英文学术论文写作
英文学术论文写作技巧
英文学术论文写作技巧在英文学术论文写作中,使用恰当的句型和表达可以增强文章的逻辑性和可读性。
以下是一些常用的句型:1.引言- In recent years, there has been a growing interest in...- It is widely acknowledged that...- With the rapid development of...- The purpose of this study is toinvestigate/examine/analyze...2.文献综述- According to previous research, ...- Several studies have shown/suggested/indicated that...- Smith (2024) pointed out that...- Previous studies have focused on..., however, little attention has been given to...3.问题陈述- One of the major challenges in this field is...- The main issue for consideration is...- This problem can be attributed to...- It is important to address this issue because...4.方法描述- The research was conducted using aquantitative/qualitative approach.- A sample of XX participants was selected for the study.- The data were collected throughsurveys/interviews/observations.- Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS/Excel.5.结果呈现- The findings of the study suggest/indicate/show that...- The data revealed a significant/inverse correlation between...- It was found that there is a strong association between X and Y.- These results support the hypothesis/theory/framework that...6.讨论- The results are consistent with previousstudies/scholarship/theories.- The findings of this study provide important insights into the understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.- Further research is needed to explore/address/clarify the factors/relationships.7.结论- In conclusion, this study has shown/provided evidence that...- The findings of this research contribute to the existing literature.- This study has implications for futurepractice/policy/research.- To sum up, this research provides a foundation for further investigation.8.建议- Future studies should focus on...- It is important to develop/implement strategies/policies to...- The implications of this research suggest the need for...这些句型可以帮助你陈述论文的目的、描绘问题、描述方法、呈现结果和讨论结论。
如何进行英文学术论文写作
如何进行英文学术论文写作
英文学术论文是一种较为正式和严谨的写作形式,需要遵循一定的写
作规范和结构。
以下是一些关键步骤和技巧,帮助你进行英文学术论文写作。
1.选择合适的主题:选择一个你感兴趣且对学术界有贡献的主题。
确
保主题具有独创性和足够的研究资源。
2.执行文献综述:在开始写作之前,进行文献综述以了解该领域的最
新研究和观点。
这将帮助你明确论文的研究目标和重要性,并从中获得支
持和建议。
3.制定论文提纲:根据文献综述的结果,为论文制定一个详细的提纲。
此提纲应包括引言、方法、结果和讨论、结论等部分,其中各部分应有明
确的目标和内容。
4.写作引言:引言应简明扼要地介绍研究背景、目的和研究问题,并
解释你的研究对该领域的重要性。
5.方法部分:描述你的研究设计、实验过程、数据收集和分析方法。
确保清晰地描述,以便读者能够重复你的研究。
6.结果和讨论:在这部分,展示和解释你的研究结果。
使用数据和图
表来支持你的观点,并与其他研究进行比较和对比。
讨论你的观点,解释
结果的意义,并提出未来研究的建议。
7.结论:总结你的研究结果,并强调你的研究对该领域的贡献。
提出
一些潜在的应用和进一步研究的方向。
9.校对和修改:在完成初稿后,进行多次的校对和修改。
检查拼写、语法和句子结构,确保文章的流畅性和逻辑性。
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法Academic paper writing is an essential skill that every student and researcher should possess. It allows individuals to explore specific topics, present their findings, and contributeto the expansion of knowledge in their field of study. Thisarticle will discuss the requirements and methods of writing an academic paper.1. Requirements of Academic Paper Writing:a. Clarity and coherence: A good academic paper should be clear, well-organized, and easy to understand. The writer should present their arguments and ideas in a logical and coherent manner to guide readers through the paper.b. Research-based: An academic paper should be grounded in extensive research. This involves conducting a literature review, gathering data, and analyzing relevant sources to support the arguments made throughout the paper.c. Originality and contribution: A strong academic paper should present novel insights or contribute to existing knowledge. It should offer a unique perspective or provide additional evidence to enhance the understanding of the topic.d. Proper citation and referencing: To maintain academic integrity, all sources used in the paper must be properly cited.This prevents plagiarism and allows readers to verify the information presented.e. Structure and format: Academic papers typically follow a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Adhering tothis structure helps readers navigate through the paper more effectively.2. Methods of Academic Paper Writing:a. Identify a research question: Begin by choosing aresearch question or topic that is interesting and relevant to your field of study. Make sure the research question is specific and focused, allowing for in-depth exploration.c. Develop an outline: Create a clear outline that organizes your thoughts and ideas. This helps maintain a logical flow and ensures that all essential points are addressed.e. Present your methodology and research findings: Clearly explain the methodology used for your study and present your findings. Use graphs, tables, and other visuals to enhance the presentation of data.f. Analyze your results and discuss their implications: Interpret and analyze your research findings, discussing their implications in relation to previous studies. Identify any limitations or further areas of research.g. Write a concise conclusion: Summarize your main findings and highlight their significance. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.h. Revise and edit: Proofread your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and logically.i. Cite your sources properly: Use the appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago) to reference your sources accurately throughout the paper.In conclusion, writing an academic paper requires clarity, research-based content, originality, proper citation, and adherence to a defined structure. By following these requirements and methods, students and researchers can effectively contribute to their field of study and advance knowledge in their chosen area.。
高质量英文学术论文的要素和写作注意事项
高质量英文学术论文的要素和写作注意事项十大要素:(1)原创性(2)创新性(3)题目合适(4)好的摘要(5)论文组织论证严密(逻辑性强)(6)图表清晰可靠(7)英语表达好,语法拼写等错误少(8)精选参考文献(9)LETTER 要求投的文章要适合该期刊(10)可读性,好的文章通俗易懂,有影响力现在来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项:(1)题目:概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项:英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
例如:The fabrication of …。
短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
题目一般不应是陈述句,因为题目主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题目具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题目,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
题目中的缩略词语:已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题目中,否则不要轻易使用。
另外,还要注意题目字数的限制,国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制,这些规定可供我们参考。
总的原则是,题目应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题目词数越少越好。
(2)摘要:与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等。
摘要写作注意事项:摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
具体地讲,就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。
A.英文摘要的时态:时态运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
英语专业学术论文写作:摘要
英语专业学术论⽂写作:摘要学术论⽂写作:摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全⽂,就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是:(1) 主题阐述(Topic specification);(2) 研究⽬的陈述(Purpose statement);(3) 理论指导(Theory/Perspective)(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data);(4) 研究结果/发现(Results/Findings);(5) 研究结论/启⽰(Conclusions/Implications)。
练习1:就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要(为判断⽅便,列汉语标题)Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述(?Sample 1), 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容,不要空洞练习2:下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作(sample 5)和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你(1)删掉⽆关的内容,(2)核对结构要素,(3)并判断哪个内容具体。
英文学术论文写作-研究生教学(全英文)_2022年学习资料
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-Writing requirement -printing format:following specific requirements of-t e journal-number of authors:4;xxx et al-professional itle:omission-address:the same as letters-multiple au hors-multiple affiliations-internal units-10
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-1.Title-General fun tions abstract of an abstract-Generalizing the text,a tracting the reader,-facilitating the retrieval-Lingu stic features-using more nouns,noun phrases gerunds;u ing-an incomplete sentence;-avoiding question titles-
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-2.Author/affiliatio -General functions-bearing author's responsibility;fa ilitating retrieval-correspondence;heightening celebr ty-Linguistic features-spelling names HU Jingtao,Hu J ngtao,-LI Ju,Li Ju;-giving correct information about ffiliation no-abbreviations;adequate postal address;z p code-9
英语学术论文写作
英语学术论文写作Project3 如何避免剽窃、直接引用和间接引用的方法I.释义练习A.The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light—186,000miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.B.Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate—yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetarian was good to eat and which was poisonous.A.提纲:The principal risks associated with nuclear power is radiation._ subatomic particles traveling_penetrate deep inside the human body_damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer_cause genetic diseases in progeny释义:The radiation has a great effects on people's health,which from nuclear power and consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light.They can not only initiate a cancer through the damage of biological cells,but also cause genetic diseases through the strike of sex cellsB提纲:Technology has transformed education at several turning points.the first technology_the primitive modes of communication释义:Technology has transformed education at several turning points. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication.The way people communicate include mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures even to educate. The methods above can help our ancestors survive in the nature.II.概述练习In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As familiesmove away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will betrustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any other generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who haveaccurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.第二段:Controlling idea: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ.Controlling idea question: What impact was leaded because of the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.cut off the informal flow of information2.cut off information about the simplest aspects of living3.family must be consciously learned.Summary: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱhad a great influence,which cut off the informal flow of informationand information about the simplest aspects of living ,result in their must be consciously learned.第四段:Controlling idea: The development of technologies make people getting more information Controlling idea question:How does technology promote the storage and delivery of information?Answers(supporting details or evidence):/doc/d916400742.html,puter technology store vast amounts of data and locate specific information.2.Telecommunications developments send multitudes of messages to bombard people .3. Satellites have extended the power of communications.Summary:The development of technologies promote thestorage and delivery of information,computer technology could store vast amounts of data and locate specific information,telecommunications developments could send multitudes of messages to bombard people ,and satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,so that people can get more information.III.文献结论部分概述A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. Descriptions of the detector and data acquisition assemblies were given, along with overviews of the signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data. Monte-Carlo simulation results showing receiver performance were presented, and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory under nominal background conditions by using the tungsten-silicide super conducting nanowire detector array currently under development at JPL.Controlling idea:A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station.Controlling idea question:What areas of the post-processing software receiver for the LLCD backup ground station reflected ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data.2. The post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot.3. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory . Summary: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics.The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory.。
英语专业学术论文写作:引言
英语专业学术论文写作:引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言一、引言部分的作用和构成要素引言是开题报告的一个翻版开题报告成分分析引言结构分析一、选题:政治新闻翻译中的归化与异化1.IntroductionDomestication and Foreignization in Translating Political News1.1Rational/Significance/Background(1)从大的背景引出研究对象的重要性二、研究目的与意义 (2)研究对象的切入点研究很重要,是能够更好更及时地在国人眼前真实准确地展现英美等经济政治强国经济政治文化领研究的难点/亟待解决的问题域的最新情况,让关心国际时事大事的人们看到最原汁原味同时也是最精确真实的第一手(3)针对这个切入点的研究现状:成就新闻报道,是提高中国国人政治意识的一大法宝,因此在翻译政治新闻时,正确处理政治和问题各是怎样的(极其概括,否则和文新闻中的“外国风味”,同时加上适当“中国风味”让国人更好地理解原语作者的意图就献综述重合了,尽量控制在3-5句话内) 成了政治新闻翻译者亟待解决的一个问题。
而本文正是针对这一问题,从翻译中的归化异(4)本研究具有的实践意义和理论价值化原则出发,以批评语言学、翻译目的论等理论为指导,从像《经济学家》等报刊杂志中一般情况,实践意义指对研究对象的表达选取适当例子加以分析,试图找出政治新闻翻译时归化异化选择的一个平衡点。
和接受方都有好处:若是广告就对广告制本项目研究的理论意义表现在:从政治新闻角度出发,将批评语言学和翻译目的论的作和广告受众;若是教学则对教与学;若研究与翻译的归化异化手法的选择相结合,深化了翻译中归化异化理论的发展。
本项目研是翻译则是翻译和阅读翻译等等。
究的应用价值体现在:(1)为政治新闻翻译者翻译时提供理论帮助,在选择归化与异化手而理论价值,最简单的思路就是你在文献法上找到一个平衡点;(2)从政治新闻的意识形态出发作出的翻译选择,有利于帮助译文综述里讲的或者为研究对象提供新的视读者更好理解原文作者意图。
英文学术论文写作_研究生教学(全英文)
English for Academic Paper Writing & Publication
Unit 2 Title, author,affiliation & keywords
2. Author/affiliation General functions bearing author’s responsibility; facilitating retrieval & correspondence; heightening celebrity Linguistic features spelling names (HU Jingtao, Hu Jingtao, LI Ju, Li Ju); giving correct information about affiliation (no abbreviations; adequate postal address; zip code)
English for Academic Paper Writing & Publication
Unit 2 Title, author, affiliation & keywords
Abstract: Equality of educational opportunity is the key of educational equality and the reflection of social equality, covering equality opportunities of enrollment educational process and educational result. At present in our country, inequality of educational opportunequality of educational opportunity from the sociological perspectives turns out to have important theoretical significance and practical value to propel positive development of education and realize human's comprehensive development and social equality.
apa格式英文论文范文
apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作,主要用于参加国际学术研讨会,促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文,大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要:文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子,反映了生活的方方面面。
越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济,政治和文化根源。
悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。
西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。
悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧,而是对现实社会的特征的再现,它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。
英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。
他塑造了许多悲剧人物,展现出各种人物魅力。
小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外,还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义,蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。
哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。
小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象,无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。
本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面,探讨导致其悲剧的成因。
关键词:托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840~1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编,2002,西方文论史[M],北京:高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军,论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J],四川外语学院学报,2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本,1990,德伯家的苔丝[M],北京:人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元,1997,当代西方文艺理论[M],上海:华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要:宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。
学术论文写作报告(英文版)
学术论文写作报告(英文版)1. IntroductionWriting an academic paper requires careful consideration of various elements such as topic selection, research methodology, data analysis, and proper citation. This report provides a comprehensive guide to academic paper writing, focusing on the key steps involved and the necessary components to include. The report aims to assist researchers and students in effectively structuring and presenting their work in an organized and coherent manner.2. Topic SelectionThe first step in writing an academic paper is selecting an appropriate topic. The topic should be specific yet broad enough to allow for thorough research. It is essential to choose a topic that is relevant to the field of study and of interest to the writer. Consideration should also be given to the availability of reliable sources and potential research gaps that can be addressed.3. Literature ReviewAfter selecting a topic, conducting a literature review is crucial to identify the existing research and establish the research gap. The literature review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject and helps the writer understand the key concepts, theories, and methodologies that have been used in previous studies. It also helps in formulating research questions and hypotheses.4. Research MethodologyOnce the research questions have been formulated, it is important to select an appropriate research methodology. The methodology should be aligned with the research objectives and should allow for the collection of relevant and reliable data. Common research methods include surveys, case studies, experiments, and observations. The chosen methodology should be adequately justified and explained in the paper.5. Data Collection and AnalysisAfter determining the research methodology, data collection can begin. This involves gathering relevant data through various sources such as interviews, surveys, experiments, or existing databases. The collected data should be analyzed using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques. The analysis should be presented in a clear and concise manner, highlighting any significant findings.6. Results and DiscussionThe results section of the academic paper presents the findings of the research. It should be presented using tables, charts, or graphs to aid in understanding. The discussion section focuses on interpreting the results in relation to the research questions and objectives. It involves critically analyzing the findings, comparing them with previous studies, and discussing their implications.7. ConclusionThe conclusion is a summary of the key findings and their implications. It should answer the research questions and provide insights into the broader significance of the research. The conclusion should also highlight any limitations of the study and suggest directions for future research.8. ReferencesProper citation and referencing are crucial in academic writing. The reference section should include all the sources used in the paper, cited in a consistent and accurate format. It is important to follow the specific citation style required by the journal or institution.9. Formatting and ProofreadingBefore submitting the academic paper, it is important to ensure proper formatting. This includes following the guidelines provided by the journal or institution regarding font type, font size, line spacing, and margins. Additionally, the paper should be thoroughly proofread to eliminate any grammatical or spelling errors. Using professional editing tools or getting feedback from peers can be helpful in improving the overall quality of the paper.ConclusionWriting an academic paper requires attention to detail and adherence to specific guidelines. This report has provided an overview of the key steps involved in academic paper writing, including topic selection, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, and proper citation. By following these guidelines, researchers and students can improve the quality of their academic papers and increase their chances of success.。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever kn own about today’s college stude nts.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V例句:For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。
)例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)例句:There is no denying that the practical ity of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的,我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
英语学术论文范文范文怎么写
英语学术论⽂范⽂范⽂怎么写 学术论⽂是某⼀学术课题在实验性的科学记录,你们能够⽤英⽂写出来吗?下⾯是店铺带来英语学术论⽂优秀范⽂,希望对⼤家有帮助。
英语学术论⽂范⽂篇1:基于本⼟旅游⽂化的⼤学旅游英语教学研究 Study on College Tourism English Teaching Combining with Aba Local Tourism Culture Abstract:Boasting of rich,outstanding natural and cultural tourism resources,marvelous landscape,specific humanistic environment,Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture is well-known to the world, which has been attracting ever-increasing tourists home and abroad with its unique charm,such as the fairy-land like natural scenery,mysterious Tibetan Buddhist culture,ancient Qiang’s Shibi (necromancer) culture, the Red Army’s Long March culture and so on. These rich natural and cultural tourism resources raise the economic benefits of cultural tourism development emphasis. Aba is an ethnic minority area leading with the tourism industry; after years of development,tourism has become the main source of income for the local ethnic minorities. More and more foreign tourists have been attracted into this area, particularly, Europe, the United States and other English-speaking countries have become the major source countries; a large number of high-qualified tourism professionals are in urgent need, and tourism English teaching plays a very important role for cultivating High quality talents who are both proficient in English, grasping high level tourism skills, and quite familiar with Aba tourism resources. This paper analyzes and puts forward some constructive measures on how to combine Aba tourism resources, local culture with college tourism English teaching. Key words: Aba tourism resources local culture college tourism English teaching Introduction: After joining WTO, China gets more and more intimacy communication opportunities with the world; has been attracting ever-increasing foreign tourists and foreign tourism industry is rapidly developing. However,the development of the tourism industry and excellent tourism practitioners can not be synchronized, particularly high quality foreign tourism practitioners are seriously lacking, which causing the deve lopment of China’s foreign tourism lag,especially the local tourism resources and cultural characteristics can not be good publicized. Most of the local colleges are in charge of cultivating qualified personnel for local economic development, many vocational colleges set up Tourism English major, but because of teaching conception, method and practice are old-fashioned and out of touch, it results in Tourism English graduates are unable to adapt to the development needs of the tourism industry, and not well for the local tourism economy. Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture boasts abundant tourism resources and unique ethnic culture,which needs more high quality tourism practitioners who are skilled with foreign communicative ability and having comprehensive local culture knowledge to publicize the local culture and bring to a great height of development. Thus, the local college tourism English teaching should attach great importance to the needs of penetrating the local tourism and culture, and combining the introduction of local characteristics and cultural tourism with English teaching has very important significance. 英语学术论⽂范⽂篇2:英语专业学⽣写作的影响因素及对策分析 Analyzing the Factors and Corresponding Measures for English Majors’ Writing 【Abstract】As we know, English writing is an important part of communicative competence. But for many English majors, it is hard to express their thoughts clearly. In order to find out the main problems and corresponding measures,the author analyzes many compositions written by English majors. With some academic opinions and the author’s own analysis, some problems existing in students’ writing are listed. According to the problems, the author summarizes some influencing factors. Finally, the author gives some relevant solutions. Through analyzing those samples, the author hopes it has some help for English majors’ writing. 【Key words】Writing;English major;Influencing factors;Effective measures 0 Introduction “English writing is a re-creation process where students use the knowledge of the language through thinking. So writing skills can reflect students’ language competence” (Bai 2009:99). But for many English majors,English writing is a difficulty for them. So many reasons have led to this kind of phenomenon. The author summarizes several types of mistakes that English majors often make, such as vocabulary mistakes,grammar mistakes. According to these problems,the author analyzes the influencing factors and tries to find suitable ways to solve this problem. 1 Influencing Factors 1.1 Vocabulary Mistakes Generally there are three kinds of vocabulary mistakes existing in English majors’ writing. They are spelling mistake,collocation mistake and part of speech problem. In the following part,they are discussed one by one. First,the spelling mistakes are common in their compositions. “Vocabulary is the requisite element of English writing” (He 2008:141). If students want to write a good composition to express their thoughts, they should grasp enough vocabulary and understand words correctly. However, most English majors do not learn vocabulary like that. For example, the words “indepadent” is not correct in spelling; the words “indepondance” and “independent” are not correct; the words “dapt”,“nowdays” are not spelled correctly. This is because students neglect the spelling when they learn the word at the beginning. What’s more, many students recite the word in accordance with pronunciation. Second,collocation mistakes occur frequently. Collocation is the key point of vocabulary learning. It plays a vital role in expressing the author’s intention. As we all know, the English collocation is very different from Chinese. Some students are used to thinking in Chinese and then directly translate Chinese into English literally. Such literal translations will definitely lead to mistakes. Generally speaking,the words do not appear isolated from others. That is to say, there are fixed about collocation between adjective and noun,verb and object noun etc. However,students often do not pay attention to this collocation and accumulate the words mechanically, leading to inappropriate expression in English. For example, “look dinner” and “leave earth” are not appropriate. 英语学术论⽂范⽂篇3:马丁. 路德.⾦《我有⼀个梦》的⽂体分析 Abstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style. Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, analysis, speech. 马丁. 路德.⾦《我有⼀个梦》的⽂体分析 摘要:本⽂⾸先阐述了⽂体学的定义,并在此基础上对对美国着名⿊⼈领袖马丁. 路德.⾦的着名演讲《我有⼀个梦》中所使⽤的⽂体⼿段进⾏了详尽的分析,进⽽对演讲⽂体的风格进⾏了简要的论述。
学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)
学术英语论文范文精选3篇评价系统(The pprisl Systems)是对系统功能语言学的新进展。
系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。
评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上进展起来的。
该研究由Mrtin指导,Croline Coffin,Rick Iedem,Henrike Korner,Dvid Rose,Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。
这项研究是“写得得体”(Write It Right)科研项目的一部分。
评价理论包括三大次系统:态度,介入和级差。
三大次系统又可以次系统化。
态度系统指对文本,人类行为和现象所作出的推断。
态度有积极和消极之分。
任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。
态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。
态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。
态度可以通过表品质的词来表达,如hppy;可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达,如like;通过情态状语表达,如hppily。
态度包含三个系范畴:情感系统、推断系统和鉴赏系统。
推断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。
鉴赏系统又可分为:反应、构成和价值。
介入系统深受Bkhtin (1981,1986)对话性和多语性的影响。
从这个意义层面上讲,介入资源是一种方式,通过这种方式说话者或XX自己介入对话中,一定程度上展示加入、承认、回应、挑战或拒绝其他XX或说话者的声音,或者对其他说话者或XX的回应做出可能的预期。
介入分为对话扩展和对话紧缩。
对话扩展又可次系统化为包容和归属;对话紧缩可次系统化为弃言和借言。
介入可以通过情态词、言剧性表达、模糊语等来实现,如my,it is sid tht等。
级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源,包含语势和聚焦。
语势有强势和弱势之分,聚焦有明显和模糊之分。
级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现,如some,plusible等。
3.语料本项研究的语料是60篇英文4.研究结果及分析本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析:态度,介入,级差。
英语学术科技论文的写作
What Is a Research Paper Is Not
• A summary of an article or a book (or other source material) is not a research paper. • The ideas of others, repeated uncritically, do not make a research paper. • A series of quotations, no matter how skillfully put together, does not make a research paper. • Unsubstantiated personal opinion does not constitute a research paper. • Copying or accepting another person's work without acknowledging it, whether the work is published or unpublished, professional or amateur, is not research---it is plagiarism.
Why a Research Paper Is Important
The skills in writing research paper--making decisions about a subject, developing an inquiring attitude, gathering information, examining it critically, thinking creatively, organizing effectively, and writing convincingly---are crucial to academic success. They are also basic to business, professional, and private life.
英语学术论文写作30题
英语学术论文写作30题1. In the introduction of an academic paper, which of the following is the best way to attract readers' attention?A. Presenting a long list of previous studies.B. Starting with a controversial statement.C. Using complex sentence structures.D. Describing personal experiences.答案:B。
解析:选项 A 呈现一长串以往的研究可能会让读者感到枯燥;选项 C 使用复杂的句子结构可能会增加读者的理解难度;选项 D 描述个人经历在学术论文引言中不太常见。
而选项 B 以有争议的陈述开头能够激发读者的兴趣和好奇心,从而吸引他们的注意力。
2. When elaborating the research background in the introduction, which of the following should be avoided?A. Citing recent and relevant studies.B. Overemphasizing minor details.C. Explaining the significance of the research.D. Connecting the research to existing theories.答案:B。
解析:选项 A 引用近期相关研究是必要的;选项 C 解释研究的重要性有助于突出研究价值;选项D 将研究与现有理论相联系能体现研究的科学性。
而选项B 过度强调次要细节会使重点不突出,分散读者注意力。
3. Which of the following is an appropriate opening sentence for the introduction of an academic paper?A. "This paper will discuss an important topic."B. "In recent years, there has been a growing interest in this field."C. "I have always been interested in this subject."D. "The aim of this study is to solve a long-standing problem."答案:D。
英文学术论文写作
关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议(2013年4月补充)一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章:Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction本章应该包括以下内容:本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍(An overview of the thesis,不超过半页)。
本章要求简炼,开门见山,一般为3~5页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review本章是文献综述,其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究(existing studies),重点介绍以下内容:(1)关于这个问题(指论文要研究的问题)前人已经做了哪些研究?采用了哪些研究方法?得出了哪些研究结论?(2)关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决?前人的研究存在哪些局限性?关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题?文献综述不是简单地“抄书”,也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景,也有利于作者进一步理清思路,为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点:1.本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述,但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近(如近2、3年)的研究进展情况。
2.尽量使用第一手资料,而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料,指论文作者没有看到原始文献,而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis在1994年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述,而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis本人做的研究。
英文学术论文写作1
Step-by-step approach
write a journal paper write a book chapter write a conference paper make a poster for a conference prepare a paper for internal discussion give a talk or seminar
3. Who is target audience?
Who is target audience?
• Research colleagues • Academic community • Students • Pracitioners • Policy-makers • General public
Only journals have a standardised peer-review process (but not all)
5. Types of journals
Peer reviewed or not
pro contra
Peer-reviewed
• quality control • reputation • ments • acessibility
Why publishing?
• communicate to international academic world • contribute to academic progress • academic currency • quality control • career development • institutional budget & reputation • boosts confidence
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关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议(2013年4 月补充)一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章:Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion 下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction 本章应该包括以下内容:本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍(An overview of thethesis ,不超过半页)。
本章要求简炼,开门见山,一般为3~5 页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review 本章是文献综述,其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究(existing studies ),重点介绍以下内容:(1)关于这个问题(指论文要研究的问题)前人已经做了哪些研究?采用了哪些研究方法?得出了哪些研究结论?(2)关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决?前人的研究存在哪些局限性?关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题?文献综述不是简单地“抄书” ,也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景,也有利于作者进一步理清思路,为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点:1.本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述,但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近(如近2、3 年)的研究进展情况。
2.尽量使用第一手资料,而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料,指论文作者没有看到原始文献,而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis 在1994 年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20 年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述,而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis 本人做的研究。
作为学位论文,不能过多地使用这类著作所做的综述。
应该尽可能去查看原始文献。
3.不能像记流水帐一样逐一介绍以往的研究,要对以往的研究做一些评论、归纳和总结。
4.一定要综述与本研究有直接关系的研究,不能综述无关的研究或只是有一点联系的研究。
要避免盲目综述各种第二语言习得理论的倾向。
5.文献综述的篇幅不宜过长,硕士学位论文的文献综述建议控制在20~25 页之内,一般不应超过整篇论文篇幅的三分之6.文献综述部分容易出现以下抄袭行为:即在没有阅读某个作者的原始文献的情况下,从其他作者的文献综述中直接摘录且不注明摘录的处出。
Chapter 3 Research Design 这一章介绍本研究的研究设计和研究方法,一般应包括以下内容:研究的问题( Research question )、研究对象( Subjects )、研究方法( Method)、数据收集工具 ( Data collection instruments )、数据分析工具( Data analysis methods )等。
SPSS 16.00 如果是实验研究,还需要简单介绍实验过程。
本章的篇幅一般不长,如没有特殊需要,建议控制在5~10 页之内(硕士学位论文)。
注意,研究问题一般应该只有一个。
为了便于研究,在论文的研究问题的范围之内可以再有几个具体的问题,一般叫做sub-questions 。
Chapter 4 Data presentation and discussion 本章是整篇论文的核心部分,其目的是报告研究结果并根据研究结果进行讨论。
本章的写作要注意以下几点:1.要全面、准确、如实地报告研究的2.要采用数据统计方法和分析方法(如t 检验、卡方检验)对数据进行分析,考察数据差异的显著性,不能只是简单呈现基本数据(如平均数、百分比等)。
3.要充分利用图表的优势呈现数据。
图表要清楚、准确;要有必要的图例和说明;图表要有标题和编号。
图形的编号和标题在图的下方,表格的编号和标题在表格的上方。
4.要充分利用数据,认真研究数据所反映的某种现象,从中有所发现。
要对研究的结果进行必要的解释。
可以把本研究的结果与前人的研究结果作适当的比较。
5.要特别注意根据研究的结果逐一回答第三章提出的研究问题。
无论研究结果是支持还是推翻原来的假设,都要对所提出的问题或假设逐一回答。
Chapter 5 Conclusion 本章名为结论,实际上应该包括以下几方面的内容:本研究的主要发现( Main findings )、本研究的启示( Implications )、本研究的局限性( Limitations of the present study )以及需要进一步研究的问题( Further research suggestions )。
二、引用文献的格式要求引用文献的主要目的:* 介绍以往研究,为自己的研究提供研究背景;* 评述现有观点,提出研究空间;* 引用其他文献,作为研究的理论基础或研究出发点;* 借用其他研究者的基本概念;* 在操作层面借用其他人的方法和工具;* 讨论研究结构,改良、补充或替代以往观点。
(一)引用文献的基本格式这里我们分两种情况来介绍引文的基本格式:第一种情况是把文献作者作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),我们把它叫做“格式1”;第二情况是把作者的姓放在括弧里,我们把它叫做“格式2”。
在同一篇论文中,以上两种格式可以同时使用。
格式1格式1 的基本做法是,把作者的姓(Family name )作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),随后用括弧标出所引用文献的出版年代。
比如:Long (1991) argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.如果文献有两个作者,则要将两个作者的姓都写出来,并用and 连接( 不能用& 符号连接) 。
比如:Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.如果文献有三个或三个以上(六个以下)的作者,论文中第一次引用时必须把所有作者的姓都写出来,用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓用and 连接。
Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992)presents a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.在第二次及以后再引用该文献时,只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上et al. ,比如:Sanders, et al. (1992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria.如果文献有六个或六个以上的作者,论文中第一次引用时只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上et al. 和年代。
使用格式1 时,如有必要(如直接引用整句或句子的一部分) ,可以在年代后面再加上所文献的具体页码。
出版年代与页码之间用冒号隔开。
比如:Messick (1989:20) presents what he calls a ‘progressive matrix '.另外,页码也可以放在所引用文献的末尾,比如:Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “ to express the other form ofin terc onn ected ness —gen ealogicalrather than ecological - and toillustrate both success and failure in the history of life ” (p. 14).如果所引用的内容在原文献中跨页 (直接引用时一般应该只跨两页) ,则要标出页码范围,比如:Hu (1994:5~6) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “ text grammar ” and textual “grammaticality ” .或Hu (1994) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “ text grammar”andtextual “ grammaticality ” (pp. 5~6).使用格式1 中时,页码还可以用另外一种方法标出,即在年代之后不用冒号而用逗号,然后用p. (所引文献跨页时用pp. ),再加页码,比如:Messick (1989, p. 20) presents what hecalls a c ・i.■/Hu (1994, pp. 5~6) points out that text studiesin the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “ text grammar ” and textual “grammaticality ” .注意,在同一篇论文中格式要统一。
要么都采用冒号加页码的格式,要么都使用p./pp. 的格式,不能交替使用在直接引用文献时,如所引用的内容较长(一般超过50 单词),则应该另起一段,左右缩进。
比如:Lorenz (1999) voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver,“ writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear. One way of doingthis is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby ‘ signpost ' the path to coherence for the reader. Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in writtendiscourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e. the text ' s cohesive ties ” (p. 55).格式2格式2 的基本做法是,把作者的姓、出版年代以及页码均放在括弧里,出版年代紧随作者的姓,之后是页码。