《语言学》缩写acronym

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胡壮麟《语言学教程》名词解释

LINGUISTICS A COURSE BOOK Define the following terms:1. design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2. function: the use of language to communicate, to think ,etc. Language functions inclucle informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics. Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential, differentiations, just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx. phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics. An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually, but not necessarily, the present),as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.6. diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11. duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary. level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12. displacement: one design feature of humanlanguage, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.13. phatic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social interaction of language.14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc. Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc. 16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).20. Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22. V oicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel ora voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.23. Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24. Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26. Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(e.g. <th>is an allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated <t>.Both <th> and <t> are allophones of thephoneme /t/.27. V owel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28. Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants, manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.29. Place of articulation: in the production of consonants, place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air.30. Distinctive features: a term of phonology, i.e. a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.31. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32. IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergoing a number of revisions. IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources, such as Roman small letters, italics uprighted, obsolete letters, Greek letters, diacritics, etc.33. Suprasegmental: suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal supra-segmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.34. Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.35. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 36. compound only morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snow-white, etc.37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39. derivation: different from compounds, derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41. allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. For example, in English the plural morpheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as /s/in cats, as /z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes. So /s/, /z/, and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42 Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45. lexeme: A separate unit of meaning, usually in the form of a word(e.g. “dog in the manger”)46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is ,those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.49. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51. loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of thename of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called. “contact” or “contiguous” assimilation.58. dissimilation: the influence exercised. By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different. 59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous.60. category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.61. concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent.64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. 66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of itsconstituents.67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such as the relation between, the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.68. surface structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69. c-command: one of the similarities, or of the more general features, in these two government relations, is technically called constituent command, c-command for short.70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis, or the starting point, of the utterance.71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72. ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness.73. interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles, which include the communication roles created by language itself; and also for getting things done, by means of the interaction between one person and another.74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, or denotative content.76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79. reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e. to talk about things in context.80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.81. synonymy: is the technical name for the samenessrelation.82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely, such as male, female, absent.83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable, such as long: short, big; small, fat; thin, etc.84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition, such as buy; sell, lend, borrow, above, below, etc.85. relational opposites: converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, and temporal and spatial relations. There are always two entities involved. One presupposes the other. The shorter, better; words .etc are instances of relational opposites.86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym).87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, i.e. the class name. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms. Under animal, for example, there are cats, dogs, pigs, etc.88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values, e.g. <+human>89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90. selection restriction: semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,e.g. regret requires a human subject.91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus, is the study of the truth conditions for propositions: how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92. proposition; what is talk about in an utterance, that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus, which studies the internal structure of simple.94. assimilation theory: language(sound, word, syntax, etc.)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon” in which each word is represented by a full and independent “recognition element”. When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal, all elements matching it are fully activated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of them, Wherever it fails the element is deactivated; this process continues until only one remains active.96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn froma set of proposition, from something someone has said, and so on. It includes things that, while not following logically, are implied, in an ordinary sense, e.g. in a specific context.99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered. 100. language perception: language awareness of things through the physical senses, esp. sight.101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research, which studies the understanding of language.102. language production: a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information and so on.103. language production: a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information and so on.104. lexical ambiguity: ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings: e.g. that of I saw a bat, where a bat might refer to an animal or, among others, stable tennis bat.105. macroproposition: general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.106. modular: which a assumes that the mind is structured into separate modules or components, each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107. parsing: the task of assigning words to parts ofspeech with their appropriate accidents, traditionally e.g. to pupils learning lat in grammar. 108. propositions: whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement. It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure. Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics (being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind, and experimental psycholinguistics (being concerned somehow whth empirical matters, such as speed of response to a particular word).110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar, etc. as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker. Often opposed, in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars, to criteria of simplicity, elegance, and internal consistency.111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing development. 114. communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc. governing the skilled use of language in a society. Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence, in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar. 115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is “gender difference”116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e. language determines thought.117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e. there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.118. linguistic sexism: many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.119. sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120. sociolinguistics of society; one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examininglinguistic phenomena of a speaking community. 121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics, which studies the relationship between speakers’ social starts and phonological variations.122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something, as apposed to a constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false. 124. locutionary act: the act of saying something; it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128. entailment: relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other: e.g. “Mary is running” entails, among other things, “Mary is not standing still”.129. ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.130. communicative principle of relevance: every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.131. relevance: a property that any utterance, or a proposition that it communicates, must, in the nature of communication, necessarily have.132. Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale, i.e. Make your contribution necessary (Gradation, Quantity2, Manner); Say no more than you must (given Q).133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked creatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarked a(simpler, less “effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a markedmessage(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).134. constraints on Horn scales: the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to.135. third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third-person narrator.136. I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event.137. direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140. narrator’s representation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse, and therefore even more backgrounded than indirect speech representation would be.141. narrator’s representation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts. For example, she considered his unpunctuality.142. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech. For example, she thought that he would be late.143. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144. narrator’s representation of thought acts: a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g. He spent the day thinking.145. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech. For example, she thought that he would be late.146. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147. narrator’s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g. He spent the day thinking.148. free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech, e.g. He was bound to be late. 149. direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard, printer, screen, disk drives, programs, etc.151. computer literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.152. computer linguistics: a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language.153. Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.154. programmed instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress, to direct students into appropriate lessons, material, etc.155. local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom, lab, or building. They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.156. CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information. Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.157. machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158. concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word, sequence of words. or perhaps even a part of speech in a text. The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word, usually in a context, which is a further aid to the linguist. It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on thefrequency of the word may be gathered.159. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text, whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,160. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text, whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.161. informational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately, applied to the type of activity discussed in this volume. An information retrieval system does not inform (i.e. change the knowledge of) the user on the subject of his inquiry. It merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.162. document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships, between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval strategies. It covers specifically a logical organization of information, such as document representatives, for the purpose of information retrieval.163. precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.164. recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.165. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc.166. communicative competence: as defined by Hymes, the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167. syllabus: the planning of course of instruction. It is a description of the course content, teaching procedures and learning experiences.168. interlanguage: the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language, i.e. the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.169. transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language. When structures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation; when the two languages are different in structures, negative transfer ofinference occurs and result in errors.170. validity: the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. There are four kinds of validity, i.e. content validity, construct validity, empirical validity, and face validity.171. reliability: can be defined as consistency. There are two kinds of reliability, i.e. stability reliability, and equivalence reliability.172. hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features, in terms of both frequency, i.e. overpassing the speakers of higher social status, and overshooting the target, i.e. extending the use of a form in linguistic environment where it is not expected to occur, For example, pronouncing ideas as[ai'dier],extending pronouncing post-vocalic[r] in an environment where it’s not supposed to occur.173. discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology, syntax and lexis.174. integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology, syntax and lexis.。

语言学名词解释

一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。

2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。

It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。

3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。

4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。

《英语语言学》术语(英汉对照)表

语言学术语(英—汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语 3。

3.1Abercrombie 10.3。

2ablative 夺格，离格 4.1.1abstractness 抽象性 1。

3.2accent 重音（符）2.4。

4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性 11。

6.4accusative 宾格 4。

1。

1achievement test 成绩测试 11。

6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 1。

7。

1；2.1 acquisition 习得 6.1.2acronym 缩略语 3。

3.1action process 动作过程 12。

2。

3actor 动作者 4.4.2；12。

2.3addition 添加 3.3。

2address form 称呼形式 7.2。

3addressee 受话人 1。

4；9。

4.1addresser 发话人 1。

4;9.4。

1adjective 形容词 3.1.2；4。

1。

1；5.5。

2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语 12.2.3adverb 副词 3.1。

2affix 词缀 3。

2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃 4.3。

1affixation词缀附加法 7。

1.4affricate 塞擦音 2.4。

3；2。

4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系 4。

1.3airstream 气流 2alliteration 头韵 9.3。

2；9。

3。

6allomorph 词/语素变体 3.2。

4；4。

3。

1allophone 音位变体 2。

8allophonic variation 音位变体 2.8。

3allophony音位变体现象 2。

8。

3alveolar ridge 齿龈 2。

2alveolar 齿龈音 2。

4。

4；2.4。

5ambiguity 歧义 4.2。

2；4。

3.1；6.2.3；8.2。

2;8。

英汉缩略语对比

英汉缩略语对比缩略语（acronym）指由英文单词前面字母构成的新词，也可以叫做缩写语。

缩略语是一种常见的语言现象，在西方语言中，比如英语和法语中已经很普遍，而在汉语当中也有一些普遍的缩略语现象。

尽管现代汉语的缩略语数量相对较少，但是一些常见的缩略语可以作为通用词汇供不同领域使用。

其实，中国人在书面语中也有缩略语使用的现象，但与英语不同，英语缩略语很大程度上是企业文化、科技文化，或是研究领域文化带来的文化现象，而汉语的缩略语则往往是随着一种人的长期使用进行演变的。

英汉缩略语一般具有以下特点：1.语缩略语往往是一种新的、独特的形式，而汉语缩略语则基本上是根据英语的结构而形成的，具有英语缩略语相似的形式。

2.语缩略语往往带有一些专业的内涵，用来表达某种技术上或组织上的术语，而汉语缩略语往往带有一些常见的俗语或社会习语，用来表达一些社会现象甚至是某种情绪。

3.语缩略语往往是在特殊的情况下才用的一种英语术语，而汉语的缩略语则往往可以拿来用在各种不同的场景，比如在日常的口语当中，或是在学术或媒体文章当中。

对比英汉缩略语，我们可以发现，两者在语言使用上有许多不同，但其中也有许多共同点。

最明显的一点便是，无论是英语还是中文，缩略语都是使用最普遍的一种语言形式，可以更好地表达思想、意义和精神。

因此，英汉缩略语都可以作为通用语言普及，让更多的人们理解和使用这两种语言。

英汉缩略语的了解，有助于更好地理解和学习这两种语言，特别是在学习英语的时候，可以帮助人们更快地记忆英语中的一些专业术语，而且可以更好地理解其背后的含义，也有助于更多地学习到汉语中的常用习惯用语和俗语。

此外，英汉缩略语的了解还可以促进汉英文化的交流，加深两者的融合，从而在英汉语言及文化领域构建起更为和谐的区域形象。

综上所述，汉语和英语的缩略语都是一种非常有效的语言形式，可以让更多的人更好地理解和使用这两种语言，进而促进汉英文化的交流与融合，为构建起一个更为和谐的区域形象，作出积极的贡献。

acronym首字母缩略法

acronym首字母缩略法首字母缩略法（Acronym）首字母缩略法是一种常见的缩略语形式，通过使用词组或专业术语的首字母，将其转换为易于记忆和使用的简称。

这种缩略方法在各个领域得到广泛应用，包括科学、技术、商业和互联网等。

本文将探讨首字母缩略法的定义、用途、历史背景以及应用示例。

一、定义首字母缩略法指的是通过选取词组的首字母，将其组合成一个简短的缩略词，以代表原词组的含义。

通常，在首字母缩略法中，大写字母用于表示每个选取到的词或短语的首字母。

例如，NASA 代表的是“National Aeronautics and Space Administration”（美国国家航空航天局）。

二、用途首字母缩略法的主要目的是简化长词组或专有名词的表达，并为人们提供一个方便记忆和使用的简称。

在科技领域特别常见的缩略语包括：HTTP（Hypertext Transfer Protocol，超文本传输协议）、PC（Personal Computer，个人电脑）、AI（Artificial Intelligence，人工智能）等。

这些缩略语在书写、口语交流和技术文档中被广泛使用，提高了效率和准确性。

三、历史背景首字母缩略法的历史可以追溯到19世纪，随着科学、技术和商业的发展，人们面临越来越多的长词组和专业术语。

为了便于交流和书写，人们开始使用首字母缩略法。

当时最早的缩略语之一是“R.S.V.P.”，代表的是法语短语“Repondez s'il vous plaît”（请回复）。

随着时间的推移，首字母缩略法在不同领域得到了广泛应用。

在军事领域，例如，“R.I.P.”代表的是“Rest In Peace”（安息）；在商业领域，“CEO”代表的是“Chief Executive Officer”（首席执行官）。

这些缩略语不仅提供了便利，也成为特定领域的专业术语。

四、应用示例首字母缩略法在各个领域都有其特定的应用示例。

《语言学》缩写_Abbreviation

《语⾔学》缩写_Abbreviation[Expand]Support Wikipedia: a non-profit project —Donate Now AbbreviationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchFor the HTML tag, see HTML element.For guidelines on making and editing abbreviation articles on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Disambiguation and abbreviations. This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)An abbreviation(from Latin brevis"short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word "abbreviation" can itself be represented by the abbreviation "abbr." or "abbrev."Contents[hide]1 History2 Types of abbreviationo 2.1 Syllabic abbreviation2.1.1 Use in various languages2.1.2 Syllabic abbreviations in names of organizations 3 Style conventions in Englisho 3.1 Lowercase letterso 3.2 Periods (full stops) and spaceso 3.3 Plural formso 3.4 Conventions followed by publications and newspapers3.4.1 United States3.4.2 United Kingdom3.4.3 Miscellaneous and general rules4 Measurement5 See also6 References7 External links[edit] HistoryAbbreviation has been used as long as phonetic script existed, in some senses actually being more common in early literacy, where spelling out a whole word was often avoided, initial letters commonly being used to represent words in specific application. By classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was still normal, but no longer the default. An increase in literacy has, historically, sometimes spawned a trend toward abbreviation. The standardization of English inthe 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviation[1]. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, specific phoneme sets like "er" were dropped from words and replaced with ?, like "mast?" instead of "master" or exac?bate instead of "exacerbate". While this seems trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce their copy time. An example from the Oxford university Register, 1503:Mast? subwarden? y ?mēde me to you. And wher? y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differr? thelection? ov?to quīdena? tinitatis y have be thoug?t me syn? that itt woll be then? a bowte mydsom?.In the 1830s in the United States, starting with Boston, abbreviation became a fad. For example, during the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very trendy. The use of abbreviation for the names of "Father of modern etymology" J. R. R. Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis, and other members of Oxford literary group known as the Inklings, are sometimes cited as symptomatic of this. Likewise, a century earlier in Boston, a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with the globally popular term OK generally credited as a remnant of its influence.[2][3]After World War II, the British greatly reduced their use of the full stop and other punctuations after abbreviations in at least semi-formal writing, while the Americans more readily kept its use until more recently, and still maintain it more than Britons. The classic example, considered by their American counterparts quite curious, was the maintenance of the internal comma in a British organization of secret agents called the"Special Operations, Executive" — "S.O.,E" — which is not found in histories written after about 1960.But before that, many Britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the French form. In French, the period only follows an abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent: "M." is the abbreviation for "monsieur" while "Mme" is that for "madame". Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many Britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves, while the Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously.Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. The U.S. media tend to abbreviate two-word abbreviations like United States (U.S.), but not personal computer (PC) or television (TV). Many British publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations completely.Minimization of punctuation in typewritten matter became economically desirable in the 1960s and 1970s for the many users of carbon-film ribbons, since a period or comma consumed the same length of non-reusable expensive ribbon as did a capital letter.[edit] Types of abbreviationApart from the common form of word-contraction, there are other types of abbreviation. These include acronym and initialism (includingthree-letter acronyms), apocope, clipping, elision, syncope, syllabic abbreviation, and portmanteau words.[edit] Syllabic abbreviationSee also: Clipping (morphology)A syllabic abbreviation (SA) is an abbreviation formed from (usually) initial syllables of several words, such as Interpol for Inter national pol ice, but should be distinguished from portmanteau words. They are usually written in lower case, sometimes starting with a capital letter, and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter.[edit] Use in various languagesSyllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English or French, but are common in certain languages, like German and Russian.They prevailed in Germany under the Nazis and in the Soviet Union for naming the plethora of new bureaucratic organizations. For example, Gestapo stands for Ge heime Sta ats-Po lizei, or "secret state police". This has given syllabic abbreviations a negative connotation, even though they were used in Germany before the Nazis, such as Schupo for Schutzpolizist. Even now Germans call part of their police Kripo for Kriminalpolizei. Syllabic abbreviations were also typical of German language used in the German Democratic Republic, for example, Stasi for Staatssicherheit ("state security", the secret police and secret service) or Vopo for Volkspolizist ("people's policeman").Some syllabic abbreviations from Russian that are familiar to English speakers include samizdat and kolkhoz. The English names for the Soviet "Comintern" (Com munist Intern ational) and "Milrevcom" (Mil itaryRev olution Com mittee) are further examples.Orwell's novel 1984 uses fictional syllabic abbreviations like "Ingsoc" (Eng lish Soc ialism) to evoke the use of language under the Nazi and Soviet regimes.East Asian languages whose writing uses Chinese-originated ideograms instead of an alphabet form abbreviations similarly by using key characters from a term or phrase. For example, in Japanese the term for the United Nations, kokusai rengō (国際連合) is often abbreviated to kokuren(国連). Such abbreviations are called ryakugo(略語) in Japanese. SAs are frequently used for names of universities: for instance, Beida(北⼤, Běidà) for Peking University (Beijing), Yondae (??) for the Yonsei University, Seouldae () for the Seoul National University and Tōdai (東⼤) for the University of Tokyo.[edit] Syllabic abbreviations in names of organizationsSyllabic abbreviations are preferred by the U.S. Navy as it increases readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence DESRON 6 is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6," and COMNAVAIRLANT means "Commander, Naval Air Forces, Atlantic".[edit] Style conventions in EnglishIn modern English there are several conventions for abbreviations and the choice may be confusing. The only rule universally accepted is that one should be consistent, and to make this easier, publishers express their preferences in a style guide. Questions which arise include those in the following subsections.[edit] Lowercase lettersIf the original word was capitalized, then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for Leviticus. When abbreviating words spelled with lower case letters, there is no need for capitalization, therefore no need for a consistent rule.[edit] Periods (full stops) and spacesA period (full stop) is sometimes written after an abbreviated word, but there is much disagreement and many exceptions.There is never a period (full stop) between letters of the same word. For example, Tiberius is abbreviated as Tb. and not as T.b..In formal British English, according to Hart's Rules, it is more common to write abbreviations with full stops if the word has been cut at the point of abbreviation but not otherwise: for example:"Doctor" becomes "Dr" (for "D–r")"Professor" becomes "Prof." (for "Prof...")"The Reverend" becomes "Revd" (for "Rev–d")"The Right Honourable" becomes "Rt Hon." (for "R–t Hon...")In American English, the period is usually added if the abbreviation might otherwise be interpreted as a word, but some American writers do not use a period here. Sometimes, periods are used for certain initialisms but not others; a notable instance in American English is to write United States, European Union, and United Nations as U.S., EU, and UN respectively.A third standard removes the full stops from all abbreviations (both "Saint" and "Street" become "St"). The U.S. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices advises that periods should not be used with abbreviations on road signs, except for cardinal directions as part of a destination name. (For example, "Northwest Blvd", "W. Jefferson", and "PED XING"all follow this recommendation.)Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered the vocabulary as generic words are no longer abbreviated with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are sonar, radar, lidar, laser, and scuba.Spaces are generally not used between single letter abbreviations of words in the same phrase, so one almost never encounters "U. S.".When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, use only one period: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.[edit] Plural formsTo form the plural of an abbreviation, a number, or a capital letter used as a noun, simply add a lowercase s to the end.A group of MPsThe roaring '20sMind your Ps and QsTo form the plural of an abbreviation with periods, a lowercase letter used as a noun, and abbreviations or capital letters that would be ambiguous or confusing if the 's' alone were added, use an apostrophe and an s.A group of Ph.D.'sThe x's of the equationSending SOS'sIn Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter, e.g. for footnotes.d. didot — dd. didots (typography)h. hand — hh. hands (horse height)l. line — ll. linesp. page — pp. pagesP. pope — PP. popesv. volume — vv. volumes[edit] Conventions followed by publications and newspapers [edit] United StatesPublications based in the U.S. tend to follow the style guides of the Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press. [verification needed] The U.S. Government follows a style guide published by the U.S. Government Printing Office. However, there is some inconsistency in abbreviation styles, as they are not rigorously defined by style guides. Some two-word abbreviations, like "United Nations", are abbreviated with uppercase letters and periods, and others, like "personal computer" (PC) and "compact disc" (CD), are not; rather, they are typically abbreviated without periods and in uppercase letters. A third variation is to use lowercase letters with periods; this is used by Time Magazine in abbreviating "public relations" (p.r.). Moreover, even three-word abbreviations (most U.S. publications use uppercase abbreviations without periods) are sometimes not consistently abbreviated, even within the same article.The New York Times is unique in having a consistent style by always abbreviating with periods: P.C., I.B.M., P.R. This is in contrast with the trend of British publications to omit periods for convenience.[edit] United KingdomMany British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation:For the sake of convenience, many British publications, including the BBC and The Guardian, have completely done away with the use of full stops or periods in all abbreviations.These include:o Social titles, like Ms or Mr (though these would usually not have had full stops — see above) Capt, Prof, etc.;o Two-letter abbreviations for countries ("US", not "U.S.");o Abbreviations beyond three letters (full caps for all except initialisms);o Words seldom abbreviated with lower case letters ("PR", instead of "p.r.", or "pr")o Names ("FW de Klerk", "GB Whiteley", "Park JS"). A notable exception is the newspaper The Economist which writes "MrF.W. de Klerk".o Scientific units (see Measurement below).Acronyms are often referred to with only the first letter of the abbreviation capitalised. For instance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation can be abbreviated as "Nato" or "NATO", and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome as "Sars" or "SARS" (compare with"laser" which has made the full transition to an English word and is rarely capitalised at all).Initialisms are always written in capitals; for example the "British Broadcasting Corporation"is abbreviated to "BBC", never "Bbc". An initialism is similar to acronym but is not pronounced as a word.When abbreviating scientific units, no space is added between the number and unit (100mph, 100m, 10cm, 10°C). (This is contrary to the SI standard, see below.)[edit] Miscellaneous and general rulesPlurals are often formed by doubling the last letter of the abbreviation. Most of these deal with writing and publishing:MS=manuscript, MSS=manuscripts; l=line, ll=lines; p=page,pp=pages; s=section, ss=sections; op.=opus, opp.=opera. This form, derived from Latin is used in Europe in many places: dd=didots. "The following (lines or pages)" is denoted by "ff". One example that does not concern printing is hh=hands.A doubled letter also appears in abbreviations of some Welsh names, as in Welsh the double "l" is a separate sound: "Ll. George" for (British prime minister) Lloyd George.Some titles, such as "Reverend" and "Honourable", are spelt out when preceded by "the", rather than as "Rev." or "Hon." respectively.This is true for most British publications, and some in the United States.It is usually advised to spell out the abbreviation where it is new or unfamiliar to the reader (UNESCO in a magazine about music,because it refers to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, whose work does not concern the music).It is considered acceptable to start off a sentence with an abbreviation, however it is then advised to "ignore" the abbreviation and start the sentence as if it had begun with noabbreviation, but only if it is not the name of a person, place, or thing. For example, "BTW There is a new office manager." would be acceptable, though even without capping the "T", this instance is still accepted.[edit] MeasurementThe International System of Units(SI) defines a set of base units, from which other "derived" units may be obtained. The abbreviations, or moreaccurately "symbols" (using Roman letters, or Greek in the case of ohm) for these units are also clearly defined together with a set of prefixes for which there are also abbreviations or symbols. There should never be a period after or inside a unit; both '10 k.m.' and '10 k.m' are wrong — the only correct form is '10 km' (only followed with a period when at the end of a sentence).A period "within" a compound unit denotes multiplication of the base units on each side of it. Ideally, this period should be raised to the centre of the line, but often it is not. For instance, '5 ms' means 5 millisecond(s), whereas '5 m.s' means 5 metre·second(s). The "m.s" here is a compound unit formed from the product of two fundamental SI units — metre and second.There should always be a (non-breaking) space between the number and the unit — '25 km' is correct, and '25km' is incorrect. In Section 5.3.3. of The International System of Units (SI), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) states "The numerical value always precedes the unit, and a space is always used to separate the unit from the number. … The only exceptions to this rule are for the unit symbols for degree, minute, and second for plane angle."[4]The case of letters(uppercase or lowercase) has meaning in the SI system, and should never be changed in a misguided attempt to follow an abbreviation style. For example, "10 S" denotes 10 siemens (a unit of conductance), while "10 s" denotes 10 seconds. Any unit named after a person is denoted by a symbol with an upper case first letter (S, Pa, A, V, N, Wb, W), but spelt out in full in lower case, (siemens, pascal, ampere, volt, newton, weber and watt). By contrast g, l, m, s, cd, ha represent gramme, litre, metre, second, candela and hectare respectively. The one slight exception to this rule is that the symbol for litre is allowed to be L to help avoid confusion with an upper case i or a one in some typefaces — compare l, I, and 1.Likewise, the abbreviations of the prefixes denoting powers of ten are case-sensitive: m (milli) represents a thousandth, but M (mega) represents a million, so by inadvertent changes of case one may introduce (in this example) an error of a factor of 1 000 000 000. When a unit is written in full, the whole unit is written in lowercase, including the prefix: millivolt for mV, nanometre for nm, gigacandela for Gcd.The above rules, if followed, ensure that the SI system is always unambiguous, so for instance mK denotes millikelvin, MK denotes megakelvin, K.m denotes kelvin.metre, and km denotes kilometre. Formssuch as k.m and Km are ill-formed and technically meaningless in the SI system, although the intended meaning might be inferred from the context.[edit] See also。

语言学重要概念梳理(中英文对照版)

第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）1.任意性 Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure ofsounds and meaning）3.多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number withsentences）4.移位性 Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）1.传达信息功能 Informative：最主要功能The main function2.人际功能 Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.行事功能 performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses4.表情功能 Emotive Function：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！”等等6.元语言功能 Metalingual Function：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguistic1)语音学 Phonetics：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。

Acronym 首字母缩写词

Acronym 首字母缩写词Aggression 侵略敌对情绪Artistic 艺术家的Brochure 小册子Chimpanzee 黑猩猩Collective 集体的共同的Conductivity 传导性Congestion 拥塞Crevice 缺口Crossing 交叉口Curriculum 课程Devotion 热爱投入献身Discharge 流出物放电Essentially 本质的基本的Expire 到期去世Foul 污秽的肮脏的Juvenile 少年的Maritime 航海的Mat 垫子Obstruct 妨碍阻塞Pollen 花粉Protagonist 主角领导者Rehabilitate 使恢复原状Renovate 修复Sapphire 蓝宝石Sensual 感觉的感官的Shellfish 贝Shuttle 航天飞机Sodium 钠Spice 香料Surplus 过剩盈余Syllable 音节Unearth 掘出Varnish 上清漆Accord 一致符合Additive 添加的加法的Affection 喜爱影响Behaviorism 行为主义Coil 卷Composer 作曲家Composition 成分构成Deceive 欺骗deceptive 欺骗性的Forestall 预防Fume 臭气烟Igneous 火的火成的Immutable 不变的Intriguing 引起兴趣的吸引人的Legitimate a 合法的正当的Legislative n 立法机关立法的Locomotion 移动运动Modulate 调节Monarch 君主大花蝶Motto 座右铭Paramount 至上的极为重要的foremost Pendant 垂饰下垂物Precipitate 促成降水Renaissance 复兴再生Salon 厅院Shipwright 造船者造船工人Sloth 树瀨Solitary 孤独的Spill 溅出溢出Substantial 实质真实的Towering 高耸的Versus 与。

《语言学教程》(胡壮麟)术语索引

语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1abstractness 抽象性1.3.2accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2acronym 缩略语3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form 称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3adverb 副词3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系4.1.3airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3allophony音位变体现象2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音2.4.4；2.4.5ambiguity 歧义4.2.2；4.3.1；6.2.3；8.2.2；8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的5.5.2；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4；10.3.5antecedent 先行词；前在词4.3.2anthropological 人类学的12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学1.8.3；7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音2.6.1 antonomasia 换称；代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3；2.4.5Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1；4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2；4.1.1；4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2；2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气2.6.2；2.8.2assimilation 同化2.9.1；3.2.4；3.3.2；6.2.4associative 联想4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义5.3assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2；9.3.6Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语4.2.2；12.2.3auditory phonetics 听觉语音学1.7.1；2.1Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入11.4.2authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词3.1.2；12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词3.1.2；12.2.3Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分4.3.2；12.4。

语言学术语(英-汉对照)表

语言学术语〔英-汉对照〕表Glossary and Index Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语Abercrombieablative 夺格，离格abstractness 抽象性accent 重音〔符〕accuracy 正确性accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学；2.1 acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者addition 添加address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人 1.4；addresser 发话人 1.4；adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分；附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affix hopping 词缀跳跃affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流 2alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体 2.8allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变表达象alveolar ridge 齿龈 2.2alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义ambiguous歧义的；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学 12.3 American English 美式英语American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言 12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义；12.3analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应AndersonAnimal communication system 动物交际系统 1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词；前在词anthropological 人类学的anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称；代类名antonym 反义词 5.4antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性；得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音Apte 7；aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性；12argument 中项；中词；主目article 冠词articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体aspirated 吐气；送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义 5.3assonance 准压韵；半谐音Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学；2.1Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性 1.8auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-HillelBarnhart & Barnhartbase component 根底局部；12.4。

acronym 首字母缩略法

让我们来探讨一下这个主题——acronym 首字母缩略法。

所谓首字母缩略法，指的是利用一个或多个词的首字母组成的缩略语。

acronym 作为一种常见的语言现象，已经深入到我们的日常生活中，成为了我们交流的一部分。

1. acronym的定义acronym，即首字母缩略词，是由一组词的首字母组合而成的新词，每个字母代表一个单词。

它是一种简洁、高效的表达方式，可以将复杂的概念或长句简化为简洁的缩略语。

2. acronym的应用领域在不同的领域，acronym 都有着广泛的应用。

比如在科技领域，有着诸多的常见acronym，比如HTML、CSS、本人等，这些acronym 通常代表着一种技术或者概念；在商业领域，像CEO、CFO、KPI等acronym也是家喻户晓，它们常常代表着某个职位或者业务指标；在医学领域，像DNA、RNA、本人DS等acronym更是常见，它们代表着不同的疾病或者科学术语。

3. acronym的特点acronym的使用具有简洁、便捷的特点。

在书写和口语交流中，acronym可以起到省略繁琐文字的作用，提高了表达效率。

另外，acronym的广泛应用也方便了人们之间的交流，因为一些acronym 已经成为了共同的认知，人们可以更快地理解对方的意思，促进了信息的传递和交流。

4. 我对acronym的看法在我的看来，acronym的使用有着双面性。

acronym的使用提高了信息表达的效率，方便了人们的交流。

另过度使用acronym也可能会造成信息沟通上的障碍，因为并非所有的acronym都是大家共识的，一些专业术语的acronym可能会让非专业人士感到困惑。

acronym作为一种特殊的表达方式，在我们的日常交流中扮演着重要的角色。

我们应该在使用acronym的也要注意避免造成信息交流上的不便。

只有灵活和恰当地运用acronym，才能更好地促进信息的传递和理解。

以上便是对acronym 首字母缩略法的一个简单探讨。

语言学术语大全专业英语词汇（2）

语言学术语大全专业英语词汇(2)语言学术语：词汇a lexeme词位a lexical item词条a minimum free form最小自由形式a unit of vocabulary词汇单位abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法addition添加adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词affix词缀analogical creation类比构词法assimilation同化associative relations联想关系back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法blending混成法borrowing借词法bound morpheme黏着词素bound root morpheme黏着词根词素broadening词义扩大calque仿造词语cardinal number基数central determiners中置限定词class shift词性变换clipping截断法closed-class words封闭类词coinage/invention新创词语compound复合词contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化contracted form缩写形式conversion变换/变码derivational affix派生词缀derivational morphemes派生语素derivation派生词determiners限定词distant assimilation远距离同化domain范围/领域endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词finite element有定成分finiteness定式folk etymology俗词源free morpheme自由词素frequency count词频统计grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词hierarchy层次性infix中缀inflectional affix屈折词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素invariable words不变词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词lexicogrammar词汇语法lexis/vocabulary词汇表liaison连音loan translation翻译借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loanword借词logogram语标loss脱落meaning shift意义转移meaning shift词义转移metanalysis再分化metathesis换位monosyllabic单音节morpheme词素morpheme语素morpheme语素morphemic structure语素结构morphological change形态变化morphological conditioned形态的限制morphology形态学morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化multisemous多种意义narrowing词义缩小nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化nonomorphemic words单语素词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性obviative(that)远指代词opened-class words开放类词ordinal number序数词orthographic change拼写的变化paradigmatic relations聚合关系paradigm聚合体particles小品词passive vocabulary消极词汇phoneme音位phonological conditioned音位的限制phonological structure音素结构polymorphemic words多语素词polysyllabic多音节post determiners后置限定词predeterminers前置限定词prefix前缀pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-form代词形式pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词pro-verb(do/did)代副词proximate(this)近指代词register语域relative uninterruptibility相对连续性root morpheme词根语素root词根semantic change语义变化semiotics符号学sequential relations序列关系split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes) stem词干suffix后缀syntactical change句法变化syntagmatic relations组合关系synthetic compound综合性复合词the maximum free form最大自由形式theory of least effort省力理论variable words可变词verbal compound动词性复合词word class词类word-formation构词语言学术语：句法a principle system原则系统a rule system规则系统ablative离格accessible subject可及主语accusative宾格across the board extraction抽取跨界移动actor动作者actual sentence division实义句子切分法adjunction加接affix hopping词缀越位anaphor照应语animate noun有生名词appellative/vocative function称呼功能arbitrariness任意性articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统aspect checking特征验证aspect feature基本体貌特征aspect体ASPP is functional projection .ASPP 是功能投射associative relationship联想关系asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主binding domain约束语域binding约束bipartition二分法Bloomfield priori先天综合判断(康德Kant) Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派case格categories语类C-commanding condition成分统领条件checking domain检验区域communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力complement domain补足语区域complement IP=屈折短语conative function意欲功能concatenate联结conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制constituent morphemes成分规则constituent成分construction结构体Context culture 文化语境coordinate construction并列结构core computation核心运算covert component隐性部分crossing branch交叉分支CS(computational system)计算系统dative movement与格移位dative与格determiner限定词empiricism经验主义(洛克，白板说)empty category principle空范畴原则empty subject空主语endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exceptional case marking例外格标记existential process生存过程exocentric construction离心结构expressive function表情功能Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的标准理论external functionalism外部功能主义extreme functionalism极端的功能主义fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射Field语场full-interpretation完全解释原则functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设functional sentence perspective功能句子观gender性genitive属格government支配关系government管辖greed句法操作自利原则head parameter中心语参数hierarchical structure层级结构ideational function概念功能immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法imperative祈使语气imperfective未完成indicative直陈语气INFL(inflection)形态变化。

acronyms构词法

acronyms构词法
构词法(acronyms)是一种通过缩写词或字母组合来称呼某个特
定词组或术语的方法。

在构词法中，每个字母都代表词组中的一个词语或一部分。

这种方法常常用于简化长词组的表达、提高文档的可读性，并广泛应用于各种领域和专业术语中。

在构词法中，有一些常见的规则和约定：
1. 首字母缩写词（Initialism）：将每个单词的首字母缩写为一
个新的词，例如NASA（National Aeronautics and Space Administration，美国国家航空航天局）。

2. 字母缩写词（Acronym）：将词组的各个单词的首字母或几
个字母组合在一起形成一个新词，例如UNICEF（United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund，联合国儿童基金会）。

3. 合成词（Blending）：将两个或更多的词语的一部分组合在
一起形成一个新词，例如brunch（breakfast + lunch，早午餐）。

4. 助记词（Mnemonics）：使用一个选定的词或短语来表示一
连串需要记忆的信息，例如ROYGBIV（红橙黄绿青蓝紫，表
示可见光谱）。

上述构词法的使用与实际应用场景相关，不同行业和领域会有不同的约定和规则。

构词法在科技、医学、军事、教育等领域中被广泛使用，可以简化专业术语的表达，提高交流效率。

acronym(首字母缩略词) 红色词汇

acronym(首字母缩略词) 红色词汇Acronym (首字母缩略词) 红色词汇首字母缩略词（Acronym）是一种十分常见的红色词汇形式，它由一个或多个单词的首字母或其他重要部分组成，并被用作简称或代指特定概念。

在现代社会中，我们经常会遇到各种各样的首字母缩略词，它们不仅为我们提供了便捷的表达方式，也成为了我们日常生活和工作中必不可少的一部分。

本文将探讨首字母缩略词的定义、分类以及在不同领域的运用。

一、定义首字母缩略词是通过选取一个或多个单词的首字母或其他重要部分，形成一个新词并用作缩写。

它们通常由大写字母组成，并在文本中以大写形式展示。

首字母缩略词是为了减少长词组的使用和书写重复而产生的，其目的是提供一种简洁、高效的表达方式。

例如，UNESCO （联合国教科文组织）和NASA（美国国家航空航天局）就是常见的首字母缩略词的例子。

二、分类首字母缩略词可以分为两种主要类型：发音缩略词和字母缩略词。

1. 发音缩略词：这种缩略词根据词组的发音进行拼写。

它们通过剪短原词组的一部分来形成一个新的词，并保持了原有词组的发音特征。

例如，RADAR（雷达）和SCUBA（水肺设备）就是发音缩略词的例子。

2. 字母缩略词：这种缩略词是根据词组的字母进行拼写。

它们通常是选择一个或多个单词的首字母或其他重要部分，并且按照特定的顺序来排列。

例如，NATO（北约）和AIDS（艾滋病）就是字母缩略词的例子。

三、运用领域首字母缩略词在各个领域中都被广泛应用，以下是一些常见的运用领域：1. 科技领域：IT（信息技术）和AI（人工智能）等首字母缩略词在科技领域中非常常见。

它们简化了科技术语的表达，并且在科技文献和媒体报道中得到广泛应用。

2. 医学领域：首字母缩略词在医学领域中具有重要意义。

例如，MRI（核磁共振成像）和DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）是医学领域中常见的缩略词，它们为医疗专业人士提供了一个简单而有效的方式来描述复杂的概念。

3. 商业领域：商业领域中存在许多首字母缩略词，它们用于快速表达商业术语和组织机构名称。

语言学名词解释Chapter1-3

35. Lexical words: refer to substance, actions and quality 36.Closed-class words: words that cannot be extended by the creation of additional members. 37.Open-class words: words can be extended. 38.Morpheme ：the smallest meaning-bearing（有意义的）unit 39.Free morphemes: morphemes which may constitute words by themselves 40.Bound morphemes: morphemes which can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with 41.Inflectional morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories 42.Derivational morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes , added to existing forms to create new words. 43.stem: is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. 44.Root: the base form of a word 45.affix: naturally bound 46.Allomorph: A morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. 47.Inflection 屈折词: the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes 48.Derivation 派生词: the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots or words. pounding 复合词: a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit. 50.Blending 混合词: a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. 51.Abbreviation 缩写词 : a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form. 52. Acronym 首字母缩略词: a word created by combining the initial letters of a number of words. 53.Back-formation: a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. 54.Borrowing: the taking over of words from other languages 55.Coinage (invention): the invention of a new word 56.Meaning shift: a process in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning. 57.

语言学术语

abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音alveolus齿龈angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发音语音学articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系Babbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音Behaviorism行为主义Behaviorist learning theory行为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology行为主义心理学Bilabial双唇音Bilingualism双语现象Black English黑人英语Blending混合法Borrowing借用bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization大脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式音标Broca’s area布罗卡区caretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元音cerebral cortex大脑皮层cerebral plasticity大脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语言clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word色彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能力comparative reconstruction比较重建法competence语言能力complement补语complement construction补足语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语言学concept概念conceptualist view意念观consonant辅音constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下文contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对比分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission文化传播declaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿音derivation派生法derivational morpheme派生语素derivative派生词descriptive linguistics描写语言学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语言学diacritics变音符号dialect方言dialectal synonym方言同义词dichotic listening test两耳分听测试diglossia双言现象diphthong复合元音Directionalilty Parameter方位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构二重性e double articulation结构二重性embedded clause子句emotive meaning表情意义entailment含义entity实体epenthesis插入音Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类factive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语言僵化framework框架free morpheme自由语素fricative擦音front vowel前元音function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作用成分gender性Generative Grammar生成语法Generative Semantics生成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑音glottal喉音glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great Vowel Shift元音大变位hard palate硬腭head核心词hemispheric dominance for language大脑半球的语言优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety高层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical linguistics历史语言学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同音异义；同形异义homophony同音异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词idiolect个人语言特点illocutionary act言外形为inconsistency自相矛盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输入instrumental motivation工具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介入性学习动机interference干扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标interpersonmal communication人际交际intuition语调labeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇音LAD语言习得机制language acquisition语言习得language behavior语言行为language center语言中枢language faculty语言机制language family语系language perception语言感知language planning语言规划language variation语言变异larynx喉lax vowel松元音level层；平面level of language语言层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语言能力linguistic determinism语言决定论linguistic lateralization语言侧化linguistic performance语言运用linguistic relativism语言相对论linguistic repertoire全部语言变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语言学liquid流音loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act言内行为low variety低层次变体manner of articulation发音方法matrix clause主句maxim of manner方式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism心理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语音变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最小对立对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元音Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则naming theory命名论narrow transcription严式音标narrowing of meaning词义缩小nasal cavity鼻腔nasality鼻音化nasalize鼻音化natural route of development自然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语言学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构object宾语Old English古英语one-place predication一位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity口腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维palatal腭音paralinguistic副语言学的parameter参数performance语言运用performance error语言运用错误perlocutionary act言后行为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone音素phoneme音位phonemic contrast音位对立phonetic feature语音特征phonetics语音学phonological rule音位规则phonology音位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发音部位plosive爆破音polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元音后的pragmatics语用学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics心理语言学puberty青春期qualifying predication修饰性述谓结构Received Pronunciation标准发音Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达；呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷舌音rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元音SAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第二语言习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义广义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三角sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝音simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域方言sociolect社会方言sociolinguistics社会语言学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能力specifier指示语spectrograph频谱仪speech act言语行为speech community言语社区speech variety言语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词干stimulus刺激stop爆破音stress重音structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语言学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication无声言语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语言synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法taboo word禁忌词target language目标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆骨telegraphic speech电报式言语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元音tone音调；声调tone language声调语言topic话题；主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换生成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构unaspirated不送气underextension扩展不足Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula小舌validity有效性variable变项velar软腭音velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊音化的voiceless不带音的，清音的voicing带音化，浊音化vowel元音Wernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩大X-bar theory X标杆理论。

《语言学》缩写acronym

acronymBy Richard Nordquist, Filed In:Definition:A word formed from the initial letters of a name (for example, NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or by combining initial letters of a series of words (radar, from radio detection and ranging). Adjective: acronymic. See also: initialism.Etymology:From the Greek, "point" + "name"Examples and Observations:∙"There is only one known pre-20th-century word with an acronymic origin . . .: colinderies or colinda, an acronym for the Colonial and Indian Exposition(1886)."(David Wilton, Word Myths, 2004)∙"The difference between acronyms and abbreviations is this: acronyms are proper words created from the initial letter or two of the words in a phrase, andthey are pronounced like other words (cf. snafu, radar, laser, or UNESCO). Bycontrast, abbreviations do not form proper words, and so they are pronouncedas strings of letters, for example, S.O.B., IOU, U.S.A., MP, lp, or tv."(Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Euphemism and Dysphemism, Oxford UniversityPress, 1991)∙"I have a couple of lists that I can refer to throughout the day, but I don't have the official 'FAT' book yet. Yes, it really is called the FAT (Federal Acronym andTerms) book."(John Scales)∙ABBA: The name of this 1970s Swedish pop group was derived from the first names of the group's members: Agnetha, Bjorn, Benny, and Anni-Frid.∙BOMFOG: from the initial letters in "Brotherhood Of Man, Fatherhood Of God."First used by journalists to refer to a familiar theme in Nelson Rockefeller's speeches; now refers to pious blather of any kind.∙KISS: from "Keep It Simple, Stupid"--advice often given to speakers and writers.∙NIMBY: from "Not In My Back Yard"--for a person who opposes anything scheduled to be built near his or her residence.∙"Re-branding FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) doesn't fix the problem; it just puts a new acronym on it."(David Marin)。

语言学概论名词解释

1. Design features of language:(1)Arbitrariness(任意性):there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.（声音和意思无直接联系）eg: why English should use the sounds /dog/ to refer to the animal dog, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental.（2）Duality(双重性)：the way meaningless elements of language at one level(sounds and letters)combine to form meaningful units at another level. That is, sounds such as d, g, f, o, mean nothing separately. They normally take on meaning only when they are combined in certain ways, as in dog, fog, and god.2．Descriptive grammars(描述性语法): attempt to tell what is in the language(语言第一，语法第二，语法是为语言服务)Prescriptive grammars（规定性语法）：tell people what should be in the language.3．Phonetics(语音学): the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they ate produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.It can be divided into 3main branches:(1) articulatory phonetics(有音节的), which is the study of how speech sounds are produced(2)acoustic phonetics（有关声音的）,which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air(3)auditoryphonetics(听觉的)，which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.(同化): a phonological process whereby a sound becomes phonetically similar to a neighboring sound ,eg: a vowel becomes when followed by a consonant.5．Phonology(音系学): the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.6．Minimal pairs（最小对立体）: a pair of words that differ by only a single sound in the same position, . look/ took, spill/still and keep/coopMinimal set（最小对立体集）: when a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme(always in the same position)eg: a minimal set based on the vowel phonemes of English would include feat, fit, fate, fat, fought, foot, and one based on consonants could have big, pig, and wig.7．Syllable（音节）: these units which are often longer than one should and smaller than a whole word. 1. phonetically, syllables are usually described as consisting of a center which has little or no airflow and which sounds comparatively syllables are defined by the way in which vowels and consonants combine to form various sequences.8．Stress(重音): the prominence given to certain sounds in speech.9．Morphology (形态学)：the study of the structure of words.10．Root（词根）: the morpheme that remains when all affixes are strippes from a complex word. eg: system from un- +system + atic +allymorphemes（派生词缀）可能会改变词性: a morpheme that serves to derive a word of one class or meaning from a word of another class or meaning. eg: -ment derives the noun from the verb establish; re- changes the meaning of the verb paint to "paint again".Inflectional morphemes（屈折词缀）不改变词性: which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.(语素变体): a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, . -s, -es, and all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.distribution(互补散布):allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution for they never occur in the same contest. Eg: the unaspirated /p/ always occurs after /s/ while the aspirated one always occurs in other places.of word formation:(1)compounding(合成构词法):words like typewriter, workshop,tractor-driver are formed by putting two words together. Two free morphemes are combined to form a compound.(2)Derivation（派生构词法）：derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. A derivational word consists of at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme. For example, by adding affixes un-, mis-, -ful, -less, -ism, we can get words like unhappy, misunderstand, careful, careless.(3)Blending(混成构词法): a process a single new word can also be formed by combining two separate forms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. eg: the English word brunch is made from breakfast and lunch.(4)Acronym（首字母拼音词）：some new words are formed from the first letters of a series of words. They are pronounced as single words, as in NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)(句法学): used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.(1)Immediate constituent analysis(直接成份分析法)：also called IC Analysis, in linguistics, a system of grammatical analysis that divides sentences into successive layers, or constituents, until, in the final layer, each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word. (A constituent is any word orconstruction that enters into some larger construction.) eg. In the sentence “The old man ran away,” the first division into immediate constituents would be between “the old man” and “ran away.” The immediate constituents of “the old man” are “the” and “old man.” At the next level “old man” is divided into “old” and “man.” It was introduced by the United States linguist Leonard Bloomfield in 1933.(2)Recursion（递归性）:the feature of recursion permits a grammar of a finite number of rules to generate an infinite number of sentences. For example: This is the house that jack built. /This is the cat that lived in the house that jack built.（语义学）：the study of linguistic meaning.(1)Sense(意义)语言之间的关系：the inherent part of an expression’s meaning which, together with context, determines its referent. It is also called intension. Eg: knowing the sense of a noun phrase such as the president of the United States in 2021 allows one to determine that George W. Bush is the referent.(2)Reference(指称，参照)：the relationship between words and the things, actions ,events, and qualities they stand for. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object "tree" in the real world.17、Pragmatics(语用学)：a branch of linguistics that studieslanguage in use.(1)Anaphora(回指):the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.(2)Cohesion(衔接): the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be the relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a (连贯): :the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse of the sentences in a 、Iconicity(象似性)：the major types of iconicity in language which have frequently been proposed are those of order, distance, and complexity.(1)Iconicity of order(顺序象似性)：refers to the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic of construction. . Caesar’s historic words “veni, vidi, vici”-I came, I saw, I conquered.) iconicity of order reflects the consistency of language with human cognition and the objective world.(2)Iconicity of distance（距离象似性）：accounts for the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. That is, elements which have a close relationship must be placed close together.(3)Iconicity of complexity(复杂象似性):accounts for our tendency to associate more form with more meaning and,conversely ,less form with less meaning.prototype theory（原形理论）：what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category. eg: For some English speakers "cabbage" might be the prototypical vegetable.gap(辞汇空缺) : the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language is called lexical gap. For instance, in English there is no singular noun that covers both cow and bull as horse covers stallion and mare.meaning（联想意义）：connotative(内涵), social, affective（情感）, reflective（反射）, and collocative（搭配）meanings are called associative meaning.Reflective meaning(反射意义):is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.(音位变体)：a phonetic form in which a phoneme is realized.（变音符号）：is a set of symbols which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone make possible.。

词汇学中的Acronym

Acronym
An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters or parts of words .There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such abbreviations nor on written usage. In English and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending.
Recursive acronyms
• GNU: GNU's not Unix! • WINE: WINE Is Not an Emulator (originally, WINdows Emulator) • PHP: PHP hypertext pre-processor (formerly personal home page) • These may go through multiple layers before the self-reference is found
Acronyms whose last abbreviated word

《语言学》缩写acronym

胡壮麟《语言学教程》名词解释

语言学名词解释

《英语语言学》术语(英汉对照)表

英汉缩略语对比

acronym首字母缩略法

《语言学》缩写_Abbreviation

语言学重要概念梳理(中英文对照版)

Acronym 首字母缩写词

《语言学教程》(胡壮麟)术语索引

语言学术语(英-汉对照)表

acronym 首字母缩略法

语言学术语大全专业英语词汇（2）

acronyms构词法

acronym(首字母缩略词) 红色词汇

语言学名词解释Chapter1-3

语言学术语

《语言学》缩写acronym

语言学概论 名词解释

词汇学中的Acronym

语言学概论名词解释