国际商务英语专有名词表
商务英语翻译专有名词
unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差bank portfolio 银行财产 housing mortgages 住宅按揭barter trade 易货贸易bills and forms 票据和表格fiscal year 财政年度cargo insurance 货物保险carrying vessel 装货船只clean payment credit 光票付款信誉证clearance sale 清仓减价销售accounting system会计制度comparative advantage 比较优势economic incentives 经济动机financial statements 财务报表 bills of exchange汇票captioned goods 上述商品floating policy 统保单International speciallzation 国际分工Straight B/L 记名提单under separate cover 另函irrevocable letter of credit 不行撤除信誉证付现提货CIF 到岸价FOB 离岸价Turnover 营业额foreign exchange 外汇barter 易货贸易capital goods 资本货物layoff 减员jobless rate 失业率profit margin 收益new growth industry 新兴行业marketing 营销estimated time of departure 估计走开时间estimated time of arrival 估计抵达时间bottom price 最廉价average 海损trial order 试订单canton fair 广交会discount for cash 贴现commission sale 代售CIF net 到岸净价actual price 实价beat the price down 压价decline an offer 拒绝发盘initial payment 首期付款accessory risk 附带险cargo in drum 桶装bale packaging 打包master package外包装shipping advice 装船通知over shipment 溢装partials shipment 分批装运demand bill 即期汇票aggregate amount 总金额advising bank 通知行amount in figures 小写金额circular credit 循环信誉证active demand 热销acceptance sampling 抽样认同advance sheet 样本bargain sale 大减价business report 商业报告clearance sale 清仓价销售commercial world 商界depressed market 冷清的市场end-product 成品direct sales 直接售credit man 信誉corner the market 断市consumer price index 消者物价指数custom of trade 易例 deal direct 直接交易develop new markets 拓展新市domestic price 国内价钱express airmail 特快急件Commercial L/C 商信誉absolute acceptance 承after sight 票付款authority to pay 授付款on blank check 空白支票document against acceptance 承交first of exchange 票正本 foreign currency 外foreign exchange rate 外率in one ’ s favour以⋯得益人Inland bill 国内票Freight payable at destination 运到付Short shipment 短装Line steamer 班轮Bill of lading 提单Clean bill of lading 洁净提单Business correspondence 公文Inside address 封内陆点Printed matter 印刷品Agency endorsement 代理背书Commission agent 佣金代理商Volume of sales 销售量Different specification 规格不符Incomplete packing 包装不全Counter-claim 反索赔Mala fide claim 骗赔Non-shipment 漏装Short-landing 短卸Negotiating bank 议付行Notifying bank 通知行今天は休みで町で接在体言后表”在”今天は休みで、勉強しませんから、出掛けます今天は休みで、午前から勉強しますMaster credit 主信誉证Confirming bank 保兑行Transit letter of credit 转口信誉证Tender guarantee 招标保证书Packing credit 打包信誉证Sight L/C 即期信誉证Adverse balance of trade 贸易逆差Articles of trade 商品Branded goods 名牌货Chinese export commodities fair 中国出口商品交易会Deal on credit 信誉交易Diversified enterprise 多样化经营的公司Spot investigation 现场检查Trade creation 贸易开辟Wholesale dealer 批发商Bottom price 最廉价Commodities leaflet 商品宣传单Lowest price limit 最低限价Potential demand 潜伏需求Apportioned charges 分摊花费Buying cost 购入成本Buying on margin 边沿购置Capital in trade 贸易本钱Customs clearing charges结关费CIF&W成本保险费运费加战争险Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Sales confirmation 销售确认书Quotation 报价External debt 欠债Hard currency 硬通货Invisible trade 无形贸易Visible trade 有形贸易Port of shipment 装运港Port of discharge 卸货港Counter trade 对销贸易Macroeconomy 宏观经济Financial statement 财政报表Income tax 个人所得税Chartering agent 租船代理Shipping advice 装船通知Shipping documents 装船票据Documentary credit 跟单信誉证Debtor nations 债务国Instrument of pledge 抵押契据Instrument of ratification同意证书Straight bill of lading 记名提单Direct bill of lading 直抵提单Clean credit 光票信誉证Packing list 装箱单Inspection certification 查考证书Open policy 预定保单Force majeure 不行抗力Property rights 知识产权Royalty 提成费Trimming charges 平仓费Insurance policy 保险单Coverage 险别Premium 保险费Underwriter 保险人Establishment 开证Counter offer 还盘Counter suggestion 反还盘Bid 递盘Surcharges 附带费Proforma invoice 形式发票Terms of payment付款方式Documents against payment付款交单Weight memo 重量单Certificate of quality 质量证书Certificate of quantity 数目证书Cash on delivery 货到付款Gross weight 毛重Net weight 净重Certificate of origin 原产地证明Product life cycle 产品生命周期Security check 安检Liquid funds 流动资本Fixed assets 固定财产Registered assets 注册资本Export volume 出口量Sales figures 销售数字Operating profits 营运收益Work force 劳动力Bills 汇票Multinational corporation跨国公司GATT 关贸总协议Turnkey projects 交钥匙工程Direct investment 直接投资Portfolio investment 证券投资Lay days 装卸天数Loading capacity 载荷能力Port of destination 目的港Deposits 订金Issuing bank 开证行Paying bank 支付行Quota 配额Cover notes 暂保单Down payment 首付Earnest money 定金Balance sheet 财产欠债表Money market 金融市场Draw at sight 见票即付。
商务英语常用术语
寄售consignment
拍卖auction
招标invitation of tender
投标submission of tender
一般代理人agent
总代理人general agent
代理协议agency agreement
累计佣金accumulative commission
来料加工processing on giving materials
黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve
汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation
贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade
进口配额制import quotas
自由贸易区free trade zone
对外贸易值value of foreign trade
国际贸易值value of international trade
普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences缩略形式GSP
重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)
商品检验局commodity inspection bureau
8､数量条件
净重net weight
容积capacity
毛作净gross for net
体积volume
毛重gross weight
溢短装条款more or less clause
港口税port dues
回佣return commission .
折扣discount, allowance
商务英语常用术语
出口信贷export credit商品倾销dumping优惠关税special preferences 常用商务英语术语1. 出口方面的词汇出口津贴export subsidy外汇倾销exchange dumping保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade 进口配额制import quotas对外贸易值value of foreign trade 普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences 缩略形式GSP运费freight总值total value关税customs duty净价net price港口税port dues折扣discount, allowance装运港port of shipment零售价retail price进口许口证import licence现货价格spot price国际市场价格world (International)Market price成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F—cost and freight信用证letter of credit ( L/C)光票信用证clean credit不可撤销跟单信用证irrevocable documentary L/C不保兑信用证unconfirmed L/C远期信用证usance letter of credit 不可转让信用证non-transferable L/C 备用信用证standby letter of credit开证行the issuing bank保兑行confirming bank汇票bill of exchange原产地证书certificate of origin提单bill of lading贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade自由贸易区free trade zone国际贸易值value of international trade最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment缩略形式MFNT2. 价格术语码头费wharfage卸货费landing charges印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission回佣return commission .目的港port of destination卸货港port of discharge现行价格（时价）current price/ prevailingprice出口许口证export licence期货价格forward price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB—free on board到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF—cost,insurance and freight跟单信用证documentary credit可撤销信用证revocable credit保兑信用证confirmed L/C即期信用证sight letter of credit可转让信用证transferable L/C循环信用证revolving credit开证申请人applicant for the credit通知行、转证行advising bank/ transmittingbank受益人beneficiary商业发票commercial invoice装箱单packing list保单insurance policy受益人证明书beneficiary ’s certificate 检验证书inspection certificate交货delivery装运、装船shipment交货时间time of delivery 装运期限time of shipment 3、交货条件轮船steamship( 缩写S.S)租船charter (the chartered ship)定程租船voyage charter定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor 班轮regular shipping liner油轮tanker报关clearance of goods提货to take delivery of goods选择港（任意港）optional port立即装运immediate shipments 收货人consignee驳船lighter舱位shipping space陆运收据cargo receipt空运提单airway bill选港费optional charges即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30 天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C不允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed / partial shipment not permitted /partial shipment not u nacceptable选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers’ account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb. 或Jan./Feb. shipment在......( 时间)分两批装船shipment during. .. i n two lots在......( 时间)平均分两批装船shipment during. .. in two equal l ots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in t hree equal monthly shipments4、交易磋商、合同签订实盘firm (definite) offer发盘人offerer询盘inquiry递盘bid; bidding还盘counter offer习惯做法usual practice有效期限time of validity销售合同purchase contract购货确认书purchase confirmation 虚盘non-firm (indefinite) offer收盘人offeree报价quotation递实盘bid firm参考价reference price交易磋商business negotiation一般交易条件general terms and conditions 销售合同sales contract销售确认书sales confirmation需经卖方确认subject to seller’s confirmation寄售consignment招标invitation of tender一般代理人agent代理协议agency agreement来料加工processing on giving materials 独家经营/专营权exclusive right 需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation5、贸易方式拍卖auction投标submission of tender总代理人general agent累计佣金accumulative commission来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivityagreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusive agent6、品质条件品质quality规格specifications商品目录catalogue标准standard type宣传小册pamphlet货号article No.索赔claim罚金条款penalty不可抗力force Majeure产地证明书certificate of origin重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)净重net weight以毛作净gross for net毛重gross weight外汇foreign exchange外币foreign currency汇率rate of exchange硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate固定汇率fixed rate国际货币基金international monetary fund原样original sample复样duplicate sample对等样品counter sample参考样品reference sample封样sealed sample代表性样品representative sample7、商检仲裁争议disputes仲裁arbitration仲裁庭arbitral tribunal品质检验证书inspection certificate ofquality商品检验局commodity inspection bureau8、数量条件容积capacity体积volume溢短装条款more or less clause9、外汇法定贬值devaluation法定升值revaluation浮动汇率floating rate软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation金本位制度gold standard卖出汇率selling rate纸币制度paper money system黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchangereserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation。
商务英语专业术语表
商务英语专业术语1．询盘inquiry。
2．发盘offer。
3．还盘counter-offer。
4．接受acceptance。
5．商品品质quality of goods。
6．商品数量quantity of goods。
7．装运shipment。
8．装运日期date of shipment。
9．贸易术语trade terms。
10．付款方式terms of payment。
11．保险insurance。
12．索赔claims。
13．不可抗力force majeure。
14．仲裁arbitration。
15．合同合同contract。
16．销售代理sales agent。
17．购货协议purchase agreement。
18．贸易伙伴trading partner。
19．佣金commission。
20．海运提单maritime Bill of Lading。
21．供应链管理supply chain management。
22．跨国企业multinational corporation。
23．对外贸易foreign trade。
24．关税tariff。
25．贸易制裁trade sanctions。
26．贸易战trade war。
27．经济全球化economic globalization。
28．跨境电商cross-border e-commerce。
29．互联网金融internet finance。
30．一带一路Belt and Road Initiative。
31．贸易展览会trade fair。
32．商务洽谈business negotiation。
33．市场营销marketing。
34．品牌建设brand building。
35．企业文化corporate culture。
36．人力资源management personnel。
37．职位招聘job recruitment。
38．绩效评估performance appraisal。
国际商务英语专有名词表
Unit Oneinternational business exports/importsexporter/importerpatentstrademarkscopyrightsinternational trade transportationtourismbankingadvertisingconstructionretailing/wholesaling insuranceeducationmass communication specializationabsolute advantage comparative advantageinput/outputopportunity cost opportunity cost ratios exchange rateoperating costsbank credit agreements clearing arrangementstrade in goodstrade in servicesvisible goods/invisible goods international investments balance of paymentsforeign direct investment (FDI)manufactured goodscultural conflicts negotiationmarketingbusiness administration business public relations businessman businesspeoplesubsidiary/subsidiariesjoint venturesaffiliated businessesgeneral manager executivesCEOcommercial riskfinancial riskspolitical risksregulatory riskstax risksantitrust lawsdouble taxationcommercial creditcommercial lendingpurchased merchandise onaccountadvances on salescommercial billa qualified lenderbank loanscurrent ratiocash assetsoutstanding indebtednesscollateralcredit historyfinancial profilethe commodity economyindustry capitalbusiness enterprisespersonal creditcreditorsliensinternational businessmanagementcreative consciousnessthe capacity of working onone’s ownglobal economic integrationinternationalizationWTOUruguay RoundGATTNegotiation forumDoha Development Agendatrade rulesside-effectswell-beingtrade disputesagriculturetextiles and clothingtelecommunicationsgovernment purchasesgovernment procurementindustrial standardsproduct safetyfood sanitation regulationsintellectual propertytrade without discriminationGATSTRIPs Agreementmost-favored-nation(MFN)customs duty ratecustoms dutiestariffsnational treatmenttransparencyTrade Policy ReviewMechanismannexpredictable and growingaccess to marketsfree-tradeimport bansquotaspredictabilitythe bound ratestransition economiesfair competitiondumpingsubsidieseconomic reformthe least-developed countriesUnit Twointernational tradeworld tradeoverseas tradeindustrializationadvanced transportationglobalizationtransnational corporationstrade restrictionsgovernmental quotasexport tariffs1trade barriersraw materialscapital-intensive products land-intensive productslabor-intensive commodities heavy construction equipment industrial machinery consumer goodslabor costsproduction facilitiesfarming technologymass productioneconomic benefitsdomestic marketnatural resources technology resources human resourcescost of productionpolitical strengthtastespreferencesconsumption patternsre-export/re-import favorable trade balance active trade balanceexport surplustrade surplusunfavorable trade balance adverse trade balanceimport surplustrade deficitexport trade, import trade and transit tradedirect trade, indirect trade and entrepot tradetangible trade and intangible tradebarter trade and free-liquidation tradedirect transit trade and indirect transit tradethe bonded warehousethe domestic transportation linewarehouse charges transshipment processorIncotermsCISGUCP600bargainingan intervening mediumcash tradeterms and conditionsbusiness correspondenceletters, telexes, cables, faxes,e-mails, etc.inquiry/enquiry, offer,counter-offer, acceptance andconclusion of a contractdocumentary creditshipment documentssettlementanalytical studycredit standingcapacityspecificationstrade termsFOB, FCA, FAS, CFR, CPT,CIF, CIP, EXW, DAF, DDU,DDP, DES, DEQ,L/Cshipping spacecharter a shipimport entryimport inspectionsmarket research, creditinquiry, making contactscontractual termsMOFTECChinese Embassyforeign trade corporationschambers of commerceinquiry agenciesbusiness connectionsinquirera bank referencetrader, dealertrade shows, direct sales,direct mail, manufacturer’srepresentatives, wholesalersand distributorsthe consulate officeICCannual sales volumebusiness culturebusiness negotiationbusiness talksinternational fairsthe China ExportCommodities Fairthe export sales contractforce majeuretile documentsthe total volume of tradepractitionersan essential conditionthe mandatory supervisionthe prerequisitecustoms formalitiesa certificate of qualitytraditions and practicesUNCTADairfreight, sea freightopen accountaccuracy, completeness,conciseness and promptnessgovernment controldocumentscommercial documentstransportation documentsinsurance documentsfinancial documentsgeneral useimport licenseforeign exchange licenseexport licensecertificate of origininspection certificateconsular invoicecustoms invoicethe licensing authoritiescentral bankscustoms clearanceeconomic sanctionsa notary publicthe country of destintionpreferred import status2the place of manufacturethe Import and Export Commodity Inspection BureauChina Council for Promotion of International Tradethe Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)EUpreferential import duties Certificate of Origin of Textile ProductsExport Licenses of Textile ProductsShipment Certificate of Textile ProductssurveyorInspection Certificate of QualityInspection Certificate of WeightInspection Certificate of QuantityInspection Certificate of Health and Veterinary Inspection Certificate Inspection Certificate of QuarantineAQSIQthe importing countrythe exporting countrypro forma invoice commercial invoicequality certificateweight certificate preliminary invoicea quotationan irrevocable letter of credit consular documents Buyer’s referenceOrder number/indent number Invoice number and date Export or import license numberMethod of dispatch Shipment terms Names and addresses of theseller and the buyerCountry from which theshipment is madeDescription of the goodsRebate or similar incentivesSignature of the exporterapplication form forinternational money transferdrafts (bills of exchange)banker’s draftcommercial draftsight drafttime draft (usance draft)application for documentaryletter of credit and letter ofcreditcash in advanceremitterdrawer/draweepayor, payer/payeethe payment instrument30 days sight50 days after sight90 days after the date of thisdraft30 days after the bill of ladingMethod of adviceDate of expirybeneficiaryadvising/paying/confirmingbankpartial shipmentsport of shipmentairport/port of dischargeairport/port of loadinga payment undertakingshipping notepacking listbill of ladingrail/road consignment noteair waybill (AWB)parcel post receiptcombined transportdocumentsarrival notificationon board his vessela delivery or receipt notea Mate’s Receiptthe on-board bill of ladinga supplimentary documentinsurance claimsclaim settlementsconsignor/consigneeplace of deliveryshipping markscontainer numbercarriershipperbulk cargocubic measurementgross weightthe notified partyrail transportthe departure/destinationstationtransferable or negotiablean instruciton sheeta straight or non-negotiablebill of ladingright of disposalthe shipping brokerthe insurer (insurancecompany), underwriterthe insuredan indispensable adjunctinsurance policyinsurance certificateopen policyinsurance coveragePICCmutual consentlegal avoidancebreach of contractcargo readinesscustomary packagesseaworthy shipment packingCISGsole ownershipindustrial property rightL/Cfund shortage3market fluctuationpayment routelate shipmentthe amendment notification the shipping orderdelivery documentsworking fundsshipping operationtaking deliveryinspection reportUnit Threebusiness negotiationsocial interaction consultationbargainingmediationarbitrationlitigationwin-win principle/integrative bargaining/interest-based bargainingequality principlesincere cooperationkeep it flexible and fluid positional bargainingmutual success convergence of interests equality and mutual benefit law statusnegotiation strategies and tacticsthe negative effects preparation for negotiation the negotiating team gathering of informationthe negotiation briefan essential preconditionthe factual requirementinner depletionextra expensework-loadproduction organizaiton investment distributiona development project an engineering projectthe chief negotiatortechnologistfinancial expertlegal specialistbackup onespublic relationscontingency abilitiescapital guaranteethe power of the collectivethe optimal effectexplicit responsibilitiesthe cooperation of negotiatorsa clear job-divisionthe cooperation betweenon-stage people and out-stageonesrepresentatives and deputiesfavorable moral charactersnecessary psychologicalmakingsnecessary professionalknowledgefavorable language skillsfavorable polical makingsthe physical factors (thetempo, intensity, flexibility,stability and so on )sanguine peoplebilious peoplephlegmatical peopledepressed peoplethe factual needsgeneralistscommercial warsbilateral and multilateralcommunicationidentifying issuesissues and objectivesa competitive negotiationa noncompetitive negotiationa responsible sourcea contract priceinfrastructurelogistics systemsub-contractorsbusiness scopeannual sales volumespaybacka feasibility studypolitical and socialbackgroundsocial and economic analysisdetailed analysislocation and sitemain costsmanpowerschedul implementationfinancial and economicevaluaitonalternative approachesthe basic components andimplicationsplant capacitymarket demandoverhead costsadministrative overheadsa timeframefixed investmentsnet working capital estimatesnegotiating brief andnegotiating planmemoranduman invitation to offeran invitation to make a bidpromotional communicationsales literatureofferor/offereeselling offer/buying offeroffer with engagementoffer without engagementfirm offerirrevocable offercommon practicea usual practicequotation sheetsfinal confirmationa contractual relationshippurchase contractagency arrangementexclusive sales agreementabsence of feedback4satisfactionself-reinforcementtwo human biasesthe confirmation bias egocentrismmediocrityself-esteemseparate people from the problemfocus on interests not positionsbe well preparedbe patience and integrity legitimate concerns personal attacksblue-eyed weakness offensive and defensivea defensive-offensive stance a neutral stanceoutright acceptanceoutright rejectionqualified rejectiona nimble attackthe barrier of language cooperative language style competitive language stylea longstanding relationship one-off contractsan all-purpose excuse deceptive strategiesjargonacronymscontractionstechnical termslanguage principles courtesy, conciseness, clarity, correctness, constructiveness and concessiontrade-offdeadlockmulti-nationsmulti-nationalitiescultural analysissub-cultural dynamics intercultural communication breakdown intergroupencode and decodecultural literacycultural implicationsgeneral guidelinesverbal/nonverbalfacial expressonseye contactgesturesbody movementsposturephysical appearancespacebody languageorientationmonochronic and polychronicdominant culture settingssocioeconomic classcultural conflictsbusiness normsa sophisticated protocolguest-host relationshipunwritten rulesa fallback positionlinear communicationUnit FourInternational trade termsa price/export quotationsincidental chargesa foreign trade merchantIncoterms2000the price of commoditythe unit pricea name of currency, a unitprice, a measuring unit, atrade term, and a name ofdestination or shipping placemiscellaneous expensesinternational rules andpractices on trade termsWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932Revised American ForeignTrade Definition 1941The American Chamber ofCommercethe National ImportersAssociationthe American Foreign TradeAssociationthe US Export Quotations andAbbreviations in 1919EX-point of originEx Factory, Ex Mill, Ex Minenamed inland carriernamed inland of departurenamed point of destinationnamed place of destinationnamed port of destinationnamed port of shipmentnamed point of exportationnamed point of importationnamed point/placenamed inland point in countryof importationFreight Prepaid ToFreight Allowed ToC&F, EX-DOCKthe ship’s railthe risk of loss or of damagesales contractthe mode of transportmulti-modal transportsea or inland waterwaytransport/transportationmarine insuranceobtain insurance only onminimum coverthe buyer’s/seller’sobligationsthe export/import permit andexport/import traxthe loading/unloading costthe insurance premiumthe sea freightthe seller’s/buyer’s premisescustomary packing/mannera contract of carriageMT(metric ton)subsequent carriersthe first carrier5at the disposal of the buyer basic/special packingthe loading berthib/IBa land frontierwarehouseterminaltransport stationcommon misconceptions property rightsvariants of Incotermsunder tackleliner termsFOB trimmed/towedentry feeUnit Fivepricingpricing principlesprice and unit pricethe accompanying services the pulse of the marketsthe price of commodity, the unit price: a nature of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a trade term and a name of destination or shipping placecost structurecosts of production, selling and delivery costs, and customs dutiesancillary costthe factory pricefixed costsvariable costs commissionssales trip expensespricing methodslong-term objectiveshort-term objective profitabilitymarket shareannual budgetssales volume cost-based pricingbreak-even pricingmarginal cost pricingmargin of profit, profit margintarget costingthe break-even point (BEP)FC, P, VCtotal fixed pricemortgage interest/paymentsreal estate taxesmarginal costthe direct coststhe variable overheadsmoney of accountmoney of paymenthard currencysoft currencyvehicle currencyforeign exchange ratesforeign exchange riskfloating exchange ratesexposurehedgeforward marketforward ratespot marketbrokerage housesforward contractintermediary servicequantity discountcash discountspecial discountnet pricepricing strategiesthe marketing mixfollowing-the-leader pricingpenetration pricingcost-oriented pricingdemand-oriented pricingretail pricingthe break-even pointmarketerscomponent partsutilitiessuppliersoperating expensesadvertising campaignsmanufacturersfranchise marketersthe U.S Small BusinessAdministration (SBA)government regulationsload weightsspeed limitsa unit price: currency unit,unit price figure,measurement unit anddelivery termsinitial priceUnit Sixinternational transportationocean transportrail transportationair transportationcontainer transportinternational multi-modaltransportationsea portscarrying capacityliner transportcharter transport / tramptransportthe four fixed: fixed sailingdate, fixed route and fixedports to call at, and relativelyfixed freight rateconsignor/consigneethe intermediate portsfreight: basic freight +surchargesthe basic freight ratethe tariff of freight rateW, M, W/M, Ad Val., W/M orAd Val.per metric tonweight tonper cubic metermeasurement tonfreight toncharge surcharges6transshipment surchargesfuel surchargesoverweight and overlength surchargesa charter party: the charterer and the ship ownerbulk cargocrude oilraw timbertime chartervoyage charterthe loading/unloading rate demurragedispatch moneyliner term, free out (FO), free in (FI), free in and out (FIO) scheduled airliners chartered planes consolidated consignments by freight forwardersFull Container Load (FCL) Less than Container Load (LCL)a door to door servicedesk-to-desk serviceport to port shipmentthe Container Freight Sation (CFS)the point of originthe place of destinationa multi-modal transport operatorthe general carrier conveyancesub-carriersmarine bills of lading seaway billsairway bills (AWB) or air consignment notes combined transport documentsinland transport way bills(road waybill or CMR consignment note and railway bill or cargo receipt)courier receipt or post parcel receiptsshippingthe bill of lading (B/L)a traded objecta contract of carriagea receipt of goodsa title documentin apparent good orderparties of a bill of lading: thecarrier and the shipper/theconsignor, the consignee, thenotify party and the transferee/the endorsee /holderdifferent ordersdemonstrative orderrestrictive orderbearer order“to order” and “to the order ofthe shipper”“to the order of the issuingbank”“to the order of the importer”“to bearer”under collectionnon-paymentnon-commercial transactionsbe left blank“to the named consignee(importer)”blank endorsementspecial endorsementthe shipping company (thecarrier)the charting vesselthe voyae numberthe port of receipt/the port ofloading/the port of shipmentthe port of destination/the portof discharge/the port ofdeliverythe premises of theimporter/exportermarks and numbersboxes/cartons/casesbe prepaid or collectedfreight prepaid/freight collectoriginal B/L, copiestypes of bill of ladingon board B/L (or shipped B/L)and a received for shipmentB/Lin one’s custodyclean (or unclaused) B/L andunclean (or foul) B/Lnegotiable B/L (order B/L andbearer B/L or open B/L) andstraight B/L (ornon-negotiable B/L or anamed consignee B/L)direct B/L and transshipmentB/Llong form B/L and short formB/Lliner B/L and chartered B/Lon deck B/Lstale B/Lante-dated B/L & advancedB/Lcontainer B/Lcontents leaking, packagingspoiled by contents,packaging broken / holed /torn / damaged, packagingcontaminated, goods damaged/ scratched, packaging badlydented, packaging damagedand contents exposed,insufficient packing, casesshort shipped, goodsunprotected / unboxed /partial protected, etc.Combined TransportDocument (CTD)Combined Transport Operator(CTO)the estimated date ofdeparture (ETD)the estimated time of arrival(ETA)forwarderNVD: no value declaredThe flight date7CMR, CIMadditional protocolEMS, DHL, UPS, FedExthe post officea courieran expedited delivery service expedite (a.) servicesperils and lossesperils of the sea, maritime losses , maritime expenses lightergeneral perils of the sea and extraneous risksnatural calamities (vile weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami, earthquake, flood, etc.)fortuitous accidentsgeneral extraneous risks and special extraneous risks theft, pilferage, contamination, leakage, breakage, sweating and/or heating, taint of odor, rusting, hook damage, fresh and/or rain water damage, short-delivery and non-delivery, shortage in weight, clashing, etc. political or military affairs or administrative ruleswar, strike, heightened duty, rejection, etc.total loss and partial loss actual total loss and constructive total loss general average (G. A.) and partial average (P. A. )sue and labor expenses salvage chargesmarine insurance clausesthe acope of cover, exclusions, commencement and termination of cover, duty of the insured, time of validity of a claim, etc.basic insurance and additional insurancebasic marine insurancecoverage: FPA (Free FromParticular Average), WPA andAll risksadditional risksgeneral risks and special risksCIC (China InsuranceClauses)warehouse to warehouseclause11 general additional risks:theft, pilferage andnon-delivery risk (TPND),fresh water and/or raindamage risk (FWRD), clashand breakage risks, leakagerisk, shortage risk,intermixture andcontamination risks, taint ofodor risk, sweat an heatingrisks, rust risk, breakage ofpacking risk, hook damagerisk8 special additional risks: warrisk, strike risk, failure todelivery risk, import duty risk,on deck risk, rejection risk,aflatoxin risk, fire riskextersion clause for storage ofcargo at destination in HongKong, including Kowloon, orMacao (FREC)import and export cargoinsurance practicesinsurance amount andpremiumclaim for lossesadvice of lossesshipping clause(transportation clause )time of shipmenttime of deliverythe port/place of shipment anddestinationpartial shipment / shipment byinstallmentstime policy, voyage policyand mixed policyinsurance policy, insurancecertificate, combinedcertificate and open policyunvalued policy and valuedpolicy8。
商务英语专有名词
商务英语专有名词商务英语阅读名词解释Chapter11．g lobal company : a company that integrates its international biz activities.2．Stable : the entire range of products a company has or produces3．Joint venture : a partnership that is formed by two or more parties cooperating in some special biz activities.4．Merger & acquisition : combining of two or more entities through the direct acquisition by the net assets of the other.5．Consumer market: an organized group of buyers and sellers of a particular product that are affected by its demand and supply.6．Distribution channel: all the organizations and people involved in the physical movement of goods and services from producer to consumer.7．Listed company : a company whose shares have been quoted by the Stock Exchange.8．Marketing savvy : understanding and knowledge of how goods and services are marketed.9．Industrial complex(工业生产基地) : a manufacturing area that consists of many different factories turning out different products.10. brand recognition : a product or products that has or have been recognized and appreciated by local consumers.11. specialty shop : an outlet that deals in or sells a particular line of products.12. household name : a brand, person, company, etc. that isknown to all or very popular in a place.13. loss-maker : a biz that continually makes no profit.14. home country : the country on which a multinational corporation’s HQs is based.15. quota : a restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular product that a country impose.16. organizational culture : the common values, behavior patterns, institutions, and so on among employees of a corporation.17. market economy : an economy in which the market is used to determine resource allocation, prices, and investments.Chapter 21.new economy : a different form of economy that is mainly supported by ITsector and characterized by knowledge-based economy instead of manufacturing./doc/f510019434.html,bor force : all of the people in a country or in a region that are employed or are likely to be employed in the future.3.bubble economy : an economy that primarily depends on banking, financialmarket and other transient operation.4.venture capital : funds that are invested in new plants or hi-tech startupsopen to large risk of loss./doc/f510019434.html, cycle : A period of time that a biz goes through consists of fourstages---boom繁荣, recession衰退, depression萧条, recover 复苏.6.stock market : a stock exchange that deals in stocks andshares.7.deregulation : the ending of the existing system of regulations, especially bythe government.8.public offering : a nonexclusive issue to the general public either bonds orstock by a firm in order to raise funds.9.bottleneck : difficulties or things that are more likely hinder normalproduction or prevent smooth economic development./doc/f510019434.html,rmation tech信息技术: all devices and knowledge that are required tomanage any kind of data.11.Treasury bill短期国债：A short-term obligation of the U.S. Treasury, havinga maturity period of one year or less and sold at a discount from face value.短期国库券：美国财政部发行的一种短期债券，一年或少于一年到期，以票面价值打折的形式出售.Treasury bond : 长期国债T-bonds ha ve maturity’s greater than 10 years.T-note : 中期国债has maturity ranging from 2 to 5 years./doc/f510019434.html, plan : future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products,production, market, investment, etc.13.capital stock : The total amount of stock authorized for issued by acorporation, including common and preferred stock. 股本(总额)：由一个公司授权发行的股票的总数额，包括普通股和优先股.14.product life cycle : a theory stating that certain kinds of products go througha cycle consisting of four stages, namely, introduction, growth, maturity anddecline.15.junk bonds : an interest-bearing certificate of debt that promises to give ahigh yield but is issued by a company with low credit rating 低信用等级.16．Seed money=seed capital启动资金: the initial equity capital used to start a new venture or biz.Chapter 31. liquidity : available cash or the capacity to obtain it on demand.2. exchange rate : the amount of one currency that can be bought with another.3. multinational company : a very large organization that owns companies in more than one country in order to obtain low-cost raw materials and make efficient use of a local workforce.4. benchmark : a standard by which something can be measured or judged.5. pricing policy : a plan or statement of prices set by an organization for its products and services.6. money market : the institutions and practices through with short-term funds are channeled to borrowers and entrepreneurs.7. capital market : a place where deals are made relating to long term investment needed by businesses and public authorities.8. collateral : property or an item of value acceptable assecurity for a loan orother obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产9. counterparty : a term used to identify the “other” party in a two-party transaction.10. stock exchange: a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.11. retail : the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.12. cheque : a printed form, used instead of money, to make payment from one’s bank account.13. economic integration : the integration of commercial & financial activities among countries through the abolishment/cancellation of economic discrimination.Chapter 41.Dow-Jones Industrial Average : an index of the share prices quoted on theNew York Stock Exchange for a group of 30 leading industrial companies.2.Blue chip : a stock that sells at high price because of public confidence in itslong record of steady earnings.3.Nasdaq : national association of securities dealers automated quotations4.social security社会保障: a government program that provides economicassistance to persons faced with unemployment, disability, or agedness, financed by assessment (税额) of employers and employees.5.tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct fromtaxable income.6.reinsurance ：the purchase of insurance by an insurance company fromanother insurance (reinsurer) to provide it protection against large losses on cases it has already insured.7.policy :保单the printed legal document stating the terms of insurancecontract that is issued to the policyholder投保人by company.8.public relations : PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between anorganization and the people outside it.9.depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy,characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业10.media ：a means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio,or television.11.recession: An extended decline in general business activity, typically threeconsecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降Chapter 51．S anction : the penalty for noncompliance specified in a law or decree.2．Trade deficit : imports minus exports of goods andservices.3．Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports mi nus the value of its imports.4．Downturn : a tendency downward, especially in biz or economic activity. 5．Speculation投机: engagements in risky biz transactions on the chances of quick or considerable profit.6．Value added tax : an indirect tax imposed on consumption that is reflective of the incremental increases on the value of goods through the chain of production, from the raw material phase to final consumption.增值税是向消费征收的间接税，它反映了商品从原材料到最终消费的整个生产过程中的增加值。
国际商务英语-名词解释
Lesson 1Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, isallowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing , contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion .International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. Fora BOT project , a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company .Lesson 2GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to engage inLesson 3Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyCustoms union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policyCommon market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.Lesson 4Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .MNC跨国公司=TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.MNE跨国企业:Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.Lesson 5Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)Comparative advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities：those commodities not processed，or only slightly processed，usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization专业化: To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.Lesson 6Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crossesthe boundary of a custom area.Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating countryContract proper：the main body of a contractLesson 7Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则: It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic marketand industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Lesson 8Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost Counter offer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee收盘人：A first enquiry首次询价: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一个合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer 一个实盘: Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure不可抗力: is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’ default, but of the uncontrollable causes. Onetype of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause. Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyLesson 9Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical. The normal economic activities are out of the order, and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.inflation :Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etcDevaluation贬值Barter易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Lesson 10Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee收款人、领款人: The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft光票: The draft without documentsLesson 11Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer) applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/COpening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.Opening bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exp orter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank议付行: The ba nk buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.Recipient: A person or an organization etc. that receives somethingWorld company: A multinational company whose nationalidentity has been blurredMiddleman trader: Person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumerLesson 12Clean credit光票信用证: credit only require clean draft, which isn’t accompanied with shipping documents.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankUnconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bankSight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftUsance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证:The credit can not be transferred.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.Lesson 13Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawPacking list装箱单: The documents gives informationsuch as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Lesson 14Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输:In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Lesson 15Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).premium：the amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contractKnown premium已知的保险费is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Lesson 16Indemnity赔偿原则: A contract of insurance restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he war in before the loss occurred.Subrogate: subrogation is of enormous importance in cargo insurance, the word “Subrogate” means “to take the place of another”.Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one mayinsure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.Proximate cause of the loss近因原则: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered. The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Lesson 17Exchange rate汇率、兑换率: It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A directexchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价:An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.Lesson 19Greenfield strategy绿地战略:Building new enterprises on land bought or leased in a foreign countryAcquisition并购: Purchasing existing facilities is known as acquisition. It does not have to start from scratch and face the difficulties in the greenfield strategy. But it has to take responsibilities for all the liabilities of the purchased firm, and deal with existing problems in management, labor relations, environmental protection obligations etc.Joint venture: A joint venture is an independent business entity founded and owned by two or more partners called parents. The proportions of ownership between the partners may be equal or unequal depending on their respective investments that are mostly in the form of capital but may also be in land, equipment, or intellectual property.Lesson 21Most-favored nation treatment最惠国:A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences:Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries。
《国际商务英语》词汇部分
国际商务英语——词汇部分11.Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated,period,usu.a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2.Return—回报the gain from an investment,either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3.Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks,bonds,or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4.Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design,usu.at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5.Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill,esp.in a particular field;know-how.6.Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.7.Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell,or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.8.Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs,including prohibitions and quotas,etc.9.Turnkey contract—one in which one of the parties agrees to supply,at the contract price,a complete product ready for use,such asa new home,factory,ship,etc.10.Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.21.Purchasing power—购买力of persons,the public,having the money to buy goods and services.2.Assess—估价to judge an amount or value.3.spur—to urge or encourage4.average—of an ordinary,common or usual kind in quality or amount5.Productive—producing in high efficiency or in large quantity6.tap—to take what is needed from,to exploit7.Infrastructure—large-scale public services,such as water and power supplies,road,rail and radio communications,etc.needed to support economic activity,esp.industry,trade and commerce.8.recipient—a person or an organization etc.that receives something9.consumerism—considerable desire to make purchase for consumption10.PPP—purchasing power parity31liberalization—of trade,the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports2integration—combining into the whole3tariff—tax levied by the customs4barriers to trade—any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.5mobility—capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place.6detour—绕道route that avoids a blocked road;deviation7banknote—纸币printed paper money issued by a bank,usu.the country’s central bank.8erode—侵蚀wear away,eat into9envisage—picture(an event,action,etc)in the mind as a future possibility;imagine10veto—否决权right to reject or forbid something41affiliate—a subsidiary company controlled by another2assets—total resources of a business,as cash,accounts receivable,real estates etc.3world company—a multinational whose national identity has been blurred4facilities—something designed,built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service 5revenue—收益the total annual income of state6decentralize—使分权distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area7nationalize—to bring under the control or ownership of a nation\8welfare—well-being9framework—organization structure10input—something that is put in business operation51service—something done to help or benefit others2abundant—plentiful,more than enough3specialization—to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields4primary commodities—those commodities not processed,or only slightly processed,usually farm produce or raw materials 5incentive—that which incites,rouses or encourages a person6alternative—that may be had,used etc.in place of sth.else7intuitive—relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study8efficient—producing a desired or satisfactory result;able to perform duties well9endowment—a natural gift or ability10exploit—to develop the use of,make the best use of61drawback—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported2highlight—to make prominent;to draw special attention3bulky—taking a lot of space,and often of a shape difficult to handle4perishable—easily to go bad5tariff—duties imposed on goods imported and exported6specific duties—duties levied on the basis of quantity,weight,size etc.of the goods7ad valorem duties—duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods8unilaterally—单方面地done by one side or party only9maritime—connected with the sea or navigation10remittance—汇款money sent by post71law suit—legal prosecution2dispute—argument or controversy3remedy—method of putting right something that is wrong4amendment—修正changes made to something5Incoterms—a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms6present—submit7premise—a tract of land including its buildings8heading—category9classification—the arrangement of things by groups10carriage—the price or cost of transportation81business line—goods dealt in by a company2voluntary offer—an offer made on the initiative of the offerer3contract—an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties 4indispensable—absolutely necessary5contract proper—the main body of a contract6contracting parties—signatories of an agreement7force majeure—[不可抗力]social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party8purchase contract—a contract made by the buyer9firm offer—an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer10offeree—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made91.popular—liked and admired2.hyperinflation—恶性通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control3.inflation—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand,expansion of money supply,credit etc.4.protectionism—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed oncompetitive imports5.bilateral—双边的of two sides6.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together7.expertise—expert skill or knowledge8.creditors—a person to whom one owns money9.transferable—possible to be handed over10.verified data—authentic materials101.debtor—a person who owes money2.default—fail to carry out an obligation3.dubious—doubtful,uncertain,questionable4.draft—an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money5.remittance—the sending of money or the money sent6.fluctuation—irregular movement of(prices,exchange rates etc.)7.drawer—the person who issues a draft,usually the exporter8.sound—financially satisfactory9.ban—prohibit,forbid10.drawee—付款人the person to whom a draft is drawn111.credit-worthiness—being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment2.substantial—large,great,considerable3.constitute—make up;amount to;form4.applicant of an L/C—the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C5.beneficiary—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export6.discrepancy—difference;absence of agreement7.confirming bank—the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C8.bill of exchange—written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment9.underlying—forming the basis of10.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent121.clean credit—a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment2.cancel—not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon3.leading bank—major bank,most important bank4.impeccable—faultless5.insolvent—无力偿还的unable to pay debts6.sight credit—a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft7.maturity—becoming due8.after sight—after presentation of draft9.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer10.sustain—suffer131.documentation—the presentation and use of shipping documents2.consignee—the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped3.shipping marks—what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation4.discrepancy—absence of agreement5.liability—what one is responsible for according to law6.apparent—according to appearance;seeming7.insurance policy—a document used for covering possible risks8.discount—amount of money that may be taken off the full amount9.title—right to the possession of a position or property10.invoice—a document for the general description of the goods and the price141alternative—a choice from two or more possibilities.2modes—different forms of transportation3fundamental—very important4ownership—legal right of possession5intermediate products—semi-manufactures6commercial intercourse—business dealings between individuals or firms7unload—getting goods off a carrier8package—combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit 9distribution—the marketing,transporting,merchandising,and selling of any item10destination—the terminal to which goods are sent151insured—a person covered by an insurance policy2premium—the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract3potential loss—loss which is possible to incur4viability—ability to succeed in operation5claim—a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy6margin—amount above what is estimated as necessary7underwriter—a person who carries on insurance as a business8consumption—the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable advantage 9compensation—something given or received as an equivalent for loss10pooling—a combination of funds formed for common advantage161field—a sphere of activity2incidence—occurrence3multi-modal transportation—transport that combines road,rail,sea and air4diminish—the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss5indemnity—compensation for loss6subrogate—to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person 7legal action—an action taken against someone in accordance with the law8leader—an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business9deposit—money paid as part payment that is owned10compulsory—that must be done171peg—to keep fixed or unchanged2redeem—to repay or pay off,esp.loan stock,debentures and preference shares or stock3settlement—the act of paying a bill,debt,charge,etc4exchange rate—the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency5fluctuations—upward and downward movements in the economic system6gold reserves—the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.7money circulation—money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services8devaluation—the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies9offset—to set one value against another or as equal to another10par—equal in value,on the same level181affiliate—a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern2institutions—an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object3productivity—power of being productive4loans—something lent on condition of being returned,especially a sum of money lent at interest5prerequisite—required as a condition for something else6cyclical—recurring in cycles7maturity—the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due8reserve—money held aside to meet future demand9investment—the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns10stringent—strict,that must be obeyed191quota—a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity2VER—an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country3acquisition—company expansion through the phrase of other business4synergy—benefits from combining different business,normally claimed by the promoters of mergers5rebate—reduce6intellectual property—certain non-tangible assets held,principally covering the areas of patent protection,registered trade marks and designs,and copy-right7tax holiday—a period of time during which tax is not levied8return—the gain from an investment,either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment9access—a way by which a place,esp.property,can be reached or entered or used10joint venture—a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms201market place—a place in which securities are sold and bought2securities—stocks and bonds3gilts—stocks issued by government4information—knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance5qualifications—competence6membership—the state of being a member of a certain organization7practitioner—a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation8cost-effective—producing optimum results for the expenditure9shortfall—deficiency10equities—company stocks211ratify—make an arrangement or a treaty officially valid by signing it.2controversy—public argument about sth.which many people disagree with3biennial—happening every alternate year4clout—influence5anti-dumping—one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured6mandate—authority given to perform a duty7stillborn—(of a child)dead at birth;(of an idea or a plan)not developing further8contracting party—a country or firm that signs a legal agreement9akin to—similar,related to10optimal—best or most favorable221terms of trade—the relation of export and import prices2preference—a practical advantage given to one over others3export earnings—money earned on the sales of goods to other countries4provisions—a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded5tariffs—customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports6invisible—trade in services7board—an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firm 8permanent—lasting9counterpart—a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function 10forum—an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group。
商务英语专有名词
商务英语专有名词Insurance policy 保险单Insurance certificate保险凭证Weight memo重量单Packing list装箱单general partnerships一般合伙企业limited partnerships有限合伙企业sole proprietorships独资企业joint-stock companies合股公司business trusts商业信托joint ventures合资企业Franchising特许经营权Agency代理商Electronic Commerce 电子商务Back-to-back Credit 转开信用证B/L(Bill of Lading) 提单CL B/L (Clean Bill of Lading) 清洁提单Inland B/L(Inland Bill of Lading) 内陆提单O B/L (Ocean Bill of Lading)海运提单On Board Bill of Lading 装船提单Delivery Note交货单D/O(Delivery Order) 提货单General A verage(共同海损)Particular A verage（单独海损）Total Loss (全损Fixed pricing (固定价格）Flexible pricing (非固定价格）Partial fixed price and partial unfixed price （部分固定、部分不固定价格）Floating pricing（规定滑动价格）Drawer 出票人Drawee付款人Payee 收款人Acceptor 承兑人Endorser 背书人Endorsee 被背书人Acceptor for honour 参加承兑人Guarantor 保证人Holder 持票人Holder for value 付对价持票人Documentary L/C 跟单信用证Clean L/C 光票信用证(EXCEPT non-shipping documents such as invoice, prepayment list) Irrevocable L/C 不可撤消信用证Revocable L/C 可撤消信用Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证Unconfirmed L/C 不保兑信用证Sight Payment L/C 即期付款信用证Deferred Payment L/C 延期付款信用证Acceptance L/C 承兑信用证Banker’s Acceptance L/C 银行承兑信用证Negotiation L/C 议付信用证。
国际商务专业词汇(中英文对照)
1.全球化世界贸易组织:(World Trade Organization)国际货币基金组织:(International Monetary Fund)《关税及贸易总协定》:(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)世界银行:(World Bank)国际贸易:(international trade)对外直接投资:(foreign direct investment)对外直接投资存量:(stock of foreign direct investment)外国企业:(multinational enterprise)国际企业:(international business)2.政治经济中的国家差异政治经济:(political economy)政治体制:(political system)集体主义:(collectivism)社会主义者:(socialists)共产主义者:(communists)社会民主主义者:(social democrats)私有化:(privatization)个人主义:(individualism)民主:(democracy)极权:(totalitarianism)市场经济:(maeket economy)计划经济:(command economy)法律体系:(legal system)普通法:(common law)大陆法:(civil law system)宗教法:(theocratic law system)合同法:(contract law)财产权:(property rights)私下行为:(private action)公共行为:(public action)《反海外腐败法》:(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act)知识产权:(intellectual property)专利:(patent)版权:(copyrights)商标:(trademarks)产品安全法:(product safety laws)产品责任:(product liability)3.政治经济和经济发展人均国民收入:(gross national income)购买力平价:(purchasing power parity)人文发展指数:(Human Development Index)创新:(innovation)创业者:(entrepreneurs)放松管制:(deregulation)第一进入者优势:(first-mover advantages)后进者优势:(late-mover disadvantages)政治风险:(political risk)经济风险:(economic risk)4.文化差异跨文化知识能力:(cross-cultural literacy)价值观:(values)准则:(norms)社会:(society)社会习惯:(folkways)道德准则:(ethics)社会结构:(social structure)群体:(group)社会阶层:(social strata)社会流动性:(social mobility)等级制度:(caste system)阶级制度:(class system)阶级意识:(class consciousness)宗教:(religion)伦理体系:(ethical systems)关系:(relationship)联系:(connection)权利距离:(power distance)个人主义:(individualism versus)集体主义:(collectivism)不确定性规避:(uncertainty avoidance)男性主义和女性主义:(masculinity versus femininity)儒家动力:(confucian dynamism)种族中心主义:(ethnocentrism)5.国际商务伦理商业伦理:(business ethics)伦理策略:(ethics strategy)社会责任:(socisl responsibility)伦理困境:(ethical dilemmas)组织文化:(organizayion cultural)文化相对论:(cultural relativism)道德论者:(righteous moralist)非道德论者:(native immoralist)实用主义伦理:(utilitarian approaches)权利理论:(rights theories)公正分配:(just distribution)无知之幕:(veil of ignorance)道德公约:(code of ethics)利益相关者:(stakeholders)6.国际贸易理论自由贸易:(free trade)新贸易理论:(nwe trade theory)重商主义:(mercantilism)零和博弈:(zero-sum game)绝对优势:(absolute advantage)规模报酬率:(constant returns to specialization)要素禀赋:(factor endowments)规模经济:(economies of scale)国际收支账户:(balance-of-payments accounts)经常账户:(current account)经常账户赤字盈余:(current account deficit surplus)资本账户:(capital account)金融账户:(financial account)7.国际贸易中的政治经济自由贸易:(free trade)关税:(tariff)从量税:(specific tariffs)从价税:(ad valorem tariffs)补贴:(subsidy)进口配额:(import quota)关税配额:(tariff rate quota)自愿出口限制:(voluntary export restraint)配额租金:(quota rent)国产化规定:(local content requirement)行政管理贸易政策:(administrative trade policies)倾销:(dumping)反倾销政策:(antidumping policies)抵消性关税:(counter vailing duties)幼稚工业论:(infant industry argument)战略贸易政策:(strategic trade policy)8.国际直接投资新设投资:(greenfield invsetment)流量:(flow of FDI)存量:(stock of FDI)对外直接投资:(outflows of FDI)外来直接投资:(inflows of FDI)固定资本形成总额:(gross fixed capital formation)折中理论:(eclectic paradigm)出口:(exporting)技术授权:(licensing)内部化理论:(internalization theory)不完善理论:(market imperfections approach)寡头垄断行业:(oligopoly)多点竞争:(multipoint competition)区位优势:(location-specific advantages)外部性:(externalities)国际收支账户:(balance-of-payments accounts)经常项目:(current account)离岸生产:(offshore production)9.区域经济一体化区域经济一体化:(regional economic integration)自由贸易区:(free trade area)关税同盟:(customs union)共同市场:(common market)经济联盟:(economic union)政治联盟:(political union)贸易创造:(trade creation)贸易转移:(trade diversion)执行董事会:(executive board)监管董事会:(governing council)最优货币区:(optional currency area)10.外汇市场外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)汇率:(exchange rate)外汇风险:(foreign exchange risk)外汇投机:(currency speculation)套息交易:(carry trade)即期汇率:(spot exchange rate)远期外汇:(forward exchange)远期汇率:(forward exchange rate)掉期:(currency swap)套汇:(arbitrage)载体货币:(vehicle currency)一价定律:(law of one price)效率市场:(efficient market)应用材料:(applied materials)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)跟风效应:(bandwagon effect)效率市场:(efficient market)无效市场:(inefficient market)自由兑换:(freely convertible)对外可兑换:(externally convertible)不可兑换:(nonconvertible)资本外逃:(capital flight)对等贸易:(counter trade)交易风险:(transaction exposure)折算风险:(translation exposure)经济风险:(economic exposure)提前策略:(lead strategy)错后策略:(lag strategy)11.国际货币体系国际货币体系:(international monetary system)浮动汇率:(floating exchange rate)盯住汇率:(pegged exchange rate)管理浮动:(dirty float)固定汇率:(fixed exchange rate)金本位制度:(gold standard)黄金平价:(gold par value)贸易收支平衡:(balance-of-trade equilibrium)管理浮动制度:(managed-float system)货币局制度:(currency board)货币危机:(currency crisis)银行危机:(banking crisis)外债危机:(foreign debt crisis)裙带资本主义:(crony capitalism)道德风险:(moral hazard)12.全球资本市场共享方差:(shared variance)对冲基金:(hedge funds)游资:(hot money)耐心货币:(patient money)外国债券:(foreign bonds)13.国际企业的战略战略:(strategy)盈利能力:(profitability)投资资本收益率:(ROIC)利润增长:(profit growth)价值创造:(value creation)运营:(operations)核心竞争力:(core competence)区位经济:(location economies)全球网络:(global web)经验曲线:(experience curve)学习效应:(learning effects)规模经济:(economies of scale)普遍需要:(universal needs)全球标准化战略:(global standardization strategy)本土化战略:(localization strategy)跨国战略:(transnational strategy)国际战略:(international strategy)14.国际企业的组织组织构架:(organizational architecture)组织结构:(organizational structure)控制系统:(control systems)奖励:(incentives)流程:(processes)组织文化:(organizational culture)垂直差异化:(vertical differentiation)水平差异化:(horizontal differentiation)建立整合机构:(integrating mechanisms)国际分部:(intermational division)世界范围的地区结构:(worldwide area structure)世界范围的产品分部:(worldwide product division structure)全球矩阵结构:(global matrix structure)知识网络:(knowledge network)个人控制:(personal control)行政组织结构:(bureaucratic control)产出控制:(output control)文化控制:(cultural control)绩效模糊:(performance ambiguity)15.进入战略和战略联盟战略联盟:(strategic alliance)私营部门债务:(private-sector debt)进入时机:(timing of entry)先入者优势:(first-mover advantages)开拓成本:(pioneering costs)交钥匙工程:(turnkey project)技术授权协议:(licensing agreement)技术授权协议:(cross-licensing agreement)特许经营:(franchising)合资企业:(joint venture)全资子公司:(wholly owned subsidiary)16.出口、进口和对等贸易出口管理公司:(export management company)信用证:(letter of credit)汇票:(draft)即期汇票:(sight draft)远期汇票:(time draft)提单:(bill of lading)进出口银行:(Export-Import-Bank)对等贸易:(counter trade)易货贸易:(barter)互购:(counter purchase)抵销:(offset)转手贸易:(switch trading)回购:(buy back)从价关税:(ad valorem tariff)委托代销:(consignment)禁运:(embargo)全球配额:(global quota)无形贸易壁垒:(invisible barriers to trade)信用证:(letter of credit)重商主义:(mercantilism)201条款:(section 201)17.全球生产、外包与物流生产:(production)物流:(cogistics)全面质量管理:(total quality management)六西格玛:(six sigma)最小效率规模:(minimum efficient scale)柔性制造技术:(flexible manufacturing technology)精益生产:(lean production)大规模定制:(mass customization)柔性机器单元:(flexible machine cells)价值重量:(value-to-weight)全球学习:(global learning)来源决策:(make-or-buy decisions)专业化资产:(specialized asset)动态能力:(dynamic capabilities)即时存货:(just-in-time)电子数据交换:(electronic data inferchange) 18.全球营销与开发营销组合:(marketing)市场细分:(market segmentation)集中零售体系:(concentrated retail system)分散零售体系:(fragmented retail system)渠道长度:(channel length)独占性的分销渠道:(exclusive distribution channel)渠道质量:(channel quality)源效应:(source effects)原产国效应:(country of orign effects)噪声:(noisy)推策略:(push strategy)拉策略:(pull strategy)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)富有弹性:(elastic)缺乏弹性:(inelastic)策略性定价:(strategic pricing)掠夺性定价:(predatory pricing)多点定价:(multipoint pricing)经验曲线定价:(experience curve pricing) 19.全球人力资源管理人力资源管理:(human resource management)外派经理:(expatriate manager)人员配备政策:(staffing policy)企业文化:(corporate culture)外派人员:(expatriates)内派人员:(inpatriates)外派失败:(expatriate failure)自我倾向:(self-orientation)他人倾向:(others-orientation)感知能力:(perceptual ability)文化刚性:(cultural thoughness)20.国际企业会计和财务会计准则:(accounting standards)审计准则:(auditing standards)内部远期汇率:(internal forward rate)货币管理:(money management)交易成本:(transaction costs)双边净额:(bilateral netting)多边净额:(multilateral)税收抵免:(tax credit)税收条款:(tax treaty)延期准则:(deferral principle)避税港:(tax havens)特许权使用费:(royalties)转移价格:(transfer price)弗罗廷贷款:(fronting loan)。
国际英语词汇大全解读国际的专业术语
国际英语词汇大全解读国际的专业术语国际交流日益频繁，英语作为一种通用语言在国际间的应用越来越广泛。
为了更好地理解国际交流中的专业术语，我们需要熟悉国际英语词汇的相关知识。
本文将通过解读国际的专业术语，帮助读者更好地理解国际交流中的词汇。
一、国际商务术语1. Import/Export（进出口）- 表示从一个国家或地区引进产品或商品，或者将产品或商品出口到其他国家或地区。
2. Freight（货运）- 指商品或货物的运输费用。
3. Customs（海关）- 负责监管进出口货物的机构，负责收取关税并检查货物是否符合法律法规。
4. Letter of Credit（信用证）- 一种支付机制，由买方银行开出，确保卖方能够收到款项。
5. Trade balance（贸易平衡）- 指一个国家或地区的进出口商品值之间的差额。
二、国际金融术语1. Exchange Rate（汇率）- 两种不同货币之间的比价。
2. Stock Market（股票市场）- 交易买卖股票的市场。
3. Foreign Direct Investment（外国直接投资）- 指一个国家或个人投资于另一个国家的实体或设施。
4. Dividend（股息）- 公司分配给股东的盈利部分。
5. Currency（货币）- 一种通用的支付和交换手段。
三、国际政治术语1. United Nations（联合国）- 国际组织，由193个国家组成，致力于维护国际和平与安全。
2. Diplomacy（外交）- 国家间通过交际手段解决问题的方式。
3. Human Rights（人权）- 指与每个人通过生活所应享有的基本权利。
4. United Nations Security Council（联合国安全理事会）- 负责维护国际和平与安全的联合国机构。
5. Treaty（条约）- 国家之间达成的正式协议。
四、国际贸易术语1. Free Trade（自由贸易）- 指国家之间不设限制的贸易形式。
自考国际商务英语05844必背商务术语
商务术语1 ………………customs area关税区conversion货币兑换visible trade有形贸易invisible trade无形贸易gross domestic product国内生产总值FDI外国直接投资portfolio investment证券投资stocks股票bonds债券maturity到期certificate of deposit大额存单licensing许可经营franchising特许经营trade mark商标patent专利royalty专利利用费copyright版权management contract治理合同licenser给予许可的人licensee同意许可的人franchiser给予特许的人franchisee同意特许的人value chain价值链turnkey project交钥匙工程BOT建设、经营、移交（Build,Operate,Transfer）2 ………………gross national product (GNP)国民生产总值gross domestic product(GDP)国内生产总值national income国民收入per capita income人均收入per capita GDP人均GDPPPP购买力平价consumerism消费主义income distribution收入散布infrastructure基础设施staple goods大路货invoice开发票creditor country债权国3 ………………economic integration经济一体化free trade area自由贸易区customs union关税同盟tariff rates关税税率settlement结算North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)北美自由贸易协定common market一起市场banknotes circulation货币流通cartel联盟Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)亚太经贸合作组织European Commission欧盟委员会council of ministers部长理事会Dual-Ministerial Meeting双部长会议4 ………………share holders股东economic globalization经济全世界化board of directors董事会inputs投入economic environment经济环境parent company母公司affiliate附属机构day-to-day running日常治理multinational corporation (enterprise)跨国公司home country祖国host country东道国5 ………………services劳务primary commodities低级产品specialization专业化absolute advantage绝对利益comparative advantage比较利益capital资本land and labor土地和劳动6 ………………tariff关税quota配额customs area关税区customs union关税联盟import duties入口关税export duties出口关税ad valorem duty从价税specific duty从量税compound duties混合关税drawback退税most-favored-nation (MFN)最惠国tariff schedule税率表non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒visible trade有形贸易invisible trade无形贸易7 ………………deal交易trade terms贸易术语trading practices贸易老例negotiable可转让的EDI电子数据互换Electronic Data Interchange customs clearance结关dispatch发送发货International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)国际商会roll on-roll off traffic滚装滚卸的Incoterms国际贸易术语negotiable transport document可转让装运单据FOB装运港船上交货CFR本钱加运费CIF本钱、保险费加运费EXW工厂交货FCA货交承运人FAS装运港船边交货CPT运费付至CIP运费、保险费付至DAF边境交货DES目的港船上交货DEQ目的港码头交货DDU未完税后交货DDP完税后交货8 ………………inquiry询盘quotation报价validity period有效期offer出价counter offer还盘offeree收盘人sales (purchase) contract销售（购货）合同sales (purchase) confirmation售货（购货）确认书consignment寄售contracting parties缔约方force majeure不可抗力arbitration仲裁business line业务范围contract proper合同正文article number货号9 ………………counter trade对销贸易hyperinflation极度通货膨胀Reichsbank德国国家银行cross-border contract进出口合同protectionism贸易爱惜主义financial market金融市场clearing system清算系统net positions实际头寸compensation trade补偿贸易trade credit accounts贸易信贷往来账户barter易货贸易counter purchase反向购买，互购buyback贺岁交易vertical垂直centrally planned economies中央打算经济competitive devaluation竞争性贬值Volkswagen公共汽车公司Xerox Corporation施乐公司processing trade加工贸易consignment寄售leasing trade租赁贸易auction拍卖agency代理10 ………………debtor 债务人debit借方financial standing账务状况credit worthiness资信靠得住状况periodic payments分时期付款cash in advance预付现金open account记账交易draft (bill of exchange)汇票drawer 出票人drawee受票人payee受款人usance draft （tenor draft ,term draft）远期汇票documentary draft跟单汇票clean draft光票documentary collection跟单托收documents against payment (D/P)付款交单documents against acceptance (D/P)承兑交单11 ………………applicant开证申请人opening bank开证银行beneficiary受益人correspondent bank关系行，往来行advising bank通知行amendment修改confirming bank保况行reimburse付款unit price单价partial shipment分批装运transshipment 转船the uniform customs and practice of documentary credits跟单信誉证统一老例in favor of支持the carrying vessel装运船只12 ………………clean credit光票信誉证non-trade settlement非贸易结算revocable credit可撤销信誉证irrevocable credit不可撤销信誉证maturity到期confirmed credit保兑信誉证leading bank要紧银行sight credit即期信誉证usance credit远期信誉证capital turnover资金周转face value面值transferable credit可转让信誉证non-transferable credit不可转让信誉证non-draft credit无汇票信誉证discount贴现率deferred payment推延付款revolving credit循环信誉证insolvent无支付能力的13 ………………documents单据take delivery of提（货）commission佣金discount折扣shipping marks唛头bill of lading提单carrier 承运人shipper托运人，货主consignor托运人carriage运输consignee收货人notify party被通知人payable应支付的airway bill空运提单insurance policy (certificate)保险单cargo receipt铁路运单commercial invoice商业发票legal holder合法持有人insurance certificate保险凭证customs invoice海关发票consular invoice领事发票consular visa领事签证shipping advice装船通知certificate of quality品质证书certificate of weight重量证书certificate of quantity数量证书certificate of health健康证书certificate of disinfection消毒证书certificate of origin原产地证书veterinary certificate兽医证书14 ………………documentation文件finished products制成品deregulation解除操纵productivity生产率cost economies节约本钱intermediate products中间产品natural product province产品自然领域inventory存货，库存logistics物流just-in-time inventory system零库存common carrier公共承运人contract carrier 契约承运人private carrier自有承运人15 ………………insured 被保险人insurer承保人claim索赔client顾客margin保证金draw提取，支取jeopardy风险literature文学，高作underwriter保险公司known premium已知的保险费pool统筹的资金cargo insurance货物保险marine insurance海上保险16 ………………port of origin原产地口岸，始发港voidable能够取消的indemnity损失补偿ruin损坏，破坏insurable interest可保险权益terms of sale价钱条件all risks全险principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原那么subrogation取代contribution捐献proximate cause of the loss致使损失的直接缘故forwarding charges交货费用free from particular average单独海损不赔with particular average单独海损补偿17 ………………exchange rate汇率gold standard金本位制peg挂钩，钉住par value平价reserve currency储蓄货币clean float清洁浮动dirty float龌龊浮动discount贴现idle funds游资direct quote直接标价indirect quote间接标价buying rate买入价selling rate卖出价medial rate中间价18 ………………financial resources资金finance提供资金earnings收益private sector私营经济balance of payments国际收支equity investment股权投资grace period优惠期capital infrastructure大体设施资金World Bank Group世界银行集团International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)国际振兴开发银行International Development Association （IDA）国际开发协会International Finance Corporation (IFC)国际金融公司Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)多边投资担保机构19 ………………returns收益customer mobility客户流动inventory存货tax holiday免税期greenfield strategy绿地战略acquisition并购joint venture合伙企业20 ………………investor 投资者securities有价证券finance资金equities股票broker经纪人jobber股票生意经纪人hedge爱惜，防御shortfall亏空shock exchange证券交易所long-term capital长期资本secondary capital market二级资本市场primary capital raising对新发行的有价证券的筹措活动market floor交易场地market maker市场庄家listed market挂牌证券交易市场income tax所得税gilt-edged stocks/securities金边证券options期权cost-effective合算的public sector borrowing requirement公共部门融资缺口books预订value added tax (VAT)增值税institutional investors事业机构投资商21 ………………most-favored nation clause最惠国条款generalized system of preferences普惠制non-discriminate非歧视的contracting party缔约方tariff quota关税配额trade-related贸易相关standard of living生活水平full employment充分就业tariff concession关税减让Uruguay Round乌拉圭回合谈判counter-veiling measures反补助方法anti-dumping反倾销national treatment国民待遇22 ………………escape clauses免责条款United Nations General Assembly联合国大会invisibles无形的non-discrimination principle (principle of non-discrimination treatment)非歧视性原那么terms of trade贸易条件new international economic order国际经济新秩序differential treatment区别对待preferential customs tariffs特惠税transfer of technology技术转让。
商务英语专有名词表述
外贸英语专有名词表述价格术语trade term (price term)装运港port of shipment 运费freight港口税port dues 单价price零售价retail price 码头费wharf age进口许口证import licence 总值total value现货价格spot price 卸货费landing charges出口许口证export licence 净价net price期货价格forward price 金额amount印花税stamp duty 关税customs duty含佣价price including commission现行价格（时价）current price prevailing price国际市场价格world (International)Market price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freigh交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered ship)交货时间time of delivery定程租船voyage charter装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original B\\\\L选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers’ account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间)分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间)平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable合同签订contract订单indent订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价）offer发实盘offer firm询盘（询价）inquiry; enquiry指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply **限* *复到subject to reply reaching here **有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till **购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to seller’s confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation贸易方式trading formsINT (拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade （或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade （又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency;exclusive agent品质quality原样original sample规格specifications 复样duplicate sample说明descripttion 对等样品countersample标准standard type 参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue 封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet 公差tolerance货号article No. 花色（搭配）assortment样品sample 5% 增减5% plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality商检仲裁commodity inspection arbitration索赔claim 争议disputes罚金条款penalty不可抗力force Majeure 仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quanlity重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity) **商品检验局**commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B) 品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate数量quatity个数number 净重net weight容积capacity 毛作净gross for net体积volume 皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause。
商务英语的专业术语
商务英语涉及许多专业术语，以下是其中一些常见的术语：1. 国际贸易术语（INCOTERMS）：是一套国际贸易中常用的术语，用于明确买卖双方在货物运输、保险、关税等方面的责任和费用。
常见的国际贸易术语包括FOB（船上交货）、CIF（成本加保险费加运费）等。
2. 商业发票（Commercial Invoice）：是出口商向进口商开立的说明货物名称、数量、价值、装运条款等内容的账单，是进口商清关、报税的重要文件。
3. 提单（Bill of Lading）：是承运人签发的证明货物已经装船并保证在指定目的地交货给收货人的凭证。
4. 信用证（Letter of Credit）：是一种由银行开立的保证付款文件，进口商凭以向出口商支付货款的支付方式。
5. 谈判（Negotiation）：是指贸易双方就交易条件进行协商，达成一致意见的过程。
6. 贸易壁垒（Trade Barrier）：是指妨碍国际贸易进行的因素，例如关税、配额、许可证等。
7. 反倾销税（Anti-dumping Duties）：是一种保护国内产业的措施，对倾销商品征收反倾销税，以消除其对国内产业的损害。
8. 贸易顺差/逆差（Trade Surplus/Deficit）：是指一国出口总额与进口总额之间的差额，贸易顺差表示出口额大于进口额，贸易逆差表示进口额大于出口额。
9. 贸易伙伴关系（Trade Partnership）：是指两个或多个国家之间通过签订贸易协定或建立自由贸易区等方式建立的贸易关系，旨在促进贸易自由化和加强经济合作。
10. 贸易条件（Terms of Trade）：是指一国出口商品与其进口商品之间的价格关系，通常用出口商品价格指数与进口商品价格指数之比来表示。
以上仅是商务英语中常用的一些术语，实际上商务英语中还有许多专业术语，根据具体的行业和业务领域有所不同。
商务英语专业术语词汇
商务英语专业术语词汇一、市场营销专业术语1. 市场细分（market segmentation）市场细分是指将整个市场划分为若干个更具体和具有相似需求的小市场的过程。
通过市场细分，企业可以更好地了解不同消费者群体的需求和行为，从而制定针对性的营销策略。
2. 市场定位（market positioning）市场定位是指企业通过确定自己的产品或服务在目标市场中相对于竞争对手的独特地位，以满足目标消费者的需求和期望。
通过市场定位，企业可以建立自己在市场中的形象，使消费者对其产生认知和好感。
3. 品牌管理（brand management）品牌管理是指企业通过策划、执行和控制各项与品牌相关的活动，以提高品牌的认知度、美誉度和忠诚度。
品牌管理可以帮助企业树立独特的形象和品牌价值，与消费者建立稳固的情感连接。
4. 市场调研（market research）市场调研是指通过收集、分析和解释有关市场、消费者和竞争对手的信息，以支持制定市场营销决策的过程。
市场调研可以帮助企业了解市场的需求和趋势，预测市场变化，并为产品开发和营销活动提供决策依据。
5. 客户关系管理（customer relationship management）客户关系管理是指企业通过建立和维护与客户之间的长期关系，以达到挖掘客户价值、增加客户忠诚度和提高营销绩效的目标。
客户关系管理包括客户的分类、沟通、满意度调查及售后服务等一系列活动。
二、经济学专业术语1. 市场经济（market economy）市场经济是指以市场供求关系为基础，通过价格机制和竞争机制调节资源配置、生产活动和分配关系的经济模式。
市场经济注重市场的自由运行和资源的有效配置，以实现经济的增长和效益最大化。
2. 政府干预（government intervention）政府干预是指政府通过法规、政策和控制措施对市场经济进行调控和管理的行为。
政府干预的目的是维护市场秩序、保护消费者权益、推动经济的可持续发展和社会的公平正义。
商务英语常见必背名词
商务英语常见必背名词第一部分：Marketing and Sales(市场与销售部分）Vice-President of Sales 销售副总裁Senior Customer Manager 高级客户经理Sales Manager 销售经理Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理Merchandising Manager 采购经理Sales Assistant 销售助理Wholesale Buyer 批发采购员Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员Real Estate Appraiser 房地产评估师Marketing Consultant 市场顾问Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员Manufacturers Representative 厂家代表Director of Subsidiary Rights 分公司权利总监Sales Representative 销售代表Assistant Customer Executive 客户管理助理Marketing Intern 市场实习Marketing Director 市场总监Insurance Agent 保险代理人Customer Manager 客户经理Vice-President of Marketing 市场副总裁Regional Customer Manager 地区客户经理Sales Administrator 销售主管Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监Advertising Manager 广告经理Travel Agent 旅行代办员Salesperson 销售员Telemarketer 电话销售员Sales Executive 销售执行者Marketing Assistant 市场助理Retail Buyer 零售采购员Real Estate Manager 房地产经理Real Estate Broker 房地产经纪人Purchasing Agent 采购代理Product Developer 产品开发Marketing Manager 市场经理Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员Advertising Assistant 广告助理Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail) 广告文撰写人Customer Representative 客户代表第二部分：Computers and Mathematics(计算机部分)Manager of Network Administration 网络管理经理MIS Manager 电脑部经理Project Manager 项目经理Technical Engineer 技术工程师Developmental Engineer 开发工程师Systems Programmer 系统程序员Administrator 局域网管理员Operations Analyst 操作分析Computer Operator 电脑操作员Product Support Manager 产品支持经理Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑操作主管Director of InFORMation Services 信息服务主管Systems Engineer 系统工程师Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Applications Programmer 应用软件程序员InFORMation Analyst 信息分析LAN Systems Analyst 系统分析Statistician 统计员第三部分：Human Resources（人力资源部分）Director of Human Resources 人力资源总监Assistant Personnel Officer 人事助理Compensation Manager 薪酬经理Employment Consultant 招募顾问Facility Manager 后勤经理Job Placement Officer 人员配置专员Labor Relations Specialist 劳动关系专员Recruiter 招聘人员Training Specialist 培训专员Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁Assistant Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁助理Personnel Manager 职员经理Benefits Coordinator 员工福利协调员Employer Relations Representative 员工关系代表Personnel Consultant 员工顾问Training Coordinator 培训协调员Executive and Managerial(管理部分)Chief Executive Officer(CEO) 首席执行官Director of Operations 运营总监Vice-President 副总裁Branch Manager 部门经理Retail Store Manager 零售店经理HMO Product Manager 产品经理Operations Manager 操作经理Assistant Vice-President 副总裁助理Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员Management Consultant 管理顾问District Manager 市区经理Hospital Administrator 医院管理Import/Export Manager 进出口经理Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员Program Manager 程序管理经理Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员Project Manager 项目经理Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理Regional Manager 区域经理Chief Operations Officer(COO) 首席运营官General Manager 总经理Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监Controller(International) 国际监管Food Service Manager 食品服务经理Production Manager 生产经理Administrator 医疗保险管理Property Manager 房地产经理Claims Examiner 主考官Controller(General) 管理员Service Manager 服务经理Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理Vending Manager 售买经理Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理Transportation Manager 运输经理Warehouse Manager 仓库经理Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理。
商务专有名词
商务专业术语Order在商务英语中order通常表示“定单”、“所定的货”。
We place orders with them regularly.我们定期向他们定货。
We can supply your order within three weeks.我们能在三周内为贵方提供定货。
made out to order(提单)做成凭指示的。
order B/L指示提单full set of clean on board B/L made out to order and endorsed in blank.全套清洁已装船做成凭指示和空白背书的提单。
discount通常可指“折扣”You can get a 10% discount for paying cash.如付现，你可享受10%的折扣。
但如句子或文章谈的是票据的话就要注意，它可能指的是“贴现”。
The bill of exchange was bought at a discount.此票据是贴现购进的。
Accept无论是普通英语还是商务英语，accept 通常指“接受”。
We accept your order No.123.我方接受你方124号定单。
在谈及银行、票据时，指“承兑”。
The bill of exchange was accepted for payment.汇票以承兑付款。
Honor通常和accept 意义相同，表示“承兑”票据。
The bank refused to honor the cheque.银行拒绝承兑支票。
相反，dishonor 指拒绝承兑（支票、汇票）Presentation在商务英语中通常指“交付”或“出示”支票或汇票，要求兑现。
The bill was payable on presentation.这张是见票即付汇票。
Issueissue 作为动词表示银行开立信用证。
The bank is asked to issue the L/C next week.银行要于下周开证Issue a draft 出票Correspondent指代理银行The bank has no branch in that place but we can arrange for you to deal with its correspondent there.这家银行在当地没有分杭，我们可以为你安排与大地代理行接洽。
商务英语专业名词缩写
AbbreviationsWTO (World Trade Organization) 世贸组织世贸组织U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟（1991年解体）SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) 联合国国际贸易标准分类IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织FDI (Foreign Direct investment) 对外直接投资EU (European Union) 欧盟欧盟ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) 东南亚国家联盟GDP (gross domestic product) 国内生产总值Abbreviations1.GSP (General System of Preference) 普遍优惠制2.ACP (Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific) 非洲，加勒比海和太平洋3.EU (European Union) 欧盟欧盟4.LDC (Less developed country) 欠发达国家5.OPEC（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）石油输出国家组织6.GNP（Gross National Product）国民生产总值7.NAFTA（North American Free Trade Agreement）北美自由贸易协定8.MFN（Most Favored Nation）最惠国）最惠国9.WTO（World Trade Organization）世界贸易组织TT（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）关税暨贸易总协定GATT10.GA11.SCM Agreement (The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures) 《补贴与反补贴措施协议》12.NGO（Non-Governmental Organization）非政府组织13.ADP Agreement (Anti-Dumping Agreement) 《反倾销协定》14.NV (normal value) 标准值标准值15.ERP (effective rate of protection) 有效保护率16.NTB (non-tariff barrier) 非关税壁垒非关税壁垒17.UNCTAD（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development）联合国贸易暨发展会议18.VER (voluntary export restraint) 自愿出口限制Abbreviation1.NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement) 北美自由贸易协定2. EFTA (the European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易协定3.EU (European Union) 欧盟欧盟4.OEEC (the Organization for European Economic Cooperation) 欧洲经济合作组织5.ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community) 欧洲煤钢共同体6.EURATOM (the European Atomic Energy Community) 欧洲原子能共同体7.EC (the European Community) 欧洲共同体8.CU (Customs Union) 关税联盟关税联盟9.CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) 共同农业政策10.EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) 经济货币联盟11.ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 东南亚国家联盟12.AFTA (the ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区13. AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) 东盟经济共同体东盟经济共同体14. APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经济合作亚太经济合作15. CEPT (Common Effective Preferential Tariff) 共同有效关税共同有效关税16. SME (S mall and Medium Enterprises Small and Medium Enterprises ) 中小企业中小企业17. ACIA (ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area) 东盟全面投资区域东盟全面投资区域 18. ASEAN-SAM (the ASEAN Single Aviation Market) 东盟单一航空市场东盟单一航空市场 19. ACFTA (ASEAN –China Free Trade Area ) 中国东盟自由贸易区中国东盟自由贸易区20. ABAC (APEC Business Advisory Council) 亚太经合组织工商咨询理事会亚太经合组织工商咨询理事会 21. ECOW ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) AS (Economic Community of West African States) 西非国家经济共同体西非国家经济共同体 22. UEMOA (West African Economic and Monetary Union) 西非经济货币联盟西非经济货币联盟 AbbreviationsGA GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) TT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关税与贸易总协定关税与贸易总协定 WTO (the World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织世界贸易组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织国际货币基金组织AMS （aggregate measurement of support ）(农产品)综合支持量综合支持量ATC (the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing) 纺织品和服装协议纺织品和服装协议MFA ( the Multifibre Arrangement ) 多种纤维协定多种纤维协定TMB （A Textiles Monitoring Body ）纺织品监督机构）纺织品监督机构TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) 与贸易有关的知识产权协议产权协议GA GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) TS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) 服务贸易总协议服务贸易总协议WIPO (the World Intellectual Property Organization ) 世界知识产权组织世界知识产权组织 IFIA （the International Federation of Inspection Agencies ）国际检验机构联合会）国际检验机构联合会 ICC （the International Chamber of Commerce ）国际商会）国际商会TRIMs （the Trade-Related Investment Measures ）与贸易有关的投资措施）与贸易有关的投资措施 DSB (Dispute Settlement Body) 争端解决机构争端解决机构AbbreviationsICC(The International Chamber of Commerce) 国际商会 CISG (UN Convention on Conventions for the International Sale of Goods) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约合同公约EDI (E lectronic Data Exchange of Information) Electronic Data Exchange of Information) 电子数据交换信息电子数据交换信息QC (Quality Control) 品质控制品质控制品质控制 AbbreviationsUCP (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits) 跟单信用证统一惯例与实务跟单信用证统一惯例与实务 AbbreviationsETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) 估计到达时间估计到达时间FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 食品及药物管理局食品及药物管理局 MTC (Multi-Modal Transport Contract) 综合运输合同综合运输合同B/L (Bill of Lading) 提货单提货单L/C (Letter of credit) 信用证信用证。
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国际商务英语专有名词表Unit Oneinternational business exports/importsexporter/importerpatentstrademarkscopyrightsinternational trade transportationtourismbankingadvertisingconstructionretailing/wholesaling insuranceeducationmass communication specializationabsolute advantage comparative advantage input/outputopportunity cost opportunity cost ratios exchange rateoperating costsbank credit agreements clearing arrangements trade in goodstrade in servicesvisible goods/invisible goods international investments balance of payments foreign direct investment (FDI)manufactured goods cultural conflicts negotiationmarketingbusiness administration business public relations businessman businesspeoplesubsidiary/subsidiariesjoint venturesaffiliated businesses general manager executivesCEOcommercial riskfinancial riskspolitical risksregulatory riskstax risksantitrust lawsdouble taxationcommercial creditcommercial lendingpurchased merchandise onaccountadvances on salescommercial billa qualified lenderbank loanscurrent ratiocash assetsoutstanding indebtednesscollateralcredit historyfinancial profilethe commodity economyindustry capitalbusiness enterprisespersonal creditcreditorsliensinternational businessmanagementcreative consciousnessthe capacity of working onone’s ownglobal economic integrationinternationalizationWTOUruguay RoundGATTNegotiation forumDoha Development Agendatrade rulesside-effectswell-beingtrade disputesagriculturetextiles and clothingtelecommunicationsgovernment purchasesgovernment procurementindustrial standardsproduct safetyfood sanitationregulationsintellectual propertytrade withoutdiscriminationGATSTRIPs Agreementmost-favored-nation(MFN)customs duty ratecustoms dutiestariffsnational treatmenttransparencyTrade Policy ReviewMechanismannexpredictable and growingaccess to marketsfree-tradeimport bansquotaspredictabilitythe bound ratestransition economiesfair competitiondumpingsubsidieseconomic reformthe least-developedcountriesUnit Twointernational tradeworld tradeoverseas tradeindustrializationadvanced transportationglobalizationtransnational corporations2trade restrictions governmental quotas export tariffstrade barriersraw materialscapital-intensive products land-intensive products labor-intensive commodities heavy construction equipmentindustrial machinery consumer goodslabor costsproduction facilities farming technologymass production economic benefits domestic marketnatural resources technology resources human resourcescost of productionpolitical strengthtastespreferencesconsumption patternsre-export/re-import favorable trade balance active trade balanceexport surplustrade surplusunfavorable trade balance adverse trade balance import surplustrade deficitexport trade, import trade and transit tradedirect trade, indirect trade and entrepot trade tangible trade and intangible tradebarter trade and free-liquidation trade direct transit trade and indirect transit tradethe bonded warehouse the domestic transportationlinewarehouse chargestransshipmentprocessorIncotermsCISGUCP600bargainingan intervening mediumcash tradeterms and conditionsbusiness correspondenceletters, telexes, cables, faxes,e-mails, etc.inquiry/enquiry, offer,counter-offer, acceptanceand conclusion of a contractdocumentary creditshipment documentssettlementanalytical studycredit standingcapacityspecificationstrade termsFOB, FCA, FAS, CFR, CPT,CIF, CIP, EXW, DAF, DDU,DDP, DES, DEQ,L/Cshipping spacecharter a shipimport entryimport inspectionsmarket research, creditinquiry, making contactscontractual termsMOFTECChinese Embassyforeign trade corporationschambers of commerceinquiry agenciesbusiness connectionsinquirera bank referencetrader, dealertrade shows, direct sales,direct mail,manufacturer’srepresentatives, wholesalersand distributorsthe consulate officeICCannual sales volumebusiness culturebusiness negotiationbusiness talksinternational fairsthe China ExportCommodities Fairthe export sales contractforce majeuretile documentsthe total volume of tradepractitionersan essential conditionthe mandatory supervisionthe prerequisitecustoms formalitiesa certificate of qualitytraditions and practicesUNCTADairfreight, sea freightopen accountaccuracy, completeness,conciseness and promptnessgovernment controldocumentscommercial documentstransportation documentsinsurance documentsfinancial documentsgeneral useimport licenseforeign exchange licenseexport licensecertificate of origininspection certificateconsular invoicecustoms invoicethe licensing authoritiescentral banks3customs clearance economic sanctionsa notary publicthe country of destintion preferred import statusthe place of manufacture the Import and Export Commodity Inspection BureauChina Council for Promotion of International Tradethe Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)EUpreferential import duties Certificate of Origin of Textile ProductsExport Licenses of Textile ProductsShipment Certificate of Textile ProductssurveyorInspection Certificate of QualityInspection Certificate of WeightInspection Certificate of QuantityInspection Certificate of Health and Veterinary Inspection Certificate Inspection Certificate of QuarantineAQSIQthe importing countrythe exporting countrypro forma invoice commercial invoicequality certificateweight certificate preliminary invoicea quotationan irrevocable letter of creditconsular documents Buyer’s referenceOrder number/indentnumberInvoice number and dateExport or import licensenumberMethod of dispatchShipment termsNames and addresses of theseller and the buyerCountry from which theshipment is madeDescription of the goodsRebate or similar incentivesSignature of the exporterapplication form forinternational moneytransferdrafts (bills of exchange)banker’s draftcommercial draftsight drafttime draft (usance draft)application for documentaryletter of credit and letter ofcreditcash in advanceremitterdrawer/draweepayor, payer/payeethe payment instrument30 days sight50 days after sight90 days after the date of thisdraft30 days after the bill ofladingMethod of adviceDate of expirybeneficiaryadvising/paying/confirmingbankpartial shipmentsport of shipmentairport/port of dischargeairport/port of loadinga payment undertakingshipping notepacking listbill of ladingrail/road consignment noteair waybill (AWB)parcel post receiptcombined transportdocumentsarrival notificationon board his vessela delivery or receipt notea Mate’s Receiptthe on-board bill of ladinga supplimentary documentinsurance claimsclaim settlementsconsignor/consigneeplace of deliveryshipping markscontainer numbercarriershipperbulk cargocubic measurementgross weightthe notified partyrail transportthe departure/destinationstationtransferable or negotiablean instruciton sheeta straight or non-negotiablebill of ladingright of disposalthe shipping brokerthe insurer (insurancecompany), underwriterthe insuredan indispensable adjunctinsurance policyinsurance certificateopen policyinsurance coveragePICCmutual consent4legal avoidancebreach of contractcargo readiness customary packages seaworthy shipment packingCISGsole ownershipindustrial property rightL/Cfund shortagemarket fluctuation payment routelate shipmentthe amendment notification the shipping orderdelivery documents working fundsshipping operationtaking deliveryinspection reportUnit Threebusiness negotiationsocial interaction consultationbargainingmediationarbitrationlitigationwin-winprinciple/integrative bargaining/interest-based bargainingequality principlesincere cooperationkeep it flexible and fluid positional bargaining mutual success convergence of interests equality and mutual benefit law statusnegotiation strategies and tacticsthe negative effects preparation for negotiationthe negotiating teamgathering of informationthe negotiation briefan essential preconditionthe factual requirementinner depletionextra expensework-loadproduction organizaitoninvestment distributiona development projectan engineering projectthe chief negotiatortechnologistfinancial expertlegal specialistbackup onespublic relationscontingency abilitiescapital guaranteethe power of the collectivethe optimal effectexplicit responsibilitiesthe cooperation ofnegotiatorsa clear job-divisionthe cooperation betweenon-stage people andout-stage onesrepresentatives and deputiesfavorable moral charactersnecessary psychologicalmakingsnecessary professionalknowledgefavorable language skillsfavorable polical makingsthe physical factors (thetempo, intensity, flexibility,stability and so on )sanguine peoplebilious peoplephlegmatical peopledepressed peoplethe factual needsgeneralistscommercial warsbilateral and multilateralcommunicationidentifying issuesissues and objectivesa competitive negotiationa noncompetitivenegotiationa responsible sourcea contract priceinfrastructurelogistics systemsub-contractorsbusiness scopeannual sales volumespaybacka feasibility studypolitical and socialbackgroundsocial and economic analysisdetailed analysislocation and sitemain costsmanpowerschedul implementationfinancial and economicevaluaitonalternative approachesthe basic components andimplicationsplant capacitymarket demandoverhead costsadministrative overheadsa timeframefixed investmentsnet working capitalestimatesnegotiating brief andnegotiating planmemoranduman invitation to offeran invitation to make a bidpromotional communicationsales literature5offeror/offereeselling offer/buying offer offer with engagementoffer without engagement firm offerirrevocable offercommon practicea usual practicequotation sheetsfinal confirmationa contractual relationship purchase contractagency arrangement exclusive sales agreement absence of feedback satisfactionself-reinforcementtwo human biasesthe confirmation bias egocentrismmediocrityself-esteemseparate people from the problemfocus on interests not positionsbe well preparedbe patience and integrity legitimate concerns personal attacksblue-eyed weakness offensive and defensivea defensive-offensive stance a neutral stanceoutright acceptance outright rejectionqualified rejectiona nimble attackthe barrier of language cooperative language style competitive language style a longstanding relationship one-off contractsan all-purpose excuse deceptive strategiesjargon acronymscontractionstechnical termslanguage principlescourtesy, conciseness, clarity,correctness,constructiveness andconcessiontrade-offdeadlockmulti-nationsmulti-nationalitiescultural analysissub-cultural dynamicsinterculturalcommunicationbreakdownintergroupencode and decodecultural literacycultural implicationsgeneral guidelinesverbal/nonverbalfacial expressonseye contactgesturesbody movementsposturephysical appearancespacebody languageorientationmonochronic andpolychronicdominant culture settingssocioeconomic classcultural conflictsbusiness normsa sophisticated protocolguest-host relationshipunwritten rulesa fallback positionlinear communicationUnit FourInternational trade termsa price/export quotationsincidental chargesa foreign trade merchantIncoterms2000the price of commoditythe unit pricea name of currency, a unitprice, a measuring unit, atrade term, and a name ofdestination or shippingplacemiscellaneous expensesinternational rules andpractices on trade termsWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932Revised American ForeignTrade Definition 1941The American Chamber ofCommercethe National ImportersAssociationthe American Foreign TradeAssociationthe US Export Quotationsand Abbreviations in 1919EX-point of originEx Factory, Ex Mill, ExMinenamed inland carriernamed inland of departurenamed point of destinationnamed place of destinationnamed port of destinationnamed port of shipmentnamed point of exportationnamed point of importationnamed point/placenamed inland point incountry of importationFreight Prepaid ToFreight Allowed ToC&F, EX-DOCKthe ship’s railthe risk of loss or of damagesales contract6the mode of transportmulti-modal transportsea or inland waterway transport/transportation marine insuranceobtain insurance only on minimum coverthe buyer’s/seller’s obligationsthe export/import permit and export/import traxthe loading/unloading cost the insurance premiumthe sea freightthe seller’s/buyer’s premises customary packing/manner a contract of carriageMT(metric ton) subsequent carriersthe first carrierat the disposal of the buyer basic/special packingthe loading berthib/IBa land frontierwarehouseterminaltransport stationcommon misconceptions property rightsvariants of Incoterms under tackleliner termsFOB trimmed/towedentry feeUnit Fivepricingpricing principlesprice and unit pricethe accompanying services the pulse of the marketsthe price of commodity, the unit price: a nature of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a tradeterm and a name ofdestination or shippingplacecost structurecosts of production, sellingand delivery costs, andcustoms dutiesancillary costthe factory pricefixed costsvariable costscommissionssales trip expensespricing methodslong-term objectiveshort-term objectiveprofitabilitymarket shareannual budgetssales volumecost-based pricingbreak-even pricingmarginal cost pricingmargin of profit, profitmargintarget costingthe break-even point (BEP)FC, P, VCtotal fixed pricemortgage interest/paymentsreal estate taxesmarginal costthe direct coststhe variable overheadsmoney of accountmoney of paymenthard currencysoft currencyvehicle currencyforeign exchange ratesforeign exchange riskfloating exchange ratesexposurehedgeforward marketforward ratespot marketbrokerage housesforward contractintermediary servicequantity discountcash discountspecial discountnet pricepricing strategiesthe marketing mixfollowing-the-leader pricingpenetration pricingcost-oriented pricingdemand-oriented pricingretail pricingthe break-even pointmarketerscomponent partsutilitiessuppliersoperating expensesadvertising campaignsmanufacturersfranchise marketersthe U.S Small BusinessAdministration (SBA)government regulationsload weightsspeed limitsa unit price: currency unit,unit price figure,measurement unit anddelivery termsinitial priceUnit Sixinternational transportationocean transportrail transportationair transportationcontainer transportinternational multi-modaltransportationsea ports7carrying capacityliner transportcharter transport / tramp transportthe four fixed: fixed sailing date, fixed route and fixed ports to call at, and relatively fixed freight rate consignor/consigneethe intermediate ports freight: basic freight + surchargesthe basic freight ratethe tariff of freight rate W, M, W/M, Ad Val., W/M or Ad Val.per metric tonweight tonper cubic meter measurement tonfreight toncharge surcharges transshipment surcharges fuel surcharges overweight and overlength surchargesa charter party: the charterer and the ship ownerbulk cargocrude oilraw timbertime chartervoyage charterthe loading/unloading rate demurragedispatch moneyliner term, free out (FO), free in (FI), free in and out (FIO)scheduled airliners chartered planes consolidated consignments by freight forwardersFull Container Load (FCL) Less than Container Load (LCL)a door to door servicedesk-to-desk serviceport to port shipmentthe Container FreightSation (CFS)the point of originthe place of destinationa multi-modal transportoperatorthe general carrierconveyancesub-carriersmarine bills of ladingseaway billsairway bills (AWB) or airconsignment notescombined transportdocumentsinland transport waybills(road waybill or CMRconsignment note andrailway bill or cargo receipt)courier receipt or postparcel receiptsshippingthe bill of lading (B/L)a traded objecta contract of carriagea receipt of goodsa title documentin apparent good orderparties of a bill of lading:the carrier and theshipper/the consignor, theconsignee, the notify partyand the transferee /theendorsee /holderdifferent ordersdemonstrative orderrestrictive orderbearer order“to order” and “to the orderof the shipper”“to the order of the issuingbank”“to the order of theimporter”“to bearer”under collectionnon-paymentnon-commercialtransactionsbe left blank“to the named consignee(importer)”blank endorsementspecial endorsementthe shipping company (thecarrier)the charting vesselthe voyae numberthe port of receipt/the portof loading/the port ofshipmentthe port of destination/theport of discharge/the port ofdeliverythe premises of theimporter/exportermarks and numbersboxes/cartons/casesbe prepaid or collectedfreight prepaid/freightcollectoriginal B/L, copiestypes of bill of ladingon board B/L (or shippedB/L) and a received forshipment B/Lin one’s custodyclean (or unclaused) B/Land unclean (or foul) B/Lnegotiable B/L (order B/Land bearer B/L or open B/L)and straight B/L (ornon-negotiable B/L or anamed consignee B/L)direct B/L andtransshipment B/Llong form B/L and shortform B/L8liner B/L and chartered B/L on deck B/Lstale B/Lante-dated B/L & advanced B/Lcontainer B/Lcontents leaking, packaging spoiled by contents, packaging broken / holed / torn / damaged, packaging contaminated, goods damaged / scratched, packaging badly dented, packaging damaged and contents exposed, insufficient packing, cases short shipped, goods unprotected / unboxed / partial protected, etc. Combined Transport Document (CTD) Combined Transport Operator (CTO)the estimated date of departure (ETD)the estimated time of arrival (ETA)forwarderNVD: no value declared The flight dateCMR, CIMadditional protocolEMS, DHL, UPS, FedEx the post officea courieran expedited delivery serviceexpedite (a.) servicesperils and lossesperils of the sea, maritime losses , maritime expenses lightergeneral perils of the sea and extraneous risksnatural calamities (vile weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami, earthquake, flood,etc.)fortuitous accidentsgeneral extraneous risksand special extraneous riskstheft, pilferage,contamination, leakage,breakage, sweating and/orheating, taint of odor,rusting, hook damage, freshand/or rain water damage,short-delivery andnon-delivery, shortage inweight, clashing, etc.political or military affairsor administrative ruleswar, strike, heightened duty,rejection, etc.total loss and partial lossactual total loss andconstructive total lossgeneral average (G. A.) andpartial average (P. A. )sue and labor expensessalvage chargesmarine insurance clausesthe acope of cover,exclusions, commencementand termination of cover,duty of the insured, time ofvalidity of a claim, etc.basic insurance andadditional insurancebasic marine insurancecoverage: FPA (Free FromParticular Average), WPAand All risksadditional risksgeneral risks and specialrisksCIC (China InsuranceClauses)warehouse to warehouseclause11 general additional risks:theft, pilferage andnon-delivery risk (TPND),fresh water and/or raindamage risk (FWRD), clashand breakage risks, leakagerisk, shortage risk,intermixture andcontamination risks, taint ofodor risk, sweat an heatingrisks, rust risk, breakage ofpacking risk, hook damagerisk8 special additional risks:war risk, strike risk, failureto delivery risk, import dutyrisk, on deck risk, rejectionrisk, aflatoxin risk, fire riskextersion clause for storageof cargo at destination inHong Kong, includingKowloon, or Macao (FREC)import and export cargoinsurance practicesinsurance amount andpremiumclaim for lossesadvice of lossesshipping clause(transportation clause )time of shipmenttime of deliverythe port/place of shipmentand destinationpartial shipment / shipmentby installmentstime policy, voyage policyand mixed policyinsurance policy, insurancecertificate, combinedcertificate and open policyunvalued policy and valuedpolicy9。