionsdegenerate——deterioraterespective——belonging to each of those in questionsinterpretation——explanationrevise——changebinding——compulsoryconfirmation——approvalto set forth——to detailclaim——a demand for something that is legally duerefusal——turning downdrastically——violentlysophisticated——complex，complicated，intricatephenomenon——a fact ,occurrence，or circumstance observed or observable concurrently——simultaneously，meanwhile，at the same timeliterally——in accordance with the strict meaning of the Word or textdebtor——a person who owes moneydraft——an unconditional order to someone to pay a sun of moneyfluctuation——irregular movement of(prices,exchange rates etc.)ban——prohibit，forbiddrawee——the person to whom a draft is drawncredit-worthiness——being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making paymentapplicant of an L/C——the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C beneficiary——the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export discrepancy——difference，absence of agreementreimburse——pay back to somebody for the expense he has spentimpeccable——faultlessinsolvent——unable to pay debtsmaturity——becoming duemiddle man——trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumersustain——suffercertificate of inspection——a document certifying that merchandise was in good condition at the ti shiping advice——a written notice from the exporter to the importer after shipment for taking deli certificate of weight——a document stating the weight of a shopmentconformity——action，behavior，in agreement with what is usually accepted or requiredcarrier——a personnel or organizations whose business is carrying goods from one place to another primitive——being the first or earliest of the kindintercours——dealings or communications between individuals or between countries entrepreneur——a person who organize and manages an enterpriselimelight——a position at the center of public attentionshackle——a fastening or coupling devicecompensation——sth. Given or received as an equivalent for losssurvey——to know or study in a comprehensive waycircumstance——existing conditions or state of affairsclient——customerunderwriter——insurance company，the insurercrucial——vital or decisive importanceplatinum——gray,untarnishable metal used for jewellerynegligent——careless and differencediminish——to make or become smaller or lessbrand-new——quite new，as if freshly stamped with a brandpeg——to keep fixed or unchangedredeem——to repay or pay off,esp.loan stock,debentures and preference shares or stock settlement——the act of paying a bill,debt,charge,etc.exchange rate——the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency fluctuation——upward and downward movements in the economic systemguarantee——a formal promise or assurancecharter——written description of an organization's functionmitigation——the act of making less seriousto sponsor——to put up the money forconvention——a formal agreementacquisition——company expansion through the purchase of other businessrebate——reducetax holiday——a period of time which tax is not leviedreturn——the gain from an investment，either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the in access——a way by which a place，esp. property of other businessstatue——a law enacted by the action of the legislaturepractitioner——someone involved in a usually skilled job or activitysophisticated——highly developed and complexstandard——of recognized and permanent valueexpertise——expert skill，knowledge or judgmentdraft——preliminary versionpreamble——opening statementunanimous——in complete agreementoptimal——best or most favourablebiennial——recurring every two yaersperennial insistence——repeatedly demandingexploitation——taking advantage of others for one's own benefitto adapt to——to adjust tocooperation——working togethercolony——a country controlled politically by another powerful country三、英对expertise——expert knowledge or skilljoint venture——a commercial undertaking by two or more people，differing from a partnership in th partnership——a contractual relationship between two or more people in a joint enterprise，who agr distribution——a person who sends goods from those who uuse themportfolio——the entire collection of investment in the form of stocks，bonds，or certificate of de assess——to judge an amount or valuespur——to urge or encourageinfrastructure——large-scale public service，such as water and power supplies，road，rail and radi PPP——purchasing power parityconsumerism——considerable desire to make purchase for consumptionliberalize——of trade ,the act of government in lifting control over imports and expo detour——route that void a blocked road；deviationerode——wear away ，eat intointegration——combine into a wholeenvisage——pictures in the mind sa a future possibility；imageaffliate MNC——it is associated or controlled by its parent MNVwithout losing its own identity profit——the money gained in a business deal,especially the difference between the amount earned a inflation——a general rise in prices within an economy,accompanied by a reduction of the value of revenue——the money received by a firm from selling its output of goods or servises or money earne host country——in international trade ,the country in which a multinational corporation is active，international trade——the exchange of goods and services between countries through exports and imp absolute advantage——an advantage possessed by a country engaged in international trade when，usin specialization——to restrict one's economic activities to certain particular fields intuitive——relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or capital——the contribution to productive activity made by investment in physical capital and in hudemand——the desire of consumers to obtain goods and serviceseconomies of scale——the long run reduction in average costs that occurs as scale of the firm's ou cost——the amount of money paid a charged for goods or servicetariff——a form of tax that is levied on imports。

大学经贸英语复习资料

大学经贸英语复习资料一短语翻译Translate the following words and expressions:(15%)From Chinese into EnglishFrom English into Chinese:Lesson 1parent companysubsidiary company,foreign-owned company,holding company,trade company,trust company,China Ocean Shipping Company, Nanjing Cereals.Oils and Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation,China National Offshore Oil Corp.Beijing Stone Group Co.Guangzhou Kimberley Mechanical &Electrical Enterprises Ltd.capital investmentportfolio investmentinvestmentportfolio investment environmentreal estate investmentresearch and development investmentinvestment appraisalLesson 2global economythe newly emerging economiesconsumer economyplanned economymarket economyeconomic reformeconomic take-offeconomic returnsspecial economic zoneeconomic and technical development district economic prosperityeconomic life-linesoverheated sanctioneconomic blockadeeconomic recessionhome economicsKeynesian economicsLesson 3machine tool industry machine building industry raw material industryaerospace industrytextile machinery industrytextile industryadvertising industryprocessing industryinfant industryservice industrythe tertiary industrythe canning industrythe construction industry nonresidential construction housing constructionconstruction budgetconstruction work in process construction contract Lesson 5commercial banksinvestment banksexchange banksCitibank Corp.Chase Manhattan BankHong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp. bank deposits bank reservesbank loansbank chargesbank draftbank overdraftthe financial position of banksa bank’s balance sheetnon-bank finacial companiesbanking panicsbanking reformeregulation of the banking industrylesson 6insurance businessinsurance coverageinsurance clauseinsurance portfolioinsured valueopen policypremium rateinsurance claiminsurance indemnityland transportation insurancethrough transport insurancelife insurancemedical insuranceinsurance underwriterinsurance brokerinsurance agentpolicy proof of interest reinsuranceLesson 9the all-American beverageall-weather operationsan all-time recordAll-China Federation of Trade Union the intercountry red tapeinter-company bond holdingsinter-bank depositsinternational economic cooperation intra-European service intra-governmental service funds intra-company transaction multilateral tradean multi-disciplinary projectPan-European strategiesPan-American World Airwaysthe Fifth Pan-American Gamesan transnational powerhouse transregional commodity suppliesa trans-African expeditionthe first transcontinental railwayLesson 11bill at sightbill acceptedbill dishonoredbill for acceptanceshipping billblank checkrubber checkcheck to ordercheck to beareracceptance contract unconditional acceptancedollar acceptanceprovisional invoiceconsignment invoice consignment contractinvoice approval stamppayment against arrivalpayment on credit 二缩写Give the English equivalents to the following abbreviation (20%)MNC Multinational Corporation跨国公司FDI Foreign Direct Investment国外直接投资TFC T otal Fixed Cost固定成本总额AFC A verage Fixed Cost平均固定成本TVC Total V ariable Cost可变成本总额L/C Letter of credit 信用证S/C Sales confirmation 销售确认书B/L Bill of lading 提单S.S. Steam Ship 轮船M.V.Motel V essel 轮船U.P.S United Parcel Service 联邦快递公司ROE Return on Equity 股东资产净值盈利ROI Return on investment 投资报酬率ROS Return on Sales 销售利润率EPS Earning per share 每股收益A VC A verage V ariable Cost平均可变成本MR Marginal Revenue边际收入MC Marginal Cost边际成本CIF Cost, Insurance and /doc/8ed4ff4be518964bcf847c38.html d port of destination成本加保险费，运费CIP Carriage, Insurance paid /doc/8ed4ff4be518964bcf847c38.html d place of destination运费，保险费付至（…指定目的地）CFR Cost and /doc/8ed4ff4be518964bcf847c38.html d port of destination成本加运费（…指定目的地）FOB Free on /doc/8ed4ff4be518964bcf847c38.html d port of shipment船上交货（…指定转运港）IPI Insurance Proof of Interest保险证明，保险权益WPA With particular average 水渍险FPA Free from particular average 平安险EC European Community欧洲共同体EEC European Economic Community欧洲经济共同体EU European Union欧洲联盟IPD Interest, Profit and dividend利息利润和分红OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织EC European Community欧洲共同体WTO World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织IMF International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织EFT A European Free Trade Association欧洲自由贸易联盟NAFT A North American Free Trade Area北美自由贸易区UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development联合国贸易与发展会议GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关贸总协定SWIFT Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications环球同业银行金融电讯协会三、四Translate the following into English(20%)Translate the following into Chinese (10%)Lesson 1公司的战略，政策和计划Corporate strategy, policy and planning种种其他因素A variety of other factors世界贸易和投资的模式World trade and investment patterns除了采掘工业之外With the exception of extractive industries 建立海外子公司最重要的动机The most important motive for setting up overseas subsidiaries寻求新的利润来源The search for new sources of profit对国外经销方法的不满意Dissatisfaction over distribution techniques abroad国外生产设备的定址The location of foreign production facilities企业兼并的巨浪A tremendous surge of acquisition of enterprises通过在国外生产的方式By way of foreign production像税收待遇优惠之类的补贴Subsidies such as preferential tax treatmentInternational business decisions国际商务决定（to allow for) After allowing for risk, the corporate managers decided to make an additional investment of $600,000in the host country. 公司经理考虑了将冒的风险之后，决定在东道国再投资60万美元In order to further tap overseas markets, many companies have set up their foreign marketing divisions or subsidiaries. 为了进一步开发国外市场，很多公司已在国外设立了销售部或者子公司（to tap)Reduction of production costs is one of the major factors that underlie the decision to set up overseas productive facilities降低生产成本是决定建立海外生产设施的主要因素之一（to underlie) He suggests cutting down the price by 10% so as to enlarge the market share. His suggestion has been incorporated into the company’s marketing plan.他建议减价10%，以便扩大市场占有率，这一建议已纳入公司的销售计划。