英国公司法(修改版).

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英国公司章程_中文(3篇)

第1篇第一章总则第一条本章程依据《英国公司法》（Companies Act 2006）制定，适用于[公司名称]（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”），以规范公司的组织、管理和运营。

第二条公司为依照英国法律注册成立的[股份有限公司/有限责任公司]，其注册地为[注册地址]。

第三条公司的宗旨是：[公司宗旨描述，如提供某种产品或服务，追求某种社会或经济目标等]。

第二章股东第四条公司的股东为[公司名称]，其注册资本为[注册资本金额]英镑。

第五条股东的权利：1. 参加股东大会，有表决权；2. 依照公司章程和英国法律，转让或出售其持有的股份；3. 收取股息；4. 在公司清算时，依照其持股比例，分得剩余财产；5. 查阅公司章程、股东名册、董事会会议记录和财务会计报告；6. 法律、法规和公司章程规定的其他权利。

第六条股东的义务：1. 遵守公司章程；2. 按时足额缴纳股款；3. 不得滥用股东权利损害公司或其他股东的利益；4. 法律、法规和公司章程规定的其他义务。

第三章股东大会第七条股东大会是公司的最高权力机构，由全体股东组成。

第八条股东大会的职权：1. 审议和批准公司的年度报告和财务会计报告；2. 选举和罢免董事；3. 修改公司章程；4. 决定公司的合并、分立、解散和清算；5. 决定公司增资或减资；6. 决定公司发行新股；7. 决定公司利润的分配；8. 决定公司重要事项；9. 法律、法规和公司章程规定的其他职权。

第九条股东大会分为年度股东大会和临时股东大会。

第十条年度股东大会应当于每个财政年度结束后六个月内召开。

第十一条临时股东大会的召开，由董事会或持有公司10%以上股份的股东提议。

第十二条股东大会应当以书面形式通知全体股东，通知中应载明会议的时间、地点、议程和股东应准备的资料。

第四章董事会第十三条董事会由[董事会人数]名董事组成，由股东大会选举产生。

第十四条董事会的职权：1. 指导公司的经营和管理；2. 执行股东大会的决议；3. 选举和罢免董事长；4. 制定公司的发展战略、经营计划和投资方案；5. 决定公司的重大事项；6. 任命和解除公司高级管理人员；7. 制定公司内部管理制度；8. 法律、法规和公司章程规定的其他职权。

英国公司法

英国公司法（Company Law）第一章注册公司的法律特征Company Law: Fundamental Principles, （2nd ed.） Stephen Griffin LLB, PITMAN Publishing, 1996THE LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A REGISTERED COMPANY本章主要讲述了注册公司的基本法律特征及其发展的历史。

公司在一定意义上可以被看作是一个虚构的实体，它只不过是其管理者和员工按照团体模式经营的一种方式或手段。

依照大陆法系的分类，这种观点似乎可以被看作是法人拟制说。

但是在法律上，按照公司法的规定注册的公司，这种虚构的本质在这种程度上被忽视了，从公司成立之日起，它就是一个公司实体。

正因为如此，注册公司是一个独立的法律主体，它像一个自然人那样享有权利和承担义务。

这是公司的第一个重要的特征。

除此之外，大量的公司都具有有限责任的特点。

公司的有限责任分为股份的有限和保证的有限。

（除有特别说明，本书将主要讲股份的有限。

）有限责任是指公司股东一旦（以股票的名义价值）完全出资认购了所持有的股份，他就不再对公司的债务承担任何责任。

公司的成立导致了公司和其股东地位的分离。

因此，公司的存在不再依赖于其成员的存在于否。

成立这样一个公司最大的好处是股东的有限责任，但最大的缺点是商业隐私的缺失。

与合伙不同，注册公司必须满足许多关于披露信息的要求。

公司的概念产生于19世纪中期，但在此之前，就已存在现代公司的前身。

首先产生的是特许公司。

从17世纪起，随着世界船舶贸易的发展，特许的股份公司产生了。

股份公司是一个通过王室特许产生的，有着复杂形式的合伙企业。

特许状通常授予其在特定贸易中的垄断权。

这种公司虽然也具有独立的法律身份，但是除非特许状有特殊规定，这种企业的成员没有任何形式的有限责任。

随着股份公司的发展，股票交易也日益增多。

到18世纪前期，股票成为一些公司投机的手段。

英国公司法

英国公司法（Company Law）第十章有限责任公司股份的法律性质和特征--------------------------------------------------------------------------------作者：明月孤岑文章来源：竹月斋发表于2006年10月21日Company Law: Fundamental Principles, （2nd ed.）Stephen Griffin LLB, PITMAN Publishing, 1996THE LEGAL NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLDING SHARES IN A LIMITED COMPANY本章的目的是探讨不同种类的有限公司股份的法律特征，以及法院和国务大臣对股份所有权所施加的限制。

股票代表股东在公司的权益，这种权益以一定数量的金钱来衡量。

它首先包括义务，其次包括权利，但是也包括所有股东缔结的一系列双向契约。

股票的名义价值或票面价值（the nominal value）是指股东从公司购买股票所支付的最低价。

如果公司以高于票面价值的价格卖出股票，则实际价格和票面价格的差额被称为“股票溢价”（share premium），并应记载于股票溢价帐户上。

公司成员，正如我们在前面经常看到的，与股东不是一个相同的概念。

在以下几种情况下，一个人可以成为公司的成员：1、公司成立时，在公司的备忘录上签署；2、向公司成功地申请购买股票；3、向公司现有的股东购买股票；4、因公司成员的死亡或破产而继受股票。

尽管在大多数情况下，“成员”和“股东”是可以相互转换的两个名称，但有时，公司成员不是股东，而股东也可以不是成员。

例如，保证有限责任公司有成员，但没有股东。

CA1985规定，公司应当对其成员的名称、地址以及其持股程度做记录。

如果成员记录中的一些重要细节有错误时，法律规定可以修改。

股票的发行（issue）或配售（allot）通常是公司董事会决议的结果，而董事会必须有发行股票的权力。

BVI 公司法,中文版

英属维尔京群岛(BVI)公司法1984年（修订版）目录第一部分简称和注释第一条简称第二条注释第二部分公司的设立第三条成立第四条成立的限制第五条国际公司的要求第六条不符合第五条规定要求的后果第七条个人责任第八条营业目的第九条权限第十条公司行为的合法性第十一条公司名称第十二条公司组织大纲第十三条公司章程第十四条登记第十五条公司注册证书第十六条公司组织大纲和公司章程的修改第十七条为社员准备的公司组织大纲和公司章程的副本第三部分资本和股利第十七条A 分派股票的权限第十八条股票对价的完全支付第十九条股票对价的种类第十九条A 股票的没收第二十条股票对价的金额第二十一条零头股票第二十一条A 以几种货币表示的授权资本第二十二条股本和盈余额帐户第二十三条股票的盈余第二十四条授权资本的增加或减少第二十五条分割和合并第二十六条股票的特征第二十七条股票证书第二十八条股票登记册第二十九条股票登记册的修正第三十条记名股票的转让第三十一条不记名股票的转让第三十二条没收股票第三十三条取得公司自身的股票第三十四条法律资格欠缺的库存股票第三十五条资本的增加或减少第三十六条股利第三十七条资产的增值第三十七条A 股票的抵押第四部分注册办公室和代理人第三十八条注册办公室第三十九条注册代理人第四十条本条已废除第四十条A 注册代理人登记册第四十一条违反第三十八条和第三十九条应处的罚款第五部分董事、高级职员、代理人和清算人第四十二条董事的管理第四十三条董事的选举、任期和免职第四十三条A 非强制性的董事登记册第四十四条董事的数量第四十五条董事的权力第四十六条董事的报酬第四十七条董事会第四十八条董事会议第四十九条董事会议的通知第五十条董事会议的法定人数第五十一条董事的同意第五十二条董事的代表人第五十三条高级职员和代理人第五十四条谨慎的标准第五十五条对记录和汇报的信任第五十六条利益的冲突第五十七条免于受罚第五十八条董事责任险保险第六部分对社员和债权人的保护第五十九条社员会议第六十条社员会议的通知第六十一条社员会议的法定人数第六十二条社员的投票第六十二条A 表决信托第六十三条社员的同意第六十四条给社员的通知的送达第六十五条给公司的传票等的送达第六十六条帐簿、记录和公章第六十七条检查帐簿和记录第六十八条普通合同第六十九条公司成立前订立的合同第七十条支付或转让合同第七十一条A 非强制性的抵押登记第七十一条本票和汇票第七十二条代理人的权限第七十三条证明或认证第七十四条无社员的公司第七部分兼并、合并、资产出售、强制赎回、重组和异议者第七十五条对第八部分的有关术语的解释第七十六条兼并和合并第七十七条与子公司的合并第七十八条兼并或合并的效力第七十九条与外国公司的兼并或合并第八十条资产的处分第八十一条对少数股票的赎回第八十二条重组第八十三条异议股东的权利第八部分存续第八十四条公司的延续第八十五条临时登记第八十六条延续证书第八十七条延续的效力第八十八条根据外国法律进行的延续第九部分清盘和剔除第八十九条强制清盘第九十条自愿清盘第九十一条董事在公司清盘中的权限第九十二条清算人的职责第九十三条清算人的权限第九十四条清盘的程序第九十五条清盘的撤销第九十六条不能支付债务等的公司的清盘第九十七条由法院决定进行的清盘第九十八条接管官和财务管理人第九十九条剔除第一百条恢复到登记册中第一百零一条剔除的效力第一百零二条法定财产清算人的任命第一百零三条已被剔除的公司的清盘第十部分费用和罚款第一百零四条费用第一百零五条执照费第一百零六条向登记官缴纳的罚款第一百零七条罚款等的追缴第一百零八条被剔除的公司对费用等承担责任第一百零九条费用等被纳入统一基金第一百二十条向登记官缴纳的费用第十一部分所得税、印花税和文件的登记第一百一十条A 免除纲税义务等第一百一十条B 非强制性的登记册的登记第一百一十一条非强制性的抵押登记第十二部分杂项第一百一十二条条例第一百一十三条证书的形式第一百一十四条良好信誉第一百一十五条文件的检查第一百一十六条管辖权第一百一十七条法院的声明第一百一十八条法官判案第一百一十九条开始生效第一部分简称和定义简称第一条这部法律可以被援引为1984年国际公司法。

公司法(中英)

Order of the President(No. 42 [2005])The Company Law of the People's Republic of China was amended and adopted at the 18th session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on October 27, 2005. The amended Company Law of the People's Republic of China is hereby promulgated and shall come into force on January 1, 2006.President of the People's Republic of China Hu JintaoOctober 27, 2005Company Law of the People's Republic of China(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on December 29, 1993. Revised for the first time on December 25, 1999 according to the Decision of the Thirteenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth People's Congress on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China. Revised for the second time on August 28, 2004 according to the Decision of the 11th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China. Revised for the third time at the 18th Session of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on October 27, 2005)ContentsChapter I General ProvisionsChapter II Establishment and Organizational Structure of A Limited Liability Company中华人民共和国主席令（第42号）《中华人民共和国公司法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议于2005年10月27日修订通过，现将修订后的《中华人民共和国公司法》公布，自2006年1月1日起施行。

公司法英文版

新《公司法》(英文版法条)Company Law of the People's Republic of China(The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China has been amended and adopted by the 18th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on October 27, 2005. This Law, as amended, is hereby promulgated and will come into force on January 1, 2006.)Chapter One: General ProvisionsChapter Two: Incorporation and Organizational Structure of a Limited Liability Company Section One IncorporationSection Two Organizational StructureSection Three Special Provisions on One-Person Limited Liability CompaniesSection Four Special Provisions on Wholly State-owned CompaniesChapter Three: Share Transfer of a Limited Liability CompanyChapter Four: Establishment and Organizational Structure of a Joint Stock Limited Company Section One EstablishmentSection Two General Meeting of ShareholdersSection Three Board of Directors and General ManagerSection Four Board of SupervisorsChapter Five Issue and Transfer of Shares of Joint Stock Limited CompaniesSection One Issue of SharesSection Two Assignment Of SharesChapter Six: Qualifications and Obligations of Directors, Supervisors and Senior OfficersChapter Seven: Company BondsChapter Eight : Financial and Accounting Affairs of CompanyChapter Nine:Merger and Division of Company, Increase and Decrease of Registered CapitalChapter Ten: Dissolution and Liquidation of CompanyChapter Eleven : Branch of Foreign CompanyChapter Twelve: Legal LiabilitiesChapter Thirteen : Supplementary ProvisionsChapter One: General ProvisionsArticle 1This Law is enacted in order to standardize the organization and activities of companies, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors, to maintain the socio-economic order and to promote the development of the socialist market economy.Article 2The term 'company' referred to in this Law means a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company incorporated within the territory of the People's Republic of China in accordance with this Law.Article 3A company is an enterprise legal person that shall enjoy the right to the entire independent property of the legal person. A company shall be liable for its debts to the extent of all its assets. In the case of a limited liability company, shareholders shall assume liability towards the company to the extent of their respective capital contributions. In the case of a joint stock limited company, shareholders shall assume liability towards the company to the extent of their respective shareholdings.Article 4The shareholders of a company shall enjoy such rights as benefiting from assets of the company, making major decisions and selecting managerial personnel in accordance with the law.Article 5In conducting its business, a company must abide by laws and administrative rules and regulations, observe social morals and business ethics, conduct businesses in good faith, subject itself to the supervision of the government and the public and fulfill social responsibilities.The company's lawful rights and interests are protected by law and shall not be infringed upon.Article 6A company shall apply to the company registration authority for establishment registration. Companies meeting the conditions set by this Law shall be registered as limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies; while companies failing to meet the conditions set by this Law shall not be registered as limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies.Where laws, administrative rules and regulations provide that incorporation of companies must be subject to examination and approval, the procedures of examination and approvalshall be completed according to law prior to the registration of such companies.The public may inquire about registration items from the company registration authority. The company registration authority shall provide such inquiry service.Article 7The company registration authority shall grant registration and issue a business license to a company that is established in accordance with the law. The date of the issuance of the company business license shall be the date of the incorporation of the company.The business license shall specify the name and domicile of the company, registered capital, paid-in capital, business scope, the name of the legal representative, etc. In the event of any change to the registration item of the business license, a company shall undergo alteration registration procedures with the company registration authority in accordance with the law, after which a new business license shall be issued to the company.Article 8A limited liability company established according with this Law must clearly indicate the words 'limited liability company' in its name.A joint stock limited company established according to this Law must clearly indicate the words 'joint stock limited company' or ‘joint stock company’ in its name.Article 9If a limited liability company is to be converted into a joint stock limited company, it shall satisfy the requirements for a joint stock limited company stipulated by this Law. If a joint stock limited company is to be converted into a limited liability company, it shall satisfy the requirements for a limited liability company stipulated by this Law. Where a limited liability company is converted into a joint stock limited company or vice versa, the claims and debts of the original company shall be succeeded to by the company into which it is converted.Article 10A company's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative organization is located.Article 11Articles of association must be formulated in accordance with the law when a company is incorporated. A company's articles of association shall have binding force on the company, its shareholders, directors, supervisors and senior officers.Article 12A company's scope of business shall be defined in its articles of association and registered in accordance with the law. A company may change its scope of business by amending its articles of association but shall register such amendments with the company registration authority.Items within the company's business scope that are subject to verifications under laws, administrative rules and regulations shall be approved in accordance with the law.Article 13The legal representative of a company may be represented by the chairman, executive director or manager of a company in compliance with its articles of association and registered in accordance with the law. In the event of any change of the legal representative of a company, such change shall be registered in accordance with the law.Article 14A company may establish branches. The company, in establishing its branch(es), shall conduct establishment registration procedures with the company registration authority and obtain the business license(s). The branches shall not possess the status of enterprise legal persons and whose civil liabilities shall be borne by the company.A company may establish subsidiaries, which shall possess the status of enterprise legal persons, and shall independently bear civil liabilities in accordance with the law.Article 15A company may invest in other enterprises, however, unless otherwise stipulated by the law, the company making such investment shall not bear joint and several liability for the debts of the enterprise in which the company invests.Article 16Investments in other enterprises or provisions of security by a company shall be determined by its board of directors, shareholders meeting or general meeting of shareholders in compliance with its articles of association. Where the limit of the aggregate amount of investment or security extended by a company or, the amount of investment or security extended in each case is set out in the articles of association, the actual amount of investment or security shall not exceed such limit. Security provided by a company to its shareholders or actual controller shall be determined by the shareholders meeting or the general meeting of shareholders of the company.The shareholders described in the preceding paragraph or the shareholders dominated by the actual controller described in the preceding paragraph shall not participate in the voting process on the matters described in the preceding paragraph. The vote on such matters shall be adopted by more than half of all the other shareholders attending the meeting.Article 17Companies must protect the lawful rights and interests of their staff and workers, sign labor contracts with them and cover them with social insurances in accordance with the law, and strengthen labor protection so as to achieve safety in production.Companies shall apply various forms to strengthen professional education and on-the-job training of their staff and workers so as to improve their skills and capabilities.Article 18Company's staff and workers shall, in accordance with the Trade Union Law of the People’s Republic of China, organize a trade union to carry out the trade union activities and protectthe lawful rights and interests of the staff and workers. The company shall provide its trade union with conditions necessary for carrying out its activities. The trade union may represent the staff and workers to enter into a collective contract with the company in respect of the remuneration, work hours, welfare, insurance, labor security, etc. in accordance with the law.Companies shall, through the congress of the workers and staff members or other forms, practice democratic management in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and relevant laws.A company shall seek advices from its trade union when discussing and deciding upon important issues on the restructuring or operation of the company, or formulating important rules and regulations and shall, through the congress of the workers and staff members or other forms, seek advice and suggestions from its staff and workers.Article 19The organizations of the Communist Party of China may be established in companies and carry out their activities in accordance with the Constitution of the Communist Party of China. Companies shall provide the organizations of the Communist Party of China with conditions necessary for carrying out their activities.Article 20The shareholders of a company shall exercise their shareholders’rights in compliance with laws, administrative rules and regulations as well as the articles of association of the company, shall not abuse their shareholders’ rights to injure the interests of the company or other shareholders, or take advantage of the company’s independent status or the limited liability of shareholders to injure the interests of the company’s creditors.Where the abuse of shareholders’ rights causes any loss to the company or other shareholders, such abusive shareholder shall be liable for compensation in accordance with the law.Where shareholders of a company take advantage of the company’s independent status or the limited liability of shareholders to disregard debts and seriously injures the interests of the company’s creditors, such shareholders shall bear joint and several liability for the debts ofthe company.Article 21The controlling shareholders, actual controllers, directors, supervisors or senior officers of a company shall not take advantage of their affiliations with others in an attempt to harm the company’s interests and, where any losses are incurred in violation hereof, shall be liable for compensation.Article 22Any resolution against laws and administrative rules and regulations that is adopted by the shareholders meeting, the general meeting of shareholders or the board of directors of a company shall be null and void.Where the convening of shareholders meeting, general meeting of shareholders or board of directors of a company or the voting method violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or the articles of association of the company, or the resolution thereof contravenes the articles of association of the company, shareholders may, within sixty (60) days of the resolution, apply to the people’s court for revocation.Where shareholders file suit in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a people’s court may, at the company’s request, order the shareholders to provide relevant security.Where the company has effected alteration registration according to the resolution of shareholders meeting, general meeting of shareholders or board of directors, the company shall, after the people’s court declares such resolution null and void or revokes the same, shall apply to the company registration authority for cancellation of its alteration registration.Chapter Two: Incorporation and Organizational Structure of a Limited Liability CompanySection One IncorporationArticle 23The following conditions shall be fulfilled for the incorporation of a limited liability company:(1) The number of shareholders conforms to the statutory quorum;(2) The capital contributions of the shareholders reach the statutory minimum amount of capital;(3) The shareholders have jointly formulated the articles of association of the company;(4) The company has a name and an organizational structure established in compliance with the requirements for a limited liability company; and(5) The company has a domicile.Article 24A limited liability company shall be incorporated by not more than fifty (50) shareholders.Article 25The articles of association of a limited liability company shall specify the following particulars:(1) the name and domicile of the company;(2) the scope of business of the company;(3) the registered capital of the company;(4) the names or titles of the shareholders;(5) the method, amount and time of capital contributions by the shareholders;(6) the organization of the company, its method of creation, functions and powers and therules of procedure;(7) the legal representative of the company;(8) other items which the shareholders deem necessary to be specified. Shareholders shall sign and execute the article of association of the company.Article 26The registered capital of a limited liability company shall be the amount of the paid-up capital contributions of all its shareholders as registered with the company registration authority. The amount of the initial investment contributed by all shareholders shall not be lower than twenty percent (20%) of the registered capital or the minimum amount prescribed by the law, the remaining of which shall be fully paid up within two years of the establishment of the company. In the case of an investment company, the remaining amount of the registered capital may be paid up within five years of the establishment of the company. The minimum amount of the registered capital of a limited liability company shall be RMB 30, 000. Where laws and administrative regulations provide for more than the minimum amount, such provisions shall apply.Article 27Except for assets forbidden to be used as contribution by laws and administrative regulations, a shareholder may make its capital contributions to a company in currency or by contributing such non-currency property as material objects, intellectual property rights and land-use rights that can be evaluated in the form of currency and transferred in accordance with the law.The non-currency property to be contributed as capital shall undergo an asset valuation and verification, and shall not be overvalued or undervalued. Where there are other provisions of laws and administrative regulations on the valuation and verification of non-currency property, such provisions shall apply.The amount of the capital contributions in currency shall not be lower than thirty percent (30%) of the amount of the registered capital of the limited liability company.Article 28Each shareholder shall make in full the amount of the capital contribution subscribed for under the articles of association of the company. Where a shareholder makes its capital contribution in currency, it shall deposit the full amount of such capital contribution in currency in the bank account opened by the limited liability company to be established. Where a shareholder makes its capital contribution in the form of non-currency property, the property rights therein shall be transferred in accordance with legally prescribed procedures.Shareholders failing to make full capital contributions they have subscribed for in accordance with the preceding paragraph shall, they shall, in addition to making the contributions in full, be liable for breach of contract towards the shareholders who have made full capital contributions.Article 29After all shareholders have made their capital contributions in full, such contributions must be verified by a statutory capital verification institution which shall issue capital verification certificates.Article 30After the initial capital contributions of the shareholders have been verified by a statutory capital verification institution, application shall be made to the company registration authority for registration of the incorporation of the company by a representative designated by all the shareholders or by an agent jointly entrusted by them, who shall submit such documents as an application for registration, the articles of association and the capital verification certificate.Article 31Where, after the incorporation of a limited liability company, it is discovered that the actual value of the non-currency property contributed as capital is notably less than the value stated in the articles of association, the shareholders that made such contributions shall make up the difference. Those who are shareholders at the time of the incorporation of the companyshall bear joint and several liability therefor.Article 32After a limited liability company has been incorporated, it shall issue capital contribution certificates to its shareholders.A capital contribution certificates shall specify the following items:(1) the name of the company;(2) the registration date of the company;(3) the registered capital of the company;(4) the name or title of the shareholder, the amount and date of its capital contribution;(5) the serial number of the capital contribution certificate and the date of its verification and issuance. A capital contribution certificate shall bear the seal of the company on it.Article 33A limited liability company shall prepare a roster of its shareholders with the following items therein:(1) the names or titles and domiciles of the shareholders;(2) the amounts of capital contributions of the shareholders; and(3) the serial numbers of the capital contribution certificates.The shareholders recorded in the roster of shareholders may claim and exercise the right of shareholders on the strength of the roster of shareholders.The company shall register the names of shareholders and the amount of capital contributions of the shareholders with the company registration authority and, in the event of any change thereof, apply for alteration registration. Unless duly registered, theabove-mentioned items and any changes thereof shall not be a defense against a third party.Article 34A shareholder shall have the right to view the articles of association, the minutes of shareholders meetings, resolutions of board of directors and board of supervisors and the financial and accounting reports of the company.Shareholders may view the accounting books and reports of the company. For this purpose, they shall submit a written request and state reasons. Where the company reasonably believes that shareholders have unjust purposes in viewing the accounting books and reports which may harm the legal rights and interests of the company, the company may refuse such request and shall, within fifteen (15) days of such request, reply in written form and state reasons. Given such, shareholders may apply to the people’s court for an order under which the company shall provide the shareholders with such references.Article 35Unless otherwise agreed upon by all shareholders, shareholders shall draw dividends in proportion to their actual capital contributions and, where a company increases capital, shall have priority in subscription for new shares in proportion to their actual contributions.Article 36Once a company is registered, its shareholders shall not withdraw their capital contributions.Section Two Organizational StructureArticle 37The shareholders meeting of a limited liability company shall be composed of all the shareholders. The shareholders meeting shall be the organ of power of the company and shall exercise its functions and powers in accordance with this Law.The shareholders meeting shall exercise the following functions and powers:(1) to decide on the business policy and investment plan of the company;(2) to elect and recall directors and supervisors whose posts are not taken by the representatives of the staff and workers, and to decide on matters concerning the remuneration of directors and supervisors;(3) to examine and approve reports of the board of directors;(4) to examine and approve reports of the supervisory board or supervisors;(5) to examine and approve the annual financial budget plan and final accounts plan of the company;(6) to examine and approve plans for profit distribution of the company and plans for making up losses;(7) to adopt resolutions on the increase or reduction of the registered capital of the company;(8) to adopt resolutions on the issuance of company bonds;(9) to adopt resolutions on matters such as the merger, division, transformation, dissolution and liquidation of the company;(10) to amend the articles of association of the company;(11) to exercise other functions and powers provided for in the articles of association.Where a unanimous consent on the matters described above is achieved in writing by shareholders, the company may directly make decisions that shall be signed and executed by all shareholders instead of convening a shareholders meeting.The first meeting of the shareholders of a company shall be convened and presided over by the shareholder who has made the biggest capital contribution to the company and shall exercise its functions and powers in accordance with this Law.Article 40Shareholders meetings shall be divided into regular meetings and interim meetings. Regular shareholders meetings shall be convened on time as stipulated by the articles of association of the company. Interim shareholders meetings may be convened upon proposal made by shareholders representing more than one-tenth of voting rights or by more than one-third of directors, or at the request of board of supervisors or the supervisors of a company absent a board of supervisors.Article 41Where a limited liability company has a board of directors, its shareholders meeting shall be convened by the board of directors and presided over by the chairman of the board. Where the chairman of the board is unable to or does not perform his function, the meeting shall be presided over by a vice-chairman. Where the vice-chairman is unable to or does not perform his function, the meeting shall be presided over by a director jointly nominated by more than half of the directors.Where a limited liability company does not form a board of directors, the shareholders meetings shall be convened and presided over by the executive director.Where the board of directors or executive director cannot or does not perform its function, the shareholders meeting shall be convened and presided over by the board of supervisors or the supervisor in the absence of a board of supervisors. Where the board of supervisors or supervisor cannot or does not perform its function, the meeting shall be convened and presided over by shareholders representing more than one-tenth of the voting rights.Article 42All shareholders shall be notified fifteen (15) days prior to the convening of a shareholders meeting, unless otherwise stipulated by the articles of association or agreed upon by all shareholders.The shareholders meeting shall prepare minutes regarding the decisions on matters considered at the meeting, which shall be signed by the shareholders present at the meeting.Article 43Shareholders shall exercise their voting rights at the shareholders meeting in proportion to their capital contributions, unless otherwise stipulated by the articles of association.Article 44Except as provided for in this Law, the rules of deliberation and voting procedures of the shareholders meeting shall be stipulated by the articles of association of the company.Resolutions of the shareholders meeting on the increase or reduction of the registered capital, the division, merger, dissolution, or transformation of the company must be adopted by shareholders of the company representing two-thirds or more of the voting rights.Article 45Except as otherwise provided for in Article 51 of this Law, a limited liability company shall have a board of directors, which shall be composed of three to thirteen members. The members of the board of directors of a limited liability company invested in and established by two or more State-owned enterprises, or by two or more other State-owned investment entities shall include representatives of the staff and workers of the company. The members of the board of directors of other limited liability companies may also include representatives of the staff and workers. Such representatives of the staff and workers shall be democratically elected by the workers and staff members of the company through the congresses or assemblies of the staff and workers or other forms. A board of directors shall have a chairman and may have a vice-chairman. The method for the creation of the chairman and vice-chairmen shall be stipulated in the articles of association of the company.Article 46The term of the directors shall be prescribed by the articles of association, provided that each term may not exceed three (3) years. A director may continue to serve his post if he is re-elected upon the expiration of his term. Where a new elect is not yet available upon expiration of a director’s term, or the number of the directors on the board is less than the quorum due to the resignation of a director within his term, such director, before the new elect takes his office, shall continue the performance of his duties in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and the articles or association.Article 47The board of directors is accountable to the shareholders meeting and shall exercise the following powers:(1) being responsible for convening shareholders meetings and presenting reports thereto;(2) implementing resolutions adopted by the shareholders meeting;(3) determining the company's operational plans and investment programs;(4) preparing annual financial budget plans and final accounting plans of the company;(5) preparing profit distribution plans and plans to cover company losses;(6) preparing plans for increasing or reducing registered capital of the company or issuing company bonds;(7) drafting plans for merger, division, change of corporate form or dissolution of the company;(8) determining the structure of the company's internal management;(9) appointing or removing the general manager of the company, appointing or removing, upon the general manager's recommendation, deputy managers of the company and the officer in charge of finance, and determining the remuneration for those officers;。

英国公司法的新近改革英国“公司法”评介

二、英国《教育改革法》的主要内容
英国《教育改革法》主要包括四个部分：学校、高等教育和继续教育、内伦敦的教育问题以及其他补充条款和解释。其中，“学校”部分最为重要，涵盖了课程设置、入学办法、经费与教职员、直接拨款的公办学校和其他等五章。
在课程设置方面，法案强调了核心学科的重要性，包括数学、科学、英语等，并要求学校为学生提供丰富多样的课程，以培养他们的全面发展。在入学办法上，法案推行“自由学校”政策，允许家长和社区建立自己的学校，以增加教育的选择性。在经费与教职员方面，法案实行“直接拨款学校”制度，确保所有学校都能得到足够的经费和优秀的教职员。
首先，政府需要继续完善相关法规和政策，为公司提供更加公平公正的竞争环境。此外，政府还需要加强对公司的监管，确保公司的合规性和透明度。
其次，企业需要按照新的公司法规定，建立现代化的公司治理结构，提高公司的决策效率和风险管理水平。同时，企业需要加强内部监管和风险控制，防止可能出现的风险和问题。
一、英国公司法改革的背景
随着全球经济的快速发展，各国政府逐渐认识到公司法对于促进商业发展的重要性和必要性。在此背景下，英国政府于2014年启动了公司法改革，旨在提高公司的竞争力和创新性，同时增加股东权益。
Байду номын сангаас
二、英国公司法改革的主要内容
1、公司类型的修改
英国公司法改革对公司类型进行了修改。原有的公司类型包括私营有限公司、公共有限公司和担保有限公司。改革后，英国取消了担保有限公司这一类型，同时增加了一种新的公司类型——私人有限责任合伙（PLLP）。这一改革使得公司形式更加灵活，满足了不同商事主体的需求。
该法案的实施，对英国教育产生了深远的影响。首先，它推动了公办学校的改革，使其更加注重教育的质量和效果。其次，它提高了教育的选择性，使家长和学生有更多的选择权。最后，它促进了教育公平，使所有学生都能享受到优质的教育资源。

英国公司法

英国公司法（Company Law）第十章有限责任公司股份的法律性质和特征--------------------------------------------------------------------------------作者：明月孤岑文章来源：竹月斋发表于2006年10月21日CompanyLaw：FundamentalPrinciples,（2nded.）StephenGriffinLLB,PITMANPublishing,1996THE LEGAL NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLDING SHARES IN A LIMITED COMPANY本章的目的是探讨不同种类的有限公司股份的法律特征，以及法院和国务大臣对股份所有权所施加的限制。

股票代表股东在公司的权益，这种权益以一定数量的金钱来衡量。

它首先包括义务，其次包括权利，但是也包括所有股东缔结的一系列双向契约。

股票的名义价值或票面价值（thenominal value）是指股东从公司购买股票所支付的最低价。

如果公司以高于票面价值的价格卖出股票，则实际价格和票面价格的差额被称为“股票溢价”（share premium），并应记载于股票溢价帐户上。

公司成员，正如我们在前面经常看到的，与股东不是一个相同的概念。

尽管在大多数情况下，“成员”和“股东”是可以相互转换的两个名称，但有时，公司成员不是股东，而股东也可以不是成员。

例如，保证有限责任公司有成员，但没有股东。

CA1985规定，公司应当对其成员的名称、地址以及其持股程度做记录。

如果成员记录中的一些重要细节有错误时，法律规定可以修改。

股票的发行（issue）或配售（allot）通常是公司董事会决议的结果，而董事会必须有发行股票的权力。

公司法(中英对照版)

中华人民共和国公司法Company Law of the People's Republic of China（1993年12月29日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过根据1999年12月25日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国公司法〉的决定》第一次修正根据2004年8月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国公司法〉的决定》第二次修正2005年10月27日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议修订根据2013年12月28日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第六次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法〉等七部法律的决定》第三次修正）(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on December 29, 1993; amended for the first time in accordance with the Decision on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the 13 th Session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress on December 25, 1999; amended for the second time in accordance with the Decision on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the 11th Session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on August 28, 2004; Revised at 18 th Session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on October 27, 2005; and amended for the third time in accordance with the Decision on Amending Seven Laws Including the Marine Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Sixth Session of the Standing Committee of the 12 th National People's Congress on December 28, 2013)目录Contents第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第二章有限责任公司的设立和组织机构Chapter II Establishment and Organizational Structureof A Limited Liability Company第一节设立Section 1 Establishment第二节组织机构Section 2 Organizational structure第三节一人有限责任公司的特别规定Section 3 Special Provisions on One-person LimitedLiability Companies第四节国有独资公司的特别规定Section 4 Special Provisions on Wholly State-ownedCompanies第三章有限责任公司的股权转让Chapter III Transfer of Stock Right of A Limited LiabilityCompany第四章股份有限公司的设立和组织机构Chapter IV Establishment and Organizational Structureof A Joint Stock Limited Company第一节设立Section 1 Establishment第二节股东大会Section 2 Shareholders' Assembly第三节董事会、经理Section 3 Board of Directors, Managers第四节监事会Section 4 Board of Supervisors第五节上市公司组织机构的特别规定Section 5 Special Provisions on the OrganizationalStructure of A Listed Company第五章股份有限公司的股份发行和转让Chapter V Issuance and Transfer of Shares of A JointStock Limited Company第一节股份发行Section 1 Issuance of Shares 第二节股份转让Section 2 Transfer of Shares第六章公司董事、监事、高级管理人员的资格和义务Chapter VI Qualifications and Obligations of the Directors, Supervisors and Senior Managers of A Company第七章公司债券Chapter VII Corporate Bonds第八章公司财务、会计Chapter VIII Financial Affairs and Accounting of ACompany第九章公司合并、分立、增资、减资Chapter IX Merger and Split-up of Company; Increaseand Deduction of Registered Capital第十章公司解散和清算Chapter X Dissolution and Liquidation of A Company 第十一章外国公司的分支机构Chapter XI Branches of Foreign Companies第十二章法律责任Chapter XII Legal Liabilities第十三章附则Chapter XIII Supplementary Provisions第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第一条为了规范公司的组织和行为，保护公司、股东和债权人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，制定本法。

英国公司法(修改版)

第一章英国公司法概况
法的渊源指法的各种具体表现形式。英国公司法主要包括以下几个方面的渊源：一、成文法 1985年公司法 1986年破产法 1986年金融服务法 2000年金融服务和市场法二、普通法法院的判例所积累形成的规制三、欧盟公司法指令
第一章英国公司法概况
四、公司备忘录和章程备忘录和章程相当于公司与股东之间、股东与股东之间达成的协议五、法律书籍、期刊等刊物
第一章英国公司法概况
（二）从股东的角度从股东的角度保证股份转让的便利，公司法作得相当少。不经同意自由转让的保证不存在与公司法中而是存在于监管证券市场运作的规制中。
第一章英国公司法概况
五、控制权和利润收取权
（一）控制权 1. 对公司章程的控制 3/4的多少股东可以以他们喜欢的任何方式修改章程。公司章程的细则部分是高度灵活的，它被股东所控制。

7. 缴税种类与待遇
仅投资人缴纳个人所得税，企业不缴纳，属单重征税待遇；公司缴纳企业所得税，自然人股东所得还须缴纳个人所得税，属双重征税待遇。
第一章英国公司法概况

8. 企业存续
投资人死亡或被宣告死亡，或无继承人或者继承人决定放弃继承时，企业解散；公司不因股东死亡或破产等而当然解散，公司人格具有永续性。
第一章英国公司法概况
判决：
公司停产后两股东签署了“股东会纪要”，两股东均应自觉按“纪要”办。两股东在是否应对乙公司进行起诉问题上产生分歧，且至今未能取得一致意见，故应视为本案的起诉不是甲公司的真实意思表示，故驳回原告甲公司的起诉。案件受理费 50元由原告负担。
第一章英国公司法概况

三、集中或专门管理

第一章英国公司法概况

英国公司章程(3篇)

第1篇公司章程第一章总则第一条公司名称本公司的名称为[公司全称]，以下简称“公司”。

第二条公司住所公司的住所位于[详细地址]，如需变更，应依法办理变更登记。

第三条公司性质本公司为有限责任公司，具有独立法人资格。

第四条公司经营范围本公司的经营范围为[具体经营范围]，包括但不限于：[列举具体业务]第五条公司注册资本本公司的注册资本为人民币[金额]元，分为[股份数]股，每股面值[金额]元。

第二章股东与股份第六条股东资格公司股东应当符合《中华人民共和国公司法》规定的条件，具备完全民事行为能力。

第七条股东权利股东享有下列权利：（一）依照其所持有的股份份额获得股利和其他形式的利益分配；（二）依法请求、查阅或者复制公司章程、股东会会议记录、董事会会议决议、监事会会议决议和财务会计报告；（三）依法对公司合并、分立、解散、清算或者变更公司形式等事项提出建议或者要求；（四）依照法律、行政法规及公司章程的规定转让、赠与或质押其所持有的股份；（五）对公司的经营行为进行监督，提出建议或者质询；（六）公司终止或者清算时，按其所持有的股份份额参加公司剩余财产的分配；（七）法律、行政法规、部门规章或公司章程规定的其他权利。

第八条股东义务股东应当履行下列义务：（一）遵守公司章程；（二）依其所认购的股份和入股方式缴纳股金；（三）除法律、法规规定的情形外，不得退股；（四）法律、行政法规、部门规章或公司章程规定的其他义务。

第九条股份发行公司股份的发行，实行公平、公正的原则，同种类的每一股份应当具有同等权利。

公司发行的股份，采取股票形式。

股票应当载明下列主要事项：（一）公司名称；（二）公司成立日期；（三）股票种类、票面金额及代表的股份数；（四）股票的编号。

第十条股份转让股东持有的股份可以依法转让。

股东转让其股份，应当在依法设立的证券交易场所进行或者按照国务院规定的其他方式进行。

第三章股东会第十一条股东会组成股东会是公司的权力机构，由全体股东组成。

公司法英文版.doc

公司法英文版（2）-; Article 103; In order to hold a general meeting of shareholders, notice concerning the time, venue and matters to be considered at the meeting shall be given to each shareholder twenty days in advance. In the event of an interim meeting of shareholders, the notice may be given fifteen days in advance. Where the company has issued bearer share certificates, a public notice concerning the time, venue and matters to be considered at the meeting shall be made thirty days prior to the meeting.; Shareholders individually or jointly holding three percent (3%) of the shares of the company may, ten days prior to the general meeting of shareholders, submit a temporary written proposal to the board of directors. The board of directors shall, within two days after receipt of the proposal, inform other shareholders and submit the proposal to the general meeting of shareholders for deliberation. The items contained in the proposal shall fall within the scope of powers exercised by the general meeting of shareholders and clear topic and specific matters to be considered shall be included. The general meeting of shareholders shall not decide on any matters that are not specified in aforesaid notices. Where the holders of bearer shares attend the general meeting of shareholders, they shall deposit the shares with the company five (5) days earlier before the date of the meeting up till the closingdate of the meeting.; Article 104; When a shareholder attends the general meeting of shareholders, each share he holds is entitled to one vote. However, the share held by the company itself shall not have the voting right. A resolution adopted by the general meeting of shareholders requires affirmative votes by a majority of the votes held by shareholders attending the meeting. The resolution with regards to amendment to the articles of association, increase or decrease of registered capital, merger, division or dissolution of the company or change of the form of the company requires affirmative votes by at least two-thirds of the votes held by shareholders attending the meeting.; Article 105; Where it is stipulated in this Law or the articles of association that the assignment or receipt of the company s major assets or provision of security shall be determined at the general meeting of shareholders, the board of directors shall, in a timely manner, convene the general meeting of shareholders that will vote on aforesaid matters.; Article 106; The general meeting of shareholders shall adopt accumulative voting system when voting on the election of directors or supervisors in accordancewith the articles of association or the resolution adopted by the shareholders general meeting. The accumulative voting system referred to herein means that in the election of the directors or supervisors at the general meeting, the number of votes attached to each share held by a; shareholder shall be equal to the number of candidates. A shareholder can multiply his voting shares by the number of candidates and vote them all for one person for director or supervisor.; Article 107; A shareholder may attend a general meeting of shareholders by proxy, the proxy holder shall present the proxy statement issued by the shareholder to the company, and shall exercise his voting rights to the extent authorized by the proxy.; Article 108; The general meeting of shareholders shall prepare minutes regarding the decisions on matters considered at the meeting, which shall be signed by the chairman of the meeting and directors attending the meeting. The minutes shall be maintained together with the record containing signatures of the shareholders attending the meeting and the proxy statements.; Section Three Board of Directors and General Manager公司法英文版（2）-; Article 109; A joint stock limited company shall have a board of directors, which shall be composed of not fewer than five but not more than nineteen members.; The members of the board of directors shall include representatives of the staff and workers of the company. Such representatives of the staff and workers shall be democratically elected by the staff and workers of the company through the congresses or assemblies of the workers and staff members or other forms.; The provisions of Article 46 on the term of directors of a limited liability company shall apply to that of the directors of a joint stock limited company.; The provisions of Article 47 on the functions and powers of the board of directors of a limited liability company shall apply to that of the board of directors of a joint stock limited company.; The board of directors shall have a chairman, and may have one or two vice-chairmen. The chairman and vice-chairman shall be elected by the board of directors through affirmative votes by more than half of all the directors.; The chairman shall convene and preside over meetings of the board of directors and supervise the implementation of resolutions adopted by the board of directors. The vice-chairman shall assist the chairman in his work. Where the chairman is unable to or does not exercise his authorities, the vice-chairman appointed by the chairman shall exercise such authorities in his capacity. Where the vice chairman is unable to or does not exercise his authorities, a director jointly nominated by more than half of all the directors shall exercise such authorities.; Article 111; The board of directors shall hold meetings at least twice a year, and notice shall be given to all directors and supervisors ten days in advance. Shareholders representing one tenth of voting rights, or one third or more of all the directors or supervisors may propose to have an interim meeting of the board. The Chairman, within ten days after receipt of such proposal, may convene and preside over a meeting of the board. Where an interim meeting of the board of directors is to be held, the method and time limit for notification for convening the interim meeting may be prescribed separately.; A meeting of the board of directors may not be held unless attended by more than half of the directors. A resolution adopted by the board of directors requires affirmative votes by more than half of all the directors.; In the voting procedures, one director shall represent one vote.; Article 113; A meeting of the board of directors shall be attended by each director in person. Where a director is unable to attend the meeting for cause, he may issue a written proxy entrusting another director to attend on his behalf, and the proxy shall set forth the scope of authorization.; The board of directors shall prepare minutes regarding the decisions on matters considered at the meeting, which shall be signed by the directors attending the meeting and the person preparing the minutes.; The directors shall be responsible for resolutions adopted by the board of directors. Where a resolution of the board violates any national statutes, administrative regulations or the articles of association, and causes the company to incur serious loss, those directors participating in the adoption of the resolution are liable to the company for damages. Provided, however, if a director is proven to have dissented at the vote adopting such resolution and such dissension was noted in the minutes, then the director may be exemptfrom liability.; Article 114; A joint stock limited company shall have a general manager, to be appointed or removed by the board.公司法英文版（2）-; The provisions of Article 50 on the functions and powers of the manager of a limited liability company shall apply to the manager of a joint stock limited company.; Article 115; The board of directors of the company may decide that a board member is to serve concurrently as the general manager.; Article 116; A joint stock limited company must not directly, or through its affiliate companies, borrow money from its directors, supervisors or senior officers.; Article 117; A joint stock limited company shall disclose on regular basis the remuneration of its directors, supervisors and senior officers.; Section Four Board of Supervisors; Article 118; A joint stock limited company shall have a board of supervisors, which shall be composed of not fewer than three (3) members.; The board of supervisors shall be composed of the shareholders’ representatives and representatives of the workers of the company. The number of the workers representatives shall not be lower than one third of all the supervisors, the specific percentage of which shall be determined in the articles of association. The workers’ representatives on the board of supervisors shall be democratically elected by the workers of the company through the congresses or assemblies of the workers and staff members or other forms. The board of supervisors shall have one chairman that shall be elected by more than half of all the supervisors. The meetings of the board ofsupervisors shall be convened and presided over by the chairman of the board. In the event that the chairman is unable to or does not perform his duties, the meeting shall be convened and presided over by a supervisor jointly nominated by more than half of all the supervisors.; A director and a senior officer may not serve concurrently as a supervisor.; The provisions of Article 52 on the term of the supervisor of a limited liability company shall apply to the supervisor of a joint stock limited company.; Article 119; The provisions of Article 54 and Article 55 on the functions and powers of the board of supervisors of a limited liability company shall apply to the board of the supervisors of a joint stock limited company.; Reasonable expenses necessary for supervisors to performance their duties shall be borne by the company.; Article 120; The board of supervisors shall convene a meeting at least every six months. An interim meeting of the board may be called at the request of supervisors.; The rules of deliberation and voting procedures for the board ofsupervisors shall be stipulated by the articles of association of the company.; The board of supervisors shall prepare a minute of the meeting signed by all supervisors attending the meeting.; Section Four Special Provisions on the Structure of a Listed Company; Article 121; A listed company referred to herein means a joint stock limited company whose shares are listed and traded on a securities exchange.; Article 122; Any purchase or sale of major assets within one year or provision of a security in an amount in excess of thirty percent (30%) of the total assets by a listed company shall be deliberated and determined at a general meeting of shareholders and the resolution adopted by such a meeting requires affirmative votes by shareholders representing two-thirds of the voting rights.; Article 123; A listed company shall have independent directors the specific method of which shall be determined by the State Council.; Article 124公司法英文版（2）-; A listed company shall have a secretary of the board of directors whose responsibilities include the preparation of the general meeting of shareholders and meetings of the board of directors, maintenance of documents, share management as well as relevant matters concerning information disclosure.; Article 125; The director of a listed company affiliated with the enterprise involved in the matters discussed by the board of directors shall not exercise his own, or represent other directors to exercise voting right for such matters. The meeting of the board of directors may be held once more than half of the unaffiliated directors will be present. The resolution made by the meeting of the board shall be adopted by more than half of all such directors. Where there are not more than three (3) unaffiliated directors, the relevant matters shall be forwarded to the general meeting of shareholders for deliberation.; Chapter Five Issue and Transfer of Shares of Joint Stock Limited Companies; Section One Issue of Shares; Article 126; The capital of a joint stock limited company shall be divided into shares, and all the shares shall be of equal value.; Shares of the company are represented by share certificates. A share certificate is a certificate issued by the company certifying the share held by a shareholder.; Article 127; When shares are issued, the principles of openness, fairness, and equity shall be followed, and each share in the same class must have the same rights and receive the same interests.; For shares issued at the same time, each share shall be issued on the same conditions and at the same price. All entities or individuals subscribing for shares shall pay the same price for each share.; Article 128; The issuing price per share may be at par value, or above par value, but may not be below par value.; Article 129; A share certificate shall be in paper form or in other forms prescribed by the securities regulatory authority under the State Council.; A share certificate shall set forth the following major items:; (1) the name of the company;; (2) the company’s date of registration and establishment;; (3) the class and par value of the shares and the number of shares represented;; (4) the serial number of the share certificate.; The share certificate shall be signed by the chairman of the board, and the company’s chop shall be impressed thereon.; Share certificates held by the sponsors shall be marked with the words Sponsors’ Share.; Article 130; Share certificates issued by the company may be in the form of either registered share certificates or bearer share certificates.; Share certificates issued by the company to its sponsors or legal persons shall be registered share certificates bearing the names of such sponsors or legal persons, and may not be registered under any other names or in the names of their legal representatives.; Article 131; A company issuing registered share certificates shall maintain a record of shareholders, which shall set forth the following:; (1) the name and domicile of each shareholder;; (2) the number of shares held by each shareholder;; (3) the serial numbers of share certificates held by each shareholder;; (4) the date on which each shareholder acquired his shares.; A company issuing bearer share certificates shall record the number of such share certificates, their serial numbers and their issuing dates.公司法英文版（2）-; Article 132; The State Council may make separate stipulations relating to a company’s issuance of shares of classes other than those prescribed herein.; Article 133; Upon registration and establishment, a joint stock limited company shall promptly deliver the share certificates to its shareholders officially. Prior to registration and establishment, the company may not deliver any share certificate to its shareholders.; Article 134; Where a company is to issue new shares, the general meeting of shareholders or the board of directors shall adopt a resolution concerning thefollowing in accordance with the articles of association:; (1) the classes and number of the new shares;; (2) the issuing price of the new shares;; (3) the commencing and ending dates of issuance of the new shares;; (4) the classes and number of new shares issued to the existing shareholders.; Article 135; When a company is approved by the securities supervision and administration department under the State Council to issue new shares to the public, it shall make public the prospectus for the issue of new shares, its financial and accounting statements, and shall prepare the subscription form.; The provisions of Article 88 and Article 89 shall apply to the issue of new shares.; Article 136; In issuing new shares, a company may determine the pricing scheme in light of the business operation and financial conditions of the company.; Article 137; Upon full receipt of the share proceeds from the company’s newly issued shares, the company shall carry out amendment registration with the company registration authority and shall make a public announcement.; Section Two Assignment Of Shares; Article 138; Shares held by a shareholder may be assigned in accordance with the law.; Article 139; Assignment of shares by a shareholder must be carried out at a lawfully established securities exchange or in other manners stipulated by the State Council.; Article 140; Assignment of registered share certificates is effected by the shareholder’s endorsement thereof or by other methods prescribed by the relevant national statutes or administrative regulations. In the case of assignment of registered share certificates, the company shall record the assignee’s name and domicile on the record of shareholders.; Alteration registration for the record of shareholders referred to in the preceding paragraph shall not be carried out for a period of twenty days prior to the holding of a general meeting of shareholders, or five days prior to the record date for the purpose of dividend distribution determined by the company. However, where such change of shareholders is otherwise stipulated by the law, such stipulations shall apply.; Article 141; Assignment of bearer share certificates takes effect upon delivery thereof by the shareholder to the assignee.; Article 142; Shares of a company held by its sponsors may not be assigned for a period of one year commencing from the date of the company’s establishment. Shares that have been issued before the public offer shall not be transferred for a period of one year commencing from the date of trading of the company s shares on a stock exchange.; The directors, supervisors and senior officers of the company shall report to the company the number of the company’s shares held thereby and any change of such shareholding. The shares transferred within their term of office each year shall not exceed twenty-five percent (25%) of the total shares of the company held by them. Shares of the company held by aforesaid people shallnot be transferred for a period of one year commencing from the date of trading of the company s shares on a stock exchange. These people, within half of the year from their departure from the company, shall not transfer the shares of the company held by them. The articles of association may otherwise provide for restrictions on the transfer of the shares of the company held by its directors, supervisors and senior officers.公司法英文版（2）-; Article 143; A company may not purchase its own shares, except in the following cases:; (1) reducing the company’s registered capital;; (2) merging with another company holding shares of the company;; (3) granting incentive shares to the staff and workers of the company;; (4) requesting the company to purchase its own shares where shareholders of the company oppose the decision on merge or division of the company made at a general meeting of shareholders.; A resolution shall be adopted by a general meeting of shareholders in the event of a purchase as described in the above items from (1) through (3). The original shares, after the company has purchased its own shares in the case as described in item (1), shall be cancelled within ten days of such purchase. In the cases as described in item (2) and (4), the shares shall be transferred or canceled within six months of such purchase.; The shares of the company purchased by itself in the case as described in item (3) shall not exceed five percent (5%) of the total shares issued by the company. The fund for such purchase shall be paid out of the after-tax profits of the company and the shares purchased shall be transferred to the staff and workers within one year of such purchase.; The company may not accept its own shares as the collateral under a security arrangement.; Article 144; If a registered share certificate is stolen, lost or destroyed, the shareholder may petition a people’s court for the invalidation thereof throughthe public notice procedure prescribed in the Civil Procedural Law of the People’s Republic of China.; After the people’s court has invalidated such share certificate through the public notice procedure, the shareholder may apply to the company for re-issuance of a certificate for the share.; Article 145; The shares of a company approved for listing shall be listed in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and trading rules set forth by a stock exchange.; Article 146; A listed company shall make public its financial conditions and operating conditions in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations, and shall make public its financial and accounting reports semiannually in each fiscal year.; Chapter Six: Qualifications and Obligations of Directors, Supervisors and Senior Officers; Article 147; A person in any of the following categories may not serve as a director,supervisor, or the general manager of a company:; (1) without civil capacity or with limited civil capacity;; (2) having been sentenced to prison for the following crimes, and completion of the sentence being less than five years ago: embezzlement, bribery, conversion of property, misappropriation of property, sabotage of social economic order; or having been deprived of political rights as a result of a criminal conviction, and completion of such sanction being less than five years ago;; (3) having served as a director, the factory chief, or the general manager of a company or enterprise which underwent bankruptcy liquidation as a result of mismanagement, and being personally responsible for such bankruptcy, and completion of the bankruptcy liquidation being less than three years ago;; (4) having served as the legal representative of a company or enterprise whose business license was revoked due to its violation of law, and being personally responsible for such revocation, and such revocation occurring less than three years ago;; (5) in default of personal debt of a significant amount.; If the company elects or appoints a director or supervisor or employs the senior officer in violation of the above paragraph, such election, appointment or employment is invalid. The company shall remove the director, supervisor orsenior officer once the circumstances described in item (1) occur.公司法英文版（2）-; Article 148; A director, supervisor, or the general manager shall abide by laws, administrative regulations and articles of association of the company and shall have the fiduciary and diligent duties to the company.; A director, supervisor, or the senior officer may not abuse their authorities by accepting bribes or generating other illegal income, and may not convert company property.; Article 149; The director and senior officer:; (1) may not misappropriate company funds;; (2) may not deposit company assets into an account in his own name or in any other individual’s name;; (3) may not loan company funds to other people or give company assets as security for the debt of any other individual without the approval of the shareholders meeting, general meeting of shareholders or the board of directors in violation of the articles of association;; (4) may not execute any contract or engage in any transaction with the company in violation of the articles of association or without the approval of the shareholders meeting or the general meeting of shareholders;; (5) may not use the favorable conditions and conveniences to seek the business opportunities that shall belong to the company to engage in the same business as the company in which he serves as a director or the senior officer either for his own account or for any other person’s account without the approval of the shareholders meeting or the general meeting of shareholders;; (6) may not accept and possess the commissions paid by others for transactions conducted with the company;; (7) may not disclose company confidential information without authorization;; (8) may not engage in other activities in violation of his fiduciary duties.; Article 150; If a director, supervisor or the senior officer causes detriment to the company while performing his duties in violation of laws, administrative regulations or the articles of association, he shall be liable for the loss so caused.; Article 151; Where the shareholders meeting or the general meeting of shareholders requires a director, supervisor or the senior officer to be present at meetings, they shall be present at meetings and answer the inquiries of shareholders.; A director or senior officer shall provide the board of supervisors or the supervisors of a limited liability company without a board of supervisors with genuine documents and information and shall not obstruct the board of supervisors or supervisors from performing duties.; Article 152; Where a director or senior officer is involved in the circumstance as described in Article 150, the shareholders of a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company that individually or jointly hold one percent (1%) of the total shares for consecutive 180 days may request in writing the board ofsupervisors or the supervisors of a limited liability company without a board of supervisors to file suit before a people s court. Where a supervisor is involved in the circumstance as described in Article 150, aforesaid shareholders may request in writing the board of directors or the executive director of a limited liability company without a board of directors to file suit before a people s court.; Where the board of supervisors or the supervisors of a limited liability company without a board of supervisors, or the board of directors or the executive director refuses to file suit after receipt of the written request mentioned above, or does not file suit within thirty days of the receipt of the same, or comes across an emergency where, if no immediate actions are taken, the company s interests shall be incurably impaired, then the shareholders may, for the interest of the company and on their own behalf, directly file suit before a people s court.。

英国公司法

股票代表股东在公司的权益，这种权益以一定数量的金钱来衡量。

它首先包括义务，其次包括权利，但是也包括所有股东缔结的一系列双向契约。

股票的名义价值或票面价值（the nominal value）是指股东从公司购买股票所支付的最低价。

如果公司以高于票面价值的价格卖出股票，则实际价格和票面价格的差额被称为“股票溢价”（share premium），并应记载于股票溢价帐户上。

公司成员，正如我们在前面经常看到的，与股东不是一个相同的概念。

尽管在大多数情况下，“成员”和“股东”是可以相互转换的两个名称，但有时，公司成员不是股东，而股东也可以不是成员。

例如，保证有限责任公司有成员，但没有股东。

CA1985规定，公司应当对其成员的名称、地址以及其持股程度做记录。

如果成员记录中的一些重要细节有错误时，法律规定可以修改。

股票的发行（issue）或配售（allot）通常是公司董事会决议的结果，而董事会必须有发行股票的权力。

英国公司法(修改版).PPT139页

英国公司法(修改版).
11、用பைடு நூலகம்德的示范来造就一个人，显然比用法律来约束他更有价值。—— 希腊
12、法律是无私的，对谁都一视同仁。在每件事上，她都不徇私情。—— 托马斯
13、公正的法律限制不了好的自由，因为好人不会去做法律不允许的事情。——弗劳德
14、法律是为了保护无辜而制定的。——爱略特 15、像房子一样，法律和法律都是相互依存的。——伯克
谢谢
11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。——邓拓 12、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。——爱尔兰 13、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。——老子 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。——歌德 15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·F·斯特利

英国《有限责任法》

英国《有限责任法》英国《有限责任法》（Limited Liability Act）是英国公司法体系中的一部重要法律法规。

该法律于1855年通过，旨在为有限责任公司提供法律框架和保护，以鼓励企业家精神和促进经济发展。

本文将对英国《有限责任法》的背景、主要内容以及对英国商业环境的影响进行探讨。

一、背景介绍19世纪中叶，英国正处于工业革命的高峰期，商业活动不断增长，许多企业家采取了合伙制经营模式。

然而，该制度存在着一些固有的弊端，个体财务责任与企业风险相结合，给个人财产带来了巨大风险。

为了解决这一问题，英国政府制定了《有限责任法》。

二、主要内容1. 有限责任公司的成立：根据《有限责任法》，企业家可以通过向公司注册局提交注册申请来成立有限责任公司。

申请文件中需要提供公司名称、注册资本、股东名单等基本信息，并缴纳一定的注册费用。

2. 公司股东的责任限制：有限责任公司的特点是股东的责任被限制在其投资额。

若公司出现债务问题，个人财产不会受到影响，只需要承担相应投资额度的责任。

3. 公司管理：有限责任公司需要有董事会和股东会。

董事会负责公司的日常管理和决策，股东会则在重大事项上行使决策权。

公司必须遵守财务披露和报告制度，确保透明度和合规性。

4. 公司债务和破产情况处理：有限责任公司的债务归公司所有，不影响股东个人财产。

在公司破产时，资产将被清算，并按照优先顺序偿还债务，剩余资产将按照股东的持股比例分配。

三、对英国商业环境的影响1. 鼓励企业家创新：由于个人财产与企业风险相分离，有限责任法鼓励了更多人从事商业活动。

企业家们可以更加大胆地尝试新的商业模式和创新性的项目，促进了经济的发展和创新的推动。

2. 吸引外国投资：有限责任法为国内外投资者提供了稳定的法律环境和投资保护。

投资者可以更加放心地将资本投入到英国市场，提高了英国作为投资目的地的吸引力。

3. 保护个人财产：有限责任公司制度有效地保护了个人财产免受商业风险的侵害。

2006英国公司法修改

英国公司法的主要渊源为制定法和判例法。

另外，欧盟涉及公司法的条约、规章以及指令，欧盟法院的相关判决都对英国公司法的发展产生重要的影响。

英国现行最重要的公司制定法为《2006年公司法》，该法于2006年11月8日获得英国女王御准，各部分先后生效，最终于2009年10月1日全部生效。

本次公司法修订历时8年，改动巨大，原《1985年公司法》中的三分之一条款被删除，三分之一条款被修改，其余的三分之一内容得以保留，虽然其力求简洁，但条款从原来的747条不可思议地增加到1300条，并有16个附件，这也使得《2006年公司法》成为英国篇幅最长的单行立法。

此次修法的最重要的原则是小公司优先原则（Think Small First），即公司法主要是为95%的小公司服务的。

为降低小公司的运营成本，提高运营效率，本次公司法做了如下修改：●私人公司可以不设置公司秘书一职，其职责可由董事或其授权的人行使；●私人公司不再强制要求召开股东年会，只需作出书面决议即可；●特殊决议的会议的通知期限从21天缩短为14天；●不再采用授权资本制，公司董事会通过决议（在某些情况下需股东会同意）就可以发行股份；●公司的所有文件都可以通过电子通讯方式提交，但其与成员之间的电子通讯方式沟通则须取得他们的同意；●私人公司可以为购买自身股份的相对方提供财务资助；●私人公司减少资本不再需要法院的同意。

除此之外，针对公司董事的修改也较多，主要包括：1.董事义务的法典化：英国《2006年公司法》第171-177条具体规定了公司董事义务，即在授权范围内行事的义务；促进公司成功的义务；独立判断的义务；审慎勤勉义务；避免利益冲突的义务；不得从第三人处收受利益的义务；利益披露义务。

其中第172条促进公司成功的义务是新增的，其余则是此前判例法上的义务。

英国公司法亦采用股东中心主义，但也强调公司的社会责任，董事在作出决策时，除了考虑股东的利益之外，还需考虑包括债权人、雇员、供应商、消费者以及所在社区在内的利益相关者（Stakeholders）的利益。

英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)

文章标题：解读英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)一、引言在企业经营和管理中，公司法是一部重要的法律条文，它规定了公司的组织形式、运作机制、责任义务等方方面面。

其中，英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)作为英国公司法的最新版本，对于企业治理和商业活动有着重要的影响。

本文将深度解读该法律，对其进行全面评估，并进行深入探讨，以便读者对该主题有更深入的了解。

二、英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)概述英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)是英国公司法的重要版本，其修订内容涵盖了公司治理、股东权益、财务报告、合规监管等多个方面。

该法律的出台对于促进英国企业的健康发展、保护股东利益具有重要意义。

其中，修订后的内容更加贴合当今商业环境的需要，具有前瞻性和针对性。

三、对英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)的评估1. 公司治理英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)对公司治理提出了一系列要求，包括董事会的职责、股东会议的程序等方面。

该法律明确规定了公司高管的责任和义务，加强了对公司内部运作的监管，有利于增强公司的透明度和稳定性。

2. 股东权益该法律对股东权益保护的规定也比较详细，包括了股东的知情权、表决权等方面。

它在维护股东利益的也平衡了公司治理结构，促进了公司与股东之间的良性互动，有利于增强企业的稳定性和可持续发展。

3. 财务报告针对财务报告的要求也是该法律的重要内容之一。

它规定了公司应当如实准确地向外界披露财务信息，加强了公司的合规性和透明度。

这对于提升企业形象、吸引投资具有积极的意义。

4. 合规监管在合规监管方面，英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)也提出了相应的规定，明确了公司进行商业活动时应当遵守的相关法律法规。

这有利于规范市场秩序、保护各方利益，有助于提升商业环境的稳定性。

四、个人观点和理解英国2006年公司法(2012年修订译本)的出台是对英国公司法的重要补充和完善，突出了对公司治理、股东权益、财务报告等方面的规范，具有较高的前瞻性和针对性。

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