英国文学史--最全总结中英
2012英国文学史知识要点总结
A Survey of British LiteratureI. Early and Medieval Literature (Unit 2)1. three conquests2. the medieval period: 476 A. D—the 15th century3. Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066):--oral traditions;--“Beowulf”: the national epic--Caedmon: the first known English religious poet4. Anglo-Norman Period (1066-15th century):--Popularity of romancens;--Chaucer: the father of English poetry;--Ballads developed;5. “Beowulf”--longest; an epic; features (Pagan and Christian coloring; kenning; metaphor)6. Romance--Definition: It is a narrative verse of prose singing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Romances are popular in the medieval period.--“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”7. Geoffrey Chaucer--the father of English literature/poetry;--The Canterbury Tales: a double fiction; the Wife of Bath‟s prologue; The Wife of Bath‟s Tale;heroic couplet)8. Ballad:--Definition:A story told in song, usually in four line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.--Robin Hood Ballads.9. Appreciation:--from “Beowulf”--from “The Canterbury Tales”II. The Renaissance (Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5,Unit 6)1.three discoveries2.Renaissance--a thristing curiosity for classical literature;--a keen interest in life and human activities.3.Humanism--individualism; the joy of the present life; reason; the affirmation of self-worth--Humanism emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4.Sonnet:--Definition: It is a poem of 14 lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure; it expresses a single idea or theme. (Thomas Wyatt first introduced it to England)5.Shakespearean sonnet:--Definition: A Shakespearean sonnet consists of three four-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.6.Blank verse: having a regular meter, but no rhyme. (Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey)7.Spenserian stanza:--Definition: Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."8.Appreciation:--Edmund Spenser and “The Faerie Queene”(written in blank verse)--Thomas More and “Utopia”--Christopher Marlowe‟s Dr. Faustus(Appreication);Tamburlaine;The Jew of Malta; The Passionate Shepherd to His Love;--Sonnet 18by Shakespeare (“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer‟s Day”): time, mortality, immortality9.The first English essayist: Francis Bacon (“Of Studies”)10.Elizabethan theatre—the golden age of English drama;11.Shakespearean comedies: As You Like It; The Merchant of Venice; A Midsummer Night‘s Dream;Much Ado About Nothing; Twelfth Night12.Shakespearean tragedies: Macbeth; King Lear; Hamlet; Othello13.Shakespearean comedies:--Features: clowns, servants, jesters, fools; dramatic irony; mistaken identity, cross-dressing;--Patterns: The Green World Pattern (Sample: A Mid-summer Night’s Dream)19. Shakespearean tragedies:--Features: characters; structure; soliloquy; traveling; the role of fate/chance20. Appreciation:--“To be, or not to be” (from Hamlet) (Hamlet‟s dilemma)--“Tommorrow, tomorrow,…”(from Macbeth) (Mabeth is tired of the world; bored with life;metaphors:)III. The Period of Revolution and Restoration (the 17th century) (Unit 7)1.17th: the beginning of modern England;2.Cavalier poets:--Reflected the royalist values;--Themes: beauty, love, loyalty, morality;--Style: Direct, short, frankly erotic--Motto:“Carpe Diem”“Seize the Day”--Robert Herrick, Ben Johnson, Rochard Lovelace, etc;--Appreciation: “To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” (Herrick; “to seize the day”)3.Metaphysical school:--the founder of the Metaphysical school: John Donne--conceit: an extended metahpor involving dramatic contrasts or far-fetched comparisons;--John Donne‟s love poems: “The Flea”;“V alediction: Forbidden Mourning” (Appreciation) --Andrew Marvell: “To His Coy Mistress”4.Puritan writers:--John Bunyanh: “The Pilgrim‟s Progress” (a religious allegory)--John Milton: “Paradise Lost”(based on The Old Testament) (…Paradise Regained”; “Samson Agonistes”) (Appreciation)IV. The 18th Century Literature—The Age of Enlightenment (Unit 8 and Unit 9)1.18th century: the golden age of English novels2.Enlightenment--an intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century;--Reason as the guiding principle for thinking and action;--the belief in eternal truth, eternal justice, natural equality ;--a continuation of Renaissance;(Belief in the possibility of human perfection through education).3.Neo-classicism:--A revival of classical standards of order, harmony, balance, simplicity and restrainedemotion in literature in the 18th century.--Alexander Pope4.“Essay on Criticism” by Alexander Pope--a manifesto of neoclassicism;--Appreciation: “A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing…”(learning as mountain climbing;inadequate learning may impair a balanced apprecation of a poem).5.Realistic novels:--Jonathan Swift;Gulliver’s Travels; A Modest Proposal; A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books;--Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe;(Appreciation)--Henry Fielding: Tom Jones; Joseph Andrews; Jonathan Wilde the Great;6. Sentimentalism--the middle and later decades of the 18th c.;--definition: passion over reason, personal instincts over social duties; the return of the patriarchal times; lamenting over the destructive effects of industrialization--Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas Gray, etc.7. The Graveyard School--subjects, style;--Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy written in a country churchyard”: structure; theme; (Appreciation)8. Pre-romanticism:--the latter half ot the 18th century;--Robert Burns: “Auld Lyne Syne”; “A Red, Red Rose”--William Blake: “Songs of Innocence” “Songs of Experience”; “The Lamb”, “The Tyger”;9. Richard Bringsley Sheridan: The School for Scandal; The Rivals;10. Oliver Goldsmith: The Vicar of Wakefield; She Stoops to ConquerV. The Romantic Period (1789-1832) (Unit 10 , Unit 11 and Unit 12)1.The Romantic period: an age of poetry2.Romanticism:--Manifesto of British Romanticism: Lyrical Ballads: co-published by Wordsworth and Coleridge--Features: individual as the center of all life and experience; from the outer world to the innerworld; Passion; imagination ; Nature; pastoral; past ; Individual freedom; simple and spontaneous expression; symbolic presentations; fantastic elements;3.English Romantic Poets--Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey--The Satanic Poets: Byron; Shelley; Keats--Lyrical Ballads: the manifesto of the English Movement;4.William Wordsworth--“a worshipper of nature”;--nature and country poems: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud”; “The World is Too Much with us”; “Tintern Abbey”; “To a Butterfly” “The Solitary Reaper”; “Lucy Poems”;--theories on poetry; “Poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its orgin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”--W ordsworth‟s view of nature: critique of materialism; a source of mental cleanliness; the guardian of the heart; the beneficial influence of nature;--Appreciation: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud”; “Tintern Abbey”;5.Samuel Taylor Coleridge:“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”6. George Gordon Byron:--Byronic Hero: an idealised but flawed anti-hero created by Byron; love of freedom, hatred of tyranny, passionate, rebellious, chivalrous, arrogant, cynical, individualistic, isolated, single-handedly, melancholy--major poems by Byron: “Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage”(Byronic Hero); “Don Juan”; “She Walks in Beauty”; “The Isles of Greece” (Appreciation)7. Percy Bysshe Shelley:--Plato‟s influence; pantheism--“Prometheus Unbound”; “Ode to the West Wind”“Prometheus Unbound”; “Ode to a Skylark”;“Queen Mab”; “A Defense of Poetry”;-- Appreciation : “Ode to the West Wind”: themes of death and rebirth; destruction and regeneration;8. John Keats-- “Ode on a Grecian Urn”; “Ode to a Nightingale”; “Ode to Autumn”; “Endymion”; “Isabella”--Appreciation: “Ode on a Greican Urn”: the powers and limitations of artVI The Victorian Literature (1832-1901) (Unit 13 and Unit 14)1. Authors and Works--William Makepeace Thackray: Vanity Fair--George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss; Silas Marner; Middlemarch; Adam Bede--Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice: Emma; Sense and Sensibility; Mansfield Park--Thomas Hardy: Far from the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D’Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure; The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge--Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre; Shirley;--Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights--Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest; A Woman of No Importance--Walter Scott: Ivanhoe;1.Bronte Sisters and the Female Gothic Tradition:--Female Gothic refers to the tradition of Gothic writing by women . . . that represents the female experience within domesticity as one of imprisonment, claustrophobia and terror.2.Appreciation:--Jane Eyre by Charolotte Bronte;--Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte;3.Naturalism--Definition:Heredity and social environment as the sha ping forces of one‟s character; to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces influencing the actions of the characters.pessimism; fatalism; detached perspective;--Appreciation: “Tess of D‟Urbervilles” by Thomas Hardy4.Aestheticism--Oscar Wilde4. Charles Dickens:--Oliver Twist; David Copperfield; A Tale of Two Cities; Hard Times; Great Expectations; The Pickwick Papers; Little Dorrit5. Poets--Alfred Tennyson: “Break, Break, Break”--Robert Browning: “My Last Duchess” (dramatic monologue)--Mathew Arnold: “Dover Beach” (Appreciation)6.Thomas Hardy--“Shakespeare of the English novel.”--novels of character and environment: Far from the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D’Urbervilles;Jude the Obscure--fatalism;--naturalistic tendencies;7. George Bernard Shaw--the greatest Irish dramatist in the 20th c.--a member of the Fabian society; reformist ideas--Plays: Mrs. Warren’s Profession; Major Barbara8. John Galsworthy--The Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property, In Chancery, and To Let.--Analysis: The Man of PropertyVII. The Modern Period (Unit 15)1. Modernism:--theorectical basis;--innovative forms;--thematic concerns;3. Steam of consciousness novel:--Bergson‟s theory of ps ychological time;--Definition:The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.--Virginia Woolf and James Joyce4. Virginia Woolf--“Modern Fiction” (attacked the traditional way of novel-writing)--Mrs. Dalloway; To the Lighthouse; The Waves--Mrs. Dalloway: appreciation5. James Joyce--an Irish writer;--Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses--Ulysses (Theme, techniques)6. Psychological Fiction--Freudian‟s theories;--D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers; The Rainbow; Women in Love; Lady Chatterley’s Lover--Sons and Lovers: appreciation7. Other important writers:--E. M. Forster: A Passage to India; A Room with a View; Where Angels Fear to Tread; Howards End;--William Golding: Lord of the Flies;--Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness; Lord Jim;VIII. Postwar Literature (Unit 16)1.Existentialism--“Existence precedes essence”--Theme;2. Theatre of the Absurd--Samuel Beckett: Nobel prize--Harold Pinter: Nobel Prize--Definition--Waiting for Godot (Beckett):3. Angry Y oung Man:--mid-1950s;--John Osborne: Look Back in Anger4. Metafiction:--definition:--John Fowles: The French L ieutenant’s Woman5. Symbolism:--definiton;--T. S. Eliot: “The Waste Land” (spiritiual empitness and emotional impoverishment)--William Butler Y eats: “Sailing to Byzantium”;(Appreciation)“The Second Coming”; “Leda and the Swan”;。
英国文学史笔记总结部分
English Literature 英国文学史笔记The Development of English LiteratureFrom the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods:1. Early and Medieval English literature;2. The English Renaissance;3. The 17th C. – The Period of Revolution and Restoration;4. The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment5. Romanticism in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;6. The Victorian Age;7. The 20th Century Literature –Modernism and Post-ModernismChapter1 Literature of Old and Medieval Period(449—1485)1) Anglo-Saxon Period /Old English Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem in the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.2)The Anglo-Norman Period /Middle English Period (1066-1485)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman Conquest (1066). After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code, the romantic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc.. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇,骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.㈠Definitions of Literary Terms1. Couplet(对句): a couplet is two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.2. Iambic pentameter: each line has five feet of iambs; in each foot, there is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.3.Heroic Couplet(英雄偶句/双韵体): two consecutive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. (an iambic pentameter couplet). The form was introduced into English by Geoffrey Chaucer and was widely used subsequently, reaching a height of popularity in the works of Alexander Pope.4. Blank Verse(无韵体,素体诗): unrhymed iambic pentameter.5. Epic(史诗): A long narrative poem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes.6. Frame story: a narrative that provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told. (The Canterbury Tales isa collection of stories in a frame story)7. Romance: A tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. The content of Romance was usually about love, chivalry and religion.㈡Geoffrey Chaucer (about1340—1400) 杰弗里•乔叟“The Founder (Father) of English poetry‖A Londoner of bourgeois origin, the most important and influential poet in medieval England, established English as a courtly language. Geoffrey’s Chaucer’s works are often categorized in three chronological periods (the French period, the Italian period and the English period).Ⅰ.Chaucer’s Contributions①. He introduced from French the ―heroic couplet‖ to English poetry.②. He is the first important poet to write in the current English language.③. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.Ⅱ.Geoffrey Chaucer’s famous work :The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400)《坎特伯雷集》an unfinished series of stories told by a group of pilgrims(about 29), who came from all layers of society(a knight, a prioress, a plowman, a merchant, a clerk, the wife from Bath, etc.), journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. ―The General Prologue‖ told us Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. But Chaucer had actually completed only 23 stories.Scholars are uncertain about the order of the tales, and The Canterbury Tales has been passed down in several handwritten manuscripts.Ⅲ. Other works:1)The French period (to 1372): Book of Duchess (1369) 《公爵夫人之书》2)The Italian period (1372—1385): House of Fame (1379—1384) 《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls (1377—1382) 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde (1382—1385) 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》3)The English period (1387—1400): The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400) Chapter 2 Literature of English Renaissance(1485—1616)The Renaissance as a cultural movement embraced all Western Europe roughly from the 14th century to the 17th century. It first sprang in Florence of Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe (to Germany and Spain and England). ―Renaissance‖, French for ―rebirth‖, refers to the revival of interest in ancient Roman and Greek culture.During this period, the classical arts and learning were discovered again and widely studied , so the term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Roman and Greek) arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism , it also marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution .In the Renaissance period, scholars and educators called themselves humanists and began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture, in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world. So humanism became the keynote of the English Renaissance. And the greatest humanist is Thomas More, the author of Utopia. The representatives in literature are Shakespeare and Bacon. The former has the greatest contribution in drama an d sonnets while the latter’s essays are condensed and witty.代表人物:1) Thomas More(1478—1535)托马斯•莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2) Thomas Wyatt 托马斯•怀亚特He introduced sonnet into English literature引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗):form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter3) Edmund Spenser(1522—1599)埃德蒙•斯宾塞“the poet’s poet”(诗人中的诗人) English poet whose long allegorical poem(寓言性浪漫史诗) The Faerie Queene 《仙后》is one of the greatest in the English language. It was written in what cameto be called the Spenserian stanza.Spenserian stanza:A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The last line is written in iambic hexameter4) Christopher Marlowe (1564—1593)克里斯托弗•马洛“the most gifted writer of the University Wits”“the forerunner of English drama”“The Father of English Tragedy” (one-man tragedy) The greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.blank verse(无韵体:不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
中英对照英美文学知识大全
Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth
喜剧
A Midsummer Night’s Dream;The Merchant of Venice;As You Like It《皆大欢喜》;Twelfth Night
历史剧
Henry VI, Henry IV, Richard III
传奇剧
Pericles《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》;Cymbeline《辛白林》;The Winter’s Tale;Tempest《暴风雨》
8. Ben Jonson (本•琼森)
comedy of manners (风俗喜剧的奠基人);
Every Man In His Humor《人性互异》
9. John Donne (约翰•多恩)
7. Richard Steel & Joseph Addison
(理查德•斯蒂尔 & 约瑟夫•艾迪生)
The Tatler《闲谈者》;The Spectator《旁观者》
8. William Blake (威廉•布莱克)
Songs of Innocence;Songs of Experience
9. Robert Burns (罗伯特•彭斯)
A Red, Red Rose;Auld Lang Syne《昔日好时光》
10. Samuel Johnson (塞缪尔•约翰逊)
A Dictionary of the English Language《英语辞典》;
A Letter to Lord Chesterfield《致切斯特菲尔德爵爷书》
被誉为文人脱离贵族提携和保护的宣言书;
The Lives of the Poets《诗人传》
英语专业英国文学总结
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类:pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、头韵体代表作:The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法【Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)和metaphor暗语understatement婉转表达】3、散文Bede比德Alfred二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、romance 传奇文学佚名诗人:代表作:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗2、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期① the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父②heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)③代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)3、Langland 朗格兰Piers the plowman《农夫彼尔斯》4、Malory 马罗礼Le Morte D'Arthur亚瑟王之死5、Popular Ballads大众民谣:a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed 代表人物:Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作:Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔三、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期十四行诗sonnet和对白体无韵诗(主体)1、key work: humanism 人文主义:admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物:(第一阶段)1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦Book two is more important2)、Wyatt 魏阿特1st man to introduce into England sonnet3)、Surrey 萨利1st man to reform sonnet/ to use blank verse/ to use sonnet series(二、伊莉沙白时代:)4)、Sidney 锡特尼(田园)阿斯特罗菲尔与斯黛拉Astrophel and StellaApology for poetry 诗辨(人文主义、文学批评)5)Spenser斯宾塞(田园)poet's poet① The Faerie Queene仙后(epic poem 史诗) The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历② Amoretti爱情小唱Epithalamion婚后曲Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林•克劳特回来了Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌6)、Lyly 李雷Euphues 尤菲倚斯7)、Marlowe马洛(戏剧)Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧(代表作)desire for knowledgeTamburlaine帖木耳大帝desire for powerThe Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人desire for moneyblank verse(无韵体:不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
英国文学史知识点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period 449-10661、这个时期的文学作品分类: pagan异教徒 Christian基督徒2、代表作: The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫 national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵写作手法例子: of man was the mildest and most beloved;To his kin the kindest; keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period 1066-1350Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed 押韵 lines in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England; representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人;代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner; thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事;无形中表明了各自的观点;展示了各自的性格..小说观点:he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions迷信 and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运.他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来..4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣:a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission书上.歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲;一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物:Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作:Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance 16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman 戏剧 drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical Greek and Roman arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴..The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展..1、key work: humanism 人文主义: admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物:1、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家essayist3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet十四行诗: form of poetry intricately rhymed间隔押韵 in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人 The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem 史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse无韵体:不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式..6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama四大悲剧:Hamlet哈姆雷五、the period of Revolution and Restoration 17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点:the Puritans清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离..2、代表人物:1、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets 玄学派诗人的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗 Death be not proud笔记作品特点:①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.坦诚的态度和现实描绘② novelty of subject matter and point新颖的题材和视角③ novelty of its form.新颖的形式2、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 poem 诗歌 blank verseDefense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory寓言”Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned旧体形式; medieval form of allegory比喻and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment 18世纪启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style; to write prose like Addison; or verse like Pope. 特;Othello奥赛罗;King Lear李尔王;The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白强调正确的格式和写作规范;像艾迪生一样创作散文;和蒲柏一样创作诗歌..The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式..The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature; and prove that man is born kind and honest; and if he becomes depraved; it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点;论证了人生诚实而友善;而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致..Contrary to all reasoning; social injustice still held strong; found the power of reason to be insufficient; and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. 无论怎样讲究理性;社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在;理性的力量明显不足..因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段..2、18th century 文学的三个方面:Classicism古典主义、revival of romantic poetry新兴的浪漫主义诗歌、beginnings of the modern novel刚启萌的现代派小说3、代表人物:1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel:Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Wild乔纳森.威尔德Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯2、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction现代小说之父Joseph Andrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同:Richardson ——no humor; minces words; moralizes. 不幽默;咬文嚼字;说教Fielding —— direct; vigorous; hilarious; and coarse to the point of vulgarity;full of animal spirits; tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙;甚至有点俗;精神焕发;讲述流浪者的故事..The History of Tom Jones; a foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him3、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 novel 反讽作品特点:no visible sign of anger; nor raising the voice; the tone is cold; restrained; ironic; varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜;骂不扬声;语调冷酷;锋芒暗藏;讽刺辛辣;仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态..A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校;喜剧 comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayist The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师;小说 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全;欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村;诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾;感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏..代表人物:Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Elegy; Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Period 1798-1832浪漫主义散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物:William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人 poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命..2、教育意义Educational:liberty; equality and fraternity 自由;平等;博爱3、开始的标志:beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始4、lake poets湖畔诗人:Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物: 1、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate 桂冠诗人The Prelude序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry作品特点:simplicity and purity of the language; fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言;反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德哈罗德游记cantos 诗章成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 Ode to the West Wind西风颂 poem 诗4、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 poem To a Nightingale致夜莺poem “Beauty is truth; truth beauty”美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Emma爱玛写作特点:the love-making of her young people; though serious and sympathetic; is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人..7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点:In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay; so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始;艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活;并使其熟悉和并令人愉快..Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期;散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ;Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义1、意义:Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中;宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动..2、代表人物:1、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艰难时刻Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 A Tale of Two Cities双城记描述了法国大革命French Revolution特点:describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众..2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre简.爱Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄主人公:Mr. Heathcliff特点:brought to the novel an introspection and anintense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton; North and South玛丽.巴顿;北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利场— this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel; ruthlessly criticizing money worship; cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活;无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物:Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中;完美的获取财富和地位的手段.. 特点: novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society..小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照..5、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe; but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场;但是她的心洞察了个性的发展.. 特点:the significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in theportrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞..3、桂冠诗人poet-laureate:1、Alfred Tennyson 2、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy嫉妒 Stingy小气贡献:Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗dramatic romances 戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义“art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术2、代表人物..1、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists Tess of the D’Urbervilles 苔丝 Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特点:His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧..2、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术3、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家playwright Mrs. Warren’s profession华莱夫人的职业4、D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and lovers儿子与情人3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物:1、Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway A Room of One’s Own Woolf was much c oncerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2、James Joyce Ulysses。
英国文学史--英国文学总结2
英国文学总结2Part IV The Renaissance(Europe 1300s – 1600s)1.It was a time when .according to Thomas More,-------sheep devouredmen.(羊吃人的年代)2.Renaissance(文艺复兴) Europe 1300s – 1600s:Renaissance is anessential culture movement in the period between the 14th and middle 17th century. It first started in Italy with a flowering, sculpture and literature, emerged in 1485~1660 the renaissance is a revival of ancient Roman and Greek culture and then humanism is the essence of renaissance.Many forms of works appeared in this period. In England Shakespeare isa represent and his major work is Hamlet and others. His works achievedmuch in literature.3.Humanism人文主义:First employed by 19th-century German scholars todesignate the Renaissance emphasis on classical studies (grammar, poetry, rhetoric, history, and philosophy)4.At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist ThomasMore(1478-1535) wrote his Utopia(1516) in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.5.Thus Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into Englishliterature.6.Renaissance poetry two greatest poets---Philip Sidney (began sonnet) Edmund Spencer–the poets’ poet: The masterpiece : The Fairy Queen。
英国文学史期末总结复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons,a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates( 海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribalsociety to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1) The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3) The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory ’s Le Morte D ’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur ’s courtChapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the secondand fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springsfrom weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer ’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact thathe introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especiallythe rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “the heroic couplet ”)to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucerdid much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of therising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlementof Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More ’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversationbetween More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia ”comes from two Greek words meaning “no place ”.3. Utopia , Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcibleexposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia , Book TwoIn Book Twowe have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1) LifeThe Poet ’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poemin twelve books, one for each month of the year.2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)Spenser ’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-1596), isa long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay)the founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-cal led “university wits ”(Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits ”was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine , The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe ’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter)the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare ’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night ’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice , As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare ’s “great comedies ”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello , King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1) Venus and Adonis2) The Rape of Lucrece3) Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare ’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisieduring the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost , Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1) Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton ’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim ’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim ’s Progress1) The Pilgrim ’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical ”by S amuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literaturein the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2) The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movementin Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners foughtagainst class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3) The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler , to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses, ”that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff ”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper witwith morality. ”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver ’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift ’s world -famous novel Gulliver ’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel) Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period ⋯spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. ”The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it. ”(Ibid.)This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison .Clarissa is the best of Richardson ’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has meritsof its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1) The StoryFielding ’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones , a Foundling . 6. Summary2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel. ”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson ’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers ’reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake ’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialecton a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns ’PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend.It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have alsobeen called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfactionwith the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against oran escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual ”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads .The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with theconventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism,and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets”because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern partof England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Writtenin Early Spring , To the Cuckoo, I WanderedLonely as a Cloud, My Heart LeapsUp, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composeda FewMiles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature ”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge ’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner .Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold ’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold , wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold ’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserianstanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley ’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella , The Eve of St. Agnes , Lamia and Hyperion .5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat ’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1) His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty. ”3) Ode to Autumn , Ode on Melancholy , Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master ofthe historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, thegroup on English history and the group on the history of European countries.In fact, Scott ’s literary career marks the transition from romanticismto realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers , American Notes , Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered notfor one masterpiece but for creative world. ”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair : A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray ’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky) SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)She herself compared her work to a fine engraving madeupon a little pieceof ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice , Mansfield Park , Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte ’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor , was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily ’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: AdamBede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3) Silas Marner: Critical realism was the main current of English literaturein the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th CenturyChapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson ’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in Franceand Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature.Treasure Island (masterpiece)3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century.The theory of “art for art ’s sake ”was first put forward by the Frenchpoet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in Englishliterature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2) Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance , 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest , 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature(Modernism)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness ”literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D ’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D ’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th centuryare W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole , Michael Robartes and the Dancer , The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. Eliot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of ourage-certainly the greatest in this . English) language. ”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry anda great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers (1913) , the first of Lawrence ’s important novel s, islargely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, especiallythat of the “Oedipus complex. ”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley ’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses (1922)June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic ”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in hismastery of the English language. ”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows ”the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf ’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day .Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway , To the Lighthouse and Orlando PartNine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the Second WorldWarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: WhereAngels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Roomwitha View and Howards EndA Passage to India , published in 1924, is Forster ’s masterpiece . In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel .Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
英国文学史纲要总结1
1066 Norman conquest. As a result, French replaced English as the official language and dominated the literary creation. The resumption of the English as the mainly used language was after the English and French Centurial War 300 years later.
IV. 17th century ( the Glorious Revolution, the Restoration)
A. Drama: bold depiction of the extravagant life of the nobles.
B. Poetry: John Dryden, Metaphysical poet John Donne, John Milton
b. Metaphysical Poetry and John Donne. Characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. Called by Samuel Johnson. “ The Flea”, “Meditations”, imaginative, philosophical and meditative.
英国文学史--最全总结中英
盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485莎士比亚时代1564—1636清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660古典主义时代 1660—1744约翰逊时代 1744—1785浪漫主义时代1786—1832维多利亚时代 1832—1900现代第一章Anglo-Saxon (426—1066)旧约:上帝创世纪新约:耶稣古英语诗歌分为的世俗的1.Beowulf 史诗(三千行的长诗,关于英雄战绩的故事)2.文字来源于日耳曼系3.基督教的文学:瑞特文的故事Caedmon第二章Angol-Norman(1066—1350)中世纪英语:基督教义,自我拯救1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances1)容:传奇好像现在的长篇,有诗,有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。
2)产生:传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的,骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系,且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。
3)分类:不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain法国的事迹罗马的事迹第三章:乔叟的时代(1350—1458)背景:百年战争(The Hundred’s War)1.Geoffrey Chaucer:文艺复兴以前,英国文学界最伟大的人物。
The Canterbury Tales1)三个阶段:第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期第三时期—在文学上成功的时期,为他自己以国文写作的时期2).近代诗人英文作家中,第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人3).特点:反对迫害,反对禁欲,文艺复兴的报春者a他在英语上发明音调b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改,以告成英文与英国文学。
c完美的音律,倾向于音乐化d 创设接近社会生活的作品;眼光思想都很广阔;音乐的眼光第四章:民间文学1.歌谣的来源:歌德Geothe说:民歌的价值,全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。
英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点 中英对照
英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点British history of literature and the characteristics of each stage毋庸置疑,英国小说是世界艺术之林中的一大景观。
它如同促使其滋生与进化的社会土壤一样,在历史的洪流中不断改弦易辙,急剧演变。
自文艺复兴时期以来,英国小说已经发展成为一种充满活力和魅力的艺术工具,对社会生活和历史变迁进行了生动的描述。
像英语一样,自它形成的那一天起,英国小说便建立了自己的规则和体系,虽东学一点,西借一点,却以坚定的步伐向前发展。
引人注目的是,尽管英国小说起步较晚,其历史比诗歌和戏剧短得多,但它却发展迅猛,变化巨大,流传甚广,其影响和作用早已大大地超过了诗歌和戏剧。
究其原因,英国小说不仅具有内容丰富、情节曲折和人物形象生动等特征,而且还因其篇幅灵活、形式多样,语言通俗和艺术精湛而备受广大读者的青睐。
经过无数作家的认真探索和反复实践,当代英国小说在艺术形式和创作技巧上与它早期的雏形已不可同日而语。
如果说,英国小说的崛起完全符合文学发展的客观规律;那么,其小说艺术的发展既是社会进化的一个显著标志,也是文学现代化的必然结果。
Undoubtedly, the English novel is a great landscape in the world art tries. It as urging its growth and evolution of social soil, as in history stream of continuous converted, sharp evolution. Since the Renaissance, England has novel has developed into a dynamic and charm of the art tools, to the social life and historical changes the vivid description. Like English is same, since it formed the day, the English novel, he set up his own rules and system, although east, west borrowed learn a little bit, but with the firm steps forward development. Remarkably, although English novels startting evening, its history than poems and plays a much shorter, but it is developing rapidly, dramatic change, widespread, its influence and effect already greatly exceeds poetry and drama. Investigate its reason, English novels not only has the rich content and plots and characters vivid characteristics such as length, but also because of its flexible and diverse forms, colloquial English and art consummate and has extensive readers' favor. After countless writer's earnest exploration and repeated practice, contemporary English novels in artistic form and creative skills on early embryo of with it already is obvious. If, say, the rise of the English novel completely accord with the objective law of the development of literature, So, its novel artistic development is both social evolution a distinctive sign, but also the inevitable result of the modern literature.应当指出,英国小说艺术,像其他艺术形式一样,不可避免地经历了一个从原始到成熟的发展过程。
英国文学总结(中英文)
The School for Scsanda造谣学校The Rivals情敌
Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰生1709-1784
A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯
Francis Bacon培根1561-1626
Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集(Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self)
The founder of English materialist philosophy
(他是最早有人文主义思想的作家,现实主义文学的奠基人)
his contribution to English poetry: introduced fromfrancethe rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect ofLondonthe standard for the modern English speech.
The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜;
英国文学简史术语解释总结(英文)[模版]
英国文学简史术语解释总结(英文)[模版]第一篇:英国文学简史术语解释总结(英文)[模版]1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements.2.Romance (名词解释)a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.3,Ballad民谣(名词解释)Popular Ballads 大众民谣:a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).4,4,Heroic couplet(名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格).Renaissance (名词解释)Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.555 humanism 人文主义: admire human beauty and human achievement 556 The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class ofbourgeoisie against feudalism6,.Sonnet(名词解释)The sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme schme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, expecially in Italy ,France and England.7,Blank verse(名词解释): written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.8,Spenserian Stanza(名词解释)Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almostcertainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima.Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c.The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter.He used this form in his epic poem The Faerie Queene.John Keats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St.Agnes.,9 Enlightenment(1650-1800)(名词解释)A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy Individualism--emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights Rationalism--the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.Relativism--was the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit.Gothic novel(哥特式小说):mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)10,Classicism(名词解释)In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity.In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity;Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.11 Sentimentalism(名词解释)Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness toprofound gloom.RomanticismLake Poets(名词解释)The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.Aestheticism唯美主义(名词解释)The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain.It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement.It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism.It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.Stream-of-consciousness(名词解释)The “stream ofconsciousness” is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.第二篇:英国文学选读术语(本站推荐)一.Local ColorismIt is said that Bret Harte was one of the first realists to introduce local color into American literature.His “The Luck of Roaring Camp”(1868)marked a significantdevelopment in the brief history of local color fiction.It was the result of historical & aesthetic forces.1.historical2.aesthetic forceLocal Color:Term applied to literature which emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialects, costumes, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences.The local color movement came into particular prominence in Am after the Civil War, perhaps as an attempt torecapture the glamour of a past era, or to portray the sections of the reunited country.In local color literature one finds the dual influence of romanticism and realism since the author frequently looks away from ordinary life to distant lands,strange customs, or exotic scenes, but retains through minute detail a sense of fidelity and accuracyof description.二.Beat Generation The Beat Generation refers to a group of American post-WWII writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired Central elements of “Beat” culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being三.symbolA symbol is an object that represents, stands for, or suggests an , belief, action, or material.Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, or visual images and are used to convey ideas and beliefs.For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for “STOP”.On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite.are symbols for.Personal names are symbols representing individuals.A red rose symbolizes love and compassion四.Code HeroThe Code Hero is typically an individualist and free-willed.Although he believes in the ideals of courage and honor he has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance.A code hero never shows emotions;showing emotions and having a commitment to women shows weakness.Qualities such as bravery,adventuresome and travel also define the Code Hero 五.Free verseFree verse is an open form(see)of.It does not use consistentpatterns, , or any other musical pattern.It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.另free verse(or, in French, vers libre), a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular : the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme—if any.Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexibleor rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported byand other devices of repetition.Now the most widely practised verse form in English, it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poems of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman, the French , and the poets of.Free verse should not be confused with , which does observe a regular metre in its unrhymed lines.六.Naturalism Naturalism is “the idea or belief that only(as opposed toor)laws and forces operate in the world;(occas.)the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world.”Adherents of naturalism(i.e.naturalists)as sert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe, that theis a product of these laws.naturalism, a more deliberate kind ofin novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social.As a literary movement, naturalism wasinitiated in France by Jules and Edmond Goncourt with their novel Germinie Lacerteux(1865), but it came to be led by Émile Zola, who claimed a ‘scientific’ status for his studies o f impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects in Thérèse Raquin(1867),Germinal(1885), and many other novels.Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society七.American PuritanismAmerican Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature Puritan Beliefs1.Original SinThrough Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful.2.PredestinationOnly a few are selected by God for salvation.3.Limited Atonement(赎罪)Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.4.Irresistible GraceGrace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.Puritanism1.Idealismpracticality and purposiveness八.ExpositionThe exposition is the portion of athat introduces importantbackground information to the audience;for example, information about the setting, events occurring before the main plot, characters' , etc.Exposition can be conveyed through dialogues, through a character's thoughts, through background details, throughmedia such as newspaper clippings, trial reports and letters, or through a narrator telling aor by establishing scenes where a character is followed.Exposition is considered one of fourof discourse, along with , , and九.Imageryour senses through imagery.Imagery is more incidental to a poem than metaphors, symbols and theme and they are often confused.Nevertheless, an image should conjure up something more than the mere mentioning of the object or situation.A mistake often made is to take every image as though it were a symbol or metaphor第三篇:英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.① 坎特伯雷故事集:first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体)by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation andeconomic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世;Henry V ;Richard II;Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜;第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错,Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯,The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost(爱的徒劳)Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing(无事生非)The merry wives of Windsor.温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure(一报还一报)Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution,学术的推进 III:the period of the English bourgeois ton:1608~1674Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity,复乐园我的失明论出版自由为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗):(用语)the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.(主题:love, religious, thought)The Flea;跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning,Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗,emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century:EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起:In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说):mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745(十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读2-知识总结
以下为英国文学史第二册的知识点总结个别知识点会有错误或者遗漏请在复习的时候自主补充愿大家都能取得好成绩———VictoriaJPart V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. Wordsworth华兹华斯Coleridge 柯尔律治Southey 骚塞The Lake Poets1.William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850Poet Laureate(桂冠诗人)a leader of the romantic movement in England.①Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the RomanticMovement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridge’s long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)and ends with Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds,daffodils and simple rural folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines Written in Early Spring”(“早春诗行”),“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)“Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).②Lucy Poems 《露西组诗》③“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.④“The Solitary Reaper”“孤独的收割者”⑤The Prelude 《序曲》or Growth of a Poet’s Mind⑥The Excursion 《远足》《漫游》Wordsworth’s Principles of Poetry(feelings,commonplace things,the real language of man and deliberate simplicity,inner self, changed the ordinary speech of the language → return to nature.)2.George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~18241)Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》dealing with childish recollections andearly friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。
英国文学简史(中文版).doc
英国文学简史(刘炳善)第一章中世纪文学第一节古英语文学一从“不列颠”到“英格兰”与欧洲大陆隔海相望的不列颠岛上,很早就居住着克尔特人。
他们当中的布里顿族,在大约公元前5世纪进入不列颠,“不列颠”一词便来源于克尔特人的“布里顿”一词,意为“布里顿人的国度”。
克尔特人的口头文学历史悠久、丰富多彩,内容有多神教的神话故事和英雄传说,其中亚瑟王的故事不断流传、扩展,成为英国和西方文学的创作素材的一大源泉。
公元前55年开始,罗马人由侵略到逐渐征服了不列颠,把不列颠划为罗马帝国的一个省,并带入了罗马文明。
他们的许多军事要塞发展成为今天的重要城市,他们修建的大道有的到十八世纪还是交通要道。
在古英语文学中保存下来的一首短诗《废墟》中,一位生活在七世纪的诗人凭吊被撒克逊人摧毁的罗马人的城镇,寻觅当时当地大厅浴堂的盛况而不可得。
罗马的势力维持到5世纪初期。
北欧的日耳曼人的骚扰不列颠的同时也大举入侵罗马帝国,罗马人不得不从401年起撤回本土,专心御敌,9年后罗马帝国皇帝宣布放弃对不列颠的主权。
罗马人在统治不列颠的350年中,对不列颠的语言文学没有产生很大的影响。
五世纪中期,日耳曼人中的盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特等部落从欧陆渡海来到不列颠。
他们遭到了当地居民猛烈的反抗,大约150年后才征服不列颠南部、中部的大部分地区。
一些土著克尔特人沦为奴隶,又有一些克尔特人被驱赶到北部、西部的山区、威尔士、苏格兰,甚至渡海到爱尔兰、布列塔尼半岛。
盎格鲁人把不列颠称为“盎格兰”,这便是“英格兰”一词的由来。
克尔特的不列颠被盎格鲁—撒克逊的英格兰所替代。
盎格鲁—撒克逊人在征服和国家形成过程中,氏族制度逐渐解体,封建制度逐渐形成,多神教也逐渐为基督教所代替。
盎格鲁—撒克逊语便是古英语,英国文学史就是从五世纪盎格鲁—撒克逊族的征服开始的。
二来自北欧祖先的史诗:《贝奥武甫》如同许多民族,盎格鲁—撒克逊人的诗歌来源于人民的口头集体创作,反映了远占部落人们的生产劳动、对自然与社会现象的幻想性解释。
最全面英国文学史知识点总结(1)
最全面英国文学史知识点总结(1)英国文学史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.Artistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound(头韵)Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400(首创“双韵体”,英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿(John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.①坎特伯雷故事集:first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③声誉之宫Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance –rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599(后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英国文学史总结
Beowulf the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsThe Ballad:Aballed is a story told in ually in 4-line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.They mainly the literature of peasants,and in themone is able to understand the outlook of the English common people infeudal society.Heroic couplet: a verse unit consisting of two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter Romance:the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.the theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasizedin romance.Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.(1): the matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the great and Roland, Chanson de Roland(2):the matter of Rome: Alexander the great and the Great and the siege of troy.(3):the matter of British: the Arthurian legend: Sir Gawain ,Launcelot, Merlin , the death of King Arthur.Geoffrey Chaucer the founder of English poetryHis career can be divided into several periods1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863. English The Canterbury talesThe Canterbury Tales Chivalrous values:Honor,loyalty,chastity⏹Structural device: a pilgrimage to Canterbury, which enables him to show people from allwalks of life, a cross-section of the society⏹Uniqueness: a fascinating accord between the narrators and the tales, the charactersgrow and are revealed by the stores (in the works of the writers before him, the relationship between the story tellers and the tales they tell is haphazard) Elizabethan ageRenaissanceHumanism:admire human beauty and human achievementSonnetBlank verseSpenserian stanzaThe Renaissance, which means “rebirth” or “revival’, is actually an intellectual movement with a thirsting curiosity for classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.It aims to get rid of conservation in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.During the Renaissance, Thomas Wyatt was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry.Wiliam Shakespeare⏹Hamlet⏹The merchant of venice⏹Sonnet 18⏹The sonnet form: A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, traditionally written in iambicpentameter .A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.⏹Type:a.The Italian sonnet, or Petrarch sonnet, consist of a octave(8-line stanza) andsestet(6-line stanza), rhymed abba abba cde cde. 意大利式或彼特拉克式 由前8行 octave 和后6行 sestet 两部分组成 尾韵形式分为abba,abba或abab,abab和cde,cde或cd,cd,cd.b.Spenserian sonnet consists of three quatrains and a couplet, rhymed abab bcbccdcd ee. 斯宾塞式 由3个四行诗节和一个两行诗节组成 尾韵形式为ababbcbc cdcd ee。
英国文学史及选读部分翻译
《贝奥武甫》是中世纪欧洲第一篇民族史诗,英国文学的开山之作。
其主要内容是讲述高特王子贝奥武甫带领十二勇士来到丹麦王国,除去恶魔葛婪代及其母亲,为丹麦解除祸患赢得和平,得到荣誉和重赏后回到故土;后来贝奥武甫做了高特国王,没想到在五十年后,一条火龙扰乱了王国的安宁,贝奥武甫虽然已经英雄暮年,但仍壮志不已,独战火龙,终于壮烈牺牲。
我只找到下面一些节选还有第七章的翻译,其余内容分析请楼主查看我提供的链接吧。
塞西尔特的海葬(26-52行)勇敢的塞西尔特气数已尽,从这尘世投入主的庇护所。
活着时他是塞西尔丁人的朋友而受尊敬长期治理这方地面;如今亲密的伙伴按照他生前的嘱咐,把他的尸体抬到海边。
港口停泊着一只船,它是酋长的财产,船首装饰珠光宝气,这会正准备启航,他们将敬爱的贤主——财产的施与者放进船舱,紧挨着桅杆。
他的身旁放了许多财宝和饰品,这些都是来之不易的珍玩。
另外还有各种兵器、宝剑、战袍和甲胄,一只船装饰得如此金光闪耀,我可闻所未闻。
许多奇珍异宝就放在塞西尔特的身上,任其一道进入汹涌的海洋。
他还是个孩子时,那边的人装了许多财宝送他独自过海,这回人们为他装备的贵重礼品,一点也不比那次少。
他们接着树起一面金色的旗,让它高高飘扬在他的头顶,就这样,他们把他交给了大海,心里好不悲伤、怀念!无论宫廷的智者还是天下的英雄,都不知这船货物落到谁的手中。
格兰道尔的巢穴(1357-1376行)他们居住在神秘的处所,狼的老巢,那里是招风的绝域,险恶的沼泽地,山涧流水在雾霭中向下奔泻,进入地下,形成一股洪流。
论路程那里并不遥远,不久即见一个小湖出现眼前;湖边长着经霜的灌木、树丛,扎根坚固而向水面延伸。
每到夜晚,湖上就冒出火光,那景象真让人胆颤心惊。
芸芸众生中没有任何智者,能将黑湖深处的奥秘探明。
任何野兽或长角的雄鹿,既便被猎狗追赶,跑进这片灌木,也会远远逃走,宁可让性命丧失在沙洲,宁可让性命丧失在沙洲.也不愿投入湖中寻求庇护。
这里的确不是一个好处所!湖中浊浪翻腾,黑雾直升云端,天空变得朦胧阴沉,整个世界为之恸哭失声!贝奥武甫的遗言(2792—2820行)年迈的国王忍着痛苦,望着财物说,“为了跟前这些玮宝明殊,我要感谢那光荣的王,感谢万物的授与者和永恒的主,在我临死之前,能为自己的人民获得这么多的财富!既然我用自己的残生换来这一切,你务必拿它去供养百姓:也许我的生命已经有限。
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盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485莎士比亚时代1564—1636清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660古典主义时代 1660—1744约翰逊时代 1744—1785浪漫主义时代1786—1832维多利亚时代 1832—1900现代第一章Anglo-Saxon (426—1066)旧约:上帝创世纪新约:耶稣古英语诗歌分为的世俗的1.Beowulf 史诗(三千行的长诗,关于英雄战绩的故事)2.文字来源于日耳曼系3.基督教的文学:瑞特文的故事Caedmon第二章Angol-Norman(1066—1350)中世纪英语:基督教义,自我拯救1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances1)容:传奇好像现在的长篇,有诗,有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。
2)产生:传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的,骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系,且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。
3)分类:不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain法国的事迹罗马的事迹第三章:乔叟的时代(1350—1458)背景:百年战争(The Hundred’s War)1.Geoffrey Chaucer:文艺复兴以前,英国文学界最伟大的人物。
The Canterbury Tales1)三个阶段:第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期第三时期—在文学上成功的时期,为他自己以国文写作的时期2).近代诗人英文作家中,第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人3).特点:反对迫害,反对禁欲,文艺复兴的报春者a他在英语上发明音调b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改,以告成英文与英国文学。
c完美的音律,倾向于音乐化d 创设接近社会生活的作品;眼光思想都很广阔;音乐的眼光第四章:民间文学1.歌谣的来源:歌德Geothe说:民歌的价值,全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。
2.代表作品:《爱德华》EdwardLittle Gest of Robin Hood—长篇史诗3.中世纪的戏剧民众化的戏剧教会化的戏剧第五章:文艺复兴说教的,克制情感,强调人是社会的动物。
人人文主义Humanism 是文艺复兴的实质。
强调现世1.乔叟的时代过后,文坛上来了个大变动,就是文艺复兴。
中古时代与近代就在此分界。
它有两种意义:复生Re-birth:就是说死去的希腊思想反着风行一世的希伯来思想而活动,而复活新生New-birth:就是说近代一切文艺上,哲学上,政治上的新思想,乘此而起,诞生新的文化当中古时代黑暗到了极点,先知先觉的学者们由教会的威权压逼之下,自求解放,以自由研究古代希腊的文艺。
这种运动成为人文主义和古典派2.文艺复兴的原因a.中世纪黑暗,教教皇是全欧洲精神上的主宰。
教皇大权独揽b. 欧洲人扩大了世界,发现更大更新的世界c. 人民的政府强固,教权渐行衰落d. 对教皇不满,势必追溯到前贤的思想与创造,于是诞生了复兴希腊文化的信念3.《乌托邦》Utopia by Sir Thomas More 有桃花源记的逃世思想。
读第一卷可知当时英国极点的黑暗腐败,穷苦的人和犯罪的人极多。
第二卷和上卷相反。
上卷讲破坏的社会,下卷讲如何建设新的社会4.改革 Martin Luther 德国。
在教堂的大门上,贴对于当时教会一切专横腐败痛加攻击的95篇论文,供群众浏览第六章:莎士比亚的时代(1564—1636)1.伊丽莎白时代以前,英国的文学几乎全是教会的作品,或是少数贵族阶级专有的,但到那时,平民都有机会学习和创作了。
伊丽莎白女王提倡学术,打破阶级观念。
2.莎士比亚:“守家的少年,其智不出户外。
”意在鼓励有为的青年向外发展,亦可知当时的时代思想了。
3.斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser(1552—1599)a既是意国派的人文主义学者,又是英国化的清教徒。
他一面信仰柏拉图的意志哲学,一面又是使英国诗歌倾向意大利的浪漫主义。
b. 第一时代:家境寒苦c. 第二时代:恋爱,女郎失踪,他想慕不已,写《牧羊人日历》 Shepherds’Calendar 以为纪念牧歌十二首,每首写一年中的某一月的风物。
大都是乡村生活,自然景色,田野恋情和少年牧童及牧羊女的对话d. 第三时代:驻爱尔兰。
在富于天然美的区域中,《仙后》:他本来的计划是想把这篇诗写成24册,每册代表一个冒险勇敢的武士所擅长的道德,他们能各自战胜恶魔,克服罪恶。
但是这个计划没有如愿,他只写成了六册和七册中的几节,以叙述武士们的神圣,中庸,清廉,友爱,公正等高尚的人格。
第七册旨在说明无武士的坚贞但未完稿。
其他十八册,未可知。
容:一个英雄到仙国觐见皇后,哪知到了宫里,每天总有几个愁眉不展的人,不期而遇,谈论些关于龙,女妖和巫女等奇怪的故事,他们正在策划种种办法,以解除那些困难。
有几个武士自愿为前驱,皇后也允许他们这样做。
在路上经过了各种冒险和困难的事情e.斯宾塞诗歌风格:音调完整,稀有的美,想象的奇异,严肃的道德,精密的理想,用字怪癖。
4.培根(1561—1626)1)他以才学,地位和名号来自私自利,害人作恶。
所以他的一生,在事实上,一方面是个冷酷,吝啬和偏私的政治家,另一方面,却是个富于文学和科学的知识,日求真理的学者。
他的父亲是英国掌玺大臣,伊丽莎白女皇最信任的大政治家。
2)人生阶段:律师退出政坛研究科学重新出山做政治家(詹姆士一世登位后)脱身公共事业,隐居乡间,研究文学和科学终身3)作风:提倡实验科学,破坏旧式教育5.莎士比亚(1564—1616)1)阶段:第一时期:喜剧,历史剧,悲剧第二时期:历史剧和浪漫派的喜剧(仲夏夜之梦,威尼斯商人,无事生非)第三时期:四部喜剧,其他都是悲剧第四时期:重新写作喜剧和“悲剧派的喜剧”2)戏剧特点同情,幽默,通俗,广博(用字),深刻6.戏剧的衰落莎士比亚逝世后,英国戏剧渐行衰落第七章:清教徒时代(1636—1660)1.请教运动:文艺复兴以后,清教(Puritan)运动是英国第二个大运动。
文艺复兴后,倾向享乐主义而日趋堕落,英国的清教运动为之反动,主道德复兴2.文学的衰落。
文学是政治的产物3.弥尔顿John Milton(1608—1674)《失乐园》 Paradise Lost 大意是叙述人们被逐出乐园的事迹《复乐园》Paradise Regained 共四卷,也是史诗。
取材于《马太福音》4.班扬John Bunyan(1628—1688)天路历程 The Pilgrim’s Progress 幻想里丰富,生动活泼描写一个基督教信徒在生命的路上向着天国前进的故事第八章:古典主义时代(1660—1744)1.近代文学上的古典主义,发源于十七世纪后半的法国。
2. 路易十四:勤勉,才智秀逸,得中庸之道,而且是极端守规则的人。
当时法国的外交家西蒙曾说:只要手里拿着日历和时表,即使在三百里之外,也可以知道他现在做些什么事。
3. 古典主义的特色a. 理性 reasonb. 特殊的艺术教养c. 使艺术教养更为容易的种种社会的形式d. 本性 naturee. 把英国旧时冗长的句子变为简洁,复杂的句法化作单纯,韵文化成散文,创造了散文上特殊的作风。
4笛福 Daniel Defoe(1660—1731)笛福以前,英国文学里没有什么小说The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe:笛福当时心中很厌恶当时的政治,意欲托而逃世,作此自遣。
5乔纳森斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift(1667—1745)格列佛游记 Gulliver’s Travels:讽刺当时政治上的人物的著作。
它风行一时的原因是异想天开,笔法生动容:关于小人国和大人国的事情,显出他心的困苦和人类的厌恶6亚历山大蒲柏Alexander Pope( 1688—1744)蒲柏性情乖怪,大约是身体衰弱,肝病很重所致第九章:约翰逊时代( 1748—1785)1. 过渡的时代当古典主义的势力还未衰歇时,浪漫主义的思想像海潮一般汹涌的流到英国。
约翰逊是反抗的和最后的古典主义的文豪。
2.卢梭:浪漫运动的领袖。
“回到自然”是他的流传不朽的名句。
所谓自然,便是“人间的本性”“任人本性本来都是善的,到了人的手里,便堕落,绝灭”他认为,人类的罪恶全由文明造成,文明的进步,使个人的地位不平等,损坏人类的自然的性质,使人类堕落了。
3. 约翰逊时代的文学倾向 Samuel Johnson1)写实派小说的发达2)约翰逊领导下的文学带着古典主义的色彩3)浪漫主义渐盛,反对古典文学的人加多4. 新浪漫主义文学特色1)回向自然2)关于人类在宇宙间的地位,引起了清新的趣味3)唤起了对贫穷阶级及被虐待阶级的同情4) 反对一切从来文学上的因袭手段5. 亨利菲尔丁 Henry Fielding( 1707—1754)出身是新闻记者和戏剧作家6. 塞缪尔约翰逊 Samuel Johnson( 1709—1784)在浪漫主义袭击英国的时候,只有他,反抗了这大潮流,只有他,拼命作古文,为古典主义做最后的挣扎。
所以他的文章,是古典化,理性化,和道德化,不是浪漫派热情派或革命派的。
7.托马斯格雷 Thomas Gray( 1716—1771)反抗蒲柏一派雕琢文字的人墓畔哀吟 The Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard容充满想象和忧郁,随意我们也称他为忧郁诗人。
第十章:浪漫主义时代( 1786—1832)1. 法国大革命—自浪漫主义第一人卢梭诞生后,孟德斯鸠等诞生于世,历史上遂起了个伟大的运动。
这,在政治上就是主义。
当时,自由,博爱,平等,解放的口号震动了法国的皇室,打翻了帝王的船,溺死了专制的舟子。
这些事实,历史家唤作法国大革命。
文学是政治的产儿,是社会的产儿,也是历史的产儿。
政治上的大革命形成了革命色调的文学,社会上的平民化促成了平义的文学,历史上的大改造,同时也推动了文学改造。
革命不仅是破坏而已,革命的破坏是革命家不得意的手段,不是革命本身真正的意义。
革命的意义在建设,法国的革命至少是要建设一个,自由,平的和解放的社会与国家。
2. 浪漫主义派的作家狂热的抱了不平的感觉向民间去,他们的文学的精神,便是在他们对民间疾苦息息相关这一点上。
3. 湖畔三少年 Lake poets :William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey1) 华兹华斯( 1770—1805):“所有的好诗都是从情感的刹那间泻出来的。
他的诗的作风是以平凡朴实取胜的。
因为天下一切的万物在他的眼中看来都是平凡朴实,即在此平凡朴实中,一切的美丽和哲理都包括在了。