CHAPTER TWO剖析
CHAPTER TWO
2.1.1 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称
疾病-arthritis（关节炎），bronchitis（支气管炎），
rickets（软骨病），
mumps（腮腺炎）， diabetes（糖尿病）-用作单数
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of body. Phlebitis（静脉炎） is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
The herd of cows and claves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.
2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通 常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.5 Concord of Others
1. PRINCIPLES OF COCORD
Grammatical
Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity
1.1 GRAMATICAL CONCORD
英语阅读chapter 2
LOGO
Task One
Answer the following questions with the information contained in passage one: 1. Why is good psychological health important according to this text? Because when one has good emotional health, he is able to experience feelings, share them appropriately and not be overwhelmed by them.
LOGO
2. What are the problems for men and women respectively regarding their maintenance of psychological health? Women are more connected with taking care of other family members and may forget about themselves while men are likely to ignore the signals of their mental problems and seldom talk about their sufferings.
LOGO
•Having graduated with an engineering degree, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works in Changchun last summer.或： 状语从句＋主语＋谓语 An engineering degree-holder, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works in Changchun last summer soon after graduation. 或：同位语+主语+谓语+ 状语
商务英语阅读教程Unit2剖析
15. downturn
L. a tendency downward, a worsening, 答案 especially in business or economic activity
2-1 TASK 1
16.warranty
2-2
Comprehensive Reading
Today, the products and services tend to be inseparable. The era when the customer cares only to buy a product belongs to the past. Nowadays customers seek more not only for buying a product or gaining the usage of the product but also for the whole value that supports the product.
2-2
Comprehensive Reading
1 The word product has many definitions. In industry, it means the quantity or total volume; or the products of the manufactures. In agriculture, it means the products of the season or of the farm. In business, it means the commodities offered for sale or a service that is marketed or sold as a commodity.
chapter+2
Hypotaxis（形合法）is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example: I shall despair if you don‘t come. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis. Parataxis（意合法）is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them, for example: the rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.
4.2.1名词的形态 After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained. 经过一系列实验之后，弄清了许多重要现象。 在使用这种仪器前，必须弄清它的性能。 You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.
4.1.3 英语中介词使用频率较高，具有巨大的搭配联结能 力和表达功能。 What is he at? 他在干什么？ John voted with the Tories. 约翰投票支持保守党。 He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。 It looks as if we are in for a storm. 看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了。 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO
PART 2
Characters introduction
Tom
Nick
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle） Mr.Wilson McKees Catherine
The dog vendor
spousal relationship
McKees
Tom:
and his determination to have my company bordered on violence. 他硬要我陪他的做法近乎暴力行为 "Go and buy ten more dogs with it.” 给你钱。拿去再买十只狗。 “Daisy! Daisy! Daisy!” shouted Mrs. Wilson. “I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai——” Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. "黛西！黛西！黛西！"威尔逊太太大喊大叫，"我什么时候想 叫就叫！黛西！黛……" 汤姆· 布坎农动作敏捷，伸出手一巴掌打破了威尔逊太太的鼻 子。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气， 一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"
王关富商务英语阅读 第二版chapter 2 详解
•
• • • • • • • • • • • •
•
Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. Given –considering 鉴于 考虑到 Epochal 新纪元的;划时代的;有重大意义的 epoch 时代纪元 Epochal decisions made by Roosevelt and Churchill. 罗斯福和邱吉尔做出的有重大意义的决定 epochal stupidity. 无与伦比的愚蠢 Make one‘s way to 前往某处 He looked around , then made his way to the lavatory. DAVOS Davos 瑞士达沃斯 是“世界经济论坛”the World Economic Forum (WEF) 的主办 地. Come to terms with 勉强接受 妥协 安于 It took a long time for him to come to terms with his disability. Buyers can‘t come to terms with the car‘s styling, and its high price proved a bitter pill.不得不接受的现实 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们 不应该感到吃惊。事实也正如我们所料，复苏进程确实很慢。全球经济政治精英乘直 升飞机、大巴、小汽车或是火车前往达沃斯参加一年一度的世界经济论坛会议，此次 会议上，全球经济政治精英会发现自己开始接受一些闻所未闻的事情。
Chapter 1-2剖析
10
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(i) Arbitrariness (Saussure)
B. However arbitrariness of language is not absolute and there seems to be different levels of arbitrariness.
• Book •书 • ほん
5
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• ③vocal: the primary medium is sound for all
languages, no matter how well developed are
their writing systems. All evidence shows that
• The features that define our human languages can be called design features.
9
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(i) Arbitrariness (Saussure)
A. definition • It refers to the fact that the forms of
13
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C. Significance of arbitrariness
• Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, makes it possible to have unlimited sources of expressions. We can use new sets of sounds or coin new words to represent newly invented things or new ideas.
了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO
• 一位来自中西部的耶鲁毕业生，一战老兵 ，也是本书的叙述者Nick Carraway因得到 了一份在纽约的债券推销员的工作而在长 岛的西半岛租了一间房子，与Gatsby为邻 。Nick到东半岛拜访表妹Daisy和她的丈夫 Tom.他们向他介绍了一个高尔夫球手 Jordan Baker.她告诉了Nick Tom有个情人 的事。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气， 一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"
• the cement color of the walls. A white ashen dust veiled his dark suit and his pale hair as it veiled everything in the vicinity--except his wife, who moved close to Tom。
ChaptertwoPPT课件
需求曲线
• 当需求函数为线性时，需求函数为一条平 滑的直线。但如果需求函 数为非线性时， 需求函数则是一条曲线。在微观经济的分 析中，为了简化分析过程，在不影响结论 的情况之下，大多使用线性需求函数。
• 线性需求函数的函数表达式为：
Qd f (P) .P
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Qd=f(P, M, …) • P-商品自身价格；M-消费者收入；Qd-商品
的需求量 Qd=f(P) • Qd-商品的需求量；P-商品自身价格
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可编辑
需求表和需求曲线
• 需求表是一张表示某种商品的各种价格水 平和与各种价格水平相对应的该商品的数 量之间关系的数字序列表。（如表2-1）
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可编辑
供给函数
• 商品自身价格是影响商品供给的主要因素 ，如果假定其他因素不发生变化，仅考虑 商品价格和供给量之间的关系，那么供给 函数就可以写成：
• Qs=f(P) • Qd-商品的供给量; P-商品自身价格
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可编辑
供给表和供给曲线
• 一旦供给关系或需求关系发生变化，原来 的供求均衡就被破坏，均衡价格就会出现 波动，均衡数量也会发生变化，从而趋向 新的均衡。
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可编辑
需求量的变动和需求的变动
• 需求量的变动是指商品的需求量随其自身 的价格的变动而变动。
• 表现为点在需求曲线上的移动。 • 需求的变动是指除商品自身价格之外的其
• 一般均衡是就一个经济社会中的所有市场 的供求与价格之间的关系和均衡状态进行 分析。
chapter two.ppt2356
Deictic Expressions Non-deictic use
2013-7-15
pragmatics
9
2.4.1 Person Deixis
The basic person deixis includes expressions which necessarily refer to participant roles in the speech event; that is to say, they must distinguish among the speaker, the person to whom the utterance is addressed, and the other person or persons who may be spoken about who are neither speaker nor listener in the speech event under consideration. Person deictic expressions may encode information of several different sorts concerning the identification of participant roles, including the sex of the referent and the number of individual represented by the referent. Person deictic information is mainly provided by the system of the first, second and third person pronouns.
2013-7-15
Chapter+2
Work: The organizational
perspective
Organizational structure refers to the formal or informal relationships between people in an organization. Work flow reflows to the way work is organized to meet the organization's production or service goals. In this section we discuss the relationship between strategy and organizational structure, the three basic organizational structures, and the uses of work flow analysis.
Boundary less organization
Back
Bureaucratic organization
Companies that adopt a defender business strategy are likely to choose the bureaucratic organizational structure .This pyramid-shaped structure consists of hierarchies with many levels of management . It uses a top-down or "command and control " approach to management in which managers provide considerable direction to and have considerable control over their subordinates . Back
读书笔记-chapter2 new
读书笔记2Chapter 2 Thinking Like an Economist这一章主要剖析了我们在现实生活中和学术研究中如何用经济学思维去思考问题，并且介绍了经济学的研究范式。
虽然经济学不像这些理工科可以用众多实验器材和不断重复的实验去研究和验证一个理论和猜想，但是经济学的科学性是指能够用一个科学的方法去研究世界和社会的运转规律。
一般的经济学研究需要通过观察（Observation）对理论进行归纳和演示，并作出一定的猜想和假设，通过建立模型去进行定量或者定性的分析。
在此基础上，经济学家还需要通过更多的观测去验证之前的猜想，并且对研究框架和模型进行调整和改进。
这个过程不是一代人能完成的，伟大的经济学家都是站在巨人的肩膀上，只有在熟悉了先辈们研究的基础上才能顺利的进行创新和改进。
这些循环往复的“观测（Observation）---理论（Theory）---再观测（More observation）”研究范式需要严谨的科学精神才能践行，同时也需要极大的毅力才能坚持。
经济学的实验不能和物理实验一样轻易的就能重复进行，很多时候是通过自然实验（Natural experiment）来获得原始研究材料。
比如要研究中东战争对于油价的影响，并且政府要考虑如何制定政策应付这种随机冲击给消费者和供给者带来的不利影响，我们不能重复引起战争然后观察结果，只能对历史上已有的事件和数据加以利用和分析。
这种实验的难以操控性是经济学的研究劣势，但是同时也是其迷人之处，要求经济学家以一个更加广阔的视角去研究和看待问题。
在经济学的学习中，假设（Assumption）和模型永远是最先出现在视野中。
经济学的假设修改了不完美的社会实际情况，简化现实的复杂情况，把所有分析纳入了一个理想的框架，不同的假设有助于我们研究不同的问题，也是经济学向科学靠拢的一个表现。
而模型的存在让社会的运行规律和经济学理论变得严谨和充满了可分析性，目前我在学习中接触的模型都是公式（比如效用函数）或者图形（比如IS-LM）。
大学英语2UNIT2剖析
Text and Audio
• 2. The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests -- officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist -- in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda.
New Words
• mouse n. 鼠 • era n. 时代，年代 • major n. 少校 • crisis n. 危机 • ounce n. 盎司;少量 • argument n. 争论;辩论 • hostess n. 女主人 • muscle n. 肌肉 • contract vi. 收缩
Background info --- cobra
• Cobras, also called “spectacled cobra”, are rather slow snakes. They can be found in some parts of African and Asia. A fullgrown Indian cobra is nearly six feet long and about five inches around.
Background info --- cobra
• Snakes usually feed on small mammals, birds, reptiles or fish. Some snakes, like cobra, are poisonous and can kill with a single bite. Boas(蟒) suffocate (使窒息) their prey by wrapping tightly around it.
chapter_2-2
4、PSII SheathWhy use the pulse bias-voltage?在合成绝缘膜工艺中, 为了有效地中和缘靶表面的电荷积累, 通常靶表面上施加约1千伏左右的负脉冲偏压。
特别是在Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII)工艺中，负脉冲偏压可高达几十千伏。
Gon-Ho Kim et al.,J. Appl. Phys. 93 (3), (2003) 1384-1388PSII鞘层扩展的实验测量:鞘层厚度鞘层速度0As charges are accumulated on the dielectric suface,the effective voltage on the dielectric surface will be reduced. The accumulated charge per area is given by ()(')'wherei ti i Q t j t dt j =∫0000s the ion current density. So, the effective voltage can be expressed as ()()()/where () is the pulse voltage of the source,/4 is the capacitance of the dielectric w s r V t V t Q t C V t C d επ=−=r ith thickness , and is the dielectric thickness.d ε0For calculations, we amke the following assumptions: (1) There is a rectangle pulse-voltage with the amplitude -40 kV and sustaining time 10. (2) There is a nitrogen plasma with the ele V s μ=2r ctron temperatue =1 eV.(3) The dielectric is SiO with the dielectric constant=4.(4) the plasma density and the dielctric thickness are two adjustable input parameters.e T ε二次电子加速鞘层坍塌的实验证实Cylindrical targetJ. Appl. Phys. 69 (5), 2904 (1991)Spherical target。
ChapterTwo语义翻译
Part One Word-meaning Choosing
1.词义理解。(Lexical level) 2.语义理解。(Sentence level) 3.上下文理解。(Co-text level) 4.文化背景理解。(Social level)
1. 词义的理解。 (1) Polysemous words are common in both Chinese and English.
Part Two Collocation in expressing
1. Expressing on the lexical level. 2. Expressing on the syntactic level. 3. Expressing on the logical level. 4. Expressing on style and implied
Miss Jonhson is the manager’s girl Friday. Tom is a green hand. Chia pao-yu is a Green Boy. He may always possess merits which make or everything; if
A. 大量的美国无线电台运行良好。 B. 许多美国无线电台竞争激烈。 C. 许多美国广播电台向红色国家广播。 D. 大量的美国无线电台在惨淡经营。
e.g. Miss Johnson is the manager's girl Friday.
A 约翰逊小姐是经理的“星期五情妇”。 B 约翰逊小姐是经理的“小秘”。 C 约翰逊小姐星期五为经理当秘书。 D 约翰逊小姐是经理的私人助理。
e.g. head 和 头
head
He was badly wounded in his head. You should use your head a bit. He has a good head for mathematics. Prick with the head of a needle. The dinner cost us five dollars a head.
Chapter Two 词汇记忆
Chapter Two词汇记忆一．发音记忆法英语是拼音文字，语音感很强，发好音是学好英语记忆单词的第一关，记一个单词时，我们常常首先默念一下这个单词的发音，如[gud]，然后才拼出这个单词的字母g-o-o-d。
记单词，不能一个个字母地死记硬背，而是要结合英语的发音及发音规则进行记忆。
英语单词记忆无外乎是要记住单词的发音、拼写、词义和用法，而最首要的就是发音，读不出单词的语音，怎么能拼写出字母来呢？所以记单词首先应从语音上下功夫，掌握国际音标和发音规律，以达到科学记忆。
例如：我们知道元音字母0在重读音节时读[əu]，根据这条规则，go，hope，note 等词，不用费什么劲就记住了。
另外还有一条发音规则在0之后，如果是m，n，v，th时，o可以读[ʌ]，根据这条规则，我们不会把mother，some，come，dove,等单词中的0写错。
注意：发音记忆法的关键是发音正确。
如果一个单词听也听不懂，说也不会说，要想记住它实在是太难了。
二．分类记忆法英语词汇极其丰富，如果能把单词分明别类的进行记忆，是大有好处的。
分类方法灵活多样，例如：1）星期(week)Monday（星期一）、Tuesday（星期二）、Wednesday（星期三）、Thursday（星期四）、Friday （星期五）、Saturday（星期六）、Sunday（星期天）（2）月份(month)January（一月）、February（二月）、March（三月）、April（四月）、May（五月）、June （六月）、July（七月）、August（八月）、September（九月）、October（十月）、November （十一月）、December（十二月）（3）季节(season)spring（春节）、summer（夏天）、autumn（秋天）、winter（冬天）（4）颜色(color)red 红色（的）、yellow黄色（的）、blue蓝色（的）、green绿色（的）、black黑色（的）、white白色（的）、orange橙黄色（的）、brown棕色（的）、褐色（的）、pink粉红色（的）、purple紫色（的）、gray灰色（的）（5）国家(country)China(中国)、Japan（日本）、England(英国)、India（印度）、Canada（加拿大）、America / the United States(美国)、Australia（澳大利亚）、Germany（德国）、Russia（俄罗斯）、France（法国）（6）大洲Asia（亚洲）、Africa（非洲）、America（美洲）、Europe（欧洲）（7）动物(animal)lion（狮子）、tiger（老虎）、elephant（大象）、camel（骆驼）、cow（奶牛）、pig（猪）、fox（狐狸）、snake（蛇）、duck（鸭子）、chicken（鸡）、hen（母鸡）、bird（小鸟）、rabbit（兔子）、panda（熊猫）、deer（鹿）、giraffe（长颈鹿）、sheep（羊）、fish（鱼）、ant（蚂蚁）、mouse (mice) / rat（老鼠）、dog（狗）、cat（猫）、monkey（猴子）、pig （猪）（8）衣着clothes（衣服）、hat（帽子）、shirt（衬衫）、T-shirt（男衬衫）、coat（外套、上衣）、raincoat（雨衣）、uniform（制服）、skirt（裙子）、dress（连衣裙）、trousers（裤子）、jeans（牛仔裤）、sock（袜子）、shoe（鞋子）（9）科目(subject)Chinese（汉语）、math（数学）、English（英语）、history（历史）、geography（地理）、biology（生物）、physics（物理）、chemistry（化学）、P.E.（体育）（10）亲属father（父亲）、mother（母亲）、parents（父母）、grandfather / grandpa（爷爷、外公）、grandmother / grandma（奶奶、外婆）、grandparents（爷爷奶奶、外公外婆）、brother（哥、弟）、sister（姐、妹）、cousin堂（表）兄弟、堂（表）姐妹、husband （丈夫）、wife（妻子）、son（儿子）、daughter（女儿）、uncle（叔、伯、舅、姨夫、姑父）、aunt（姨母、姑母、伯母、婶母、舅母）三．构词记忆法大家都见过葡萄，摘葡萄都是一串一串地摘。
语言学chapter2课后练习答案
Chapter 2Revision exercises reference1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why?Refer to section 2.1The two major media of communication are speech and writing. Of the two, speech is considered primary for the following reasons: 1) from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always a later invention. 2) In everyday communication, speech conveys a greater amount of information than writing. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later as part of formal education.2.What is voicing and how is it caused?Refer to section 2.2.2 (1)V oicing is a phonetic feature of some speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the speaker's vocal cords when he produces a certain sound. If a sound bears this feature, it is voiced. If such a feature is absent in the pronunciation of a sound, it is voiceless. All vowels in English are voiced; and some consonants in English are voiced such as [d] and [v] while others are voiceless such as [p] and [s].3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcriptiondiffer.Both broad and narrow transcriptions are ways to transcribe speech sounds, i.e.ways of using written symbols to represent speech sounds. In broad transcription, only the letter symbols are used, and the principle is to use one letter for onesound, such as [P] and [I]. In narrow transcription, a set of symbols calleddiacritics are added to the letter symbols to show the finer differences between similar sounds, such as[P h] and [ɫ].4.How are the English consonants classified?As in the pronunciation of consonants the air stream coming from the lungs is somehow obstructed, it is possible and also necessary to classify them in terms of manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.5.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?To classify the English vowels, the following criteria can be applied: position of the tongue, openness of the mouth, length of the vowels, and the shape of the lips.According to the position of the tongue, the vowels are classified into front, central and back vowels; according to the openness of the mouth, the vowels are classified into close, semi-close, semi-open, and open vowels; and according to the length of the vowels, they are classified into long vowels and short vowels;and according to the shape of the lips, and the vowels are classified into rounded and unrounded vowels.6.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1)voiced palatal affricate--- [dʒ]2)voiceless labiodental fricative---[f]3)voiced alveolar stop---[d]4)front, close, short---[i]5)back ,semi-open, long ---[ɔ:]6)voiceless bilabial stop---[p]Given the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1)[d]---voiced alveolar stop2)[l]---voiced alveolar liquid3)[tʃ]---voiceless palatal/alveolar affricate4)[w]---voiced bilabial glide5)[u]---back,close,short(rounded)6)[æ]---front,short,open(unrounded)7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do youthink will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l]and[ɫ], [pʰ]and[P],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?Refer to section 2.3.1Though both dealing with speech sounds, phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study in that the former focuses on the speech sounds themselves, their ways of pronunciation, their differences, their classifications, etc., while the latter focuses on the sound system of particular languages and the role sounds play in conveying meaning. Therefore, a phonetician will be more interested in the difference between two sounds.8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophonesrelated to a phoneme?Refer to section 2.3.2A phone is simply a speech sound, every actual sound we use or hear inmeaningful linguistic communication. For example, in pronouncing the two words “feel” and “leaf”, we actually use or hear four phones:[f][i:][l]and[~l].A phone differs from a phoneme in that the former is an actual sound we hear andit is the unit of study in phonetics, and the latter is not an audible sound, but an abstract entity, a collection of phonetic features, used as a unit of study in phonology. Take the “feel” and “leaf” example again. While four phones are used or heard in the pronunciation of these two words, only three phonemes are involved, i.e. /f/ /i: / and /l/.A phoneme, though as an abstract entity, is realized as different phones indifferent phonetic contexts. All these different phones are called the allophones of the same one phoneme. For example, the aspirated [pʰ] and the unaspirated [p] are allophones of the same phoneme/p/.9.Explain with examples the sequential rules, the assimilation rule, and thedeletion rule.Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For exam ple, why “klib” is a permissible combination of the four sounds in English and why “kbli” is not can only be accounted for by a sequential rule.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the actual pronunciation of the letter “n” in the word “ incorrect” is not the alveolar [n] but the velar nasal [ŋ] is a manifestation of the assimilation rule at work.The deletion tells us when a sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letterg. But in their corresponding noun forms signature, designation and paradigmatic,the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced.10.What are Suprasegmental features? How do the major Suprasegmentalfeatures of English function in conveying meaning?Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. The major Suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation. The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the same spelling, such as “'progress n.” and “pro'gress v.” , and different stress may cause difference in the meaning of some compound nouns and noun phrases with the same components, such as “'hotdog” and “hot 'dog”. Stressing words that are normally unstressed in a sentence may convey some extra meaning by the speaker.For exam ple, by stressing the pronoun “my” in the sentence “He is driving 'my car” the speaker is emphasizing the fact that the car he is driving is no one else`s but the speaker`s.The three often-used intonations in English are the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone. The basic role they each play is that the falling tone states a fact, the rising tone raises a question, and the fall-raise tone implies some meaning not literally expressed. For example, the same sentence “That`s not the book he w ants” said in the three different intonations convey three different meanings.Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguishmeaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed.6.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds whicha speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.7.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat,the mouth and the chest.8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.9.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.10.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can beclassified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.11.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.12.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:13. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.14.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______sounds.15.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.16.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____rules.17.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language andhow sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.18.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:19.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/21.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair22. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle23.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. Suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features24.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme。
香港朗文2AChapter2教案
香港朗文2AChapter2教案Chapter2 About me单元分析：本单元由句型教学、语篇教学、故事教学、小诗和语音等几个部分组成。
本单元重点学习了如何用英语提问关于我的一些情况以及回答的方式等一些常用语。
通过本课学习使学生学会对日常用语进行交际、说英语、背小诗，做游戏、敢干开口，乐于模仿，在鼓励性评价中树立信心在小组活动中积极参与合作，在表演、对话、诗歌等形式的学习过程中激发学生对英语学习的兴趣。
文中出现的许多地名在日常生活中并不常见，并且很难读准发音，因此在学习语篇时老师应尽可能给学生创世适合他们的情境，便于操练，利于学习。
在故事教学中中，充分交给学生，发挥其小组合作的主动性，充分利用语言操练。
另外，通过琅琅上口的小诗形式提高学生的学习积极性，有益于学生记忆。
Language focus:1.Where do you live?2.Ilive in Chai Wan.3.What’s y our telephone number?.Language focus:i: thin, win, hit, sit /I/Text types:conversations, stories, maps, stories, telephone books, poems教具准备：PPT、图片。
课时安排：本单元共安排五课时Chapter2 About me (Period 1)一、Teaching contents：《International Edition Longman Welcome to English》Chapter2 About me Part A二、Teaching aims1. Aims of knowledgea. To introduce pupils to different means of places in Hong Kong.b. To encourage pupils to learn the names of some districts in Hong Kong.c. To encourage pupils to ask and answer about the ways they come to school.d. Ask and answer about the districts they live in .2. Aims of abilitiesa. Use simple sentences to communicate with others.b. Use interrogative pronouns to find out specific information about transport inHong Kong.c. To establish and maintain relationships and routines in carring out classroomof emotionDevelop participatory, cooperative, love and caring attitudes三、Difficult and key pointsKey points:encourage pupils to learn the names of some districts in Hong Kong.b. Pupils learn the names of different means of districts in Hong Kong.encourage pupils to ask and answer about the ways they come to school.Difficult points:To introduce pupils to know the pronunciations of districts in Hong Kong.四、Teaching aids1. flash cards2. PPT五、T eaching procedure:Step 1. Warm-up1. Greetings2. Warm-up activities.with the SsStep 2. Presentation1. Good morning class! Nice to meet you .What’s the weather like today ? What day is it today?2. What’s this ?It’s a map .Look . We can find some places from this map .Do you know where weShoware ? We are in Xi’an . Xi’an is a good place. Show the area of Xi’the question Where do you live ? Find a student to answer .Then teach the questionWhere do you live ? and the answer by using together ,group by group ,one byone .Then ,Go round the class asking pupils where they live .It doesn’t matter if they allanswer with the same district . The most important thing is that they understand theconcept.Now ,look ,this is the New Territories .This is Kowloon .This isHong KongIsland .Let’s learn it together .Teach different names of the New T erritories by using the flash cards.This is …．the question form. Then go round the class asking questions and elicitinganswers.Do you know here ?This is …,listen to the E –book and follow .teacherand girls read ,Step 3. Conclusionthe Ss talk with their partner by using the questions they have learned. the new words andhave a competition(let each of a group come to the board to have a competition ,who is quicker ,I will give a star )3. Ask who can read the names of places .六、Homework1.Copy the words 3 times and try to remember them.2.Follow the CD read part A七、 Blackboard writing八、Reflection after class:Chapter2 About me (Period 2)一、 Teaching contents ：《International Edition Longman Welcome to English 》Chapter2 About me (Period2) Part A & PartB二、Teaching aims1. Aims of knowledgea. To interpret and use simple given information through processes or activities such as labeling, matching, sequencing, describing,classifying;and to followsimple instructionsb. To introduce pupils to different means of places in Hong Kong.c. To encourage pupils to learn the names of some districts in Hong Kong.d. To encourage pupils to ask and answer about the ways they come to school.e. Ask and answer about the districts they live in . 2. Aims of abilitiesa. Use simple sentences to communicate with others.b. Use interrogative pronouns to find out specific information about transport in Hong Kong.c. To establish and maintain relationships and routinesin carry out classroomactivities. 3. Aims of emotionDevelop participatory, cooperative, love and caring attitudes 三、Difficult and key points Key points:encourage pupils to learn the names of some districts in Hong Kong.Chapter2 About meWeather DateGroup A B C A: Where do you live?B: I live in … .Sha Tin Tuen Mun Tsuen Wan Kowloon Mong Kok Kwun TongChai WanWan Chailearn the names of different means of districts in Hong Kong.encourage pupils to ask and answer about the ways they come to school.Difficult points:a. To introduce pupils to know the pronunciations of districts in Hong Kong.四、Teaching aidscards五、Teaching procedure:Step1. Warm-up1. Greetings2. Warm-up activities.with the SsStep 2. Presentationthe weather like today ? What day is it morning class! Good morning. What’stoday?! You did a nice job ,who can answer my question ? Look at the screen .(PPT).Review the words they have learn. Using the flash cards, cover them and askpupils to spell them keep repeatingReview the sentence byer.Where do you live ? I live in … ask questions and let them answCorrect them when they were wrong.and let them listen to the sample3. Ask questions “Where d oes Sally live ?”conversations in part A .After listening the students should answer theteacher’s question.4. Follow the CD to read the part A together. T hen group by group. (Ok ,let’s havea competition ,who is better I will give a sticker)5. Listen to the E-book again ,point and say .6 .Boys and girls read ,teacher, let’s go ahead , who want to show us this conversation ,hands up .(choose two Ssto act the conversation)Stepthe Ss talk with their partner and do the Part B together.A: where do you live, xxx?B: I live in … .the answerconversationthe sentences they have learned instead of the text.六、 Homework1. Recite part A.the part A to your parents and answer part B in pairs. 七、Blackboard writing七、Reflection after class: Chapter2 About me（ Period 3）一、T eaching Contents《朗文英语》2A Chapter 2第三课时 Part C&D二、 Teaching aims1. Aims of knowledge develop pupils’reading skills and stimulate their critical thinking ability. obtain and provide information in simple classroom situations and through activities such as interactive games and role-play.c. To provide or find out and present simple information on familiar topics. e. Use the simple present tense to express opinions. 2. Aims of abilitiesa. To provide or find out and present simple information on familiar topicsb. Use interrogative pronouns to find out specific information about some places in Hong Kong.simple sentences to communicate with others . 3.Aims of emotiona..Develop participatory, cooperative ,love and caring attitudesb. To develop pupils’reading skills and stimulate their critical thinking ability.三、Difficult and key pointslearn to ask and answer about the ways they come to school and other ’s telephonenumber. learn somepronunciation of new words .四、Teaching aidsFlash card , CD , super E-book五、Teaching procedure:1. Warm up 1) Greet to pupilsChapter2 About meA: Where do you live，xxx ? B: I live in… .Sha Tin Tuen Mun Tsuen Wan Kowloon Mong KokKwun TongChai WanWan Chai2). Warm-up activities.3).Talk with the Ss2. Presentation1). Good morning class! Good morning. How are you? What’s the weather like today?What day is it today?2). Ok ! You are great . who can answer my question ? look at the screen .(PPT). Whatdoes the teacher want to know? What do the pupils need to do ?(Arouse pupils’interest in reading by asking questions)3).Ask questions about the story .How many Girls are there in the story?Do they know each other?4). Introduce the topic of telephone you have a telephone at home?If you want to get in touch with your friends, you need to know their telephonenumbers.5).Teach the question what’s your telephone number? And the way to say telephonenumbers. Teach 0 as zero or oh. Teach double and triple for repeated numbers, three, 444=triple four. Practise with different numbers.W hat’s your telephone number, May?T; My telephone number is …Pl: It’s…T: Thank you. What about you, tony? What’s your telephone number?P2:It’s …T: Good. Thank you.6).Pre-teach any new words.7).Tell pupils to read the story once silently.8).Ask questions about the story.What’s the name of mary’s new friend?(kitty.)Where’s mary’s telephone number?(2333 4440.)Are the two girls neighbours?(yes.)9).Get pupils to act the story in groups. Ask one or two groups with lively intonationand reasonably accurate pronunciation to come to the front to perform.10). Check pupils’ answers to part D.11). Listen to the E-book again , point and say .12).Boys and girls read ,Little teacher3.Consolidation1).Read the text2).Let them practise some telephone number1). Read part C and try to recite it.2).Ask your friend’s telephone number六、. Blackboard writingChapter2About meHow do Mary and Kitty meet ?Where do they live ?七、Reflection after classChapter2 About me （Period 4）一、Teaching Contents《朗文英语》2A Chapter 2第四课时 Part E二、 Teaching aims1. Aims of knowledgeget pupils to practice using questions previously learnt to ask for personal information.obtain and provide information in simple classroom situations and through activitiessuch as interactive games and role-play.get pupils to practice talking about more about their friends .2.Aims of abilitiesestablish and maintain relationships and routines in carrying out classroom activities.interpret and use simple given information through processes or activities such aslabeling, matching, sequencing, describing, classifying; and to follow simple instructions.get pupils to practice talking with others.3.Aims of emotiona. Develop confidence in using English through performing tasks on their own or ingroups.participatory, cooperative, love and caring attitudes.三、Difficult and key pointsget pupils to practice talking about more about their friends .the beauty of the language through enjoying reading simple conversations.pupils of the difference between How are you ?and How old are you ?.provide or find out and present simple information on familiar topics.四、Teaching aidsFlash card , CD , super E-book五、Teaching procedure:1. Warm up1). Greet to pupils2). Warm-up activities.3).Talk with the Ss.2. Presentation1). Hello, class! Good morning. Nice to meet you What’s the weather like today? Whatday is it today?2).Talk with a studentHello,…How old are you ?Where do you live ?How do you come to school ?What is your telephone number ?Ok ! You are great. Ok ,you are so clever3).Now who can ask questions like me ?(Ask a pupil to come to the stage )4).Ok ,excellent .Now talk with your pairs ,pupils act T om and the teacher .They askand answer questions based on the information provided on the blackboard .Go roundthe class checking their understanding.6)Listen to the E-book7)point and say . Read the sample conversations in partE.8).Follow the CD to read part E together. Then group by group .(Ok ,let’s have a co mpetition ,who is better I will give a sticker) and girls read ,9).Little teacher10).Check pupils’answers to Part E.1). Let the Ss talk with their partner by using the basic questions.2)Tell Ss to find out more informations about their friends.1).Read part E and try to recite it .2).Act the part E to your parents六、. Blackboard writingChapter2 About meHow old …?----.Where …?I live in …七、Reflection after classChapter2 About me （Period 5）一、Teaching Contents《朗文英语》2A Chapter 2第五课时 PartF &Phonics二、 Teaching aims1. Aims of knowledgeenable to pupils to enjoy and appreciate the English Language through a poem.recognise some obvious features of the English language in simple spoken andwritten texts such as the direction of writing in English, the characteristics of analphabetic script and the sound patterns of English; and apply this awareness to one’sinitial learning and use of the language.develp an awareness and an enjoyment of the basic sound patterns of English in imaginative texts through activities such as participating in action rhymes, singingsongs and choral speakingpupils to look at the PPT while they pronounce the /i/.2.Aims of abilitiesrecognize some obvious feature of the English Language in simple spoken and writtentexts such as the direction of writing in English ,the characteristics of an alphabeticscript and the sound patterns of English ;and apply this awareness to one’s initiallearning and use of the language .develop an awareness and an enjoyment of the basic sound patterns of English inimaginative texts through activities such as participating in action rhymes singingsongs and choral speaking .3. Aims of emotionAppreciate the beauty of the language through enjoying reading simple conversations.三、Difficult and key points1. Get pupils to look at the PPT while they pronounce the /i/.2. To enable to pupils to enjoy and appreciate the English Language through a poem.pupils to pronounce the /i/ in different words.四、Teaching aidsFlash card , CD , super E-book五、Teaching procedure:1. Warm up1). Greet to pupils2). Warm-up activities.3).Talk with the Ss2.PresentationWhat day1）. Hi, class! Good morning. Nice to see you What’s the weather like today? is it today?2）. Play the poem and tell pupils to follow.3）. Read out the poem and tell pupils to listen carefully.4）.Explain any words or expressions which pupils may find difficult to understand.5）.Pupils read the lines of the poem after you. Try to ensure the chanting does notbecome too slow or expressionless.6）.Invite pupils to read out the poem in groups or individually for the whole class. Give encouragement and recognition for their performance.Play the poem again and ask pupils to read poem along .7）.Listen to the E-book point and say .8）.Boys and girls read ,9）.Little teacher10）. Follow CD play the phonics game in the super E-Book .11）.Get pupils to look at your mouth while you pronounce the/I/sound or play the video in the Super E-Book. Look at my mouth and read after me.12）Play the phonics game in the super E-book.Ask pupils if they know the similarity between the words thin and win. Tell them that the words have the same middle sound. Do the same with the other two words (hit and sit).Check pupils’ pronunciation of the/I/sounds by asking them to say the words tin and fit.(the/t/and/f/ sounds are taught in p1.)Make sure they use the short vowel/I/, not the long/i:/.Ask pupils to say other known words with the same sound.1) . Let the Ss talk with their partner how to read the poem. Let each of a group come to the board to have a competition ,who is better, I will give a star。
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2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通 常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.1.3 以-s结尾的地理名称
以-s结尾的国名，如
the United States, The United Nations, the Netherlands等，
用作单数。
The United States is a country of people with varied origins. In early January 1976 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1953.
1.
Where is/are the shears?
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Your suspenders is/are not here.
At the bottom of the hill there is/are a dangerous crossroads. This pair of trousers costs/cost fifty dollars. Braces is/are not fashionable nowadays. The New York Times is/are published daily. He suffers from diabetes, which is/are a kind of chronic disease. The United Nations was/were formed in San Francisco in 1945. Has/Have skittles（九柱戏）been a popular game in England? All nine skittles was/were brought down by the good throw.
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.
2.1.4 其他以-s结尾的名词
英语中有一些由两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以-s
结尾，如scissors（剪子）， pincers（钳子），glasses, shorts, trousers, suspenders（吊裤带）等这一类名词， 如果不带“一把”，“一副”，“一条”等单位词而单独使用，通常作复数。 The sugar-tongs are not in the sugar bowl. Joe’s new trousers are black and white.
如果带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数形式决定动词的单复数形式。
One pair of scissors isn’t enough. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, are missing from my tool box.
2.1.5 EXERCISE
2.2 以集体名词做主语的主谓一致问题
集体名词，如government, committee, tean, group 等，在意义上是复数，而在语法形式上是单数。这 类名词做主语的主谓一致问题往往纠结于语法一致 和意义一致两种原则的选择。
2.2.1 通常做复数的集体名词
有些集体名词，如police, people, cattle, militia, poultry（家禽）,vermin（害虫） 等，通常做复数。 Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides. Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.
CHAPTER TWO
1. Principles of Concord
1.1 Grammatical Concord 1.2 Notional Concord 1.3 Principle of Proximity
CONCORD
2. Specific Usage of Concord 2.1 Concord of Nouns Ending with S 2.2 Concord of Collective Nouns 2.3 Concord of Coordinate Subjects 2.4 Concord of Noun Phrase of Amount or Quantity
2.1.5 EXERCISE
11. Draughts（跳棋）is/are an easier game than chess.
12. Politics is/are the art or science of government.
13. What is/are his politics? 14. The theory of falling dominoes comes from the word “dominoes” which is/are a game played with a set of dominoes. 15. The dominoes is/are laid face downwards. 16. The Alps covers/cover an area of 200,000 square kilometers and is/are the greatest mountain range in Europe. 17. Measles is/are an infectious disease.
Either answer is correct.
Much effort is wasted. 为什么英语中动词复数要去掉S,而单数却保留S？
1.2 NOTINAL CONCORD
意义一致-主语和谓语的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单复数形式，而取决于主语的 单复数意义：有时主语在语法形式上是单数，但有复数意义，动词用复数；主语在 语法形式上是单数，但在意义上可视为单数，动词也用单数。 The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.
2.2.2 通常做不可数名词的集体名词
一些集体名词，如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise（商品）, 通常做不可数名词，动词用单数。 The merchantise has arrived undamaged. All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.
1.3 PRINCIPLE OF PROXIMITY
就近原则-谓语动词的单复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语（主要是名词）的单复数形 式。 Either my brothers or my father is coming. Only one out of five were present. No one except his own supporters agree with him. Neither Julia nor I am going.
如侧重组成集体的成员，动词用复数。
That group of soldiers is a top-notch fighting unit. That group of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance.
That herd of cows and claves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time.
游戏-darts（投镖游戏），
marbles（打弹子游戏）， cards（打纸牌）-用作单数
Darts is essentially a free and easy game.
Marbles is one of the oldest of games and was not confined to children.
2.2.3 既可做单数又可做复数ce，committee， class（班级）, crew, family, government, public等，即可做单数，也可做复数。 如将该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则动词用单数。
The anti-crime committee is to make its report tomorrow. The city council is meeting to set its agenda.
群岛，山脉，海峡，瀑布等地理名称，作复数用。
The West Indies, apart from the Bahamas, are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life. The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.