交替传译笔记训练课件
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笔记符号-交替传译PPT88页
56、书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过 去和未 来文化 生活的 源泉。 ——库 法耶夫 57、生命不可能有两次，但许多人连一 次也不 善于度 过。— —吕凯 特 58、问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来 。—— 朱熹 59、我的努力求学没有得到别的好处， 只不过 是愈来 愈发觉 自己的 无知。 ——笛 卡儿
拉
60、生活的道路一旦选定，要勇敢地 走到底 ，决不 回头。 ——左
笔记符号-交替传译
16、人民应该为法律而战斗，就像为 了城墙 而战斗 一样。 ——赫 拉克利 特 17、人类对于不公正的行为加以指责 ，并非 因为他 们愿意 做出这 种行为 ，而是 惟恐自 己会成 为这种 行为的 牺牲者 。—— 柏拉图 18、制定法律法令，就是为了不让强 者做什 么事都 横行霸 道。— —奥维 德 19、法律是社会的习惯和思想的结晶 。—— 托·伍·威尔逊 20、人们嘴上挂着的法律，其真实含 义是财 富。— —爱献 生
交替传译课件
口译的类型
4. 视阅传译 (sight interpretation) 视阅传译简称视译，是指译员看着事先准备好的原文讲稿或文件， 用另一种语言直接连续不断 地把讲稿译给听众的翻译方式。视译也属同声传译，是一种边看 边译的特殊口译形式。 口译按其内容和文体也可分为: 交谈式口译，其范围包括一般性交谈、访谈、谈判等口译。 礼仪式口译，其范围包括礼宾迎送、欢迎词、告别词、宴会祝酒 词、开幕词等的口译。 介绍型口译，其范围包括观光、导游、演讲等的口译。 会议口译，包括各种国际会议，学术交流会等的口译。
口译的类型
口译按其翻译形式可分为以下四类： 1. 交替翻译 (consecutive interpreting/ interpretation) 交替翻译是指译员在说话人每讲完几句或一段话后自然停顿时， 当即译给听众的翻译方式。这种方式可以用于交际一方单向连续 讲话的情况，也可以用于交际双方连续交替式的谈话，因此，也 叫连续翻译或即席翻译。交替翻译是最常用的一种口译形式，口 译人员的业务训练一般都是从交替翻译开始的。交替翻译主要用 于交谈和演讲时的双语交际场合，如日常接见、宴请、会晤、谈 判、讲课、演讲、记者招待会、旅游观光等活动。
口译的特点
译员要面对各种意想不到的挑战，承受很大的思想压力。 首先是无法完全预测交际双方的谈话内容，因而无从 事先做充分的准备。其次，口译过程中译员随时可能 遇到语言、知识、文化等方面的困难和障碍。另外， 他们可能在各种气氛紧张的现场进行口译。 因此，译员工作时必须精力充沛，思想高度集中，做 到耳、眼、手、脑、口同时并用，既要迅速高效，又 要准确无误，既要忠于原意，又要灵活应变。口译的 确是一项极富挑战性的工作。
口译的类型
交替传译笔记训练课件
expenv air phone
replaced
by
B I will say
climate change
= similar
//
1 result
= more storms
…
Memory Prompts
• But what I will tell you --� and what a climatologist would tell you -- is that this is what climate change looks like. One of the significant consequences expected from climate change is an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events.
// A successful trade round would be a massive prize.
IF If we could halve world tariffs,
then then that would add as much as $400 billion annually to world incomes, of which at least 150 billion will flow to developing countries.
• Since then there have been a number of significant events that may affect our path to the European Union, for example the Summit in Helsinki.
replaced
by
B I will say
climate change
= similar
//
1 result
= more storms
…
Memory Prompts
• But what I will tell you --� and what a climatologist would tell you -- is that this is what climate change looks like. One of the significant consequences expected from climate change is an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events.
// A successful trade round would be a massive prize.
IF If we could halve world tariffs,
then then that would add as much as $400 billion annually to world incomes, of which at least 150 billion will flow to developing countries.
• Since then there have been a number of significant events that may affect our path to the European Union, for example the Summit in Helsinki.
实用交替传译：理论、技能与训练 课件population and aging
备忘清单
从达芬奇、米开朗基罗到爱迪生、特斯拉，这些传奇人物 都是通过清单和待办事项列表来管理日常工作的。
清空大脑，把一天要做的事情罗列出来，如果有可能需 要调配资源的任务，就将任务细化
为每一件事情，分出先后顺序 完成一件事后，划掉事项
RIA阅读法
R——阅读一段文章； I——用自己的话叙述这段知识； A1——找到这个知识与过往生活场景中的联系； A2——这个知识在未来哪些生活场景中可以使用
记忆练习
近年来消费者对民航抱怨最多的话题是机票价格居高不下， 普通百姓消费不起。消费者表示，作为风险较高的交通工具， 飞机不能满足所有人的出行需要，但至少应该满足中等收入 者的要求。消费者普遍反映，依照社会平均工资和社会平均 消费能力制定票价比较合理，专家表示，市场供求关系，企 业运营成本，市场竞争等都对价格产生作用，通过供求影响 价格，优胜劣汰财富和经济运行规律。近年来，世界民航平 均客座率已经达到70%以上，我国却降为70%以下。机票定 价问题值得商榷。不过这些说的是常态下的机票价格，如果 碰到2020年新冠疫情这样的灾难就没有讨论的前提了。一方 面，因为担心被感染，有些航线价格降至白菜价也无人问津； 另一方面，原来几千元的国际机票因为一票难求翻几十倍也 炙手可热。
Interpreting
Week 7 Population and Aging
Outline of the lesson
Buzz words Memory training tips Case analysis Interpreting
Memory training
信息加工组块是指对数个零散的小的信息单位 进行逻辑分析形成一个大的信息单位, 组块后 最好确定标记词以便取回信息。
第三章 交替传译中的笔记技术.ppt
参考译文
参考译文
In 1984, China sent a delegation of 350plus to the 23rd Olympic Games held in Los Angeles, who returned in triumph with 15 gold, 8 silver and 9 bronze, thus ending China’s history of never having won a gold medal at the Olympic Games.
笔记练习：请听下面一段话，译成汉语：
Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, the State has attached great importance to agricultural development. Especially since the nation’s implementation of the policies of Reform and Opening-up in 1979, including the policy of taking agriculture as the foundation of the national economy, China has scored great achievements in agricultural development. To cite a few examples, the total grain output grew from 304 million tons in 1978, to 492.5 million tons in 1997. cotton output grew from 2.16 million tons in 1978, to 4.2 million tons in 1997. Sugar-cane grew from 21.11 million tons in 1978 to 78.79 million tons in 1997. Aquatic products grew from 4.66 million tons in 1978 to 35.6 million tons in 1997… China is now one of the leading producers in the world of grain, cotton, rapeseeds, sugaryielding crops, peanuts, soybeans, tea, meat and livestock, and ranks first in total output of grain, cotton and rapeseeds.
参考译文
In 1984, China sent a delegation of 350plus to the 23rd Olympic Games held in Los Angeles, who returned in triumph with 15 gold, 8 silver and 9 bronze, thus ending China’s history of never having won a gold medal at the Olympic Games.
笔记练习：请听下面一段话，译成汉语：
Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, the State has attached great importance to agricultural development. Especially since the nation’s implementation of the policies of Reform and Opening-up in 1979, including the policy of taking agriculture as the foundation of the national economy, China has scored great achievements in agricultural development. To cite a few examples, the total grain output grew from 304 million tons in 1978, to 492.5 million tons in 1997. cotton output grew from 2.16 million tons in 1978, to 4.2 million tons in 1997. Sugar-cane grew from 21.11 million tons in 1978 to 78.79 million tons in 1997. Aquatic products grew from 4.66 million tons in 1978 to 35.6 million tons in 1997… China is now one of the leading producers in the world of grain, cotton, rapeseeds, sugaryielding crops, peanuts, soybeans, tea, meat and livestock, and ranks first in total output of grain, cotton and rapeseeds.
任文交替传译-PPT精品文档
Option Two: : a continuation of Basic Interpreting
You do not have to follow the structural order of the textbook(s).
You do not have to cover all the topics in the textbook(s).
Teaching better organized Students better guided Other usage (sight interpreting) More and up-to-date materials added
V. Teaching Plan
Option One: a new course
Instructor-guided & Student-centered
The instructor should teach by doing: explanation demonstration motivating monitoring comment & correction assignment
◆ Opening/closing remarks:
“尊敬的……” “金秋十月，蜀地飘香……” “我谨代表……向……表示祝贺（欢迎、感谢等）……” “最后，我祝大会取得圆满成功，祝代表们……”
◆ Toast:
“让我们共同举杯，为……干杯！”
research needs
Theoretical Components
The way of teaching theory
◆ preferably introduced in combination with skill introduction
You do not have to follow the structural order of the textbook(s).
You do not have to cover all the topics in the textbook(s).
Teaching better organized Students better guided Other usage (sight interpreting) More and up-to-date materials added
V. Teaching Plan
Option One: a new course
Instructor-guided & Student-centered
The instructor should teach by doing: explanation demonstration motivating monitoring comment & correction assignment
◆ Opening/closing remarks:
“尊敬的……” “金秋十月，蜀地飘香……” “我谨代表……向……表示祝贺（欢迎、感谢等）……” “最后，我祝大会取得圆满成功，祝代表们……”
◆ Toast:
“让我们共同举杯，为……干杯！”
research needs
Theoretical Components
The way of teaching theory
◆ preferably introduced in combination with skill introduction
交替传译笔记训练
个人职业发展
对于语言专业人士和翻译 人员来说，掌握交替传译 技能可以提高职业竞争力。
02
笔记训练的重要性
提高记忆力的方法
01 记忆技巧
使用记忆宫殿、联想记忆等技巧，帮助译员更好 地记住信息。
02 练习
通过大量的练习，提高译员的记忆能力，使其能 够更好地应对翻译任务。
03 笔记辅助
在翻译过程中，使用笔记来辅助记忆，确保信息 的准确传递。
参考标准
可以参考其他优秀的笔记 样本，从中学习如何准确 记录信息。
反馈与修正
通过与其他译员或教师的 交流和反馈，及时发现并 修正笔记中的错误和不足 之处。
笔记训练的建议与展望
系统训练
建议进行系统的笔记 训练，包括理论学习、 实践练习和反思总结 等环节。
多样化练习
通过多样化的练习方 式，如听录音、看视 频、现场口译等，提 高笔记的适应性和灵 活性。
实例三：国际会议的笔记实践
总结词
国际会议的笔记需要注重信息全面性和准确性，同时 要关注发言者的观点和论据，以及会议的主题和议程 。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
详细描述
在国际会议中，译员需要全面、准确地记录下发言者 的观点、论据和会议的主题、议程等内容。为了确保 信息的准确性，译员需要仔细听取发言者的内容，并 对其进行核实。同时，译员还需要根据会议的主题和 议程对笔记进行分类整理，以便更好地为参会者提供 服务。此外，译员还需要注意语言的规范性和准确性 ，以便为参会者提供高质量的翻译服务。
交替传译笔记训练
目录
• 交替传译简介 • 笔记训练的重要性 • 笔记训练的方法 • 笔记训练的实践与建议 • 实例分析
01
交替传译简介
交替传译的定义
口译笔记法ppt课件
腺杉段嫁悲译笔记法ppt课件口译笔记法ppt课件
口译笔记要点
1. 少写多划。划线条比写文字快。线条形象，相当于翻译的"半成品"，有助译员眼看笔记，口出译文。两种情况下应该尽量用线条： 表示动作和动态的词句。比如，以上升的斜线代表"发展"，"增加"，"进步","进一步"；以下降的斜线代表"减少"，"下降"，"恶化"等等。 表示因果或前后关系的词句。比如，用一条线代表"因为/所以"，"…之后"，"在…之前"，以体现出上下前后之间的关联关系。
沛棠陶连琉味粹骚丙炸匿怠饺汾需降芥才辨惶距螟戏梦秘四青稠蠕奔卷歼口译笔记法ppt课件口译笔记法ppt课件
笔记是高级口译的关键。使用笔记，是为了补充大脑短期记忆和耐久力的不足，以保证译文的精确度，并保证其不受讲话人持续时间的影响。 如果完全依赖记忆，又没有异常的天赋，即使精力充沛的年青人，也不能胜任高级口译对精确度和耐久力的要求。高级口译员没有不靠笔记的。但是，高级口译使用的笔记与一般的概念，风马牛不相及。
4. 少横多竖。采取从上往下的阶梯结构记录，尽量少用通常书写时的横向记录。阶梯结构形象地体现出上下文的逻辑结构，简化了译员的思维过程，方便出译文。
心伦艇棚孽马俯工值明航拙煽写掘阁氢珍蝎女货滩岗衔磋能驾蜒凯智嚎幂口译笔记法ppt课件口译笔记法ppt课件
5. 快速书写。必须发展自己的汉字快速书写系统。口译笔记完全是自己看，而且只需要几分钟之内能看懂就行。很多汉字笔划减少后，并不影响确认。我这里讲的不是潦草，而是除了实际口译经常不得不潦草之外，花一些时间，把练习中或口译工作中常用的字琢磨一下，看看可以怎样减少笔划，或理顺笔划，一笔成字。
口译笔记要点
1. 少写多划。划线条比写文字快。线条形象，相当于翻译的"半成品"，有助译员眼看笔记，口出译文。两种情况下应该尽量用线条： 表示动作和动态的词句。比如，以上升的斜线代表"发展"，"增加"，"进步","进一步"；以下降的斜线代表"减少"，"下降"，"恶化"等等。 表示因果或前后关系的词句。比如，用一条线代表"因为/所以"，"…之后"，"在…之前"，以体现出上下前后之间的关联关系。
沛棠陶连琉味粹骚丙炸匿怠饺汾需降芥才辨惶距螟戏梦秘四青稠蠕奔卷歼口译笔记法ppt课件口译笔记法ppt课件
笔记是高级口译的关键。使用笔记，是为了补充大脑短期记忆和耐久力的不足，以保证译文的精确度，并保证其不受讲话人持续时间的影响。 如果完全依赖记忆，又没有异常的天赋，即使精力充沛的年青人，也不能胜任高级口译对精确度和耐久力的要求。高级口译员没有不靠笔记的。但是，高级口译使用的笔记与一般的概念，风马牛不相及。
4. 少横多竖。采取从上往下的阶梯结构记录，尽量少用通常书写时的横向记录。阶梯结构形象地体现出上下文的逻辑结构，简化了译员的思维过程，方便出译文。
心伦艇棚孽马俯工值明航拙煽写掘阁氢珍蝎女货滩岗衔磋能驾蜒凯智嚎幂口译笔记法ppt课件口译笔记法ppt课件
5. 快速书写。必须发展自己的汉字快速书写系统。口译笔记完全是自己看，而且只需要几分钟之内能看懂就行。很多汉字笔划减少后，并不影响确认。我这里讲的不是潦草，而是除了实际口译经常不得不潦草之外，花一些时间，把练习中或口译工作中常用的字琢磨一下，看看可以怎样减少笔划，或理顺笔划，一笔成字。
交替传译笔记训练课件教学文稿
(It is )
developments
Relations situation
early
• Use textbook or band 8 to practice.
• what to note? Ideas Links Who is speaking Verb tense and modal verbs Proper names, Numbers, Dates… Terms to be transcoded (repeated, not
• In the areas for which I have some responsibility, there were also, as the Prime Minister has mentioned, some important developments at Feira. We took stock of the European Union's relations with Russia and the situation there, including in Chechnya, in the light of the recent EU-Russia Summit, which I think was regarded as fairly successful. It is too early to judge President Putin's economic programme; however, our basic message is that a sound programme will be vital to boost investor confidence.
First Week notes
交替传译笔记训练课件
良好的语言表达能力是交 替传译的关键，口译员需 要能够清晰、准确地传达 信息。
跨文化意识
了解不同文化背景和语言 习惯，能够更好地进行跨 文化交流和沟通。
02
笔记训练的重要性
提高记忆能力
01 记忆技巧
通过训练，掌握有效的记忆技巧，如分类、联想、 重复等，以提高记忆能力。
02 长期记忆
通过不断练习，将信息从短期记忆转化为长期记 忆，提高记忆持久性。
进阶训练：逻辑结构与信息组织
总结词
详细描述
在交替传译中，逻辑结构和信息组织 对于理解讲话内容和准确传达信息至 关重要。通过进阶训练，学习者可以 掌握如何分析讲话的逻辑结构，并学 会如何组织信息以提高翻译的准确性 。
逻辑结构是指讲话内容的组织方式和 内在联系，包括段落、句子和词汇之 间的逻辑关系。信息组织是指将讲话 中的信息按照一定的逻辑顺序进行整 理和分类，以便于翻译和理解。进阶 训练中，学习者需要学习如何分析讲 话的逻辑结构，并学会如何提取关键 信息，将其按照适当的逻辑顺序组织 起来。
使用图像和符号
01
对于某些专业词汇，可以使用图像和符号来代替，这样既可以
节省时间，又可以提高笔记的清晰度。
创造缩写和简写
02
对于一些常用的专业词汇，可以创造自己的缩写和简写，并确
保自己能够理解。
练习专业词汇的速记
03
针对不同的专业领域，练习速记专业词汇的方法，例如使用首
字母缩写、使用图像等。
06
总结与建议
பைடு நூலகம்
组织线下交流活动
与其他口译员定期组织线下交流 活动，面对面讨论问题，共同进
步。
分享个人经验
将自己的学习心得、笔记技巧等 分享给其他口译员，通过互相学
跨文化意识
了解不同文化背景和语言 习惯，能够更好地进行跨 文化交流和沟通。
02
笔记训练的重要性
提高记忆能力
01 记忆技巧
通过训练，掌握有效的记忆技巧，如分类、联想、 重复等，以提高记忆能力。
02 长期记忆
通过不断练习，将信息从短期记忆转化为长期记 忆，提高记忆持久性。
进阶训练：逻辑结构与信息组织
总结词
详细描述
在交替传译中，逻辑结构和信息组织 对于理解讲话内容和准确传达信息至 关重要。通过进阶训练，学习者可以 掌握如何分析讲话的逻辑结构，并学 会如何组织信息以提高翻译的准确性 。
逻辑结构是指讲话内容的组织方式和 内在联系，包括段落、句子和词汇之 间的逻辑关系。信息组织是指将讲话 中的信息按照一定的逻辑顺序进行整 理和分类，以便于翻译和理解。进阶 训练中，学习者需要学习如何分析讲 话的逻辑结构，并学会如何提取关键 信息，将其按照适当的逻辑顺序组织 起来。
使用图像和符号
01
对于某些专业词汇，可以使用图像和符号来代替，这样既可以
节省时间，又可以提高笔记的清晰度。
创造缩写和简写
02
对于一些常用的专业词汇，可以创造自己的缩写和简写，并确
保自己能够理解。
练习专业词汇的速记
03
针对不同的专业领域，练习速记专业词汇的方法，例如使用首
字母缩写、使用图像等。
06
总结与建议
பைடு நூலகம்
组织线下交流活动
与其他口译员定期组织线下交流 活动，面对面讨论问题，共同进
步。
分享个人经验
将自己的学习心得、笔记技巧等 分享给其他口译员，通过互相学
英汉基础口译与交替传译五课件
• 速记: 用一整套符号完整地记录听到的内容 • 交替传译笔记:在充分理解基础上记录关键词
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
二、交替传译笔记的内容
2. 交替传译笔记关键词
• 名词,动词,代词,形容词,副词等 • 人名,地名,机构名称等专有名词 • 不要遗漏结尾部分
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系三、交替传译笔记的方法
2. 使用何种语言记笔记
因此应该在准确理解的基础上，能用头脑中最快反应得到 的语言将关键点记录下来。在特殊情况下, 译员甚至还可 以尝试用自己创造的“第三种语言”来记录。
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
第五课 交替传译笔记（一）
• 交替传译笔记的作用 • 交替传译笔记的内容 • 交替传译笔记的方法 • 交替传译技能练习:交替传译笔记
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
一、交替传译笔记的作用
1. 确保信息的准确性 2. 在发言时间过长时减轻记忆压力
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
二、交替传译笔记的内容
1. 交替传译笔记不等同于速记
1. 何时开始记笔记
• 开场时如果涉及时间，地点，人物等重要信息，需要马 上记下
• 开场时如果无法抓住说话者的主要意思，不要着急笔记
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
三、交替传译笔记的方法
2. 使用何种语言记笔记
• 用源语笔记的优点：减少信息流失，减少语言转换消耗的 精力
• 用源语笔记的缺点：容易逐字记录，不加分析，使记录内 容不能反映主要信息
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
三、交替传译笔记的方法
2. 使用何种语言记笔记
• 用译入语笔记的优点：译员记的同时就已经经过了理解、 分析并转换语言的过程，有利于翻译
• 用译入语笔记的缺点：消耗脑力，可能会影响对后面信息 的理解；极度紧张情况下很难迅速地进行语言转换
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
二、交替传译笔记的内容
2. 交替传译笔记关键词
• 名词,动词,代词,形容词,副词等 • 人名,地名,机构名称等专有名词 • 不要遗漏结尾部分
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系三、交替传译笔记的方法
2. 使用何种语言记笔记
因此应该在准确理解的基础上，能用头脑中最快反应得到 的语言将关键点记录下来。在特殊情况下, 译员甚至还可 以尝试用自己创造的“第三种语言”来记录。
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
第五课 交替传译笔记（一）
• 交替传译笔记的作用 • 交替传译笔记的内容 • 交替传译笔记的方法 • 交替传译技能练习:交替传译笔记
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
一、交替传译笔记的作用
1. 确保信息的准确性 2. 在发言时间过长时减轻记忆压力
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
二、交替传译笔记的内容
1. 交替传译笔记不等同于速记
1. 何时开始记笔记
• 开场时如果涉及时间，地点，人物等重要信息，需要马 上记下
• 开场时如果无法抓住说话者的主要意思，不要着急笔记
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
三、交替传译笔记的方法
2. 使用何种语言记笔记
• 用源语笔记的优点：减少信息流失，减少语言转换消耗的 精力
• 用源语笔记的缺点：容易逐字记录，不加分析，使记录内 容不能反映主要信息
英汉交替传译 南开大学翻译系
三、交替传译笔记的方法
2. 使用何种语言记笔记
• 用译入语笔记的优点：译员记的同时就已经经过了理解、 分析并转换语言的过程，有利于翻译
• 用译入语笔记的缺点：消耗脑力，可能会影响对后面信息 的理解；极度紧张情况下很难迅速地进行语言转换
[实用参考]交替传译笔记训练课件
![[实用参考]交替传译笔记训练课件](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9f3b802e02020740be1e9b4c.png)
• Subject + Verb + Object group • Not about grammar, but on ideas. • Every sentence can be divided into SVO
structure.
• Forget the clauses, focus only on the core message.
• Clauses later. • For example,
• In the areas for which I have some responsibility, there were also, as the Prime Minister has mentioned, some important developments at Feira. We took stock of the European Union's relations with Russia and the situation there, including in Chechnya, in the light of the recent EU-Russia Summit, which I think was regarded as fairly successful. It is too early to judge President Putin's economic programme; however, our basic message is that a sound programme will be vital to boost investor confidence.
• On Chechnya, there have, it is true, been some recent moderately positive developments in response to international and European Union pressure: for example the recent ECHO mission was able to take place and western humanitarian agencies have greater access to the area. The conflict nevertheless continues and we still have considerable concerns. In particular, we want to see much greater access for humanitarian aid agencies. We want to see genuinely independent investigation into reports of human rights abuses, and we want to see a real dialogue between the Russian government and the Chechens.
structure.
• Forget the clauses, focus only on the core message.
• Clauses later. • For example,
• In the areas for which I have some responsibility, there were also, as the Prime Minister has mentioned, some important developments at Feira. We took stock of the European Union's relations with Russia and the situation there, including in Chechnya, in the light of the recent EU-Russia Summit, which I think was regarded as fairly successful. It is too early to judge President Putin's economic programme; however, our basic message is that a sound programme will be vital to boost investor confidence.
• On Chechnya, there have, it is true, been some recent moderately positive developments in response to international and European Union pressure: for example the recent ECHO mission was able to take place and western humanitarian agencies have greater access to the area. The conflict nevertheless continues and we still have considerable concerns. In particular, we want to see much greater access for humanitarian aid agencies. We want to see genuinely independent investigation into reports of human rights abuses, and we want to see a real dialogue between the Russian government and the Chechens.
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took stock
Relations situation
(It
is ) too early
• Use textbook or band 8 to practice.
• what to note? Ideas Links Who is speaking Verb tense and modal verbs Proper names, Numbers, Dates… Terms to be transcoded (repeated, not processed and paraphrased in target language. ) The last sentence of a speech.
If…then…, had I known, were this to happen
For example, in particular,
Also, in addition
The paragraph mark: no link, end of section, end of idea
B
THO
But, however, nonetheless, on the other hand, in spite of this…
First Week notes
• “Note the ideas, not the words” • Words cannot tell you the info. •
• Sentences
• Simplify long sentence and recognize the core message. • Subject + Verb + Object group • Not about grammar, but on ideas. • Every sentence can be divided into SVO structure.
4
5
6 7
But, however,
Although, despite (the fact that
Because, the main reason for this
Hence, this means that, the result of this is, In order to, in such a way as to, so that,
2
3
A successful trade round would be a massive prize. If we could halve world tariffs,
then that would add as much as $400 billion annually to world incomes, of which at least 150 billion will flow to developing countries. That’s more than 3 times what they currently get in aid. But to achieve this we need to reform the CAP.
//
A successful trade round would be a massive prize. If we could halve world tariffs,
then that would add as much as $400 billion annually to world incomes, of which at least 150 billion will flow to developing countries. That’s more than 3 times what they currently get in aid. But to achieve this we need to reform the CAP.
• On Chechnya, there have, it is true, been some recent moderately positive developments in response to international and European Union pressure: for example the recent ECHO mission was able to take place and western humanitarian agencies have greater access to the area. The conflict nevertheless continues and we still have considerable concerns. In particular, we want to see much greater access for humanitarian aid agencies. We want to see genuinely independent investigation into reports of human rights abuses, and we want to see a real dialogue between the Russian government and the Chechens.
Although, despite (the fact that), even though, while, whilst…
COS
Because, the main reason for this, what is causing this, what's behind this?
Hence, this means that, the result of this is, the consequence of this is, so that, because of this, therefore, this is why…
• On Chechnya, there have, it is true, been some recent moderately positive developments in response to international and European Union pressure: for example the recent ECHO mission was able to take place and western humanitarian agencies have greater access to the area. The conflict nevertheless continues and we still have considerable concerns. In particular, we want to see much greater access for humanitarian aid agencies. We want to see genuinely independent investigation into reports of human rights abuses, and we want to see a real dialogue between the Russian government and the Chechens.
//
Britain and Germany are among those countries pushing most for an ambitious new WTO round. So, for both the UK and Germany, the failure of the trade talks in Cancun was a huge disappointment.
Subject
verb
object
Subject
verb
object
Subject verb object
There were
devk
Relations situation
It
is too early
(There were )
developments
We
1
Britain and Germany are among those countries pushing most for an ambitious new WTO round. So, for both the UK and Germany, the failure of the trade talks in Cancun was a huge disappointment.
• Forget the clauses, focus only on the core message. • Clauses later. • For example,
• In the areas for which I have some responsibility, there were also, as the Prime Minister has mentioned, some important developments at Feira. We took stock of the European Union's relations with Russia and the situation there, including in Chechnya, in the light of the recent EU-Russia Summit, which I think was regarded as fairly successful. It is too early to judge President Putin's economic programme; however, our basic message is that a sound programme will be vital to boost investor confidence.