专业英语资料汇总

Strain, △L /LS t r e s s , (N ·c m -2) Fiber(1)(2)(3)标准答案（2 ）一、Fill in the blanks (1’×10 = 10’)1.The advantage of microwave heating is that it is extremely rapid .2.The mechanical properties of ceramics are good in compression , The greatest weaknessis brittleness .3.Ferrous Alloys normally contains major phases, called austenite, cementite, graphite,martensitic.4.The components as well as the interface between them can usually be physicallyidentified.5.Surface treatment of reinforcing materials is done to improve the adhesion of fillersand fibers to matrix resin by modifying the surface of the solid.6.The properties of materials are defined by the nature of their chemical bonds, their atomicordering and their microstructure.7.二、True or false (indicate with “√” or “×”, 1’×10 = 10’)1.(×) All amorphous materials are glasses.2.(×) Aluminum alloys offer superior specific strength in high temperatures.3.(√) The properties of crystals are different in various crystallographic directions.4.(√) Titanium alloys have lower density and high strength.5.(√) Most of life and industrial glass are made from silica and silicate glasses.6.(√) Magnesium is the lightest of all structural metals.7.(√) Glasses is made from elements, simple chemical compounds, complex organic molecules,salt mixtures and alloys.8.(√) Glass when newly formed, with a perfect surface, is very strong about five times asstrong as steel.9.(×) MMC、PMC、CMC are all composite, and matrix are metal, ceramic and organicpolymer.10.(√) 玻璃化温度和熔点是表征聚合物热性能的重要指标。

.三、Choose the right answer (1’×10 = 10’)1.Which of the following descriptions would not be applicable to ceramics? (d)a. Mixed ionic and covalent bondingb. Brittlec. Hardd. Ductile2.组成铸铁的基本元素是__________ (b, d, e)a. O;b. C;c. S;d. Si;e. Fe;f. Al;g. P3.低合金钢合金元素含量______，而高合金钢_________。

（b, c)a.<2%;b.<5%;c. >10%;d.>13%4.Hardened concrete should be durable, strong, watertight and resistant to abrasion.All of these properties are influenced by the _______ of the Portland cement paste.(c)a. quantityb. weight percentc. qualityd. density5.The major phases in Portland cement are：_____，______，_____ and ferrite. (a,c, d)a. aliteb. limestonec. aluminated. belitee. silicaf. calcium sulfateg. ferrite四、Terms and definitions (4’×5 = 20’)posite：A composite is a combined materials created by the syntheticassembly of two or more components a selected filler or reinforcing agent and a compatible matrix binder in order to obtain specific characteristics and properties.2.Fatigue limit：The maximum load in pounds per square inch that can be applied aninfinite number of times without causing failure.3.Brass: An alloy of copper and zinc.4.Physical properties: The behavior of materials subjected to the action oftemperature, electric or magnetic fields or light.5.Workability: The ease with which concrete is placed and consilidated.五、Questions and replies (8’×4 = 32’)1.Answers: ①离子键(1’)：结合力很大，离子晶体的硬度高，强度大，热膨胀系数小，脆性大。

例：陶瓷材料(1’)。

②共价键(1’)：结合力很大，共价晶体的硬度高、强度高、脆性大、熔点高、沸点高和挥发性低。

例：陶瓷材料(1’)。

③金属键(1’)：良好的导电性和导热性，正的电阻温度系数，不透明并呈现特有的金属光泽，良好的塑性变形能力，强韧性好。

例：金属材料(1’)。

④范特瓦尔斯力(1’)：很弱，分子键结合的固体材料熔点低、硬度也很低，无自由电子，良好的绝缘性。

例：聚合物材料(1’)。

2.Answers: 1) 结构：陶瓷：晶体材料；玻璃：非晶态。

(2’) 2) 性质：陶瓷：不透明，耐高温，具有固定的熔点，各相异性；(2’); 玻璃：透明，不耐高温，不具有固定的熔点，各相同性。

(2’) 3) 制备方法：陶瓷：先成型，再烧结；缓慢冷却以利于晶体形成；玻璃：熔融后成型，淬冷法。

(2’).3.Answers: they are the ductility [1’], tensile strength [1’], proportional limit [1’],elastic limit [1’], modulus of elasticity [1’], resilience [1’], yield point, yieldstrength [1’], ultimate strength and breaking strength [1’].4.Answers: The three significant reactions that take place in addition polymerizationare: initiation (2’), propagation (2’) and termination (2’). Termination typically occurs in two ways: combination and disproportionate (2’).六、Read and discuss (9’×2 = 18’)1.Answers:(1) Types of raw materials：Portland cement paste, water. sand and gravel (3’).Functions: aggregates serve as a filler; the cement-water paste changes from a semifluid substance into a solid binder(3’).(2) The final quality of the concrete depends upon the effectiveness of the hardened paste in binding the aggregate particles together and in filling the voids between the particles (3’).2. Answers：1. i. The other lines are: (1) Rigid plastic [1’]; (2) Flexible plastic [1’]; (3) Elastomer [1’].ii. There are two types of plastics—flexible plastics and rigid plastics [2’].iii. Flexible plastics: possess moderate to high degrees of crystallinity and a wide range of Tm and Tg values. They have moderate to high tensile strengths, and ultimate elongation [2’].iv. Rigid plastics: have high moduli and moderate to high tensile strengths, they undergo very small elongations before rupturing [2’].材料科学基础常用英语词汇材料的类型Types of materials, metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, elastomer部分材料性质复习Review of selected properties of materials,电导率和电阻率conductivity and resistivity,热导率thermal conductivity,应力和应变stress and strain,弹性应变elastic strain,塑性应变plastic strain,屈服强度yield strength,最大抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength,最大强度ultimate strength,延展性ductility,伸长率elongation,断面收缩率reduction of area,颈缩necking,断裂强度breaking strength,韧性toughness,硬度hardness,疲劳强度fatigue strength,蜂窝honeycomb,热脆性heat shortness,晶胞中的原子数atoms per cell,点阵lattice, 阵点lattice point,点阵参数lattice parameter,密排六方hexagonal close-packed,六方晶胞hexagonal unit cell,体心立方body-centered cubic,面心立方face-centered cubic,弥勒指数Miller indices,晶面crystal plane,晶系crystal system,晶向crystal direction,相变机理Phase transformation mechanism:成核生长相变nucleation–growth transition, 斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition,有序无序转变disordered-order transition, 马氏体相变martensite phase transformation，成核nucleation,成核机理nucleation mechanism,成核势垒nucleation barrier,晶核，结晶中心nucleus of crystal,（金属组织的）基体quay,基体，基块，基质，结合剂matrix,子晶，雏晶matted crystal,耔晶，晶种seed crystal,耔晶取向seed orientation,籽晶生长seeded growth,均质核化homogeneous nucleation,异质核化heterogeneous nucleation,均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment, 熟料grog,自恰场self-consistent field固溶体Solid solution:有序固溶体ordered solid solution,无序固溶体disordered solid solution,有序合金ordered alloy,无序合金disordered alloy.无序点阵disordered lattice,分散，扩散，弥散dispersal,分散剂dispersant,分散剂，添加剂dispersant additive,分散剂，弥散剂dispersant agent缺陷defect, imperfection,点缺陷point defect,线缺陷 line defect, dislocation,面缺陷interface defect, surface defect,体缺陷volume defect,位错排列dislocation arrangement,位错阵列dislocation array,位错气团dislocation atmosphere,位错轴dislocation axis,位错胞dislocation cell,位错爬移dislocation climb,位错滑移dislocation slip, dislocation movement by slip, 位错聚结dislocation coalescence,位错核心能量dislocation core energy,位错裂纹dislocation crack,位错阻尼dislocation damping,位错密度dislocation density,体积膨胀volume dilation,体积收缩volume shrinkage,回火tempering,退火annealing,退火的，软化的softened,软化退火，软化（处理）softening,淬火quenching,淬火硬化quenching hardening,正火normalizing, normalization,退火织构annealing texture,人工时效artificial aging,细长比aspect ratio,形变热处理ausforming,等温退火austempering,奥氏体austenite,奥氏体化austenitizing,贝氏体bainite,马氏体martensite,马氏体淬火marquench,马氏体退火martemper,马氏体时效钢maraging steel,渗碳体cementite,固溶强化solid solution strengthening,钢屑混凝土steel chips concrete,水玻璃，硅酸钠sodium silicate,水玻璃粘结剂sodium silicate binder,硅酸钠类防水剂sodium silicate waterproofing agent, 扩散diffusion,扩散系数diffusivity,相变phase transition,烧结sintering,固相反应solid-phase reaction,相图与相结构phase diagrams and phase structures , 相phase,组分component,自由度freedom,相平衡phase equilibrium,吉布斯相律Gibbs phase rule,吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy,吉布斯混合能Gibbs energy of mixing,吉布斯熵Gibbs entropy,吉布斯函数Gibbs function,相平衡phase balance,相界phase boundary,相界线 phase boundary line,相界交联 phase boundary crosslinking,相界有限交联phase boundary crosslinking,相界反应phase boundary reaction,相变phase change,相组成phase composition,共格相 phase-coherent,金相相组织 phase constentuent,相衬phase contrast,相衬显微镜phase contrast microscope,相衬显微术phase contrast microscopy,相分布phase distribution,相平衡常数phase equilibrium constant,相平衡图phase equilibrium diagram,相变滞后phase transition lag, Al-Si-O-N系统相关系phase relationships in the Al-Si-O-N system, 相分离phase segregation, phase separation,玻璃分相phase separation in glasses,相序phase order, phase sequence,相稳定性phase stability,相态phase state,相稳定区phase stabile range,相变温度phase transition temperature,相变压力phase transition pressure,同质多晶转变polymorphic transformation,相平衡条件phase equilibrium conditions,显微结构microstructures,不混溶固溶体immiscible solid solution,转熔型固溶体peritectic solid solution,低共熔体eutectoid，crystallization,不混溶性immiscibility,固态反应solid state reaction,烧结sintering,相变机理Phase transformation mechanism:成核生长相变nucleation–growth transition, 斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition,有序无序转变disordered-order transition, 马氏体相变martensite phase transformation，成核nucleation,成核机理nucleation mechanism,成核势垒nucleation barrier,晶核，结晶中心nucleus of crystal,（金属组织的）基体quay,基体，基块，基质，结合剂matrix,子晶，雏晶matted crystal,耔晶，晶种seed crystal,耔晶取向seed orientation,籽晶生长seeded growth,均质核化homogeneous nucleation,异质核化heterogeneous nucleation,均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment, 熟料grog,材料概论重点知识Definition 材料的定义：The materials making up the surrounding world consist of discrete particles, having a submicroscopic size.Atomic structure and the nature of bonds(原子结构和化学键)—metals and their alloys (metallic bonding 金属键)—organic polymers 有机聚合物(covalent bonding and secondary bonding 共价键和二次键) —ceramics (ionic bonding and covalent bonding)Mechanical properties：力学性能Which reflect the behavior of materials, deformed by a set of forces （概念）Four basic types of stresses : tensile, compressive, shear ,torsion (拉力，压力，剪切力，扭转力)Physical properties:物理性能the behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature, electric or magnetic fields, or light.电性能Electric properties磁性能Magnetic properties热性能Thermal properties光性能Optical propertiesChemical properties:化学性能Which characterize the behavior of material in a reactive environment. （概念）The four basic aspects of materials science and technology are: manufacturing processing, structure,properties and performances结构－性能－工艺之间的关系：First, the processing of a material affects the structure, second the original structure and properties determine how we can process the material to produce a desired shape一、METAL:（金属）1、金属最显著的特性：good conductors of heat and electricity (热导性，电导性)2、性能:are opaque to visible light; are hard, rigid; can undergo plastic deformation; have a high melting temperature3、金属的晶体点阵：crystal structure（晶体结构）: body-centered cubic structure , face-centered cubic structure , hexagonal close-packed structure（体型、面型，六角形放射状）4、properties of alloys（合金的性能）:(more carbon ,more brittle.) have relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities; good energy absorption characteristics ;nonmagnetic properties5、铸铁概念：cast iron, essentially an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, is composed of iron and from 2 to 6.67 percent carbon, plus manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus, and shaped by being cast in a mold.6、The types and properties of cast iron ；white cast iron( hard , brittle ) , gray cast iron (brittle ,withstand large compressive loads but small tensile loads ), alloy cast iron , nodular or ductile cast iron (good castability ,toughness, good wear resistance ,low melting point ,and hardenability ), malleable cast iron (strength ,toughness, ductility ,and machinability)7、carbon steels（碳钢）：low carbon steels（含碳0.05~0.32%）；medium carbon steels（含碳0.35~0.55%）；high carbon steels（含碳0.60~1.50%）8、不锈钢：there are three types of stainless steels:--the martensitic types；the ferritic types ；the austenitic types9、advantages of using Al: one-third of the weight of steel ;good thermal and electrical conductivity ;high strength-to-weight ratio ;can be given a hard surface by anodizing and hard coating ;most alloys are weldable ;will not rust ;high reflectivity ;can be die cast ;easily machined ;good formability; nonmagnetic ;nontoxic and one –third of the stiffness of steel.10、copper is known for its high thermal (热导性)and electrical conductivity.11、crystal structure : body-centered cubic structure (barium), face-centered cubic structure (copper),hexagonal close-packed structure (zinc)二、CERAMIC（陶瓷）1、The property of ceramics （陶瓷的性质）Extreme hardness（硬度高） Heat resistance Corrosion resistance Low electrical and thermal conductivity Low ductility (brittleness)2、Porosity（孔隙度）Open porosity: refers to the network of pores in a material that is open to the surface and into which a liquid such as water can penetrate if the part were submerged in it。