考博英语真题 (2)

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考博英语(语法)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（语法）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. GrammarGrammar1．That grand-sized pine tree______the horizon.(北京大学2005年试题)A．stands up well againstB．stands out good toC．stands out well againstD．stands up good to正确答案：C解析：stand out against sth．的意思是“突出，显眼”，符合题意。

stand up against 的意思是“抵抗，反对，同……对抗”；stand out to sth．无此搭配；stand up to sth．的意思是“经得起磨损”。

本题是说巨大的松树突出地显现在地平线上。

因此C项为正确答案。

2．“The effect of this medicine______by midnight,”the doctor told Emma, “You had better not try to read tonight. “(北京大学2005年试题)A．will wear offB．wears offC．will have worn offD．will be worn off正确答案：B解析：当表示普遍规律时应用一般现在时，因此B项为正确答案。

3．______, the guest speaker was ushered into the auditorium hall to give the lecture.(北京大学2005年试题)A．Being shown around the campusB．Having shown to the campusC．After been shown around the campusD．Having been shown around the campus正确答案：D解析：因为在was ushered into the auditorium hall之前就发生了be shown aroundthe campus这一动作，所以应用完成时的被动语态。

考博士英语试题及答案

考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。

考博士英语试题及答案

考博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。

（每题2分，共10分）[短文内容略](1) What is the main idea of the passage?(2) What does the author suggest about the future of technology?(3) Why are some people hesitant to adopt new technologies?(4) What is the role of education in technological advancement?(5) How can individuals contribute to the development of technology?2. 阅读以下文章，然后根据文章内容选择最佳答案。

（每题2分，共10分）[文章内容略](1) A(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) E3. 阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。

（每题3分，共20分） [文章内容略](1) What is the primary purpose of the article?(2) How does the author describe the impact of globalization?(3) What are some of the challenges faced by developing countries?(4) What solutions does the author propose to address the issues?(5) What is the author's conclusion regarding the futureof globalization?二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. 根据句子意思，选择正确的词汇填空。

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracle appears to depend on a seeming______: The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．interruptionB．descriptionC．qualificationD．contradiction正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：interruption“中断”；description“描述”；qualification “资格”；contradiction“矛盾”。

contradiction一词总结了原句中解释性分句表达的意思。

所以，正确答案是D。

2．The party leader justified his subsequent re-election______that he had brought political stability and economic development to his country.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．in the wayB．by no meansC．on the groundsD．to the extent正确答案：C解析：在给出的选项中：in the way“在路上”；by no means“绝不”；on thegrounds“基于”；to the extent“到……程度”。

所以，正确答案是C。

3． A leading British scholar has proposed translating Shakespeare into contemporary English______young audience who are confused by jokes which are 400 years out of date.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．in memory ofB．at the cost ofC．on behalf ofD．for the benefit of正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：in memory of“纪念”；at the cost of“以某种代价”；onbehalf of“代表”；for the benefit of“为了某人的利益”。

医学考博英语试题及答案

医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

医学博士英语试题及答案

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

华慧上海交通大学2012年考博英语真题阅读理解第二篇试题及参考答案

上海交通大学2012年考博英语真题阅读理解试题及参考答案(Two)Passage TwoGround-level ozone is an air pollutant that causes human health problems even at very low levels. It also damages crops and other vegetation. It is a key ingredient of urban smog. :Goof ozone” occurs naturally in the stratosphere approximately 10 to 30 miles above the earth’s surface and forms a layer that protects life on earth from the sun’s harmful rays.“Bad ozone” is formed in the earth’s lower atmosphere , near ground level, when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other sources react chemically in the present of sunlight. Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer, months when the weather conditions needed to form ground-level ozone-lots of sun, hot temperatures-normally occur. The length of ozone season varies from one area of the United States to another. Southern and southwestern states may have an ozone season that lasts nearly the entire year.Ozone can irritate lung airways and cause inflammation much like sunburn. Other symptoms include wheezing, coughing, pain when taking it deep breath, and breathing difficulties during exercise of outdoor activities. People with respiratory problems are most vulnerable, but even healthy people who are active outdoors can be affected when ozone levels are high. Repeated exposure to ozone pollution for several moths any cause permanent lung damage. Anyone who spends time outdoors in the summer is at risk, particularly children and other people who are active outdoors. Even at very low levels, ground-level ozone trigger a variety of problems including aggravated asthma, reduced lung capacity, and increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses like pneumonia and bronchitis.Ozone damage can occur without any noticeable signs. People who love in areas where ozone levels are frequently high may find that their initial symptoms go away overt time--particularly when exposure to high ozone levels continues for several days. Ozone continues to cause lung damage even when the symptoms have disappeared.46. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. “Bad zone” comes into existence in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.B. “Good zone” appears in the Earth’s lower atmosphere, near ground level.C. “Bad zone” only damages crops and other vegetation.D. Ground-level ozone is made up of pollutants emitted by cars,power plants, and so on.47. It can be learned from the passage that __________.A. Urban smog mainly consists of “good ozone”B. “Bad ozone” protects us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet raysC. Ozone pollution is especially harmful to people’s health in summerD. The states in the North and Northwest of the U.S may have the longest ozone season48. What does the word “vulnerable” (Line 16, Pare, 4) most probably mean?A. Hard to deal withB. Harmful and dangerousC. Easy to be hurt or affectedD. Hot in temper and hard to calm down.49. According to the passage, ground-level ozone causes the fallowing health problem EXCEPT__________.A.stomach cancerB. more serious asthmaC. decreased lung capacityD. pneumonia and bronchitis50. We can see that the passage is mainly about __________.A. “good ozone” and its function of protecting peopleB. ozone pollution and its effects on people’s healthC. the measures that Southern states of the U.S. Should take against ozone pollutionD. how people with respiratory problems should protect themselves from ozone pollution参考答案解析Passage Two【文章大意】本文主要讲述了地水准（基态）臭氧的形成和影响。

英语考博试题及答案

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

北京师范大学考博英语模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)

北京师范大学考博英语模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionJapanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case; Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies. Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.1．The primary purpose of the passage is to______.A．present the major steps of a processB．clarify an ambiguityC．chronicle a disputeD．correct misconceptions正确答案：D解析：主旨题。

考博英语-613_真题-无答案

考博英语-613(总分98.5,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅱ V ocabulary1. By dint of much practice, he became ______ and was able to sign his name with either hand.A. practicalB. trickyC. ambiguousD. ambidextrous2. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).A. roamB. lingerC. wonderD. browse3. His inability to learn foreign languages was a(n) obstacle to his career.A. barrierB. excessC. carrierD. impulse4. Because he is ______ , we cannot predict what course he will follow at any moment.A. incoherentB. quietC. capriciousD. harmful5. How are we going to ______ the Party's birthday?A. celebrateB. appreciateC. concentrateD. praise6. Some people criticize family doctors for ______ too many medicines for minor illnesses.[A] prescribing [B] ordering [C] advising [D] delivering7. It is the first of several agreements United States hopes to reach as it attempts to reduce, labor costs by $5.8 billion and ______ bankruptcy.A. dispelB. revertC. transferD. avert8. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.[A] in [B] at [C] for [D] on9.10. There has been an increase in attendance at lectures ______ by the World Affairs Council, which brings international issues to public attention.A. developedB. sponsoredC. advancedD. promoted11. She claims to be very learned in biochemistry, but in fact ______ she knows about it is all sadly out of date.A. so littleB. that muchC. what littleD. how much12. ______ **ing Thursday, it will be too late to enroll of the course.A. As ofB. As forC. As toD. As on13. Digging the garden with a spade is a very ______ task. I am exhausted after such two-hour's work.A. industriousB. manualC. conscientiousD. laborious14. The retired engineer plunked down $50,100 in cash for a midsize Mercedes as a present for his wife—a purchase______with money made in the stock the week before.A. paid offB. paid throughC. paid outD. paid for15. No one **e up with an easy solution to the government's predicament—labor ______ which is caused by the wars.[A] decline [B] vacancy [C] rarity [D] shortage16. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women ______ this field is climbing.A. shammingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing17. The school authority ______ against students' smoking both in the classrooms and at home.A. resolvedB. determinedC. bannedD. prohibited18. She______his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A. inclinedB. declinedC. deniedD. disinclined19. Mr. White brought a countercharge against you because you had______ him for smuggling several pieces of antiques and cultural relics.A. chargedB. indictedC. accusedD. prosecuted20. No other newspaper columnist has managed as yet to rival Ann Landers' popularity in terms of readership.A. thoughB. in spite of thisC. evenD. so far21. It is strictly ______ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A. securedB. forbiddenC. regulatedD. determined22. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ______ a sudden loud noise.A. being thereB. there having beenC. there wasD. should there be23.24. He likes to swim ______.A. and playing footballB. and he also likes playing footballC. and to play footballD. and he likes to play football25.26. If excellent work results in frequent pay increases or promotions, the workers will have greater ______ to produce.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. instructionD. instinct27.28. The prison guards were armed and ready to shoot if ______ in any way.[A] incurred [B] provoked [C] poked [D] intervened29.30. The official was arrested for inability to ______ all his fortune he has enjoyed.A. clarifyB. intensifyC. verifyD. justifyPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live.So remote is this "real" table--and most of the other "realities" with which science deals--that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. Vibrations in the either are so totally unlike, let us say, the color purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes, not one but two separate things of which the second and less "real" must be the most significant for us. And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an objective reality to a nonexistent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may he.We may, if we like, speak of consequence, as certain mystics love to do, of the different levels or orders of truth. We may adopt what is essentially a Platonist trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which, so we may insist, have their being is some part of the universe unreachable by science. But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as a "truth of correspondence," and it is better perhaps, at least for those of us who have grown up in an age of scientific thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it ; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires, and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusionswhich science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.31. According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a "table" as being ______.A. a solid motionless objectB. certain characteristic vibrations in "ether"C. a form fixed in space and timeD. a mass of atoms on motion32. By "objective reality" the author means ______.A. scientific realityB. a phenomenon we can directly experienceC. reality colored by emotionD. a symbolic existence33. The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling schism between scientific truth and the world of illusions, the reader should ______.A. try to rid himself of his world of illusionB. accept his world as being one of illusionC. apply the scientific methodD. establish a truth of correspondence34. The topic of this selection is ______.A. the distortion of reality by scienceB. the confusion caused by emotionsC. Platonic and contemporary views of truthD. the place of scientific truth in our lives35. Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is ______.A. a humanistB. a pantheistC. a nuclear physicistD. a doctorPassage TwoThe multi-billion-dollar Western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. "The most worrisome development is a culture of drag-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著), "said the UN's 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998.The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. "Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle, "the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). "Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasionto mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of 'recreational' drug use," it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars-including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs-have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. "In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household," the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues-especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization-which encourages, rather than prevents, drug abuse. "Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive," says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. "Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drags," he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, he says, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.36. Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A. The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B. The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond the boundaries of the country.C. No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D. The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.37. The italicized phrase "under fire" (Par. 1, sentence 1) means ______.A. in an urgent situationB. facing some problemsC. being criticizedD. quite popular38. Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?A. They tend to mourn the pop stars as role models.B. They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugs.C. They try to confront the deadly effect of "recreational" drug use.D. They may stop abusing the drugs.39. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?A. The spreading of pop music.B. The media.C. Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D. The low price of some drugs,40. The pop music ______.A. has a great influence on young people of most culturesB. only appeals to a small number of young peopleC. is not a profitable industryD. is the 0nly culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amusePassage Three**. airlines could slash 70,000 more jobs if there were war with Iraq and the U.S. government did not give the industry, more help, the biggest domestic carriers said on Tuesday.The Air Transport Association, which represents major airlines, said in a report on airline finances that its members would take aggressive steps to counter any sharp drop in travel demand and an increase in costs caused by an Iraqi war.Big airlines are seeking government assistance to stem rising fuel costs and ease taxes that are contributing to losses that soared to more than $10 billion in 2002.The industry outlined a "most likely" scenario if war broke out, saying that reduced demand and higher costs due to a conflict lasting 90 days would cost it $4 billion in lost revenue. Without a conflict, losses would still be expected to reach almost $7 billion for the year."The nation's air carders will continue to do all we can, but we fear that the consequences of this war will be severe," James May, president and chief executive of the air transport group, told a news conference.May restated the industry's belief that war could prompt more bankruptcies or force some financially fragile carders into liquidation. Recovery would take several years and ticket prices would have to fall further to spur demand.US Airways Group Inc. and UAL Corp's United Airlines are in Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and some industry experts believe that AMR Corp's American Airlines, the world's biggest carrier could follow later this year.Airlines expect overall traffic volume during a second Gulf conflict would fall more sharply than it did during the 1991 war, when it declined 8 percent after fighting began.The airlines based their assessment on a slide of more than 20 percent in advance bookings for overseas travel after the U. S. government elevated its domestic terror alert status from yellow to orange in early February.Jet fuel has more than doubled in price from a year ago to, $1.30 a gallon recently. Fuel is the second-largest expense after labor for an airline. An increase of one penny a gallon costs the industry an estimated $180 million annually.41. U.S. airlines would have to suffer the following losses if there were war with Iraq except that ______.A. the industry would have to lose $180 million revenue each year with one gallon of jet fuel increasing one penny on saleB. the overall traffic volume is expected to drop at least over eight percent, which took place during the first gulf warC. the U. S. government refuses to give the main **panies any essential financial sup- portonce the war broke outD. it would take a few years to get the prewar ticket prices resumed and then to spur the passengers' riving demand42. The countermeasures the nation's main air carriers would take to prevent any sharp drop in travel demand may include ______.Ⅰ. seeking government financial assistanceⅡ. asking for low tax rateⅢ. promoting more bankruptcies and forcing some weak **panies into liquidationA. ⅠonlyB. Ⅰand ⅡC. Ⅰand ⅢD. Ⅱand Ⅲ43. The sentence "... AMR, Corp's American Airlines, the world's biggest carder, could follow later this year" ( Paragraph 7) can best be restated as ______.A. it would also seek bankruptcy protectionB. it would have to spur its passengers' demand for ticketsC. it would have to take aggressive steps to avoid bankruptcyD. it would call for more financial subsidy from the government for its survival44. The phrase "force some financially fragile carries into liquidation" (Paragraph 6 ) may probably mean ______.A. compel them to reduce their flightB. make them do nothing but to declare bankruptcyC. push them to be destroyedD. bring them into a liquid state45. From the passage we can conclude that ______A. the writer intends to show his strong anti-war positionB. the writer tells what the American air transportation industry would have to worry about in facing the war against IraqC. the writer shows deep sympathy for the sufferings the war would bring to Iraqi peopleD. the writer wants to show indignation against George Bush' s position on Iraqi problem Passage FourCharm is the ultimate weapon, the supreme seduction, against which there are few defenses. If you've got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money, looks, nor pedigree. (41) It is a gift, only given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact.Real charm is dynamic, an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses. It is an inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will.(42) You recognize charm by the felling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it, too? Probably, you can't, because it's a quickness of spirit, an originality of touch you have to be born with. Or it's something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks, like wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of your dancing eyes. (43)Such signs, to the nervous, are ominous warnings which may well send him streaking for cove. On the other hand, there is an antenna, a built-in awareness of others, which most people have, and which care can nourish.But in a study of charm, what else does one look for? Apart from the ability to listen-rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness-apart form warmth, sensitivity, and the power to please, what else is there visible? (44) A generosity, I suppose, which makes no demands, a transaction which strikes no bargains which doesn't hold itself back till you've filled up a test-card making it clear that you've worth the trouble. Charm can't withhold, but spends itself willingly on young and old alike, on the poor, the ugly, the dim, the boring, on the last fat man in **er. (45) It reveals also in a sense of ease, in casual but perfect manners, and often in a physical grace which springs less from an accident of youth than from a confident serenity of mind. Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow, he is also a social healer.46.47.48.49.50.Passage FiveA number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learning English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner "poor"? What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context? These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: Chap. 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chabot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor".Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local studentsseems to be a fruitful area of research.In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they affect success or failure in particular language learning situation.Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.51. In Paragraph 2 "learner variables" and "strategies" are defined by reference to other writers ______.A. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important conceptsB. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitionsC. because the present author is not sure what these terms meanD. because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area52. The main point of Paragraph 2 is ______.A. to define technical termsB. to define terms and scope of the studyC. to outline the main sections of the reportD. to summarize the area to be covered in the article53. In Paragraph 3 the writer uses the phrase "to the best of my knowledge..." because ______.A. she has good knowledge of this areaB. she is not sure if the area has been researched in Hong KongC. she thinks the area has been researched in Hong KongD. she does not wish to take responsibility for any omissions in the bibliography54. The reference to "Naiman and his colleagues (1978)" in Paragraph 4 is made ______.A. to point out the advantages of an analytical approachB. to point out that language learning strategies can be identifiedC. to point out that different learners learn differentlyD. to point out the uniqueness of language learning situations55. The main point of Paragraph 5 is ______.A. to describe the existing research in the fieldB. to point out the limits of research in this areaC. to describe learning strategies identified as soD. to summarize the scope of the present article56. According to this passage, research in this area is characterized as ______.A. empirically observableB. often impossible to observe directlyC. poorly defined in the research literature to dateD. easier to theorize about than to carry out directlyPart Ⅳ ClozeIn the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had (21) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (22) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the (23) are not solely fixed by the genes (24) , the learn ing that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (25) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best (26) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly (27) they hatch, ducklings fix (28) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are (29) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considera bly (30) , even ones that have a considerable base (31) by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting (32) influence social behav ior. For example, biologists once thought **municated with others purely (33) in stinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could **municate effec tively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learn ing rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, gen erally (34) very good mother but Jane Goodali reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or (35) fail to nurture the young.57. A. than B. before C. when D. after58. A. on B. with C. in D. within59. A. appropriated B. substituted C. assigned D. distributed60. A. varied B. deviated C. differed D. altered61. A. fashioned B. modified C. influenced D. affected62. A. may B. should C. must D. can63. A. by B. out of C. from D. through64. A. prove B. make C. turn D. create65. A. otherwise B. still C. yet D. even66. A. assumed B. adopted C. believed D. surmised67. A. considerate B. considered C. considerable D. considering68. A. statues B. statuses C. statutes D. statures69. A. What's more B. Hence C. But D. However70. A. not B. only C. but D. solely71. A. clarifies B. classifies C. defines D. outlinesPart Ⅴ Translation72. “我的英语有多好?”对任何学习英语的人来说是最重要的一个问题。

博士英语考试试题及答案

博士英语考试试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. CopyD. Duplicate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She don't like to go out in the rain.B. They has been working on the project for months.C. Neither of the students were prepared for the exam.D. The number of attendees is greater than expected.答案：D3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions:a) The book is _______ the shelf.b) She is _______ the committee since 2019.c) He is _______ the same opinion as his colleague.答案：a) onb) inc) of二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1[Text omitted for brevity]4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The role of communication in relationships.D. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.答案：B5. According to the passage, which of the following is not a benefit of using technology?A. Improved efficiency.B. Enhanced communication.C. Increased isolation.D. Greater accessibility.答案：C6. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem mentioned in the passage?A. Limiting the use of technology.B. Encouraging more face-to-face interactions.C. Relying solely on traditional methods.D. Ignoring the issue altogether.答案：B三、完形填空（共20分）[Text omitted for brevity]7. In the context of the passage, what does the word "alleviate" most likely mean?A. To worsen.B. To reduce.C. To ignore.D. To exaggerate.答案：B8. Why does the author believe that the issue discussed is important?A. It affects a large number of people.B. It is a new and emerging problem.C. It has been overlooked by many.D. It is a personal concern of the author.答案：A9. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Negative Effects of Stress.B. Coping Strategies for Stress.C. The Causes of Stress in Modern Life.D. The Importance of Stress Management.答案：B四、翻译（共20分）10. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese:"The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives."答案：技术快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了重大变化。

南昌大学英语历年考博真题

历年真题2017年南昌大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅡStructure&Written ExpressionDirections:In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(25%)1．Thomas Wolfe portrayed people so that you came to know their yearnings,their impulses, and their warts-this was effective______．A．motivation B．point of view C．characterization D．background 2．The appeal to the senses known as______is especially common in poetry．A．imaginative B．imaginable C．ingenious D．imagery 3．If you've got a complaint,the best thing is to see the person concerned and______with him．A．tell it B．have it out C．say it D．have it known4．There have been several attempts to introduce gayer colors and styles in men's clothing, but none of them______．A．has caught on B．has caught him out C．has caught up D．take roots 5．The retired engineer plunked down＄50,000in cash for a mid-size Mercedes as a present for his wife______a purchase with money made in the stock market the week before．A．paid off B．paid through C．paid out D．paid for 6．He has courage all right,but in matters requiring judgment,he has often been found sadly______．A．lack it B．absent C．in need of it D．wanting 7．Danis Hayes raised the essential paradox and asked how people could have fought so hard against environmental degradation______themselves now on the verge of losing the war．A．only found B．finding only C．only to find D．have only found8．The once separate issue of environment and development are now______linked．A．intangible B．indispensable C．inextricably D．incredibly 9．The need to see that justice is done______every decision made in the courts．A．implants into B．imposes on C．impinges upon D．imprecates upon10．Two thirds of the U.S.basketball players are black,and the number would be greater______the continuing practice of picking white bench warmers for the sake of balance．A．was it not because of B．had it not been forC．were it not for D．would it not have been for11．No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything______going on in the world．A．it is B．there is C．as is D．what is 12．If there is the need to compete in a crowd,to battle______the edge the surest strategy is to develop the unexpected．A．on B．for C．against D．with13．Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees, ______occupations for which technical training is necessary．A．so too there are B．so also there areC．so there are too D．so too are there14．It is a myth that the law permits the Food and Drug Administration to ignore requirements for______drugs while brand-name drugs still must meet these rigid tests．A．specific B．generic C．intricate D．acrid 15．The very biggest and most murderous wars during the industrial age were intra-industrial wars that______Second Wave nations like Germany and Britain against one an other．A．pitted B．drove C．kept D．embarked 16．The private life of having each individual make his or her own choice of beliefs and interest______without the overarching public world of the state,which sustains a structure of law appropriate to a self-determining association．A．is not possible B．would not be possibleC．will not be possible D．cannot be possible17．From Christianity and the barbarian kingdoms of the west emerged the medieval version of politics______in tum evolved the politics of our modern world．A．of which B．from which C．on which D．by which 18．The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel that man______Prince Henry,the navigator,who lived in the15th century．A．was B．was called C．calling D．being 19．Grant was one of a body of men who were self-reliant______,who cared hardly anything for the past but had a sharp eye for the future．A．on themselves B．on not making a faultC．to a fault D．to remain ahead20．Huntington and many of its competitors are working to make remedial instruction a commodity as______and accessible as frozen yogurt．A．ubiquitous B．rational C．necessary D．credible 21．The scheme for rebuilding the city center______owing to the refusal of a Council to sanction the expenditure of the money it would have required．A．fell down B．fell off C．fell out D．fell flat 22．If they think they are going to win over us by obstinately______and refusing to make the slightest concession,they are mistaken．A．holding out B．holding to C．holding over D．holding up 23．The possibility that the explosion was caused by sabotage cannot be______．A．broken out B．cancelled out C．ruled out D．wiped out 24．The ex-president had been______in the country to refresh his mind before he passed away．A．given to walking B．given a walkC．given for a walk D．giving a walk25．He did not relish appealing amongst his friends and______of their criticism or censure．A．running short B．running outC．running the gauntlet D．running aheadPartⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15%)Passage1It was a normal day in the life of the American Red Cross in Greater New York.First, part of a building on West140th Street,in Harlem,fell down.Beds tumbled through the air,people slid out of their apartments and onto the ground,three people died,and the RedCross was there,helping shocked residents find temporary shelter,and food and clothing.Then it was back downtown for that evening's big fund-raiser,the Eleventh Annual Red Cross Award Dinner Dance,at the Pierre.“That's why I have bad hair tonight,”said Christopher Peake, a Red Cross spokesman who had spent much of the day at the Harlem scene,in the drizzling rain.He was now in a tuxedo,and actually his hair didn't look so bad,framed by a centerpiece of tulips and jonquils,and perhaps improved by subdued lighting from eight crystal chandeliers．Definitely not having a bad-hair night was Elizabeth Dole,the wife of Senator Robert Dole and the president of the American Red Cross.President Dole has chestnut-colored Republican hair,which was softly coifed,and she was wearing a fitted burgundy velvet evening suit(“Someone made it for me!I love velvet.”she exclaimed,in her enthusiastic,Northern Carolina hostess voice)and sparkling drop earrings.Of course,she hadn't been standing in the rain in Harlem;she had just flown up on the three-o'clock shuttle from Washington.Dole is extremely pretty,with round green eyes and a full mouth and a direct personality.She tilts her head attentively when she listens.She was the recipient of the evening's award;previous award winners have included Alice Tully,Princess Yasmin Asa Khan,．．．and,most recently, Brooke Astor.Not exactly a sequence at the end of which you would expect to find Elizabeth Dole,but award givers are famous for having political instincts as well as philanthropic ones．Surrounded by the deep-blue swags and golden draperies of the ballroom were more than thirty-five dinner tables set with groupings of candles and floral centerpieces and Royal Doulton china.American Express was there.So were Bristol-Myers Squibb;Coopers＆Lybrand; the New York Times Company;Union Bank of Switzerland;Chemical Bank;New York Life;... and Price Waterhouse.The actress Arlene Dahl,with her rather red hair and her bearded husband, presided over one table.Otherwise,it was a typical,faceless,captain-of-industry fund raiser (no models!no stars!),of which there seems to be at least one every night in New York City.It was not a society night,but still the evening raised four hundred and thirty thousand dollars．26．From what we read we can infer that“it was a normal day in the life of the American Red Cross in Greater New York”means its staff______．A．deal with the fail of houses in the city every dayB．are busy helping people who suffer from disasters every dayC．work during the day and to have banquet in the evening every dayD．go to Harlem,the poorest district of New York,every day and help people there 27．The fund-raiser mentioned in the passage refers to______．A．Robert DoleB．Elizabeth DoleC．the Eleventh Annual Red Cross Award Dinner DanceD．all the business companies attending the Dinner Dance28．Christopher Peake's hair didn't look so bad because______．A．he was wearing a handsome tuxedoB．he was wearing tulips on his suitC．he was seen among flowersD．he was sitting near flowers and in very soft light29．Elizabeth Dole was______．A．the president of the American Red Cross and acted at the Dinner as a North Carolina hostessB．a republican and wife of the president of the American Red CrossC．the president of the American Red Cross and its main representative at the Annual Dinner DanceD．born in North Carolina,became an air-hostess and later married Senator Robert Dole 30．The presence of an actress at the Dinner made the fund raising______．A．less impersonal B．a typical fund-raising eventC．less personal D．more business-likePassage2For laymen ethnology is probably the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore,if we wish,we can assess the possible dangers and advantages in our own behavioral roots.Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories．The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves.For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers certainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures:they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists,under identical conditions and reaching identical results.Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way.The fall flocking of wild free birds can't be,or the homing of animals over long distances,or even details of spontaneous family relationships.Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory,are they then not worth knowing about?The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing.At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped,marked individually,and released.Motion pictures,often in color,provide permanent records of their subsequent activities.Recording of the animals'voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential,and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs.With this material other biologists,far from the scene,later can verify the reports. Moreover,two field observers often go out together,checking each other's observations right there in the field．Ethnology,the word,is derived from the Greek ethos,meaning the characteristic traits or features which distinguish any particular group of people or,in biology,a group of animals such as a species.Ethnologists have the intention of studying“the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal's behavior.”In abridged dictionaries ethnology is sometimes defined simply as“the objective study of animal behavior,”and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths．31．In the first sentence,the word“laymen”meansA．people who stand asideB．people who are not trained as biologistsC．people who are amateur biologistsD．people who love animals32．According to the passage,ethnology isA．a new branch of biologyB．an old Greek scienceC．a pseudo-scienceD．a science for amateurs33．“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.”This sentence meansA．ethnologists when working in the field are handicappedB．ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientistsC．ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the fieldD．ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work34．According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage,“hard-and-fast”means experiment proceduresA．are difficult and quick to followB．must be carried out in a strict and quick wayC．must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose resultsD．hard and unreasonable for scientists to observe35．The meaning of the underlined words in“the details of spontaneous family relationships”can be expressed asA．natural family relationshipsB．quickly occurring family relationshipsC．animals acting like a natural familyD．animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlledPassage3The single greatest shift in the history of mass-communication technology occurred in the 15th century and was well described by Victor Hugo in a famous chapter of“NotreDame de Paris”.It was a cathedral.On all parts of the giant building,statuary and stone representations of every kind,combined with huge windows of stained glass,told the stories of the Bible and the saints,displayed the intricacies of Christian theology,adverted to the existence of highly unpleasant demonic winged creatures,referred diplomatically to the majesties of political power,and,in addition,by means of bells in bell towers,told time for the benefit of all of Paris and much of France.It was an awesome engine of communication．Then came the transition to something still more awesome.The new technology of mass communication was portable,could sit on your table,and was easily replicable,and yet, paradoxically,contained more information,more systematically presented,than even the largest of cathedrals.It was the printed book.Though it provided no bells and could not tell time, the over-all superiority of the new invention was unmistakable．In the last ten or twenty years,we have been undergoing a more or less equivalent shift-this time to a new life as a computer-using population.The gain in portability,capability,ease, orderliness,accuracy,reliability,and information-storage over anything achievable by pen scribbling,typewriting,and cabinet filing is recognized by all.The progress for civilization is undeniable and,plainly,irreversible.Yet,just as the book's triumph over the cathedral divided people into two groups,one of which prospered,while the other lapsed into gloom, the computer's triumph has also divided the human race．You have only to bring a computer into a room to see that some people begin at once to buzz with curiosity and excitement,sit down to conduct experiments,oh and ah at the boxes and beeps,and master the use of the computer or a new program as quickly as athletes playing a delightful new game.But how difficult it is-how grim and frightful for the other people,the defeated class,whose temperament does not naturally respond to computers.The machine whirrs and glows before them and their faces twitch.They may be splendidly educated, as measured by book-reading,yet their instincts are all wrong,and no amount of manual-studying and mouse-clicking will make them puters require a sharply different set of aptitudes,and,if the aptitudes are missing,little can be done,and misery is guaranteed．Is the computer industry aware that computers have divided mankind into two new, previously unknown classes,the computer personalities and the non-computer personalities? Yes,the industry knows this.Vast sums have been expended in order to adapt the computer to the limitations of noncomputer personalities.Apple's Macintosh,with its zooming animations and pull-down menus and little pictures of file folders and watch faces and trash cans,pointedthe way.Such seductions have soothed the apprehensions of a certain number of the computer-averse.This spring,the computer industry's efforts are reaching a culmination of sons.Microsoft,Bill Gates'giant corporation,is to bring out a program package called Microsoft Bob,designed by Mr.Gates'wife,Melinda French,and intended to render computer technology available even to people who are openly terrified of computers.Bob's principle is to take the several tasks of operating a computer,rename them in a folksy style,and assign to them the images of an ideal room in an ideal home,with furniture and bookshelves,and with chummy cartoon helpers(“Friends of Bob”)to guide the computer user over the rough spots,and,in that way,simulate an atmosphere that feels nothing like computers．36．According to this passage,which of the following statements is NOT true?A．It is because the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris had many bell-towers and could tell time to people that the writer regards it as an engine of mass communication．B．From cathedrals to books to computers the technology of communication has become more convenient,reliable and fast．C．Every time when a new communication means triumphed over the old,it divided mankind into two groups．D．Computer industry has been trying bard to make people accept computers．37．The printed book is more progressive than the cathedral as a communication means, because______．A．it could sit on your table and did no longer tell timeB．it was more reliable and did not tell the stories of saints and demonsC．it was small,yet contained more informationD．it did not flatter religious and political power38．The word“awesome”in the passage means______．A．frightening B．causing fear and respectC．amazingly new D．awful39．People who feel miserable with computers are those______．A．who love reading hooks and writing with a pen or a typewriterB．who possess the wrong aptitudes of disliking and fearing new thingsC．who have not been trained to use computersD．who are born with a temperament that does not respond to computers40．Melinda French designed Microsoft Bob which was to ease the misery of computer users by______．A．making users feel that they are not dealing with machinesB．making the program more convenient and cartoon-likeC．adding home pictures to the program designD．renaming the computer tasks in a folksy styleDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then paraphrase the numbered and underlined parts.(“Paraphrase”means to explain the meaning in your own English.)(15%) Charm is the ultimate weapon,the supreme seduction,against which there are few defenses. If you've got it,you need almost nothing else,neither money,looks,nor pedigree.(41) It is a gift-only given to give away,and the more used the more there is.It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact．Real charm is dynamic,an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses.It is an inner light,fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring.It is unconscious,often nothing but the wish to please,and cannot be turned on and off at will．(42)You recognize charm by the feeling you get in its presence.You know who has it.But can you get it too?Probably,you can't,because it's a quickness of spirit,an originalityof touch you have to be born with.Or it's something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy.Certainly,charm is not a question of learning tricks,like wrinkling your nose,or having a laugh in your voice,or gaily tossing your hair out of your dancing eyes.(43)Such signs,to the nervous,are ominous warnings which may well send him streaking for cover.On the other hand,there is an antenna,a built-in awareness of others,which most people have,and which care can nourish．But in a study of charm,what else does one look for?Apart from the ability to listen rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness apart from warmth, sensitivity,and the power to please,what else is there visible?(44)A generosity,I suppose, which makes no demands,a transaction which strikes no bargains,which doesn't hold itself back till you've filled up a test-card making it dear that you're worth the trouble.Charm can't withhold,but spends itself willingly on young and old alike,on the poor,the ugly, the dim,the boring,on the last fat man in the comer.(45)It reveals itself also in a sense of ease,in casual but perfect manners,and often in a physical grace which springs less from an accident of youth than from a confident serenity of mind.Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow,he is also a social healer．PartⅣCloze TestDirections:Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage.Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.(10%) One way of improving one's writing is to get into the habit of keeping a record of your observations,of storing46in a notebook or journal.You should make note on your experiences and on your47of everyday life so that they are preserved.It is sad48to be able to retrieve a lost idea that seemed brilliant when it flashed across your49,or a forgotten fact that you need to make a point in an argument or to illustrate a conclusion.The journal habit has still50value.Just51you need to record observations-he material for writing,you need to practice putting thoughts on paper.Learning to write is more like learning to ski52it is like studying calculus or anthropology.Practice helps you discover ways to improve.Writing down ideas for your own use forces you to examine them.Putting thoughts on paper for someone else to read53you to evaluate not54the content what you say but also the expression55you say it.Many raters have benefited from this habit．PartⅤProofreadingDirections:This part consists of a short passage.In this passage,there are altogether 20mistakes,one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence.You may have to change a word,add a word or just delete a word.If you change a word,cross it out with a slash (□and write the correct word.If you add a word,write the missing word between the words (in bracket)immediately before and after it.If you delete a word,cross it out with a slash (□Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.(20%)Examples:eg.1.(56)The meeting begun2hours ago．Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:(56)begun→beganeg.2.(57)Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up．Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:(57)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3.(58)Never will I not do it againCorrection in the ANSWER SHEET:(58)not(56)“Humanism”has used to mean too many thing,to be a very satisfactory term.(57)Nevertheless,and in the lack of a better word,(58)I shall use it here to explain for the complex of attitudes which this discussion has undertaken to defend．(59)In this sense a humanist is anyone who reiects the attempt to describe or account of man wholly on the basis of physics,chemistry,and animal behavior.(60)He is anyone who believes that will,reason,and purpose are real and significant:that value and justice are aspects of a reality called good and evil and rests upon some foundation other than custom;(61)that consciousness is so far from a mere epiphenomenon that it is the most tremendous of actualities;(62)that the unmeasured,may be significant;or to sum it all up;(63)that those human realities which sometimes seem to exist only in human mind are the perceptions of the mind．(64)He is,in other words,anyone who says that there are more things in heaven and earth than those dreamed of in the positivist philosophy．(65)Originally,to be sure,the term humanist meant simply anyone who thought the study of ancient literature his chief concern.Obviously it means,as I use it,very much more.(66)But there remains nevertheless a certain connection between the aboriginal meaning and that I am attempting to give it,(67)because those whom I describe as humanists usually recognize that literature and the arts have been pretty consistently“on its side”and(68) because it is often literature that they turn to renew their faith in the whole class of truths which the modem world has so consistently tended,to dismiss as the mere figments of a wishful thinking imagination．(69)Insofar as this modern world gives less and less attention to its literary past,insofar as it dismisses that past as something outgrow and(70)to be discarded as much as the imperfect technology contemporary with it has been discarded,(71)just to that extent it facilitate the surrender of humanism to technology.(72)The literature is to be found,directly expressed or(73)more often indirectly implied,the most effective correction to the views now most prevalent among the thinking and unthinking．(74)The great imaginative writers present a picture of human nature and of human life which carries conviction and thus giving the lie to all attempts to reduce man to a mechanism. Novels and poems,and dramas are so persistently concerned with the values which relativism rejects that one might even define literature as the attempt to pass value judgments upon representations of human life.(75)More often than not those of its imaginative persons who fail to achieve power and wealth are more successful than those who do not-by standards which the imaginative writer persuades us to accept as valid．PartⅥWritingDirections:Write a short composition of about250to300words on the topic given below. (15%)Topic:What is the most urgent issue facing the world people in the21st century?State your reasons．参考答案PartⅡStructure&Written Expression1．C2.D3.B4.A5.D6.D7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.B 13.D14.B15.A16.B17.B18.D19.C20.A21.D22.A23.C24. A25.CPartⅢReading Comprehension26．B27.C28.D29.C30.A31.B32.A33.B34.C35.D36. A37.C38.B39．D40.A41～45略PartⅣCloze Test46．them47.observations48.not49.mind50.another51．as52.than53.forces54.only55.howPart V Proofreading56．(has)been(used)66．(that)which(I)57．lack→absence67．its→their58．explain→stand68．wishful→wishfully 59．(account)of→(account)for69．outgrow→outgrown60．rests→rest70．as much as→much as 61．(from)being(a)71．(extent)does(it) 62．unmeasure→unmeasurable72．The→去掉63．(in)the(human)73．(unthinking)alike64．those→are74．giving→gives65．thought→made75．imaginative(persons)→imagined(persons) PartⅥWriting略2016年南昌大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅡStructure&Written ExpressionDirections:In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place(s)marked.Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(25%)1．The university board of trustees deemed it urgent that a new provost______to replace Mr Dannison who had been diagnosed with cancer．A．be selected B．should be selected C．must he selected D．was selected 2．With prices______so much,it is impossible for the company manager to stick to the original budget．A．waving B．swinging C．fluctuating D．vibrating 3．Edmund likes to drive at a speed______the traffic limit.I wonder how he always manages to escape______．A．having exceeded,to be fined B．exceeded,having been finedC．to exceed,to fine D．exceeding,being fined4．All the references she has obtained for her doctoral dissertation______about twenty items．A．make up for B．add up toC．come up with D．put up with5．Professor Jeffrey's lecture on the recycling of waste paper and other garbage will show______can still be improved．A．that the municipal authorities have doneB．how those the municipal authorities have doneC．how what the municipal authorities have doneD．that how the municipal authorities have done6．Most insulation devices of this kind,______manufactured for such purposes,are extremely expensive to install．A．that are B．which is C．those are D．as are 7．The English vocabulary is known for a(an)______of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversations．A．multitude B．altitude C．latitude D．platitude 8．John Locke,the well-known18th-century English thinker,emphasized experience as the______condition for expansion of human knowledge．A．incompatible B．incredible C．indefinite D．indispensable9．The examination has been cancelled.You______all that review,after all．A．didn't need to do B．needn't doC．needn't have done D．needn't to do10．The______friend was exposed in the end to be hidden rival who had been plotting against the company's marketing in Hong Kong．A．professed B．announced C．exclaimed D．declared 11．The senator was made to digress time and again from the main point of his speech because of the red______constantly______by his opponents in the audience．A．tomatoes,thrown out B．herrings,brought upC．apples,put forward D．mullets,laid down12．It is very plain that such a life as this is far more______to health than that of the。

博士生英语考试真题试卷

博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。

解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。

2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。

解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。

3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。

解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。

4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。

解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。

北京大学考博英语真题2013年

北京大学考博英语真题2013年Part ⅠListening Comprehension略Part ⅡStructure and Written ExpressionDirections: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.1. Prince Charles, the longest-waiting ______ to the throne in British history, has spoken of his "impatience" to get things done.A.heirB.heirshipC.heritageD.heiress答案：A[解答] 句意是：查尔斯王子是英国史上等待王位继承时间最久的人，他说自己已经“等不起了”。

heir“继承人”；heirship“继承权，继承人的地位”；heritage“遗产，继承权”；heiress“女继承人”。

因此本题选A。

2. Love was in the air in a Tokyo park as normally staid Japanese husbands gathered to scream out their feelings for their wives, promising ______ and extra tight hugs.A.attitudeB.multitudeC.gratitudetitude答案：C[解答] 句意是：爱意在东京公园上空飘荡，平时稳重的日本丈夫聚在一起，大声喊出了对他们妻子的multitude“多数，群众”；gratitude“感谢的心情”；latitude“(思想、行动等的)自由范围，自由”。

2023年考博英语真题及答案

2023考博英语真题及答案PART 1 TRANSLATION (Chinese to English )1.为了减缓交通，提高空气质量，北京公布了新的交通规章。

To relieve the traffic and improve the air quality, new traffic regulations have been issued in Beijing.考点一：减缓交通(relieve the traffic)考点二：公布(issue)2.有牢靠的证据说明，日光暴晒与皮肤癌之间有联系。

(evidence) There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sunlight and skin cancer.考点一：日光曝晒(exposure to sunlight)考点二：“皮肤癌”一词的翻译3.虽然他深知吸烟有害安康，但他对我们要他戒烟的忠告却置若罔闻。

(aware)Tough he is aware that smoking is harmful to health, he is always turning a deaf ear to our advice that he give up smoking.考点一：be aware of 的用法考点二：be harmful to 的用法考点三：对置若罔闻(turn a deaf ear to)4.科学家们不负众望，胜利放射了一枚人造卫星。

(live)The scientists successfully launched a man-made satellite, living up to peoples expectation.考点一：不负众望(live up to peoples expectation)考点二：放射卫星(launch a satellite)5.那场大雾直到11点钟才散去，延误了好几十个航班。

2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案

2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。

考博英语(阅读理解)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionIn 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $ 750, 000. The transformation in social values implicit in just a posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless”. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread through-out society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo. For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family(a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth. Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus’, ... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains. “Was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacralization’of children’s lives. “Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth. Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics”, who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences”, these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange”or “surrender”value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.1．It can be inferred from the passage that accidental death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the______.A．earnings of the person at time of deathB．wealth of the party causing the deathC．degree of culpability of the party causing the deathD．amount of money that had been spent on the person killed正确答案：A解析：本题是推理题。

博士考试试题及答案英语

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

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考博英语真题
1. Introduction
考博英语真题是博士研究生入学考试的一部分，旨在评估
考生在英语听、说、读、写方面的综合能力。

本文将介绍考博英语真题的相关信息，包括考试形式和内容，以及考试的重要性和备考建议。

2. 考试形式和内容
考博英语真题通常分为听力、阅读、写作和翻译四个部分。

在考试中，考生需要通过听力理解和口语表达、阅读理解和写作能力、以及翻译技巧来展示自己的英语水平。

2.1 听力理解和口语表达
在这个部分，考生将会听到一段录音，并根据听到的内容
回答相关问题。

这旨在测试考生对于英语语音和语调的理解能力，以及口语表达的流利程度。

考生需要通过听力练习来提高自己的听力水平，在表达方面要注意语速、语调和语音准确性。

2.2 阅读理解
阅读理解部分包括阅读一篇英语文章，并回答相关问题。

这部分考试主要测试考生对于英语文本的阅读理解能力，包括对文章主旨、细节和观点的理解。

考生需要通过阅读大量英语文章来提高自己的阅读理解能力，学会抓住关键信息和进行有效的分析。

2.3 写作能力
写作部分要求考生根据所给的题目或议题撰写一篇短文。

这部分考试主要测试考生的写作能力和逻辑思维能力。

考生需要通过练习写作来提高自己的组织和表达能力，注意文章结构、语法和词汇的使用。

2.4 翻译技巧
翻译部分要求考生根据所给的句子或段落，将其翻译成相
应的英文。

这部分考试主要测试考生的翻译能力和对于中英文之间的语言转换的掌握程度。

考生需要通过大量的翻译练习来提高自己的翻译能力，学会准确表达中文含义。

3. 考试的重要性
考博英语真题在博士研究生入学考试中占据重要的地位。

英语是国际学术交流的重要工具，博士研究生需要具备一定的英语能力来阅读国际期刊论文、撰写学术文章、与国际学者进行交流。

通过考博英语真题的考试，学校可以对考生的英语能力进行评估，以选择适合的研究生。

4. 备考建议
要取得好的考试成绩，考生需要做好充分的备考准备。

•首先，考生需要了解考试的形式和内容，确定备考的重点和重要性。

•其次，考生需要通过大量的听力和阅读练习，提高自己的英语理解能力和阅读速度。

•还可以参加英语口语训练班或找到语伴，提高自己的口语表达能力。

•此外，考生可以通过参加写作培训班或请教教授来提高写作能力。

•最后，考生还可以利用翻译软件或参考翻译书籍进行翻译练习，提高自己的翻译能力。

5. 结论
考博英语真题是博士研究生入学考试中的重要组成部分，考生需要通过这个考试来展示自己的英语水平。

通过合理的备考，提高自己的听说读写翻译能力，考生有望取得好的考试成绩，顺利进入博士研究生阶段。

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