The Academic Word List学术词汇表

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AWL英语学术词汇表

《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Well ington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Ac ademic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。

《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。

Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。

Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessing economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishmentsestimateestimatedestimateslegislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislaturemajormajoritiesmajoritymethodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethodsoccuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurspercentassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessed assumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailable benefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistenciesestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancingformulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatepercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementrequirementsrequiresrequiringresearchresearchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearchingrespondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingrespondsinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsreformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiableincomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicatorsindividualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividualsinterpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedsourcessourcingspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallyrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreating datadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretationsinvolveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallystructuredstructuresstructuringunstructuredtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvariancevariantvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingSublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieveachievableachievedachievementachievementsachievesachieving acquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministrationadministrationsadministrativeadministrativelyadministratoradministrators affectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffected appropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacyinappropriateinappropriately aspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingassists distinctdistinctiondistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementelementsequateequatedequatesequatingequationequationsevaluateevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinalsparticipateparticipantparticipantsparticipatedparticipatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatoryperceiveperceivedperceivesperceivingperceptionperceptionspositivepositivelypotentialpotentiallypreviouspreviouslyprimaryprimarilypurchasepurchasedpurchaserpurchaserspurchasespurchasingrangerangedrangesrangingregionregionalregionallyregionsregulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulatingunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusive focusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsregulationregulationsregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictsunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecuritiesinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainablesecurityseekseekingseekssoughtselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingsurveystexttextstextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionaltraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfersdesigningdesignsSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworksfundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsphilosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrativeimmigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigrationimplyimpliedimpliesimplyinginitialinitiallyinstanceinstancesinteractinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteractsjustifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustifiedlayerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatereactionaryreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencingcorrespondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomespartnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipssequentialsequentiallysexsexessexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvolSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattributioncivilcodecodedcodescoding commitcommitmentcommitments errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionparallelparalleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotescommitscommittedcommitting communicatecommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicatingcommunicationcommunicationscommunicativecommunicativelyuncommunicative concentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconferscontrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcyclescycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebatingdespitedimensiondimensionaldimensions integrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationinternalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabelledlabellinglabelsmechanismmechanismsobviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedpromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimesresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulstressingunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarisedmultidimensional domesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticateddomesticatingdomestics emergeemergedemergenceemergentemergesemergingoccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionoptionaloptionsoutputoutputsoverallsummarisessummarisingsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationsummarizationssummarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentadjustmentsadjustsreadjustreadjustedreadjustingreadjustmentreadjustmentsreadjusts alteralterablealterationalterationsalteredalteringalternate expandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansiveexposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresexternalexternalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizingorientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientationperspectiveperspectivespreciseimprecisepreciselyprecisionprimeprimacypsychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologistspursuealternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamends awareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contactexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygenerategeneratedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberalslicencepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylesstylingstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstituted.contactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolveslicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogiciansmarginmarginalmarginallymarginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentalitymentallymodifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodifiedmonitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitorednetworknetworkednetworkingnetworksnotionnotionsobjectiveobjectivelyobjectivitysubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewheevolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstractabstractionabstractionsabstractlyabstracts accurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurate acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgementacknowledgements aggregateaggregatedaggregatesaggregatingaggregation allocateallocatedallocatesallocatingallocationallocationsassignassignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassignsreassignreassignedreassigning enhanceenhancedenhancementenhancesenhancingestateestatesexceedexceededexceedingexceedsexpertexpertiseexpertlyexpertsexplicitexplicitlyfederalfederationfederationsfeefeesflexibleflexibilityinflexibleinflexibilityfurthermoregendergendersignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoringincentiveincentivesneutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumespresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalirrationalrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalisingreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapable citecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operates incidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapetapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformations。

雅思高频词汇表(汇总)

The Academic Word List (AWL)英语学术词汇表1. What is the AWLAWL ( 《英语学术词汇表》) 是一个由 Victoria University of Wellington, NewZealand的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表，它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose) 中最常用的570 个词目 (headwords) ，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。

例如：词目“ analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇：analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis,analyst,analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically, analyze, analyzed,analyzes, analyzing。

其中斜体字， analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。

2. What are the 10 sublists of the AWLAWL 分十个 sublists (小组 )。

除了第十小组包含30 个词目外，其他小组均含有90 个词目。

Sublist 1（第一组）包含的词汇最常用， sublist 2（第二组）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublists依次类推。

AWL中的每一个词目后都有一个数字，它代表了该词目是属于AWL 中的哪一组。

例如abandon 8 就表示 abandon 是属于第八小组的词目。

3. Where to find the AWL本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL词目。

登陆网页能看到 570 个词目（ headwords）。

如果你想得到每一个词目下面所包含的相关单词，请登陆该网页能下载所有的单词。

THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST (E - O)abandon v. go away from (a person or thing or place) not intending to return; forsake; desertabstract adj.existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existenceacademy n. school for special trainingaccess n. ~ means of approaching or entering (a place); way in accommodate v. provide lodging or room foraccompany v. walk or travel with (sb) as a companion or helper; escortaccumulate v. gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get (sth) in this wayaccurate adj.free from errorachieve v. gain or reach (sth), usu by effort, skill, courage, etc acknowledge v. accept the truth of admit (sth)acquire v. gain (sth) by one's own ability, efforts or behaviouradapt v. ~ sth (for sth) make sth suitable for a new use, situation, etc; modify sth adequate adj. ~ satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficientadjacent having a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or following adjust v. put (sth) into the correct order or position; arrangeadministrate v. to administeradult adj.grown to full size or strengthadvocate v. speak publicly in favour of (sth); recommend; supportaffect v. have an influence on (sb/sth); produce an effect onaggregate v. ~ sb (fml ) be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount aid n.helpalbeit conj althoughallocate v. ~ sth allot or assign sth (to sb/sth) for a special purposealter v. become different; change in character, position, size, shape, etc alternative adj.available in place of sth else; otherambiguous adj.having more than one possible meaningamend v. correct an error in (sth); make minor improvements in; change slightly analogy n. ~ partial similarity between two things that are comparedanalyse v. separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structureannual adj.happening every yearanticipate v. expectapparent adj.clearly seen or understood; obviousappend v. ~ sth (fml ) attach or add sth (esp in writing)appreciate v. understand and enjoy (sth); value highlyapproach v. come near or nearer to in space or timeappropriate adj. ~ suitable; right and properapproximate adj. almost correct or exact but not completely soarbitrary adj.based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reasonarea n. extent or measurement of a surfaceaspect n. particular part or feature of sth being consideredassemble e together; collectassess v. ~ sth decide or fix the amount of sthassign v. ~ sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be used assist v. ~ in/with sth; ~ (sb) in doing sth (fml ) helpassume v. accept as true before there is proofassure v. tell (sb) positively or confidentlyattach v. ~ sth fasten or join sth (to sth)attain v. succeed in getting (sth); achieveattitude n. ~ way of thinking or behavingattribute v. ~ sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb/sthauthor n. writer of a book, play, etcauthority n. power to give orders and make others obeyautomate v. cause to operate by automationavailable adj.that can be used or obtainedaware adj.~ of sb/sth; ~ that... having knowledge or realization of sb/sthbehalf n. on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesmanfor sb; in the interestof sbbenefit n. profit; gain; future good (used esp with the vs and preps shown)bias n. opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group orseries;predisposition;prejudicebond n. written agreement or promise that has legal force; covenant brief sting only a short time; shortbulk n. size, quantity or volume, esp when greatcapable adj.having ability; able; competentcapacity n. ability to hold or contain sthcategory n. class or group of things in a complete system of grouping cease v. come or bring (sth) to an end; stopchallenge n. ~ (to do sth) invitation or call (to sb) to take part in a game, contest, fight etc to prove who is better,stronger, more able,etcchannel n.sunken bed of a river, stream or canalchapter n. (usu numbered) division of a bookchart n. detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showing coasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etcchemical adj.of or relating to chemistrycircumstance n. condition or fact connected with an event or action cite quote; commendcivil adj.of or relating to the citizens of a countryclarify v. (cause sth to) become clear or easier to understandclassic adj.having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned; of lasting value and importanceclause n.group of words that includes a subject1(4a) and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentencecode n.(system of) words, letters, symbols, etc that represent others, used for secret messages or forpresenting or recording information brieflycoherent adj. connected logically or consistent; easy to understand; clearcoincide v. ~ (of events) occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth else collapse v. fall down or in suddenlycolleague n. person with whom one works, esp in a profession or businesscommence v. begin (sth); startcomment n.~ written or spoken remark giving an opinion on, explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, asituation, etc)commission n. ~ action, task or piece of work given to sb to docommit v. do (sth illegal, wrong or foolish)commodity n. thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the homecommunicate v. ~ sth make sth known; convey sthcommunity n. the community the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole compatible adj. ~ (of people, ideas, arguments, principles, etc) suited; that can exist togethercompensate v. ~ for sth give (sb) sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury,etc;compile v.~ sth (for/from sth) collect (information) and arrange it in a book, list, report, etc complement n. ~ thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makes it completecomplex adj. made up of (usu several) closely connected partscomponent n. any of the parts of which sth is madecompound n. thing made up of two or more separate things combined together comprehensive adj. that includes everythingcomprise v. have as parts or members; be made up ofcompute v. ~ sth calculate sth with a computerconceive v.become pregnantconcentrate v.~ (sth) (on sth/doing sth) focus (one's attention, effort, etc) exclusively and intensely on sth, notthinking about other less important thingsconcept n. ~ idea underlying sth; general notionconclude v. ~ (with sth) (usu fml ) come or bring (sth) to an end concurrent adj. ~ existing, happening or done at the same time conduct n.person's behaviourconfer v. ~ (with sb) (on/about sth) have discussions (esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)confine v. ~ sb/sth keep (a person or an animal) in a restricted spaceconfirm v. provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (a report, an opinion, etc); establish the truth ofconflict n.struggle; fightconform v.~ keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)consent v. ~ give agreement or permissionconsequent adj. ~ (fml ) following sth as a result or an effect considerable adj. great in amount or sizeconsist v. (phr v) consist of sth be composed or made up of sthconstant adj.going on all the time; happening again and againconstitute v. (fml ) make up or form (a whole); be the components ofconstrain v. make (sb) do sth by strong (moral) persuasion or by forceconstruct v. build (sth); put or fit together; formconsult v. ~ sb/sth go to (a person, book, etc) for information, advice, etc consume e (sth) upcontact n. ~ state of touching (used esp with the vs shown)contemporary adj.~ of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same timecontext writings preceding and following passage quotedcontract n. ~ (for sth/to do sth) legally binding agreement, usu in writingcontradict v. say sth that conflicts with by (sb), suggesting that the person is mistaken or not telling the truthcontrary adj. opposite in nature, tendency or directioncontrast v. ~ A and/with B compare so that differences are made clearcontribute v. ~ (to/towards sth) give one's share of (money, help, advice, etc) to help a joint causecontroversy n. ~ public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about sth which many people disagreewithconvene v. summon to come together; arrange (a meeting, etc)converse v. ~ (about sth); ~ (together) (fml ) talkconvert v. ~ (sth) (from sth) (into/to sth) change (sth) from one form or use to another convince v. ~ sb make sb feel certain; cause sb to realizecooperate to work or act togethercoordinate vt. to organize or integrate (diverse elements) in a harmonious operationcore n. centre of such fruits as the apple and pear, containing the seedscorporate adj.of or shared by all the members of a group; collectivecorrespond v. ~ be in agreement; not contradict sth or each othercouple n. two people or things that are seen together or associated, esp a man and woman togethercreate v. cause to exist; make (sth new or original)credit n.permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received; system ofpaying in thiswaycriteria n. (pl of criterion) standard by which sth is judgedcrucial adj. ~ very important; decisiveculture n. refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc currency n. money system in use in a countrycycle n. series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order data n. facts or information used in deciding or discussing sthdebate n. formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a public meeting or in Parliament, with two ormore opposing speakers, and often ending in a votedecade n. period of ten yearsdecline v. say `no' to (sth); refuse (sth offered), usu politelydeduce v. ~ sth arrive at (facts, a theory, etc) by reasoning; infer sth define v. ~ sth state precisely the meaning of (eg words)definite adj. clear; not doubtfuldemonstrate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence denote v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth); refer todeny v. say that (sth) is not truedepress v. make sad and without enthusiasmderive v. ~ sth from sth obtain sth from sth; get sth from sth design n. ~ (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be made despite prep without being affected bydetect v. discover or recognize that (sth) is presentdeviate v. ~ from sth stop followingdevice n. thing made or adapted for a special purposedevote v. ~ oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth; dedicate ;differentiate v. ~ between A and B; ~ A (from B) see or show (two things) to be different; show sth to be different(from sthelse)dimension n. measurement of any sortdiminish v. become smaller or less; decreasediscrete adj. separate; distinctdiscriminate v. ~ ~ A from B see or make a difference (between two things)displace v. move from the usual or correct placedisplay v. ~ sth put sth on showdispose v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrangedistinct adj.easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definitedistort v. pull or twist out of its usual shapedistribute v. ~ sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thingdiverse adj. of different kinds; varieddocument n. paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth, evidence or proof of sth domain n. lands owned or ruled by a nobleman, government, etcdomestic adj.of the home, household or familydominate v. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)draft n. rough preliminary written version of sthdrama n. play for the theatre, radio or TVduration n. time during which sth lasts or continuesdynamic adj.of power or forces that produce movementeconomy n. avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources, etc)edit v. prepare for publication, eg in a book, newspaper, or magazine element n. ~ necessary or characteristic part of stheliminate v. ~ sb/sth remove (esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed) emerge v. ~ come out or up (from water, etc)emphasis n.force or stress given to a word or words when spoken, to make the meaning clear or to showimportanceempirical adj. based on observation or experiment, not on theoryenable v. make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or meansencounter v. meet or find oneself faced by (sth/sb unpleasant, dangerous, difficult, etc) energy n. ability to act or work with strength and eagernessenforce v. ~ sth force people to obey (a law, etc); make sth effectiveenhance v. increase make (sb/sth) look betterenormous adj. very large; immenseensure v.make sure; guaranteeentity n. thing with distinct and real existenceenvironment n. conditions, circumstances, etc affecting people's livesequate v. ~ sth consider sth as equal or equivalent (to sth else)equip v. ~ sb/sth (with sth) supply sb/sth (with what is needed, for a particular purpose) equivalent adj. ~ equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etcerode v. destroy or wear (sth) away graduallyerror n. thing done wrongly; mistakeestablish v. set up on a firm or permanent basisestate n. area of land, esp in the country, with one ownerestimate n. judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of sthethic n. system of moral principles; rules of conductethnic adj.of a national, racial or tribal group that has a common cultural traditionevaluate v. find out or form an idea of the amount or value of (sb/sth); assesseventual adj. happening at last as a result; ultimateevident adj. ~ (that...) obvious (to the eye or mind); clearevolve v. (cause to) develop naturally and (usu) graduallyexceed v. be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity)exclude v. ~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc; keep sb out exhibit n. object or collection of objects displayed for the public, eg in a museumexpand v. ~ (into sth) (cause sth to) become greater in size, number or importanceexpert n. ~ person with special knowledge, skill or training in a particular fieldexplicit adj.(of a statement, etc) clearly and fully expressedexploit n. brave or adventurous deed or actionexport n.exportingexpose v. uncover or make (sth) visible; displayexternal adj.outside; situated on the outside of sth (esp the body)extract v. ~ sth take or get sth out, usu with effort or by forcefacilitate v. (of an object, a process, etc but not of a person) make (sth) easy or less difficult factor n. fact, circumstance, etc that helps to produce a resultfeature n. one of the named parts of the face (eg nose, mouth, eyes) which together form its appearancefederal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central andseveral regional governmentfee n. (usu pl ) amount paid for professional advice or service, eg to private teachers, doctors, etcfile n. metal tool with a rough surface for cutting, smoothing or shaping hard substancesfinal adj.of the end; coming lastfinance n.management of moneyfinite adj.having bounds; limited; not infiniteflexible adj.that can bend easily without breakingfluctuate v. ~ (of a price, number, rate, etc) rise and fall; change irregularlyfocus n. =>Usage at data data. point at which rays (of light, sound, etc) meet or from which theyappear tocomeformat n. shape, size, binding, etc of a bookformula n. (chemistry ) set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made offorthcoming adj.about to happen or appear in the near futurefoundation n.act of foundingfounded [ find: ] to meet with or discover by chanceframework n. structure giving shape and supportfunction n. special activity or purpose of a person or thingfund n. sum of money saved or made available for a particular purposefundamental adj.of or forming the basis or foundation of sth; essentialfurthermore adv. in addition; moreover ;gender n. (in certain languages) classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or femininegenerate v. cause to exist or occur; produce generation n.productionglobe n. small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries, rivers, cities, etcgoal n. (in football, hockey, etc) pair of posts with a crossbar, between which the ball has to be kicked, hit,etc in order to scoregrade n. step, stage or degree of rank, quality, etc; level of classificationgrant v. agree to give or allow (what is asked for)guarantee n.~ (against sth) promise (usu in writing) that certain conditions agreed to in a transactionwillbefulfilledguideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actio hence adv. from this timehierarchy n. system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highest highlight n. best, most interesting or most exciting part of somethinghypothesis n. idea or suggestion that is based onknownfacts and is used as a basis for reasoningor furtherinvestigationidentical adj.the ~ the sameidentify v.~ sb/sth as sb/sth show, prove, etc who what sb/sth is; recognize sb/sth (as being theor specified person orthing)ideology n. ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a particular group orpersonignorant adj.~ (of sth)knowing little or nothing; lacking education or information; unawareillustrate v. supply with pictures, diagrams, etcimage n. copy of the shape of a person or thing, esp one made in stone or wood; statue immigrate v. ~ enter a foreign country in order to live there permanentlyimpact n. hitting of one object against anotherimplement n. tool or instrumentimplicate v. ~ sb show that sb is involved in sth, esp a crimeimplicit adj.~ implied, but not expressed directly; not explicitimply v. suggest (sth) indirectly rather than state it directly; hint impose v. ~ sth place (a penalty, tax, etc) officially on sb/sthincentive n. ~ thing that encourages sb to do sth; stimulusincidence n. ~ of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effect incline v. ~ towards sth lean or slope in the direction of sthincome n. money received over a certain period, esp as payment for work or as interest on investmentsincorporate v. ~ sth (in/into sth) make sth part of a whole; includeindex n. list of names or topics referred to in a book, etc, usu arranged at the end in alphabetical orderindicate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth, esp by pointingindividual adj.single; separateinduce v. persuade or influence (sb) to do sthinevitable adj.that cannot be avoided; that is sure to happeninfer v. ~ sth (from sth) reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning; conclude sthinfrastructure n. subordinate parts, installations, etc that form the basis of a system, an organization oran enterprise (eg ofan army) ,inherent adj. ~ existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb/sthinhibit v. ~ sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to doinitial adj. of or at the beginning; firstinitiate v. put (a scheme, etc) into operation; cause (sth) to begininjure v. hurt (sb); harminnovate v. make changes; introduce new thingsinput n. ~ action of putting sth ininsert v. ~ sth put, fit, place sth into sth or between two thingsinsight n. ~ (approv ) ability to see into the true nature (of sth); deep understandinginspect v.examine (sth) closelyinstance n. ~ particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example; case institute n. society or organization for a special (usu social, professional or educational) purpose instruct to direct to do something; orderintegral adj.~ necessary for completenessintegrate v. ~ sth (into sth); ~ A and B/~ A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth elseintegrity n. quality of being honest and morally uprightintelligence n. power of learning, understanding and reasoning; mental abilityintense adj.(of sensations) very great or severe; extremeinteract v. ~ act or have an effect on each otherintermediate adj. ~ situated or coming between two people, things, etc in time, space, degree, etcinternal adj.of or on the insideinterpret v. explain (sth which is not easily understandable)interval n. ~ time between two eventsintervene v. (of time) come or be betweenintrinsic adj. belonging naturally; existing within, not coming from outsideinvest v. ~ (in sth/with sb) use (money) to buy shares, property, etc, in order to earn interest orbring profitinvestigate v. find out and examine in order to obtain the truthinvoke v. use (sth) as a reason for one's actioninvolve v. make necessary as a condition or result; entailisolate v. ~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth ; issue n.outgoing; outflowitem n. single article or unit in a list, etcjob n. the patience of jobjournal n. newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subject justify v. show that (sb/sth) is right, reasonable or justlabel n.piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc on or beside an object and describing its nature, name, owner,destination,etclabour n.physicalor mental worklayer n. thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal divisionlecture n.~(on sth) talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class, often as part of ateaching programmelegal adj.of or based on the lawlegislate v. ~ make lawslevy v. ~ sth (on sb) collect (a payment, etc) by authority or force; impose sthliberal adj.tolerant and open-minded; free from prejudicelicence n. official document showing that permission has been given to own, use or do sth likewise adv.similarlylink n. one ring or loop of a chainlocate v. discover the exact position or place oflogic n.science of reasoningmaintain v. ~ sth cause sth to continue; keep sth in existence at the same level, standard, etcmajor adj.important; great(er)manipulate v. control or handle with skillmanual adj. of, done with or controlled by the handsmargin n. blank space round the written or printed matter on a pagemature adj.fully grown or developed mentally or physically; having achieved one's full potentialmaximise[ maximize: ] vt. to make as high or great as possible; increase to a maximum mechanism n. working parts of a machine, etcmedia n. the media means of mass communication, eg TV , radio, newspapersmediate v. ~ act as a peacemaker or go-between for two or more people, groups, etc who disagree medical adj.of the art of medicine; of curing diseasemedium n. (pl usu media) means by which sth is expressed or communicatedmental adj.of, in or to the mindmethod n.waymigrate v. ~ (to...) move from one place to go to live or work in anothermilitary adj. of or for soldiers or an army; of or for armed forcesminimal adj. smallest in amount or degreeminimise[ minimize: ] to reduce to or estimate at the least possible degree or amount minimum n. least or smallest amount, degree, etc possibleministry n. (buildings containing a) government departmentminor adj.smaller, less serious, less important, etcmode n. ~ (fml ) way or manner in which sth is donemodify v. change (sth) slightly, esp to make it less extreme or to improve it monitor n. device used to observe, record or test sthmotive n. ~ that which causes sb to act in a particular way; reasonmutual adj.felt or done by each towards the othernegate v. deny or disprove the existence of (sb/sth) network n. complex system of roads, etc crossingeach otherneutral adj.not supporting or helping either side in a dispute, contest,war, etc; impartialnevertheless adv, conj in spite of this; however; stillnonetheless adv. nevertheless; howevernorm n. standard or pattern that is typical (of a group, etc)normal adj.in accordance with what is typical, usual or regularnotion n. ~ idea or belief; conceptnotwithstanding prep (can also follow the n to which it refers ) without being affected by (sth); in spite of nuclear adj.of a nucleus, esp of an atomobjective adj.not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased; fairobtain v. ~ sth et sth; come to own or possess sth (by buying, borrowing, taking, etc) obvious adj. easily seen, recognized or understood; clearoccupy v. live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc)occur v. come into being as an event or a process; happenodd adj.strange; unusual; peculiaroffset v. ~ sth (by sth/doing sth) compensate for sth; balance sth ongoing adj. continuing to exist or progressoption n. power or freedom of choosing; choiceorient n. the Orient countries of the (Far) East (eg Japan, China) outcome n. effect or result (of an event, circumstances, etc) output n. quantity of goods, etc producedoverall adj. including everything; totaloverlap v. partly cover (sth) by extending over its edge overseas adj. across the sea; foreignpanel n. separate, usu rectangular, part of the surface of a door, wall, ceiling, etc, usu raisedaboveor sunkbelow the surrounding areaparadigm n. set of all the different forms of a wordparagraph n. distinct section of a written or printed text, usu consisting of several sentences dealingwith a singletheme and starting on a new lineparallel adj.(of two or more lines) having the same distance between each other at every pointparameter n. quantity that does not vary in a particular case but does vary in other cases participate v. ~ take part or become involved (in an activity)partner n. person who takes part in an activity with another or others, esp one of several owners of a businesspassive adj.not active; submissiveperceive v. become aware of (sb/sth); notice; observe percentperiod n. length or portion of timepersist v.~ continue to do sth, esp in an obstinate and determined way and in spite of opposition,argument orfailureperspective n. art of drawing solid objects on a flat surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width,depth and position in relation to each otherphase n. stage in a process of change or developmentphenomenon n. fact or occurrence, esp in nature or society, that can be perceived by the sensesphilosophy n.search for knowledge and understanding of the nature and meaning of the universe and ofhumanlifephysical adj.of or concerning material things plus prep with the addition ofpolicy n. ~plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or adopted by a government, politicalparty,business, etcportion n. part or share into which sth is dividedpose v.~ (for sb) sit or stand in a particular position in order to be painted, drawn or photographed。

570 个烤鸭必备 AWL 学术单词

The Academic Word List(AWL)英语学术词汇表1.What is the AWL?AWL(《英语学术词汇表》)是一个由Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表，它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。

例如：词目“analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇：analysed,analyser,analysers,analyses,analysing, analysis,analyst,analysts,analytic,analytical,analytically,analyze,analyzed,analyzes, analyzing。

其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。

2.What are the10sublists of the AWL？AWL分十个sublists(小组)。

除了第十小组包含30个词目外，其他小组均含有90个词目。

Sublist1（第一组）包含的词汇最常用，sublist2（第二组）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublists依次类推。

AWL中的每一个词目后都有一个数字，它代表了该词目是属于AWL中的哪一组。

例如abandon8就表示abandon是属于第八小组的词目。

3.Where to find the AWL?本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL词目。

附录：The headwords of the AWL（《英语学术词汇表》中的570个词目）abandon8abstract6academy5access4accommodate9accompany8accumulate8accurate6achieve2acknowledge6acquire2adapt7adequate4adjacent10adjust5administrate2adult7advocate7affect2aggregate6aid7 albeit10allocate6alter5 alternative3ambiguous8amend5 analogy9analyse1annual4 anticipate9apparent4append8 appreciate8approach1appropriate2 approximate4arbitrary8area1 aspect2assemble10assess1 assign6assist2assume1 assure9attach6attain9 attitude4attribute4author6 authority1automate8available1 aware5behalf9benefit1 bias8bond6brief6 bulk9capable6capacity5 category2cease9challenge5 channel7chapter2chart8 chemical7circumstance3cite6 civil4clarify8classic7 clause5code4coherent9 coincide9collapse10colleague10 commence9comment3commission2 commit4commodity8communicate4 community2compatible9compensate3 compile10complement8complex2 component3compound5comprehensive7 comprise7compute2conceive10 concentrate4concept1conclude2 concurrent9conduct2confer4 confine9confirm7conflict5 conform8consent3consequent2considerable3consist1constant3 constitute1constrain3construct2 consult5consume2contact5 contemporary8context1contract1 contradict8contrary7contrast4 contribute3controversy9convene3 converse9convert7convince10 cooperate6coordinate3core3 corporate3correspond3couple7 create1credit2criteria3 crucial8culture2currency8 cycle4data1debate4 decade7decline5deduce3 define1definite7demonstrate3 denote8deny7depress10 derive1design2despite4 detect8deviate8device9 devote9differentiate7dimension4 diminish9discrete5discriminate6 displace8display6dispose7 distinct2distort9distribute1 diverse6document3domain6 domestic4dominate3draft5 drama8duration9dynamic7 economy1edit6element2 eliminate7emerge4emphasis3 empirical7enable5encounter10 energy5enforce5enhance6 enormous10ensure3entity5 environment1equate2equip7 equivalent5erode9error4establish1estate6estimate1 ethic9ethnic4evaluate2 eventual8evident1evolve5 exceed6exclude3exhibit8 expand5expert6explicit6 exploit8export1expose5 external5extract7facilitate5 factor1feature2federal6 fee6file7final2 finance1finite7flexible6 fluctuate8focus2format9 formula1forthcoming10foundation7 found9framework3function1 fund3fundamental5furthermore6 gender6generate5generation5 globe7goal4grade7 grant4guarantee7guideline8 hence4hierarchy7highlight8 hypothesis4identical7identify1 ideology7ignorance6illustrate3 image5immigrate3impact2 implement4implicate4implicit8 imply3impose4incentive6 incidence6incline10income1 incorporate6index6indicate1 individual1induce8inevitable8 infer7infrastructure8inherent9 inhibit6initial3initiate6 injure2innovate7input6 insert7insight9inspect8 instance3institute2instruct6integral9integrate4integrity10 intelligence6intense8interact3 intermediate9internal4interpret1 interval6intervene7intrinsic10 invest2investigate4invoke10 involve1isolate7issue1 item2job4journal2 justify3label4labour1 layer3lecture6legal1 legislate1levy10liberal5 licence5likewise10link3 locate3logic5maintain2 major1manipulate8manual9 margin5mature9maximise3 mechanism4media7mediate9 medical5medium9mental5 method1migrate6military9 minimal9minimise8minimum6 ministry6minor3mode7 modify5monitor5motive6 mutual9negate3network5 neutral6nevertheless6nonetheless10 norm9normal2notion5 notwithstanding10nuclear8objective5 obtain2obvious4occupy4 occur1odd10offset8 ongoing10option4orient5 outcome3output4overall4 overlap9overseas6panel10 paradigm7paragraph8parallel4 parameter4participate2partner3passive9perceive2percent1 period1persist10perspective5 phase4phenomenon7philosophy3 physical3plus8policy1 portion9pose10positive2 potential2practitioner8precede6 precise5predict4predominant8 preliminary9presume6previous2 primary2prime5principal4 principle1prior4priority7 proceed1process1professional4 prohibit7project4promote4 proportion3prospect8protocol9 psychology5publication7publish3 purchase2pursue5qualitative9 quote7radical8random8 range2ratio5rational6 react3recover6refine9 regime4region2register3 regulate2reinforce8reject5 relax9release7relevant2 reluctance10rely3remove3 require1research1reside2 resolve4resource2respond1 restore8restrain9restrict2 retain4reveal6revenue5 reverse7revise8revolution9 rigid9role1route9 scenario9schedule8scheme3 scope6section1sector1 secure2seek2select2sequence3series4sex3 shift3significant1similar1 simulate7site2so-called10 sole7somewhat7source1 specific1specify3sphere9 stable5statistic4status4 straightforward10strategy2stress4 structure1style5submit7 subordinate9subsequent4subsidy6 substitute5successor7sufficient3 sum4summary4supplement9 survey2survive7suspend9 sustain5symbol5tape6 target5task3team9 technical3technique3technology3 temporary9tense8terminate8 text2theme8theory1 thereby8thesis7topic7 trace6tradition2transfer2 transform6transit5transmit7 transport6trend5trigger9 ultimate7undergo10underlie6 undertake4uniform8unify9 unique7utilise6valid3 vary1vehicle8version5 via8violate9virtual8 visible7vision9visual8 volume3voluntary7welfare5 whereas5whereby10widespread8THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST(E-O)abandon v.go away from(a person or thing or place)not intending to return;forsake; desertabstract adj.existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existenceacademy n.school for special trainingaccess n.~means of approaching or entering(a place);way inaccommodate v.provide lodging or room foraccompany v.walk or travel with(sb)as a companion or helper;escortaccumulate v.gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get(sth)in this wayaccurate adj.free from errorachieve v.gain or reach(sth),usu by effort,skill,courage,etcacknowledge v.accept the truth of admit(sth)acquire v.gain(sth)by one's own ability,efforts or behaviouradapt v.~sth(for sth)make sth suitable for a new use,situation,etc;modify sthadequate adj.~satisfactory in quantity or quality;sufficientadjacent having a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or followingadjust v.put(sth)into the correct order or position;arrangeadministrate v.to administeradult adj.grown to full size or strengthadvocate v.speak publicly in favour of(sth);recommend;supportaffect v.have an influence on(sb/sth);produce an effect on aggregate v.~sb(fml)be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount aid n.helpalbeit conj althoughallocate v.~sth allot or assign sth(to sb/sth)for a special purposealter v.become different;change in character,position,size,shape,etc alternative adj.available in place of sth else;otherambiguous adj.having more than one possible meaningamend v.correct an error in(sth);make minor improvements in;change slightly analogy n.~partial similarity between two things that are compared analyse v.separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure annual adj.happening every yearanticipate v.expectapparent adj.clearly seen or understood;obviousappend v.~sth(fml)attach or add sth(esp in writing)appreciate v.understand and enjoy(sth);value highlyapproach e near or nearer to in space or timeappropriate adj.~suitable;right and properapproximate adj.almost correct or exact but not completely soarbitrary adj.based on personal opinion or impulse,not on reasonarea n.extent or measurement of a surfaceaspect n.particular part or feature of sth being consideredassemble e together;collectassess v.~sth decide or fix the amount of sthassign v.~sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be usedassist v.~in/with sth;~(sb)in doing sth(fml)helpassume v.accept as true before there is proofassure v.tell(sb)positively or confidentlyattach v.~sth fasten or join sth(to sth)attain v.succeed in getting(sth);achieveattitude n.~way of thinking or behavingattribute v.~sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to,caused by or produced by sb/sthauthor n.writer of a book,play,etcauthority n.power to give orders and make others obeyautomate v.cause to operate by automationavailable adj.that can be used or obtainedbehalf n.on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf;US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb;in the interest of sbbenefit n.profit;gain;future good(used esp with the vs and preps shown)bias n.opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group orseries;predisposition;prejudicebond n.written agreement or promise that has legal force;covenantbrief sting only a short time;shortbulk n.size,quantity or volume,esp when greatcapable adj.having ability;able;competentcapacity n.ability to hold or contain sthcategory n.class or group of things in a complete system of groupingcease e or bring(sth)to an end;stopchallenge n.~(to do sth)invitation or call(to sb)to take part in a game,contest, fight etc to prove who is better,stronger,more able,etcchannel n.sunken bed of a river,stream or canalchapter n.(usu numbered)division of a bookchart n.detailed map used to help navigation at sea,showing coasts,rocks, the depth of the sea,etcchemical adj.of or relating to chemistrycircumstance n.condition or fact connected with an event or actioncite quote;commendcivil adj.of or relating to the citizens of a countryclarify v.(cause sth to)become clear or easier to understandclassic adj.having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned;of lasting value and import anceclause n.group of words that includes a subject1(4a)and a verb,forming a sentence or part of a sentencecode n.(system of)words,letters,symbols,etc that represent others,used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information brieflycoherent adj.connected logically or consistent;easy to understand;clearcoincide v.~(of events)occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth elsecollapse v.fall down or in suddenlycolleague n.person with whom one works,esp in a profession or businesscommence v.begin(sth);startcomment n.~written or spoken remark giving an opinion on,explaining or criticizing(an event,a person,a situation,etc)commission n.~action,task or piece of work given to sb to docommit v.do(sth illegal,wrong or foolish)commodity n.thing bought in a shop and put to use,esp in the homecommunicate v.~sth make sth known;convey sthcommunity n.the community the people living in one place,district or country, considered as a wholecompatible adj.~(of people,ideas,arguments,principles,etc)suited;that can exist togethercompensate v.~for sth give(sb)sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss,injury,etc;compile v.~sth(for/from sth)collect(information)and arrange it in a book, list,report,etccomplement n.~thing that goes well or suitably with sth else,or makes it completecomplex adj.made up of(usu several)closely connected partscomponent n.any of the parts of which sth is madecompound n.thing made up of two or more separate things combined togethercomprehensiv e adj.that includes everythingcomprise v.have as parts or members;be made up ofcompute v.~sth calculate sth with a computerconceive v.become pregnantconcentrate v.~(sth)(on sth/doing sth)focus(one's attention,effort,etc) exclusively and intensel y on sth,not thinking about other less important thingsconcept n.~idea underlying sth;general notionconclude v.~(with sth)(usu fml)come or bring(sth)to an endconcurrent adj.~existing,happening or done at the same timeconduct n.person's behaviourconfer v.~(with sb)(on/about sth)have discussions(esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)confine v.~sb/sth keep(a person or an animal)in a restricted spaceconfirm v.provide evidence for the truth or correctness of(a report,an opinion, etc);establish the truth ofconflict n.struggle;fightconform v.~keep to or comply with(generally accepted rules,standards,etc) consent v.~give agreement or permissionconsequent adj.~(fml)following sth as a result or an effect considerable adj.great in amount or sizeconsist v.(phr v)consist of sth be composed or made up of sthconstant adj.going on all the time;happening again and againconstitute v.(fml)make up or form(a whole);be the components of constrain v.make(sb)do sth by strong(moral)persuasion or by force construct v.build(sth);put or fit together;formconsult v.~sb/sth go to(a person,book,etc)for information,advice,etc consume e(sth)upcontact n.~state of touching(used esp with the vs shown) contemporary adj.~of the time or period being referred to;belonging to the same time context writings preceding and following passage quotedcontract n.~(for sth/to do sth)legally binding agreement,usu in writing contradict v.say sth that conflicts with by(sb),suggesting that the person iscontrary adj.opposite in nature,tendency or directioncontrast v.~A and/with B compare so that differences are made clearcontribute v.~(to/towards sth)give one's share of(money,help,advice,etc)to help a joint causecontroversy n.~public discussion or argument,often rather angry,about sth which many people disagreewithconvene v.summon to come together;arrange(a meeting,etc)converse v.~(about sth);~(together)(fml)talkconvert v.~(sth)(from sth)(into/to sth)change(sth)from one form or use to anotherconvince v.~sb make sb feel certain;cause sb to realizecooperate to work or act togethercoordinate vt.to organize or integrate(diverse elements)in a harmonious operation core n.centre of such fruits as the apple and pear,containing the seeds corporate adj.of or shared by all the members of a group;collective correspond v.~be in agreement;not contradict sth or each othercouple n.two people or things that are seen together or associated,esp a man and woman togethercreate v.cause to exist;make(sth new or original)credit n.permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received;system of paying in this waycriteria n.(pl of criterion)standard by which sth is judgedcrucial adj.~very important;decisiveculture n.refined understanding and appreciation of art,literature,etccurrency n.money system in use in a countrycycle n.series of events that are regularly repeated in the same orderdata n.facts or information used in deciding or discussing sthdebate n.formal argument or discussion of a question,eg at a public meeting or in Parliament,with two or more opposing speakers,and often ending in a votedecade n.period of ten yearsdecline v.say`no'to(sth);refuse(sth offered),usu politelydeduce v.~sth arrive at(facts,a theory,etc)by reasoning;infer sthdefine v.~sth state precisely the meaning of(eg words)definite adj.clear;not doubtfuldemonstrate v.~sth(to sb)show sth clearly by giving proof or evidencedenote v.be the name,sign or symbol of(sth);refer todeny v.say that(sth)is not truedepress v.make sad and without enthusiasmderive v.~sth from sth obtain sth from sth;get sth from sthdesign n.~(for sth)drawing or outline from which sth may be madedespite prep without being affected bydetect v.discover or recognize that(sth)is presentdeviate v.~from sth stop followingdevice n.thing made or adapted for a special purposedevote v.~oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth;dedicate;differentiat e v.~between A and B;~A(from B)see or show(two things)to be different; show sth to be different(from sth else)dimension n.measurement of any sortdiminish v.become smaller or less;decreasediscrete adj.separate;distinctdiscriminate v.~~A from B see or make a difference(between two things) displace v.move from the usual or correct placedisplay v.~sth put sth on showdispose v.place(sb/sth)in a suitable way;arrangedistinct adj.easily heard,seen,felt or understood;definitedistort v.pull or twist out of its usual shapedistribute v.~sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing diverse adj.of different kinds;varieddocument n.paper,form,book,etc giving information about sth,evidence or proof of sthdomain nds owned or ruled by a nobleman,government,etcdomestic adj.of the home,household or familydraft n.rough preliminary written version of sthdrama n.play for the theatre,radio or TVduration n.time during which sth lasts or continuesdynamic adj.of power or forces that produce movementeconomy n.avoidance of waste(of money,strength,time,resources,etc)edit v.prepare for publication,eg in a book,newspaper,or magazineelement n.~necessary or characteristic part of stheliminate v.~sb/sth remove(esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)emerge v.~come out or up(from water,etc)emphasis n.force or stress given to a word or words when spoken,to make the meaning clear or to sho w importanceempirical adj.based on observation or experiment,not on theoryenable v.make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or meansencounter v.meet or find oneself faced by(sth/sb unpleasant,dangerous,difficult, etc)energy n.ability to act or work with strength and eagernessenforce v.~sth force people to obey(a law,etc);make sth effectiveenhance v.increase make(sb/sth)look betterenormous adj.very large;immenseensure v.make sure;guaranteeenvironment n.conditions,circumstances,etc affecting people's livesequate v.~sth consider sth as equal or equivalent(to sth else)equip v.~sb/sth(with sth)supply sb/sth(with what is needed,for a particular purpose)equivalent adj.~equal in value,amount,meaning,importance,etcerode v.destroy or wear(sth)away graduallyerror n.thing done wrongly;mistakeestablish v.set up on a firm or permanent basisestate n.area of land,esp in the country,with one ownerestimate n.judgement or calculation of the approximate size,cost,value,etc of sthethic n.system of moral principles;rules of conductethnic adj.of a national,racial or tribal group that has a common cultural traditionevaluate v.find out or form an idea of the amount or value of(sb/sth);assesseventual adj.happening at last as a result;ultimateevident adj.~(that...)obvious(to the eye or mind);clearevolve v.(cause to)develop naturally and(usu)graduallyexceed v.be greater or more numerous than(esp a quantity)exclude v.~sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere,taking part in sth,etc; keep sb outexhibit n.object or collection of objects displayed for the public,eg in a museumexpand v.~(into sth)(cause sth to)become greater in size,number or importance expert n.~person with special knowledge,skill or training in a particular field explicit adj.(of a statement,etc)clearly and fully expressedexploit n.brave or adventurous deed or actionexport n.exportingexpose v.uncover or make(sth)visible;displayexternal adj.outside;situated on the outside of sth(esp the body) extract v.~sth take or get sth out,usu with effort or by forcefacilitate v.(of an object,a process,etc but not of a person)make(sth)easy or less difficultfactor n.fact,circumstance,etc that helps to produce a resultfeature n.one of the named parts of the face(eg nose,mouth,eyes)which together form its appear ancefederal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central and several regional governmentfee n.(usu pl)amount paid for professional advice or service,eg to private teachers,doctor s,etcfile n.metal tool with a rough surface for cutting,smoothing or shaping hard substancesfinal adj.of the end;coming lastfinance n.management of moneyfinite adj.having bounds;limited;not infiniteflexible adj.that can bend easily without breakingfluctuate v.~(of a price,number,rate,etc)rise and fall;change irregularlyfocus n.=>Usage at data data.point at which rays(of light,sound,etc)meet or from which theyappear to comeformat n.shape,size,binding,etc of a bookformula n.(chemistry)set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made offorthcoming adj.about to happen or appear in the near futurefoundation n.act of foundingfounded[find:]to meet with or discover by chanceframework n.structure giving shape and supportfunction n.special activity or purpose of a person or thingfund n.sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose fundamental adj.of or forming the basis or foundation of sth;essential furthermore adv.in addition;moreover;gender n.(in certain languages)classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or femininegenerate v.cause to exist or occur;producegeneration n.productionglobe n.small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries,rivers,cities,etcgoal n.(in football,hockey,etc)pair of posts with a crossbar,between which the ball has to be kicked,hit,etc in order to scoregrade n.step,stage or degree of rank,quality,etc;level of classificationgrant v.agree to give or allow(what is asked for)guarantee n.~(against sth)promise(usu in writing)that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilledguideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actiohence adv.from this timehierarchy n.system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highesthighlight n.best,most interesting or most exciting part of somethinghypothesis n.idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigationidentical adj.the~the sameidentify v.~sb/sth as sb/sth show,prove,etc who or what sb/sth is;recognize sb/sth(as being th e specified person or thing)ideology n.ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a partic ular group or personignorant adj.~(of sth)knowing little or nothing;lacking education or information; unawareillustrate v.supply with pictures,diagrams,etcimage n.copy of the shape of a person or thing,esp one made in stone or wood; statueimmigrate v.~enter a foreign country in order to live there permanentlyimpact n.hitting of one object against anotherimplement n.tool or instrumentimplicate v.~sb show that sb is involved in sth,esp a crimeimplicit adj.~implied,but not expressed directly;not explicitimply v.suggest(sth)indirectly rather than state it directly;hintimpose v.~sth place(a penalty,tax,etc)officially on sb/sthincentive n.~thing that encourages sb to do sth;stimulusincidence n.~of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effectincline v.~towards sth lean or slope in the direction of sthincome n.money received over a certain period,esp as payment for work or as interest on investmen tsincorporate v.~sth(in/into sth)make sth part of a whole;includeindex n.list of names or topics referred to in a book,etc,usu arranged at the end in alphabetic al orderindicate v.~sth(to sb)show sth,esp by pointingindividual adj.single;separateinduce v.persuade or influence(sb)to do sthinevitable adj.that cannot be avoided;that is sure to happeninfer v.~sth(from sth)reach(an opinion)from facts or reasoning;conclude sthinfrastructu re n.subordinate parts,installations,etc that form the basis of a system, an organization oran enterprise(eg of an army),inherent adj.~existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb/sthinhibit v.~sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to doinitial adj.of or at the beginning;firstinitiate v.put(a scheme,etc)into operation;cause(sth)to begininjure v.hurt(sb);harminnovate v.make changes;introduce new thingsinput n.~action of putting sth ininsert v.~sth put,fit,place sth into sth or between two thingsinsight n.~(approv)ability to see into the true nature(of sth);deep understandinginspect v.examine(sth)closelyinstance n.~particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example;caseinstitute n.society or organization for a special(usu social,professional or educational)purposeinstruct to direct to do something;orderintegral adj.~necessary for completenessintegrate v.~sth(into sth);~A and B/~A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth elseintegrity n.quality of being honest and morally uprightintelligence n.power of learning,understanding and reasoning;mental abilityintense adj.(of sensations)very great or severe;extremeinteract v.~act or have an effect on each otherintermediate adj.~situated or coming between two people,things,etc in time,space, degree,etcinternal adj.of or on the insideinterpret v.explain(sth which is not easily understandable)interval n.~time between two eventsintervene v.(of time)come or be betweenintrinsic adj.belonging naturally;existing within,not coming from outsideinvest v.~(in sth/with sb)use(money)to buy shares,property,etc,in order to earn interest or bring profitinvestigate v.find out and examine in order to obtain the truthinvoke e(sth)as a reason for one's actioninvolve v.make necessary as a condition or result;entailisolate v.~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth;issue n.outgoing;outflowitem n.single article or unit in a list,etcjob n.the patience of jobjournal n.newspaper or periodical,esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subjectjustify v.show that(sb/sth)is right,reasonable or justlabel n.piece of paper,cloth,metal,etc on or beside an object and describing its nature,name,owner,destination,etclabour n.physicalor mental worklayer n.thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal divisionlecture n.~(on sth)talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class,often as part of a teaching programmelegal adj.of or based on the lawlegislate v.~make lawslevy v.~sth(on sb)collect(a payment,etc)by authority or force;impose sthliberal adj.tolerant and open-minded;free from prejudicelicence n.official document showing that permission has been given to own,use or do sthlikewise adv.similarlylink n.one ring or loop of a chainlocate v.discover the exact position or place oflogic n.science of reasoningmaintain v.~sth cause sth to continue;keep sth in existence at the same level, standard,etcmajor adj.important;great(er)manipulate v.control or handle with skillmanual adj.of,done with or controlled by the handsmargin n.blank space round the written or printed matter on a pagemature adj.fully grown or developed mentally or physically;having achieved one's full potentialmaximise[maximize:]vt.to make as high or great as possible;increase to a maximummechanism n.working parts of a machine,etcmedia n.the media means of mass communication,eg TV,radio,newspapersmediate v.~act as a peacemaker or go-between for two or more people,groups, etc who disagreemedical adj.of the art of medicine;of curing diseasemedium n.(pl usu media)means by which sth is expressed or communicatedmental adj.of,in or to the mindmethod n.waymigrate v.~(to...)move from one place to go to live or work in anothermilitary adj.of or for soldiers or an army;of or for armed forcesminimal adj.smallest in amount or degree。

Academic_Word_List(附中文)

Academic Word ListSublist1analyze[ˈænəlaiz]vt.〈美〉分析,分解,解释constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t]vt.构成,组成建立,制定选定,任命establish[isˈtæbliʃ]vt.建立,成立安置确定,证实indicate[ˈindikeit]vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性occur[əˈkə:]vi.发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起]role[rəul]n.作用,职责角色approach[əˈprəutʃ]n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理vt.&vi.接近,走近,靠近context[ˈkɔntekst]n.背景,环境上下文,语境estimate[ˈestimeit]n.估计,估价报价判断vt.&vi.估计;评价,评估individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl]adj.个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n.个人人percent[pəˈsent]n.百分比,百分数section[ˈsekʃən]n.章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区area[ˈɛəriə]n.面积区域,地区领域,方面contract[kənˈtrækt]n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt.&vi.染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩evident[ˈevidənt]adj.明显的,明白的interpret[inˈtə:prit]vt.解释;说明vt.&vi.口译;翻译period[ˈpiəriəd]n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点sector[ˈsektə]n.部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面assess[əˈses]vt.估价,估计评定,核定create[kriˈeit]vt.创造,创作,创建引起,产生export[eksˈpɔ:t]n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt.&vi.出口,输出involve[inˈvɔlv]vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉policy[ˈpɔləsi]n.政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单significant[siɡˈnifikənt]adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的assume[əˈsju:m]vt.假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取data[ˈdeitə]n.资料,材料factor[ˈfæktə]n.因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数issue[ˈisju:]n.问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi.冒出,流出;传出vt.出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给principle[ˈprinsəpl]n.原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理similar[ˈsimilə]adj.类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti]n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家define[diˈfain]vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定finance[faiˈnæns]n.财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt.为…供给资金,从事金融活动labour[ˈleibə]n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩,(分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动;努力艰难行进proceed[prəˈsi:d]vi.前进;行进进行;继续下去source[sɔ:s]n.河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源available[əˈveiləbl]adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的derive[diˈraiv]vt.&vi.得到源于formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə]n.准则,原则公式,方程式配方legal[ˈli:ɡəl]adj.法律上的;合法的;法定的process[ˈprəuses]n.过程,进程工序,制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工;处理specific[spiˈsifik]adj.明确的,确切的,详尽的具体的,特有的,特定的仅限于…的;只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面,细节benefit[ˈbenifit]n.益处,好处救济金,保险金vt.&vi.有益于,得益distribute[disˈtribju:t]vt.分配,分给散发;散播;分布function[ˈfʌŋkʃən]n.功能;作用;职责函数;与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作,运行,起作用legislate[ˈledʒisleit]vt.&vi.立法;制定法律require[riˈkwaiə]vt.有赖于…;需要命令,指示要求,规定想要structure[ˈstrʌktʃə]n.结构,构造有结构的事物;复杂的整体;建筑物vt.组织;安排;构造;制定concept[ˈkɔnsept]n.概念;观念;想法economy[iˈkɔnəmi]n.节约,节省经济体制,经济状况identify[aiˈdentifai]vt.认出,识别支持,同情vt.&vi.等同于;有关联major[ˈmeidʒə]adj.较大的;主要的;严重的n.少校专业;主修科目vi.〈美〉主修,专攻research[riˈsə:tʃ]n.研究;探讨vi.做研究,探究,研究,探讨vt.从事…的研究,为…而做研究theory[ˈθiəri]n.学说理论,原理意见,看法consist[kənˈsist]vi.组成,构成在于,存在于environment[inˈvaiərənmənt]n.环境,周围状况,自然环境income[ˈinkəm]n.收入,所得,收益method[ˈmeθəd]n.方法,办法秩序,条理respond[riˈspɔnd]vi.有反应;有效果;有影响vt.&vi.回答;回报;响应vary[ˈvɛəri]vi.呈现不同vt.&vi.(使)变化,改变Sublist2achieve[əˈtʃi:v]vt.取得,获得实现,达到,完成community[kəˈmju:niti]n.社区,社会,团体大众,公众共有,共享design[diˈzain]n.图样,设计图设计,布局目的,打算vt.计划,筹划vt.&vi.设计,绘制institute[ˈinstitju:t]n.协会,学会;学院,研究院vt.建立,制定;开始,着手potential[pəˈtenʃəl]adj.潜在的,有可能的n.潜力,潜势,可能性restrict[risˈtrikt]vt.限制;约束acquire[əˈkwaiə]vt.获得,得到,养成complex[ˈkɔmpleks]adj.由许多部分组成的,复合的复杂的,难懂的n.综合体,集合体〈心〉情结,夸大的情绪反应distinct[disˈtiŋkt]adj.截然不同的,完全分开的清晰的,明白的,明显的invest[inˈvest]vt.授予vt.&vi.投资;花费previous[ˈpri:viəs]adj.先前的,以前的过早的,过急的secure[siˈkjuə]adj.牢固的;可靠的有把握的;确切的vt.握紧;关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手administer[ədˈministə]vt.管理,支配给予执行,实施compute[kəmˈpju:t]vt.计算,估算element[ˈelimənt]n.(化学)元素成分,要素,原件一伙人基础,纲要,原理item[ˈaitəm]n.一项,一件,一条;项目primary[ˈpraiməri]adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最初的;初级的seek[si:k]vi.企图;试图vt.请求,征求;求教vt.&vi.寻找;探寻affect[əˈfekt]vt.影响感动假装conclude[kənˈklu:d]vt.得出结论;断定决定vt.&vi.结束equate[iˈkweit]vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal[ˈdʒə:nl]n.杂志,期刊日志,日记purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs]n.购买,购置买到的东西vt.购买select[siˈlekt]adj.精选的,挑选出来的限制性的,选择严格的vt.选择;挑选appropriate[əˈprəupriit]adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用;盗用拨出(款项)conduct[kənˈdʌkt]n.举止,行为管理(方式),实施(方式)vt.&vi.引导,带领,担任指挥控制,管理传导evaluate[iˈvæljueit]vt.评价,估计,估价maintain[meinˈtein]vt.保持;继续保养,维护坚持;主张供给;赡养range[reindʒ]n.一系列变化幅度,范围射程,距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait]n.位置,场所,地点vt.使坐落在;设置aspect[ˈæspekt]n.方面方位,朝向面貌,模样,神态consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt]adj.作为结果的,随之发生的feature[ˈfi:tʃə]n.特征,特色面貌,相貌特写,专题节目(电影的)正片,故事片normal[ˈnɔ:məl]adj.正常的,平常的正规的;标准的region[ˈri:dʒən]n.地区;地带;区域;范围strategy[ˈstrætidʒi]n.战略学,兵法战略,策略策略,计谋assist[əˈsist]vt.&vi.帮助,促进construct[kənˈstrʌkt]vt.修建,建立构成,组成final[ˈfainəl]adj.最后的,最终的决定性的,确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain[əbˈtein]vi.通行;流行vt.获得,得到;买到regulate[ˈreɡjuleit]vt.控制,管理调整;调节survey[səˈvei]n.调查vt.眺望;纵览测量;勘察检查,鉴定通盘考虑,回顾category[ˈkætiɡəri]n.种类,类别consume[kənˈsju:m]vt.消耗,消费,耗尽大吃,大喝烧毁,毁灭focus[ˈfəukəs]n.焦点,焦距;中心vt.&vi.(使)集中,(使)聚集调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit]vt.&vi.参加,参与relevant[ˈreləvənt]adj.有关的,切题的text[tekst]n.正文,本文原文,全文教科书,课本chapter[ˈtʃæptə]n.章,回,篇credit[ˈkredit]n.赊购;赊购制度存款;存款数额借款;贷款赞扬,荣誉,功劳信任,相信学分vt.相信,信任把…记入贷方,存入(账户)impact[ˈimpækt]n.影响,作用冲击(力),碰撞vt.&vi.对某事物有影响perceive[pəˈsi:v]vt.感觉,察觉,理解reside[riˈzaid]vi.居住;定居tradition[trəˈdiʃən]n.传统惯例commission[kəˈmiʃən]n.授权,委托委员会佣金,回扣vt.委任,委托culture[ˈkʌltʃə]n.文化休养,教养,精神文明养殖,培养,栽培vt.培植,培养injure[ˈindʒə]vt.伤害,损害positive[ˈpɔzitiv]adj.确实的,明确的积极的;肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的,阳性的完全的;纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实;正量,正数正片resource[riˈsɔ:s]n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智;机敏;创造精神transfer[trænsˈfə:]n.转移;转让;转录中转,换乘,改变路线vt.转让vt.&vi.转移;迁移Sublist3alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv]adj.两者择一的,供替代的不寻常的,非传统性的非正统的n.取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物选择的余地,可供选择的机会convene[kənˈvi:n]vt.&vi.召开,召集emphasis[ˈemfəsis]n.强调,重点interact[ˌɪntərˈækt]vi.相互作用[影响],互相配合philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi]n.哲学人生哲学,人生观达观sex[seks]n.性别;性男性;女性性关系性活动,性行为circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns]n.环境,条件,情况境遇,经济状况coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit]adj.同等的,并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调;使调和ensure[inˈʃuə]vt.确保,担保担保获得[避免]justify[ˈdʒʌstifai]vt.证明…有理;为…辩护physical[ˈfizikəl]adj.身体的,肉体的物质的自然规律的,按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查,体格检查shift[ʃift]n.转换,转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋,手段切换键vi.快速行进vt.&vi.改变,变换,转移,移动去掉;摆脱掉换挡comment[ˈkɔment]n.评论,意见,解释,批评vt.&vi.评论;谈论core[kɔ:]n.果核核心,精髓,要点exclude[iksˈklu:d]vt.排除;不包括在内layer[ˈleiə]n.层,层次proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən]n.均衡;相称,协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分;份儿specify[ˈspesifai]vt.详述指定compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit]vt.&vi.补偿,报酬corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit]adj.社团的,法人的framework[ˈfreimwə:k]n.构架;结构link[liŋk]n.环,联系,纽带vt.&vi.连接,联系publish[ˈpʌbliʃ]vt.&vi.出版公布sufficient[səˈfiʃənt]adj.足够的;充足的component[kəmˈpəunənt]n.成分,组成部分,部件,元件correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd]vi.相符合,相一致相当,相类似通信fund[fʌnd]n.基金,专款现款;资金储备,蕴藏vt.为…提供资金,给…拨款locate[ləuˈkeit]vt.找出,指出(地点或位置)vt.&vi.(在…)设置,坐落于react[riˈækt]vi.起反应;有影响反对;对抗task[tɑ:sk]n.工作;任务;差事consent[kənˈsent]n.准许,同意,赞成vi.同意;赞成criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə]n.标准illustrate[ˈiləstreit]vt.给…加插图说明,阐明;表明maximise[ˈmæksimaiz]vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物)register[ˈredʒistə]n.登记(表),注册(簿)记录器暖气,调风器vt.&vi.记录;登记;注册显出注意到,记住technical[ˈteknikəl]adj.技术的;应用科学的艺术的,工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的,使用术语的,专业的considerable[kənˈsidərəbl]adj.相当大(或多)的deduce[diˈdju:s]vt.推论,演绎immigrate[ˈimiɡreit]vi.移入minor[ˈmainə]adj.较小的,较少的,低级的,次要的n.未成年人副修科目rely[riˈlai]vi.信任;信赖;依赖,依靠technique[tekˈni:k]n.技巧,手法,技术技能constant[ˈkɔnstənt]adj.始终如一的,恒久不变的不断的,连续发生的忠实的,忠诚的demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit]vi.举行示威游行(或集会)vt.说明,演示论证,证明显示,表露imply[imˈplai]vt.暗示,暗指必然包含negate[niˈɡeit]vt.取消,使无效否定;否认remove[riˈmu:v]vi.迁移;移居vt.移走;排除开除technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi]n.科技(总称);工艺;应用科学工业技术constrain[kənˈstrein]vt.强迫,强使;限制,约束document[ˈdɔkjumənt]n.公文,文件,文献vt.证明记录,记载initial[iˈniʃəl]adj.最初的,开头的outcome[ˈautkʌm]n.结果scheme[ski:m]n.阴谋,诡计计划,方案vt.&vi.策划;图谋valid[ˈvælid]adj.正当的,有充分根据的,符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute[kənˈtribjut]vi.起促成作用vt.&vi.捐献,捐助,贡献出撰稿,投稿dominate[ˈdɔmineit]vt.耸立于,俯临vt.&vi.控制,支配,统治在…中占首要地位instance[ˈinstəns]n.例子,实例partner[ˈpɑ:tnə]n.伙伴,同伙,合伙人,股东同伴,搭档配偶,情人vt.做…的搭档sequence[ˈsi:kwəns]n.有关联的一组事物,一连串先后次序,顺序,连续volume[ˈvɔlju:m]n.卷,册,书卷体积;容积,容量音量,响度Sublist4access[ˈækses]n.通道,入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等]vt.存取(计算机文件) communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit]vi.通讯;交际,交流相连;相通vt.&vi.传达;表达error[ˈerə]n.错误过失,失误internal[inˈtə:nəl]adj.内部的国内的,内政的体内的parallel[ˈpærəlel]adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的;相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点),相似(之处)比较纬线,纬圈vt.与…平行;与…相当resolve[riˈzɔlv]vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解,解析(某物)vt.&vi.决定;决心adequate[ˈædikwit]adj.充分的,足够的适当的,胜任的concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit]vt.浓缩vt.&vi.专心于;注意集中,聚集ethnic[ˈeθnik]adj.种族的,部落的某文化群体的investigate[inˈvestiɡeit]vt.调查;审查parameter[pəˈræmitə]n.(限定性的)因素,特性,界限〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数retain[riˈtein]vt.保持;保留止住;容纳annual[ˈænjuəl]adj.每年的,年度的,一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊,年报,年鉴confer[kənˈfə:]vi.〈拉〉商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予goal[ɡəul]n.球门进球得的分努力的对象,目标job[dʒɔb]n.职业,职位(一件)工作职责,责任phase[feiz]n.阶段,时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series[ˈsiəri:z]n.连续的同类事物,系列串联apparent[əˈpærənt]adj.显然的,明白的,清晰可见的表面上的,貌似(真实)的contrast[ˈkɔntræst]n.对比,对照差异,差别对照物,明显的对比物vt.&vi.对比,对照grant[ɡrɑ:nt]n.补助金,助学金,津贴vt.准许;答应给予承认label[ˈleibəl]n.标签,标记称号;符号;标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict[priˈdikt]vt.&vi.预言;预测;预示statistic[stəˈtistik]adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量approximate[əˈprɔksimit]adj.近似的,大约的vt.&vi.近似,接近cycle[ˈsaikl]n.循环,周期自行车,摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens]adv.从此时起,从此处因此,所以mechanism[ˈmekənizəm]n.机械装置构造,机制办法,技巧,途径principal[ˈprinsəpəl]adj.最重要的;主要的n.负责人,校长资本,本金被代理人,委托人status[ˈsteitəs]n.身份,地位情形,状况attitude[ˈætitju:d]n.态度,看法姿态,姿势debate[diˈbeit]n.讨论,辩论vt.&vi.辩论,争论hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis]n.假说,假设,前提obvious[ˈɔbviəs]adj.明显的;显而易见的prior[ˈpraiə]adj.优先的;在前的;较早的stress[stres]n.压力,紧张强调,重要性重力重音vt.重读强调attribute[əˈtribju:t]n.属性,特性vt.认为…是;归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]despite[disˈpait]prep.不管,尽管implement[ˈimplimənt]n.工具,器具,用具vt.使生效,贯彻,执行occupy[ˈɔkjupai]vt.占领;占有使从事;使忙于professional[prəˈfeʃənəl]adj.职业的,专业的内行的,有经验的有意的,故意的n.具有某专业资格的人,专业人士内行,专家专门职业者,职业选手subsequent[ˈsʌbsikwənt]adj.随后的,继…之后的civil[ˈsivl]adj.公民的,平民的;非军职的,非宗教的;国民间的,民用的民事的,民法的文明的,有教养的dimension[diˈmenʃən]n.尺寸,度量方面,部分规模,程度implicate[ˈimplikeit]vt.牵连,涉及option[ˈɔpʃən]n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件,配件买卖选择权,期权project[prəˈdʒekt]n.项目,计划,方案,课题vt.规划抛;投;射vt.&vi.伸出,突出;表达特点sum[sʌm]n.总数,总和金额算术vt.&vi.合计总结,归纳code[kəud]n.法典,法规,章程密码,电码代号,编码vt.将…译成电码domestic[dəˈmestik]adj.本国的,国内的家庭的,家用的驯养的impose[imˈpəuz]vi.利用,占便宜;欺骗vt.强迫,强加课税,惩罚output[ˈautput]n.产量输出,输出功率promote[prəˈməut]vt.提升,提拔筹划,发起,创立推销〈正〉促进;推动;增进summary[ˈsʌməri]adj.即刻的,立即的匆忙的,草率的概括的;简要的n.摘要,概要commit[kəˈmit]vt.犯罪;犯错承诺;使自己受约束托付;交付emerge[iˈmə:dʒ]vi.出现;显出;暴露integrate[ˈintiɡreit]vt.使结合成为整体vt.&vi.(使)融入overall[ˈəuvərɔ:l]adj.总体的;全面的;综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上,总的来说一切包括在内,全部的n.长罩衣工装裤;工作裤regime[reiˈʒi:m]n.政治制度,政权,政体undertake[ˌʌndəˈteik]vt.担任,承揽;保证着手,开始Sublist5academy[əˈkædəmi]n.专科学校研究院,学会consult[kənˈsʌlt]vt.请教,咨询;找(医生)诊治翻阅,查阅顾及,考虑vt.&vi.商议,商量evolve[iˈvɔlv]vt.&vi.演变;进化licence[ˈlaisəns]n.许可证,执照许可,特许放纵,放肆orient[ˈɔ:riənt]n.东方,亚洲vt.使熟悉,使适应使朝向;使确定位置style[stail]n.风格,格调;文体行为方式,作风种类,类型;流行式样;款式风度;格调;气派adjust[əˈdʒʌst]vt.&vi.(改变…以)适应;调整;校正contact[ˈkɔntækt]n.接触联系,联络,交往社会关系,熟人,门路触点,接头vt.&vi.联系expand[iksˈpænd]vt.&vi.使…变大,扩大,扩张伸展,伸开,张开,展开logic[ˈlɔdʒik]n.逻辑(学),逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective[pəˈspektiv]n.远景,景前途;希望透视透视图观点,想法substitute[ˈsʌbstitju:t]vt.&vi.代替,替换,代用alter[ˈɔ:ltə]vt.&vi.改变,更改decline[diˈklain]n.下降,减少,衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt.&vi.辞谢;谢绝(邀请等)expose[iksˈpəuz]vt.曝光暴露;显露揭露,袒露margin[ˈmɑ:dʒin]n.页边空白边,边缘差数,差额;余地precise[priˈsais]adj.精确的,准确的恰好的;正是的周密的,细密的,精细的sustain[səˈstein]vt.承受,支撑维持长期保持;使继续经受,遭受amend[əˈmend]vt.&vi.改良;修改,修订discrete[disˈkri:t]adj.分离的,不相关联的external[eksˈtə:nl]adj.外面的,外部的外观的,表面的外国的medical[ˈmedikəl]adj.医学的,医疗的,医术的内科的prime[praim]adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最好的,第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好,使完成准备工作事先指导,事先向…提供情况symbol[ˈsimbəl]n.象征,标志符号,记号aware[əˈwɛə]adj.意识到的,知道的draft[drɑ:ft]n.草稿,草案,草图汇票应召入伍者;特遣队vt.起草,画草图,草拟选派,抽调征募,征召…入伍facilitate[fəˈsiliteit]vt.使便利,减轻…的困难mental[ˈmentl]adj.精神的,头脑的,心理的,智力的精神病的psychology[saiˈkɔlədʒi]n.心理学心理;心理特点target[ˈtɑ:ɡit]n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象;(攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物capacity[kəˈpæsiti]n.容量,容积才能,能力身份,职位enable[iˈneibl]vt.使能够;提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental[ˌfʌndəˈmentəl]adj.基本的;重要的,必要的n.基本原则,基本法则modify[ˈmɔdifai]vt.修饰vt.&vi.修改,更改pursue[pəˈsju:]vt.追捕,追击追求继续;从事,经营transit[ˈtrænsit]n.搬运;载运;运输challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ]n.挑战,邀请比赛怀疑,质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy[ˈenədʒi]n.活力,干劲,能力精力〈物〉能,能量,能源generate[ˈdʒenəreit]vt.生成,产生引起,导致monitor[ˈmɔnitə]n.监视器,监听器;检测器(学校)班长;纠察员vt.监听,监视监测,检测ratio[ˈreiʃiəu]n.比,比率trend[trend]n.趋势,倾向流行clause[klɔ:z]n.从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce[inˈfɔ:s]vt.实施,执行强迫,迫使generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən]n.同时代的人,一代人,一代产生,发生network[ˈnetwə:k]n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络,网状系统广播网,电视网reject[riˈdʒekt]n.被拒货品,不合格产品vt.拒绝,谢绝;驳回舍弃,排斥,退掉version[ˈvə:ʃən]n.(个人对事件的)描述,说法,看法版本,形式译本,剧本compound[ˈkɔmpaund]n.复合物,化合物(筑有围墙的)院子,(围起来的)场地vt.使混合,使合成使严重;使恶化entity[ˈentiti]n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物image[ˈimidʒ]n.形象,概念镜像,影像,图像印象酷似的人[物],翻版比喻,引喻,明喻外形,外表,模样notion[ˈnəuʃən]n.概念,观念,看法突然的念头,奇想;意图,打算revenue[ˈrevənju:]n.收入,收益;财政收入,税收welfare[ˈwelfɛə]n.健康,幸福,繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict[ˈkɔnflikt]n.战斗,斗争冲突,抵触,争论vi.抵触,冲突equivalent[iˈkwivələnt]adj.相等的,相当的liberal[ˈlibərəl]adj.心胸宽阔的,无偏见的慷慨的,大方的开放的;主张变革的自由的,不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者objective[əbˈdʒektiv]adj.客观的;不带偏见的n.目标;目的stable[ˈsteibl]adj.稳定的;安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hwɛərˈæz]conj.但是,而Sublist6abstract[ˈæbstrækt]adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象,抽象概念,抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要,梗概vt.提取,抽取做…的摘要capable[ˈkeipəbl]adj.有能力的,有技能的exceed[ikˈsi:d]vi.(在数量、质量上)突出,领先vt.超过;超越incidence[ˈinsidəns]n.发生率,影响范围migrate[maiˈɡreit]vi.迁移;移往recover[riˈkʌvə]vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等)vt.恢复;重新获得,找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)accurate[ˈækjurit]adj.精确的,准确的正确无误的cite[sait]vt.引用,举例表彰,嘉奖传唤,传讯expert[ˈekspə:t]adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的n.专家,能手incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit]vt.包含,加上,吸收把…合并,使并入组成公司minimum[ˈminiməm]adj.最低的,最小的n.最低限度,最小量reveal[riˈvi:l]vt.显示;露出泄露;透露acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ]vt.承认,供认告知已收到鸣谢,感谢cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit]vi.合作;配合,协助explicit[iksˈplisit]adj.详述的,明确的,明晰的直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的index[ˈindeks]n.索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂vt.给…编索引,指示出ministry[ˈministri]n.(政府的)部scope[skəup]n.余地,机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit]n.〈正〉数,总计vt.总计达…vt.&vi.(使)聚集discriminate[disˈkrimineit]vi.歧视,有差别地对待vt.&vi.分别,辨别,区分federal[ˈfedərəl]adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit[inˈhibit]vt.阻止;抑制motive[ˈməutiv]n.动机,目的subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi]n.补贴,津贴,补助金allocate[ˈæləkeit]vt.分配,分派把…拨给display[disˈplei]n.陈列,展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列,展览显示,显露fee[fi:]n.费,酬金initiate[iˈniʃieit]vt.开始,着手传授;使初步了解接纳新成员,让…加入neutral[ˈnju:trəl]adj.中立的,不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的;非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士;中立国tape[teip]n.带子录音磁带;录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt.&vi.录音assign[əˈsain]vt.分配;交给指派,选派指定,订出diverse[daiˈvəs]adj.不同的,多种多样的flexible[ˈfleksəbl]adj.易弯曲的,柔韧的灵活的,可变通的input[ˈinput]n.输入,投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles]adv.仍然,然而,不过conj.尽管如此,然而trace[treis]n.踪迹;痕迹;形迹极微的量vt.追踪;追溯发现;找到描绘;标出vt.&vi.缓慢而困难地书写attach[əˈtætʃ]vt.&vi.贴上;系;附上domain[dəuˈmein]n.范围,领域版图,领土地产,产业furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:]adv.而且,此外instruct[inˈstrʌkt]vt.命令,指示教,指导通知overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z]adj.(在)海外的,(在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外transform[trænsˈfɔ:m]vt.&vi.改变author[ˈɔ:θə]n.著作家,作者创造者,创始人;发起人edit[ˈedit]vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等)vt.&vi.编辑gender[ˈdʒendə]n.〈语〉性intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt]adj.聪明的;理解力强的precede[ˌpriˈsi:d]vt.&vi.在…之前,先于transport[trænsˈpɔ:t]vt.运送;流放使万分激动bond[bɔnd]n.联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同,契约,票据vt.使粘结,使结合enhance[inˈhɑ:ns]vt.提高,增加,加强ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt]adj.无知的,愚昧的interval[ˈintəvəl]n.间隔时间幕间休息presume[priˈzju:m]vi.冒昧地做某事;错用自作主张,放肆vt.以为;假定underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai]vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因);引起brief[bri:f]adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的n.概要,摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况,作…的摘要estate[isˈteit]n.土地,地区庄园,种植园地产,财产;遗产incentive[inˈsentiv]n.激励某人做某事的事物;刺激;诱因,动机lecture[ˈlektʃə]n.演讲;讲课冗长的训斥[谴责]vt.责备,教训,训斥vt.&vi.(向…)演讲; (给…)讲课rational[ˈræʃənl]adj.神智清楚的理性的;理智的;合理的;出于理性的utilize[ˈju:tilaiz]vt.利用,使用Sublist7adapt[əˈdæpt]vt.改编,改写vt.&vi.(使)适应,(使)适合contrary[ˈkɔntrəri]adj.相反的,相违的n.相反,反面,对立面empirical[emˈpirikəl]adj.以观察或实验为依据的identical[aiˈdentikəl]adj.同一的phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən]n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit[səbˈmit]vi.屈服,认输vt.提交,呈递〈正〉建议,主张,申辩adult[ˈædʌlt]adj.成熟的成年人的,适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物convert[kənˈvə:t]vt.&vi.(使)转变,(使)转化皈依,改变(信仰)equip[iˈkwip]vt.装备,配备使有能力,使胜任ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi]n.思想(体系),思想意识priority[praiˈɔriti]n.优先权,重点优先考虑的事successor[səkˈsesə]n.接替的人或事物,继任者,继承人advocate[ˈædvəkeit]n.提倡者,拥护者辩护律师,辩护人vt.提倡,主张couple[ˈkʌpl]n.一对,一双一些,几个夫妻,情侣vt.连接,联结,联系extract[iksˈtrækt]n.摘录,引用提炼物,浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出,抽出提取,榨出infer[inˈfə:]vt.推断,推知prohibit[prəˈhibit]vt.禁止;阻止survive[səˈvaiv]vi.幸存,活下来vt.比…活得长,经历…之后还存在aid[eid]n.帮助,援助,救助助手,辅助物,辅助手段vt.帮助,援助decade[ˈdekeid]n.十年,十年间file[fail]n.文件夹,公文箱卷宗,文件;计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等),呈递用锉锉innovate[ˈinəuveit]vi.改革,创新publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən]n.发表,公布出版,刊行,发行出版物,书刊thesis[ˈθi:sis]n.论题,命题,论点论文,毕业(或学位)论文channel[ˈtʃænl]n.海峡通道;水沟,水渠渠道,途径频道definite[ˈdefinit]adj.明确的,确切的一定的,肯定的finite[ˈfainait]adj.有限的,有限度的〈语〉限定的insert[inˈsə:t]n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图)vt.插入,嵌入quote[kwəut]vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价);开(价)vt.&vi.引用,援引topic[ˈtɔpik]n.题目,论题,话题chemical[ˈkemikəl]adj.化学的n.化学药品deny[diˈnai]vt.否认知情拒绝foundation[faunˈdeiʃən]n.建立,设立,创办基础,基本原理,根据地基基金(会)intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n]vi.干涉,干预;调解干扰,阻碍release[riˈli:s]n.释放,排放,解除释放令公映的新影片,发布的新闻[消息]vt.释放;放开发布;发行;发售transmit[trænzˈmit]vt.传播,传染传导vt.&vi.发射,播送,广播classic[ˈklæsik]adj.(著作,赛事等)最优秀的,(可作)典范的(病例等)典型的,标准的(衣服,设计等)传统式样的,典雅的(因为时已久)著名的;传统的n.文豪,大艺术家;文学名著,经典作品,杰作优秀的典范differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit]vi.区别对待vt.&vi.区分,区别,辨别globe[ɡləub]n.地球,世界球体;球状物地球仪isolate[ˈaisəleit]vt.使隔离,使孤立,使脱离reverse[riˈvə:s]adj.相反的,颠倒的,反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败,挫败vt.& vi.(使)反转;(使)颠倒;(使)翻转推翻,取消使倒退,逆转ultimate[ˈʌltimit]adj.最后的,最终的基本的,根本的最大的,极限程度的comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv]adj.广泛的,综合的dispose[disˈpəuz]vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt.&vi.处理;处置grade[ɡreid]n.(官阶、质量)等级,品级,阶段,程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级;(按年级划分的)小学生media[ˈmi:djə]n.媒体simulate[ˈsimjuleit]vt.假装模仿,模拟unique[ju:ˈni:k]adj.独一无二的,仅有的,惟一的异常的,特有的,少见的comprise[kəmˈpraiz]vt.包含,包括,由…组成组成,构成dynamic[daiˈnæmik]adj.有活力的,强有力的不断变化的动力的,动态的guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:]n.保证,保障;保证书;保用期担保,担保人担保品,抵押品vt.保证;担保使(事情)可能发生mode[məud]n.方式,样式样式,风格sole[səul]adj.单独的,惟一的专有的,独占的visible[ˈvizəbl]adj.看得见的,可见的,有形的明显的,可察觉到的confirm[kənˈfə:m]vt.证实,证明;肯定,确认使巩固,加强批准;认可eliminate[iˈlimineit]vt.消除,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki]n.等级制度统治集团,领导层paradigm[ˈpærədaim]n.(一词的)词形变化表范例;样式;模范somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt]adv.稍微,有点,达到某种程度voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri]adj.自愿的,志愿的义务的,无偿的Sublist8abandon[əˈbændən]n.放任;纵情vt.离弃,丢弃遗弃,抛弃放弃clarify[ˈklærifai]vt.&vi.使清楚;澄清deviate[ˈdi:vieit]vi.偏离;越轨induce[inˈdju:s]vt.引诱,劝导〈正〉引起,导致plus[plʌs]adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的,称心的,有利的n.加号,正号prep.(表示包容)外加;另有(表示运算)加,加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上,正tense[tens]adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张accompany[əˈkʌmpəni]vt.陪伴,陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[kəˈmɔditi]n.商品,货物有用的东西displace[disˈpleis]vt.替换,取代移走inevitable[inˈevitəbl]adj.不可避免的,必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的,照例必有的,惯常的practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə]n.习艺者,实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate[ˈtə:mineit]vt.&vi.结束;使终结accumulate[əˈkju:mjuleit]vt.&vi.堆积;积累complement[ˈkɔmplimənt]n.补充,互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足,补充drama[ˈdrɑ:mə]n.戏剧,剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面]infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə]n.基础设施;基础结构predominant[priˈdɔminənt]adj.占主导地位的,显著的theme[θi:m]n.主题,主旨,题目ambiguous[æmˈbiɡjuəs]adj.引起歧义的;模棱两可的,含糊不清的conform[kənˈfɔ:m]vi.遵守,符合顺应,一致eventual[iˈventjuəl]adj.(事件)最终发生的;结果的inspect[inˈspekt]vt.检查,检验视察prospect[ˈprɔspekt]n.景象,景色前景;前途可能成为主顾的人;有希望的候选人vi.勘探;勘察thereby[ˈðɛəbai]adv.由此;因而append[əˈpend]vt.附加contemporary[kənˈtempərəri]adj.当代的同时代的,同属一个时期的n.同代人,同龄人exhibit[iɡˈzibit]n.展览品,陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示,显出vt.&vi.陈列;展览intense[inˈtens]adj.强烈的,剧烈的;极端的热情的,热切的紧张的,认真的radical[ˈrædikəl]adj.根本的,基本的;彻底的,完全的激进的,激进派的uniform[ˈju:nifɔ:m]adj.全都相同的,一律的,清一色的n.制服appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit]vt.感激,感谢欣赏,赏识,重视意识到,体会vt.&vi.(使)增值,涨价contradict[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt]vt.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触vt.&vi.反驳,否认…的真实性exploit[iksˈplɔit]n.业绩,功绩,功勋,事迹vt.开采;开发剥削manipulate[məˈnipjuleit]vt.熟练控制[操作]random[ˈrændəm]adj.任意的;无计划的(统计)随机的vehicle[ˈvi:ɪkl]n.交通工具,车辆传播媒介,手段arbitrary[ˈɑ:bitrəri]adj.随意的,主观的专横的,独断专行的crucial[ˈkru:ʃəl]adj.决定性的,紧要关头的fluctuate[ˈflʌktjueit]vi.波动,涨落,起伏minimise[ˈminimaiz]vt.把…减至最低数量[程度]对(某事物)作最低估计;极力贬低(某事物)的价值[重要性]reinforce[ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s]vt.增强;加强via[ˈvaiə]prep.(表示方式)通过(某人),凭借(某种手段)(表示关涉)经由,经过automate[ˈɔ:təmeit]vt.&vi.(使)自动化。

AWL词表(学术词表--Academic_Word_List)

Academic Word ListIntroductionThe Academic Word List (AWL) was developed by Averil Coxhead at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. The list contains 570 word families which were selected because they appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The list does not include words that are in the most frequent 2000 words of English (the General Service List), thus making it specific to academic contexts. The AWL was primarily made so that it could be used by teachers as part of a programme preparing learners for tertiary level study or used by students working alone to learn the words most needed to study at colleges and universities.The 570 words are divided into 10 sublists. The sublists are ordered such that the words in the first sublist are the most frequent words and those in the last sublist are the least frequent.ListSublist 1 sector• available • financial • process • individual • specific • principle • estimate • variables • method • data• research • contract • environment • export• source • assessment • policy• identified • create• derived• factors• procedure• definition• assume• theory• benefit• evidence• established• authority• major• issues• labour / labor• occur• economic• involved• percent• interpretation• consistent• income• structure• legal• concept• formula• section• required• constitutional• analysis• distribution• func tion• area• approach• role• legislation• indicate• response• period• context• significant• similar•Sublist 2community• resident• range• construction• strategies• elements• previous • conclusion • security• aspects• acquisition • features• text• commission • regulations • computer • items• consumer • achieve• final• positive• evaluation • assistance • normal• relevant• distinction • region• traditional • impact• consequences • chapter• equation• appropriate • resources• participation • survey• potential• cultural• transfer• select• credit• affect• categories• perceived• sought• focus• purchase• injury• site• journal• primary• complex• institute• i nvestment• administration• maintenance• design • obtained• restricted• conduct •Sublist 3Comments• convention• published• framework• implies• negative• dominant• illustrated• outcomes• constant• shift• deduction• ensure• specified• justification• funds• reliance• physical• partnership• location• link• coordination• alternative• initial• validity• task• techniques• excluded• consent• proportion• demonstrate• reaction• criteria• minori ties• technology• philosophy• removed• sex• compensation• sequence• corresponding• maximum• circumstances• instance• considerable • sufficient • corporate • interaction • contribution • immigration • component • constraints • technical • emphasis • scheme• layer• volume• document • registered • core •Sublist 4 overall• emerged• regime• implementation • project• hence• occupational • internal• goals• retained• sum• integration • mechanism • para llel• imposed• despite• job• parameters• approximate• label• concentration• principal• series• predicted• summary• attitudes• undertaken• cycle• communication• ethnic• hypothesis• professional• status• conference• a ttributed• annual• obvious• error• implications• apparent• commitment• subsequent• debate• dimensions• promote• statistics• option• domestic• output• access• code• investigation• phase• prior• granted• stress• civ il• contrast• resolutionadequate •Sublist 5Alter• stability• energy• aware• licence / license• enforcement• draft• styles• precise• medical• pursue• symbolic• marginal• capacity• generation• exposure• decline• acad emic• modified• external • psychology • fundamental • adjustment • ratio• whereas • enable• version • perspective • contact • network • facilitate • welfare • transition • amendment • logic rejected • expansion • clause• prime• t arget• objective • sustainable • equivalent • liberal• notion• substitution • generated • trend• revenue • compounds • evolution • conflict • image• discretion• entities• orientation• consultation• mental• monitoring• challenge•Sublist 6Intelligence• transformation• presumption• acknowledged• utility• furthermore• accurate• diversity• attached• recovery• assigned• tapes• motivation• bond• edition• nevertheless• transport• cited• fees• sc ope• enhanced• incorporated• instructionssubsidiary• input• abstract• ministry• capable• expert• preceding• display• incentive• inhibition• trace• ignored• incidence• estate• cooperative• revealed• index• lecture• discrimination• overseas• explicit• aggregate• gender• underlying• brief• domain• rational• minimum• interval• neutral• migration• flexibility• federal• author• initiatives • allocation • exceed •Sublist 7 intervention • confirmed • definite• classical • chemical • voluntary • release• visible• finite• publication • channel• file• thesis• equipment • disposal • solely• deny• identical • submitted • grade• phenomenon • paradigm • ultimate ly • extract• survive• converted • transmission • global• inferred• guarantee• advocate• dynamic• simulation• topic• insert• reversedecades• comprise• hierarchical• unique• comprehensive• couple• mode• differentiation• eliminate• priority• empirical• ideology• somewhat• aid• foundation• adults• adaptation• quotation• contrary• mediaSuccessive• innovation• prohibited• isolated •Sublist 8Highlighted• eventually• inspection• termi nation• displacement• arbitrary• reinforced• denote• offset• exploitation• detected• abandon• random• revision• virtually• uniform• predominantly• thereby• implicit• tension• ambiguous• vehicle• clarity• conformity• contemporary• automatically• accumulation• appendix• widespread• infrastructure• deviation• fluctuations • restore• guidelines • commodity • minimises • practitioners • radical• plus• visual• chart• appreciation • prospect• dramatic • contradiction • currency • inevitably • complement • accompany • paragraph • induced • schedule• intensity • crucial• via• exhibit• bias• manipulation • theme• nuclear •Sublist 9Bulk• behalf • unified• commenced• erosion• anticipated• minimal• ceases• vision• mutual• norms• intermediate• manual• supplementary• incompatible• concurrent• ethical• preliminary• integral• conversely• relaxed• confined• accommodation• temporary• di storted• passive• subordinate• analogousmilitary• scenario• revolution• diminished• coherence• suspended• mature• assurance• rigid• controversy• sphere• mediation• format• trigger• qualitative• portion• medium• co incide• violation• device• insights• refine• devoted• team• overlap• attained• restraints• inherent• route• protocol• founded• duration •Sublist 10Whereby• inclination• encountered• convinced• assembly• albeit• enor mous• reluctant• posed• persistent• undergo• notwithstanding • straightforward • panelodd• intrinsic• compiled• adjacent• integrity• forthcoming• conceived• ongoing• so-called• likewise• nonetheless• levy• invoked• co lleagues• depression• collapse •。

英语学术词汇表

《英语学术词汇表》Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalysis approach area assessment assume authority available benefit concept consistent constitutional context contract createdata definition derived distribution economic environment established estimate evidence export factors financial formula function identified income indicate individual interpretation involved issueslabourlegal legislation major method occur percent periodpolicy principle procedure process required research responserolesection sector significant similar source specific structure theory variableSublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieve acquisition administration affect appropriate aspects assistance categories chapter commission community complex computer conclusion conduct consequences construction consumer credit cultural design distinction elements equation evaluation featuresfinalfocusimpactinjury institute investment items journal maintenance normal obtained participation perceived positive potential previous primary purchase range region regulations relevant resident resources restricted security sought selectsite strategies surveytext traditional transferalternative circumstances comments compensation components consent considerable constant constraints contribution convention coordination core corporate corresponding criteria deduction demonstrate document dominant emphasis ensure excluded framework funds illustrated immigration impliesinitial instance interaction justification layerlink location maximum minorities negative outcomes partnership philosophy physical proportion published reaction registered reliance removed scheme sequence sexshift specified sufficient task technical techniques technology validity volumeaccess adequate annual apparent approximated attitudes attributedcivilcode commitment communication concentration conference contrastcycledebate despite dimensions domestic emergederrorethnicgoalsgrantedhence hypothesis implementation implications imposed integration internal investigation joblabel mechanism obvious occupational option output overall parallel parameters phase predicted principal prior professional project promote regime resolution retained series statistics status stress subsequent sum summary undertakenacademic adjustment alter amendment aware capacity challenge clause compounds conflict consultation contact decline discretion draft enable energy enforcement entities equivalent evolution expansion exposure external facilitate fundamental generated generation image liberal licence logic marginal medical mental modified monitoring network notion objective orientation perspective precise prime psychology pursue ratio rejected revenue stability styles substitution sustainable symbolic target transition trend version welfare whereasabstract accurate acknowledged aggregate allocation assigned attached authorbondbrief capablecited cooperative discrimination display diversity domain edition enhanced estate exceed expert explicit federalfees flexibility furthermore gender ignored incentive incidence incorporated index inhibition initiatives input instructions intelligence interval lecture migration minimum ministry motivation neutral nevertheless overseas preceding presumption rational recovery revealed scope subsidiary tapestrace transformation transport underlying utilityadaptation adults advocateaidchannel chemical classical comprehensive comprise confirmed contrary converted couple decades definitedeny differentiation disposal dynamic eliminate empirical equipment extractfilefinite foundation globalgrade guarantee hierarchical identical ideology inferred innovation insert intervention isolated media mode paradigm phenomenon priority prohibited publication quotation release reverse simulation solely somewhat submitted successive survive thesistopic transmission ultimately unique visible voluntaryabandon accompanied accumulation ambiguous appendix appreciation arbitrary automatically biaschartclarity conformity commodity complement contemporary contradiction crucial currency denote detected deviation displacement dramatic eventually exhibit exploitation fluctuations guidelines highlighted implicit induced inevitably infrastructure inspection intensity manipulation minimised nuclearoffset paragraph plus practitioners predominantly prospect radical random reinforced restore revision schedule tension termination theme thereby uniform vehicleviavirtually widespread visual。

Academic Word List(学术写作单词表)

1An Introduction to the Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New ZealandThe Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570 word families that are commonly found in academic texts. This list was selected by examining a large corpus (or collection) of written academic texts and selecting the words that occurred:1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science. 2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.3 At least 10 times in each academicfaculty section.4 Outside the 2000 most frequent wordson Michael West’s General Service List(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, house and do.These principles ensured that only words that occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of study areas were selected.The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most often in written academic texts. These words also occur in newspapers but not as often as they do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic vocabulary, you need to make sure you read academic textbooks so that you encounter these words in context.The AWL is organized into Word Families. Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’ and ‘family members’. Take for example the word maximise. Its family members include inflections of the verb such as maximised,maximises and maximising as well as the noun maximum. The word family also includes the British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well as maximization, the US spelling.If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able to recognise other family members such as maximised when you encounter them in your reading. These words are closely related and the meaning is likely to be the same or similar. When you are looking for words in this dictionary, think about other word family members too. Finally, there are some academic words thatdo not have a word family. These words occur on their own and do not have any inflections. Examples include nonetheless,so-called and behalf.The AWL is intended as a reference for students who are studying or preparing to study at a tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer, I was aware of the difficulties that students had in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written assignments. The AWL does not include ‘content’ vocabulary for particular subjects which students obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary that students of any discipline will need to master in order to produce coherently-structured written assignments.The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary covered in written academic texts. This means that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following extract from an academic text:EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Environmental issues are truly global. Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have global effects and require global action. Some problems link to the exploitation of global commons – the resources shared by the international community suchas ocean beds and the atmosphere. Sometimes small local problems, suchas poisonous gases leaking from landfills and water pollution, are multiplied so many times in any local contexts thatthey become major world hazards. The environment is a global concern requiring global policies.Academic Word ListAcademic Word List2The highlighted words are all on the AWL.This sample illustrates clearly that the AWLcan help with decisions about which words are important for you to learn if you are studying in an English-speaking country.Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for students studying at an English-speaking university, particularly for reading and writing.If you compare estimates of how many words a native English speaker might know by the age of 18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and how many a learner who has had two or three hours of schooling in English overseveral years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words depending on the language background of the student), this gap is enormous. In order to read and write successfully you need to be able to recognize as many words as possible in your textbooks and use as many as possible in your essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you will be able to cope with the high reading and writing demands of your studies.Academic writing tends to be quite formal in style. The vocabulary items that you use in your writing can affect the level of formality. Writers need to know whether a word can be used in a particular situation. T ake for example consequent. This is marked as formal. You would probablynot choose to use this word when speaking with friends but you should use it in written English to take your language to a higher level of formality. The AWL will help you to focus on issues of formality. Look out for the formal label in this dictionary.Remember that the AWL covers approximately 10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic writing. You should aim to have roughly the same percentage in your own academic writing too. If you go to the AWL highlighter websiteby Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham. /~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you can copy and paste your text into it and it will highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable you to see how many AWL words you are using overall and whether you repeat the same words many times in your writing.When looking up words from the AWL in this dictionary you should also focus on the bold phrases that are highlighted. These show you the key grammatical patterns and collocations for that word. Collocations are words that commonly occur together or near each other in a text, for example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases are important because they help with fluencyin writing and indicate that you are working at a higher level with academic vocabulary than just using a word from your own language and its translation. The collocations in the following text have been highlighted in blue.DECLINING BIODIVERSITYWhatever the effects on this planet’s climate, rain-forest clearance has another undeniable impact. The disappearance of rain forests is a major factor eroding the earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply causing many thousands of species of plant and animal life to disappear forever. While rain forests account for just seven percent of the earth’s surface, they are home to almost half of this planet’s living species. Estimatesof the total number of species of animalsand plants range from 1.5 million to as high as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, have identified more than 1,000 species of ants alone (Wilson, 1991).Remember that building your vocabulary takes time. You are not likely to learn everything you need to know about a word the very first time you see it. And don’t expect to remember everything about a word after looking it up in a dictionary once. Try some of these ideas to help you with vocabulary building:• Make the most of the information given in this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in the entry. These show important grammatical patterns and collocations. Learn these rather than the word in isolation.• Even if you think you already ‘know’ a word, look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any additional information that you don’t know.• Research has shown that repetition helps people to remember things. Make sure you build repetition into your learning. You could do this through using word cards to test yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.Academic Word List3• Studying words ‘actively’ will help yourlearning. People do learn words through reading but the chances of remembering vocabulary is higher when you focus on the words and make a conscious effort to learn them.• Look out for common collocations, phrases and grammatical patterns of words when you are reading academic texts.• Work with the AWL alongside you when you are writing. Try to use words from the list that are relevant to your writing. The words on the AWL are marked with in this dictionary.The AWL does not include the 2000 most frequent words used in general everyday English. In this dictionary, however, the 3000 most frequent words in written English are also marked with 12and 3and the 3000 most frequent words in spoken English are marked with and .In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.Averil Coxhead is a lecturer in English for Academic Purposesat Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Shecompiled the AWL in 2000. For further information on the AWL go to Averil’s website at /staff/awl/index.shtml.Acknowledgement: Extracts on the subject of European environmental policy and declining biodiversity are reproduced with permission from Sociology:A Global Introduction, third edition, by John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer,©Pearson Education Limited 2005.abandon1v abandoned adj abnormal adj abstract1adj abstract2n abstract3v abstraction n academic1adj academic2n academy n access1n access2v accessible adj accommodate v accommodation n accompaniment n accompany v accumulate v accuracy n accurate adj achieve v achievement n acknowledge v acknowledgement n acquire v acquisition n adapt v adaptable adj adaptation n adequate adj adjacent adjadjust vadjustment nadministration nadministrative adjadult1nadult2adjadvocacy nadvocate1vadvocate2 naffect vaggregate1 naggregate2 adjaggregate3 vaid1 naid2 valbeit conjallocate vallocation nalter valteration nalternate1 adjalternate2 valternative1 adjalternative2 nambiguity nambiguous adjamend vamendment nanalogous adjanalogy nanalyse vanalysis nanalyst nanalytical adjanalyze vannual1 adjanticipate vanticipation napparent adjappend vappendix nappreciable adjappreciate vappreciation napproach1 vapproach2 nappropriate1 adjapproximate1 adjapproximate2 vapproximation narbitrary adjarea naspect nassemble vassembly nassess vassessment nassign vassignment nassist1 vassistance nassume vassuming conjassumption nassurance nassure vattach vattachment nattain vattainment nattitude nattributable adjattribute1 vattribute2 nauthor1 nauthor2 vauthoritative adjauthority nauthorship nautomate vautomated adjautomatic1 adjautomatically advautomation navailable adjaware adjawareness nAcademic Word ListThe following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown in bold are one of the ‘parent words’.Academic Word List4behalf n beneficial adj beneficiary n benefit1 n benefit2 vbias1 nbias2 vbiased adjbond1 nbond2 v brevity nbrief1 adjbrief2 nbrief3 v briefing n briefly advbulk1 nbulky adjcapability n capable adj capacity n category n cease1 v challenge1 n challenge2 v challenging adj channel1 n channel2 v chapter nchart1 nchart2 v chemical1 n chemical2 adj circumstance n citation ncite vcivil adj clarification n clarify vclarity n classic1 adj classic2 n classical adj clause ncode1 ncode2 vcoded adj coding n coherence n coherent adj coincide v coincidence n coincident adj coincidental adj collapse1 v collapse2 n colleague n commence v commencement n comment1 ncomment2 vcommentary ncommentator ncommission1 ncommission2 vcommit vcommitment ncommitted adjcommodity ncommunicable adjcommunicate vcommunication ncommunicative adjcommunity ncompatibility ncompatible1 adjcompensate vcompensation ncompensatory adjcompilation ncompile vcomplement1 ncomplement2 vcomplementary adjcomplex1 adjcomplex2 ncomplexity ncomponent1 ncomponent2 adjcompound1 ncompound2 vcompound3 adjcomprehensive adjcomprise vcomputation ncompute vcomputer ncomputing nconceivable adjconceive vconcentrate1 vconcentration nconcept nconception nconceptual adjconclude vconcluding adjconclusion nconclusive adjconcurrent adjconduct1 vconduct2 nconfer vconference nconfine vconfined adjconfirm vconfirmation nconflict1 nconflict2 vconform vconformation nconformist adjconformity nconsensus nconsent1 nconsent2 vconsequence nconsequent adjconsequently advconsiderable adjconsiderably advconsist vconsistency nconsistent adjconstancy nconstant1 adjconstant2 nconstantly advconstituency nconstituent1 nconstituent2 adjconstitute vconstitution nconstitutional1 adjconstrain vconstrained adjconstraint nconstruct1 vconstruct2 nconstruction nconstructive adjconsult vconsultancy nconsultant nconsultation nconsultative adjconsume vconsumer nconsumption ncontact1 ncontact2 vcontact3 adjcontemporary1 adjcontemporary2 ncontext ncontextual adjcontextualize vcontract1 ncontract2 vcontractor ncontradict vcontradiction ncontradictory adjcontrary1 ncontrary2 adjcontrast1 ncontrast2 vcontrasting adjcontribute vcontribution ncontributor ncontroversial adjcontroversy nconvene vconvention nconventional adjconverse3 adjconversely advconversion nconvert1 vconvertible 1 adjconvince vconvinced adjconvincing adjcooperate vcooperation ncooperative1 adjcoordinate1 vcoordinate2 ncoordinate3 adjcoordination ncoordinator ncore1 ncore2 adjcore3 vcorporate adjcorporation ncorrespond vcorrespondence ncorresponding adjcouple1 ncouple2 vcreate vcreation ncreative1 adjcreativity ncreator ncredit1 ncredit2 vcreditor ncriterion ncrucial adjcultural adjculturally advculture1 ncurrency ncycle1 ncycle2 vcyclic adjdata ndebatable adjdebate1 ndebate2 vdecade ndecline1 ndecline2 vdeduce vAcademic Word List 5deduction n define vdefinite adj definitely adv definition n definitive adj demonstrable adj demonstrate v demonstration n demonstrative adj demonstrator n denial ndenote vdeny vdepress v depression n derivation n derivative1 n derivative2 adj derive vdesign1 ndesign2 v designer1 n despite prep detect v detection n detective n detector n deviate1 v deviation n device ndevote v devoted adj devotion n differentiate v dimension n diminish v diminution n discrete adj discretion n discretionary adj discriminate v discrimination n disestablish v displace v displacement n display1 n display2 v disposable adj disposal n dispose v disproportion n disproportionate adj dissimilar adj distinct adj distinction n distinctive adj distinctly adv distort v distribute v distribution ndistributive adjdiverse adjdiversify vdiversity ndocument1 ndocument2 vdocumentation ndomain ndomestic1 adjdomesticate vdomesticated adjdominance ndominant1 adjdominate vdraft1 ndraft2 vdraft3 adjdrama ndramatic adjdramatist ndramatize vduration ndynamic1 adjdynamic2 neconomic adjeconomical adjeconomically adveconomics neconomist neconomy1 nedit vedition neditor neditorial1 adjeditorial2 nelement neliminate velimination nemerge vemergence nemergent adjemerging adjemphasis nemphasize vemphatic adjempirical adjempiricism nenable venabling adjencounter1 vencounter2 nenergetic adjenergy nenforce venforced adjenforcement nenhance venhanced adjenormity nenormous adjenormously advensure ventity nenvironment nenvironmental adjenvironmentalist nequate vequation nequip vequipment nequivalent1 adjequivalent2 nerode verosion nerroneous adjerror nestablish vestablished adjestablishment nestate nestimate1 nestimate2 vestimation nethic nethical adjethnic1 adjethnic2 nevaluate vevaluation neventual adjeventuality neventually advevidence1 nevident adjevidential adjevidently advevolution nevolutionary adjevolve vexceed vexclude vexcluding prepexclusion nexclusive1 adjexclusively advexhibit1 vexhibit2 nexhibition nexpand vexpansion nexpansionism nexpansive adjexpert1 nexpert2 adjexpertise nexplicit adjexploit1 vexploitation nexport1 nexport2 vexporter nexpose vexposed adjexposure nexternal adjexternalize vextract1 vextract2 nextraction nfacilitate vfacilitator nfacility nfactor1 nfactor2 vfeature1 nfeature2 vfederal adjfederation nfee nfile1 nfile2 vfiling nfinal1 adjfinal2 nfinality nfinalize vfinally advfinance1 nfinance2 vfinancial adjfinancier nfinite adjflexibility nflexible adjfluctuate vfluctuation nfocus1 vfocus2 nfocussed adjformat1 nformat2 vformula nformulate vforthcoming adjfound2 vfoundation nfounder1 nfounding nframework nfunction1 nfunction2 vfunctional adjfund1 nfund2 vfundamental adjfundamentally advfunding nAcademic Word List6furthermore advgender n generate v generation n globalization n globe ngoal ngrade1 n grade2 v graded adj grant1 vgrant2 n guarantee1 v guarantee2 n guideline nhence adv hierarchical adj hierarchy n highlight1 v hypothesis n hypothesize v hypothetical adj identical adj identifiable adj identification n identify v identity n ideological adj ideology n ignorance n ignorant adj ignore v illegal1 adj illogical adj illustrate v illustration n illustrative adj image n imagery n immature adj immigrant n immigrate v immigration n impact1 n impact2 v implement1 v implement2 n implicate v implication n implicit adj imply v impose v imposition n imprecise adj inaccessible adj inaccuracy n inaccurate adj inadequacy ninadequate adjinappropriate adjincapable adjincapacitate vincentive nincidence nincident nincidentally advinclination nincline1 vincline2 nincoherent adjincome nincompatible adjinconceivable adjinconclusive adjinconsistency ninconsistent adjincorporate vincorporated adjindefinite adjindefinitely advindex1 nindex2 vindicate vindication nindicative1 nindicative2 adjindicator nindiscretion nindistinct adjindividual1 adjindividual2 nindividualism nindividualist nindividuality nindividually advinduce vinduction ninevitability ninevitable adjinevitably advinfer vinference ninfinite adjinfinitely advinflexible adjinfrastructure ninherent adjinhibit vinhibition ninitial1 adjinitially advinitiate1 vinitiation ninitiative ninitiator ninjure vinjured adjinjury ninnovate vinnovation ninnovative adjinnovator ninput1 ninput2 vinsecure adjinsert1 vinsertion ninsight ninsightful adjinsignificant adjinspect vinspection ninspector ninstability ninstance1 ninstance2 vinstitute1 ninstitute2 vinstitution ninstitutional adjinstitutionalized adjinstruct vinstruction ninstructive adjinstructor ninsufficient adjintegral adjintegrate vintegrated adjintegration nintegrity nintelligence nintelligent adjintense adjintensify vintensity nintensive adjinteract vinteraction ninteractive adjintermediate1 adjinternal adjinternalize vinterpret vinterpretation ninterpretative adjinterpretive adjinterval nintervene vintervening adjintervention nintrinsic adjinvalidate vinvalidity ninvariable adjinvariably advinvest vinvestigate vinvestigation ninvestigative adjinvestigator ninvestment ninvestor ninvisible adjinvoke vinvolve vinvolvement nirrational adjirrelevance nirrelevant adjirreversible adjisolate visolated adjisolation nisolationism nissue1 nissue2 vitem njob njournal njustifiable adjjustification njustified adjjustify vlabel1 nlabel2 vlabor nlabored adjlabour1 nlabour2 vlaboured adjlayer1 nlayer2 vlecture1 nlecture2 vlecturer nlegal adjlegality nlegally advlegislate vlegislation nlegislative adjlegislator nlegislature nlevy1 vlevy2 nliberal1 adjliberal2 nliberalism nliberalize vliberally advliberate vliberated adjlicence nlicense vAcademic Word List 7licensed adj likewise adv link1 vlink2 n linkage n locate v location n logic n logical adj logician n maintain v maintenance n major1 adj majority n manipulate v manipulative adj manual1 adj manual2 n margin n marginal adj marginally adv maturation n mature1 adj mature2 v maturity n maximize v maximum1 adj maximum2 n mechanism n media n mediate v medical1 adj medium1 adj medium2 n mental adj mentality n method n methodical adj methodology n migrant n migrate v migration n migratory adj military1 adj military2 n minimal adj minimize v minimum1 adj minimum2 n ministerial adj ministry n minor1 adj minority n misinterpret v mode n modification n modify v monitor1 v motivated adj motivation nmotive1 nmotive2 adjmutual adjmutually advnegate vnegative1 adjnegative2 nnetwork1 nnetwork2 vnetworking nneutral1 adjneutrality nneutralize vnevertheless advnonconformist nnonetheless advnorm nnormal1 adjnormal2 nnormality nnormalize vnormally advnotion nnotwithstanding prepnuclear adjobjective1 nobjective2 adjobjectively advobtain vobtainable adjobvious adjobviously advoccupancy noccupant noccupation noccupational adjoccupier noccupy voccur voccurrence nodd adjodds noffset1 vongoing adjoption noptional adjorient1 vorientate vorientated adjorientation noriented adjoutcome noutput1 noutput2 voverall1 adjoverall2 advoverestimate1 voverestimate2 noverlap1 voverlap2 noverseas1 advoverseas2 adjpanel nparadigm nparagraph nparallel1 nparallel2 adjparallel3 vparameter nparticipant nparticipate vparticipation nparticipatory adjpartner1 npartnership npassive1 adjpassive2 nperceive vpercent1 adjpercent2 npercentage nperception nperiod1 nperiodic adjperiodical npersist vpersistence npersistent adjperspective nphase1 nphase2 vphenomenal adjphenomenon nphilosopher nphilosophical adjphilosophize vphilosophy nphysical1 adjphysically advplus1 prepplus2 nplus3 adjpolicy nportion1 npose1 vpose2 npositive1 adjpositively advpotential1 adjpotential2 npotentially advpractitioner nprecede vprecedence nprecedent npreceding adjprecise adjprecisely advprecision1 nprecision2 adjpredict vpredictable adjprediction npredominance npredominant adjpredominantly advpredominate vpreliminary1 adjpreliminary2 npresumably advpresume vpresumption nprevious adjpreviously advprimacy nprimarily advprimary1 adjprime1 adjprincipal1 adjprincipally advprinciple nprincipled adjprior1 adjprioritize vpriority1 nprocedural adjprocedure nproceed vproceeding nproceeds nprocess1 nprocess2 vprocessed adjprofessional1 adjprofessional2 nprofessionalism nprofessionally advprohibit vprohibition nprohibitive adjproject1 nproject2 vprojection npromote vpromoter npromotion nproportion1 nproportional adjproportionate adjprospect1 nprospective adjprotocol npsychological adjpsychologist npsychology npublication nAcademic Word List8publish v publisher n publishing n purchase1 v purchase2 n pursue v pursuit n qualitative adj quotation n quote1 v quote2 n radical1 adj radical2 n random adj range1 n range2 vratio n rational adj rationalism n rationalize v react v reaction n reactionary1 adj reactionary2 n reactivate v reactive adj reactor n readjust v reassess v reconstruct v reconstruction n recover v recovery n recreate v redistribute v redistribution n refine v refined adj refinement n regime n region n regional adj register1 n register2 v registration n regulate v regulation 1 n regulator n regulatory adj reinforce v reinforcement n reinvest v reject1 v rejection n relax v relaxation n release1 v release2 n relevant adjreliable adjreliance nreliant adjrelocate vreluctance nreluctant adjrely vremovable adjremoval nremove1 vremove2 nrequire vrequirement nreschedule vresearch1 nresearch2 vreside vresidence nresident1 nresident2 adjresidential adjresolution nresolve1 vresolve2 nresource1 nresource2 vresourceful adjrespond vrespondent nresponse nresponsive adjrestoration nrestore vrestored adjrestrain vrestraint nrestrict vrestricted adjrestriction nrestrictive adjrestructure vretain vretainer nretention nretentive adjreveal vrevealing adjrevelation nrevenue nreversal nreverse1 vreverse2 nreverse3 adjreversible adjrevise vrevision nrevolution nrevolutionary1 adjrevolutionary2 nrevolutionize vrigid adjrole nroute1 nroute2 vscenario nschedule1 nschedule2 vschematic adjscheme1 nscheme2 vscope1 nsection1 nsection2 vsector nsecure1 adjsecure2 vsecurely advsecurity nseek vselect1 vselect2 adjselection nselective adjselector nsequence nsequencing nsequential adjseries nsex1 nsexism nsexual adjsexuality nshift1 vshift2 nsignificant adjsignificantly advsignify vsimilar adjsimilarity nsimilarly advsimulate vsimulated adjsimulation nsite1 nsole1 adjsolely advsomewhat advsource1 nsource2 vspecific1 adjspecific2 nspecifically advspecification nspecify vsphere nspherical adjstability nstabilize vstable1 adjstatistic nstatistician nstatus nstraightforward adjstrategic adjstrategist nstrategy nstress1 nstress2 vstressed adjstressful adjstructural adjstructure1 nstructure2 vstructured adjstyle1 nstyle2 vstyling nstylish adjstylized adjsubmission nsubmit vsubordinate1 adjsubordinate2 nsubordinate3 vsubsequent adjsubsequently advsubsidiary2 adjsubsidize vsubsidy nsubstitute1 nsubstitute2 vsubstitution nsuccession nsuccessive adjsuccessor nsufficiency nsufficient adjsum1 nsum2 vsummarize vsummary1 nsummary2 adjsummation nsupplement1 nsupplement2 vsupplementary adjsurvey1 nsurvey2 vsurvival nsurvive vsurvivor nsuspend vsuspension nsustain vsustainable adjsustained adjsustenance nsymbol n。

英语论文学术词汇

Academic Word List学术词表介绍：Academic Word List（简称AWL，即英语学术词汇表）包含了学术英语中使用频率最高的570个词目，也是在各种学术类英语考试（四六级、考研、雅思等）中极为常见的词汇，需要重点掌握。

掌握这些学术词汇不仅有助于理解阅读文章，而且对于解题技巧的运用也非常重要。

Sublist 1sector • available • financial • process • individual • specific • principle • estimate • variables • method • data • research • contract • environment • export • source • assessment • policy • identified • create • derived • factors • procedure • definition • assume • theory • benefit • evidence • established • authority • major • issues • labour / labor • occur • economic • involved • percent • interpretation • consistent • income • structure • legal • concept • formula • section • required • constitutional • analysis • distribution • function • area • approach • role • legislation • indicate • response • period • context • significant • similar •Sublist 2community • resident • range • construction • strategies • elements • previous • conclusion • security • aspects • acquisition • features • text • commission • regulations • computer • items • consumer • achieve • final • positive • uation • assistance • normal • relevant • distinction • region • traditional • impact • consequences • chapter • equation • appropriate • resources • participation • survey • potential • cultural • transfer • select • credit • affect • categories • perceived • sought • focus • purchase • injury • site • journal • primary • complex • institute • investment • administration • maintenance • design • obtained • restricted • conduct •Sublist 3comments • convention • published • framework • implies • negative • dominant • illustrated • outcomes • constant • shift • deduction • ensure • specified • justification • funds • reliance • physical • partnership • location • link • coordination • alternative • initial • validity • task • techniques • excluded • consent • proportion • demonstrate • reaction • criteria • minorities • technology • philosophy • removed • sex • compensation • sequence • corresponding • maximum • circumstances • instance • considerable • sufficient • corporate • interaction • contribution • immigration • component • constraints • technical • emphasis • scheme • layer • volume • document • registered • core •Sublist 4overall • emerged • regime • implementation • project • hence • occupational • internal • goals • retained • sum • integration • mechanism • parallel • imposed • despite • job • parameters • approximate • label • concentration • principal •series • predicted • summary • attitudes • undertaken • cycle • communication • ethnic• hypothesis • professional • status • conference • attributed • annual • obvious • error • implications • apparent • commitment • subsequent • debate • dimensions • promote • statistics • option • domestic • output • access • code • investigation • phase• prior • granted • stress • civil • contrast • resolution • adequate •Sublist 5alter • stability • energy • aware • licence / license• enforcement • draft • styles • precise • medical • pursue • symbolic • marginal • capacity • generation • exposure • decline • academic • modified • external • psychology • fundamental • adjustment • ratio • whereas • enable • version • perspective • contact • network • facilitate • welfare • transition • amendment • logic •rejected • expansion • clause • prime • target • objective • sustainable • equivalent • liberal • notion • substitution • generated • trend • revenue • compounds • evolution • conflict • image • discretion • entities • orientation • consultation • mental • monitoring • challenge •Sublist 6intell igence • transformation • presumption • acknowledged • utility • furthermore • accurate • diversity • attached • recovery • assigned • tapes • motivation • bond • edition • nevertheless • transport • cited • fees • scope • enhanced • incorporated • instructions • subsidiary • input • abstract • ministry • capable • expert • preceding • display • incentive • inhibition • trace • ignored • incidence • estate • cooperative • revealed • index • lecture • discrimination • overseas • explicit • aggregate • gender• underlying • brief • domain • rational • minimum • interval • neutral • migration • flexibility • federal • author • initiatives • allocation • exceed •Sublist 7intervention • confirmed • definite • classical • chemical • voluntary • release • visible • finite • publication • channel • file • thesis • equipment • disposal • solely • deny • identical • submitted • grade • phenomenon • paradigm • ultimately • e xtract • survive • converted • transmission • global • inferred • guarantee • advocate • dynamic • simulation • topic • insert • reverse • decades • comprise • hierarchical • unique • comprehensive • couple • mode • differentiation • eliminate • priority • empirical • ideology • somewhat • aid • foundation • adults • adaptation • quotation • contrary • media • successive • innovation • prohibited • isolated •Sublist 8highlighted • eventually • inspection • termination • displacement • arbitrary • reinforced • denote • offset • exploitation • detected • abandon • random • revision • virtually • uniform • predominantly • thereby • implicit • tension • ambiguous • vehicle • clarity • conformity • contemporary • automatically • accumulation • appendix • widespread • infrastructure • deviation • fluctuations • restore • guidelines • commodity • minimises • practitioners • radical • plus • visual • chart • appreciation • prospect • dramatic • contradiction • currency • inevitably • complement • accompany • paragraph • induced • schedule • intensity • crucial • via • exhibit • bias • manipulation • theme • nuclear •Sublist 9bulk • behalf • unified • commenced • erosion • anticipated • minimal • ceases • vision • mutual • norms • intermediate • manual • supplementary • incompatible • concurrent • ethical • preliminary • integral • conversely • relaxed• confined • accommodation • temporary • distorted • passive • subordinate • analogous • military • scenario • revolution • diminished • coherence • suspended • mature • assurance • rigid • controversy • sphere • mediation • format • trigger • qualitative• portion • medium • coincide • violation • device • insights • refine • devoted • team • overlap • attained • restraints • inherent • route • protocol • founded • duration •Sublist 10whereby • inclination • encountered • convinced • assembly • albeit• enormous • reluctant • posed • persistent • undergo • notwithstanding • straightforward • panel • odd • intrinsic • compiled • adjacent • integrity • forthcoming • conce ived • ongoing • so-called • likewise • nonetheless • levy • invoked • colleagues • depression • collapse •。

Academic Word List英语学术词汇

Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesanalysis n.分析, 分解approach n.接近, vt.接近, vi.靠近area n.范围,面积, 地区, 空地assessment n.估价, 被估定的金额assume vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现authority n.权威, 威信, 权威人士, 权力, 职权, 典据, 著作权威available adj.可利用的,有空的, 接受探访的benefit n.利益, 好处vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益concept n.观念, 概念consistent adj.一致的, 调和的, 坚固的, [数、统]相容的constitutional adj.构成的, 增强体质的, 宪法的, 拥护宪法的context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系contract n.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约create vt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成data n.datum的复数, 资料, 数据definition n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度derived vt得到distribution n.分配，established adj.已制定的, 确定的estimate v.估计,评估n.估计, 评估evidence n.明显,明白, 迹象, 根据, [物]证据, 证物export vt. 输出n.出口货, factors n.因素, 要素, 因数, 代理人financial adj.财政的, 金融的formula n.公式, 规则, 客套语function n.官能, 功能, 作用, 职责, 典礼, 仪式, [数]函数vi.(器官等)活动, 运行, 行使职责identified vt.识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样v.确定income n.收入, 收益, 进款, 所得indicate vt.指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明individualn.个人, 个体adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的interpretation n.解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译n.解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译involved adj.复杂难懂的issues n.问题,争论点labour n,劳动,努力legal adj.合法的legislation n.法律,法规major adj.主要的method n.方法,办法occur vi. 发生, 出现percent n.百分比, 百分数Period . n时期adj.过去某段时期的policy n.政策, 方针Principle n. 法则, 原则, 原理procedure n.程序, 手续process n. 过程vt.加工, 处理Required adj.必需的research n.研究, 调查vi.研究, 调查response n.回答, 响应, 反应role n.角色, 任务section n.部分, 断片, 部件, 节, 项, 区, 地域, 截面sector n.部分, 部门, [计]扇区, 地区, 象限, 扇形v.使分成部分, 把...分成扇形significant adj. 有意义的, 重大的, 重要的Similar adj. 相似的, 类似的source specific n.特效药, 细节adj.详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的, 特效的, [生物]种的structure n.结构, 构造, 建筑物vt.建筑, 构成, 组织theory n. 理论, 学说Variables n.[数]变数, 可变物, 变量adj.可变的, 不定的, 易变的, [数]变量的Sublist 2 of Academic Word List –Second Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAchieve vt.完成Acquisition vt.收购Administration n.管理Affect vt. 影响Appropriate adj适当的, 恰当的aspects n. 粗暴, 粗鲁assistance n.帮助, 援助categories vt. 把…归类chapter n.章, 回, 篇commission n.授权, 委托vt.. 委任, 委托community n. 社区, 社会, 团体complex adj. 由许多部分组成的, 复合的compute n.估计估算conclusion n.信念，结尾conduct v. 控制, 管理consequences n. 重要(性), 重大construction n.建造, 建设; 建筑业consumer n.消费者, 顾客credit n.存款，借贷cultural adj.文化的, 与文化有关的design v.设计, 绘制n. 图样,目的distinction n.特征,区别，荣誉elements n. 原理,基础equation n. 方程式, 等式evaluation n.估价,评价features n. 容貌final adj最后的, 最终的focus vt. (使)集中, (使)聚集n. 焦点, 焦距; 中心impact n.影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞v.对某事物有影响injury n. 伤害, 损害，受伤处institute vt.建立, 制定; investment n. 协会, 学会; 学院, 研究院items n.名目journal n.杂志, 期刊,日记maintenance n. 维持; 维护; 保养; 维修,赡养费normal adj. 正常的obtained n.获得participation n. 分享,参与perceived v.感知positive adj.确实的积极的potential adj.潜在的, 有可能的previous adj.先前的, 以前的primary ad.j首要的; 主要的; purchase n+vt购买range v. 一系列region n. 地区; 地带; 区域; 范围regulations n.规程; 规章; 守则; 条例relevant adj.有关的, 切题的resident adj.定居的; 常驻的n.居民，房客resources n.资源;资源restricted adj.限制的,禁止的security n. 安全, 抵押品sought seek的过去式和过去分词select vt. 选择; 挑选adj.精选的, 挑选出来的site n.位置, 场所, 地点.vt.使坐落在; 设置strategies n. 策略survey vt眺望; 纵览text n. 正文, 本文traditional adj.传统的, 惯例的transfer v. 转移; 迁移n. 转移; 转让; 转录Sublist 3 of Academic Word List –Third Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAlternative adj.两者选一的,供替代的circumstances n.环境，条件comments n.注解，注释compensation n.赔偿，补偿金components n.成分,组成部分consent n. 准许,同意considerable adj.相当大(或多)的constant adj.始终如一的,不断的constraints n.强制,约束contribution n.贡献,捐款物convention n.大会,惯例coordination n.协调,和谐core n.果核,核心corporate adj.社团的,法人的corresponding adj. 相当的, 对应的criteria n.标准deduction n.扣除,减除demonstrate v.说明,演示document n.公文,文件, dominant adj.占优势的emphasis n.强调,重点ensure v.确保,担保excluded v.排除,不包括在内framework n.构架,结构funds n.基金illustrated n.有插图的报章杂志immigration n.移民局检查站implies v.暗示,暗指initial adj.最初的,开头的instance n.例子,事例interaction n.一起活动,合作justification n,正当的理由layer n.层,层次link n.环,联系location n.位置,场所maximum adj.最大值的,最大量的minorities n.少数,小部分negative adj.拒绝的,怀疑的outcomes n.结果partnership n.合作关系philosophy n.哲学,人生哲学physical adj.身体的,物质的proportion n.均衡,相称published vt.出版,公布reaction n.反应,回应registered adj.已注册的. Reliance n.依靠,依耐Removed adj.离开的, Scheme n.阴谋,诡计Sequence n.有关联的一组事物Sex n.性别,性Shift n.转换,转变Specified v.详述,指定Sufficient adj.足够的.充足的Task n.工作,任务technical n.技术学院和学校techniques n.技巧,手法technology n.科技,工业技术validity n.有效,合法性volume n.卷,册,书卷Sublist 4 of Academic Word List –Fourth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAccess n. 接近; 使用; 进入的权利, 接近的机会; 门路, 通道, 入口; 病菌的侵入; 允许进入一个电脑系统和/或接受资料(计算机用语) v. 取出; 接近; 使用emerge v. 浮现, 脱出, 形成output n.产量,输出,输出功率vt. 输出adequate adj. 足够的, 能满足需要的; 胜任的; 适当的; 差强人意的, 尚可的error n. 错误, 失误, 过失overall n. 工作裤; 防护服; 工作服; 罩衫adj. 从头到尾的; 总的, 全面的, 全部的adv. 从头到尾; 大体上; 总的来说annual n. 年鉴, 年刊; 一年生植物adj. 每年的; 一年一次的; 一年生的ethnic adj. 种族的; 人种学的paralleln. 平行, 相匹敌之物, 对比v. 与...平行, 相比, 与...相似adj. 平行的, 相似的apparent adj. 显然的; 外观上的goal n. 目标, 得分, 终点parameter n. 参数, 参量; 界限; 因素, 特征; 决定功能形式的变数approximate v. 近似, 接近; 大致估计; 使接近; 模拟; 近于adj. 近似的, 大约的granted conj. 假定; 就算phase n. 时期, 阶段, 局面v. 使调整相位, 实行, 逐步执行attitude n. 态度; 看法; 姿势hence adv. 因此; 从此predict v. 预言; 预报; 预料; 作预言; 作预报; 作预料attribute n. 属性; 标志, 象征; 特质, 特性; 定语v. 归于, 属于hypothesis n. 假设principal n. 校长, 本金, 首长adj. 主要的, 首要的, 重要的civil adj. 市民的, 有礼貌的, 公民的implementation n. 履行; 成就; 完成prior adj. 在先的, 在前的; 优先的, 更重要的; 居先的code n. 编码, 密码, 电码; 原密码, 编程语言命令的继位(计算机用语) v. 把...编码, 制成法典implication n. 含意, 暗示professional n. 专业人才adj. 专业的, 职业的commitment n. 托付, 交托; 下狱; 委任; 收监impose v. 征; 把...强加于; 加于; 利用; 施影响; 欺骗project n. 计划, 事业, 方案v. 计划, 投掷, 设计; 突出, 伸出; 投射communication n. 沟通, 交通; 通信integration n. 整合, 集成, 完成promote v. 晋升; 促进; 使升级; 发扬concentration n. 集中; 专心; 集合internal n. 本质, 本性; 内部器官, 内脏adj. 内在的; 国内的regime n. 政体,政权制度, 政权conference n. 会议; 协商会; 讨论会investigation n. 调查; 研究resolution n. 决心; 正式决定, 决议; 决定; 分解, 解析contrast n. 对比;差异;对照,相反,变化; 清晰度v. 使对比,使对照; 形成对照job n. 工作, 职业, 零活v. 做零工; 假公济私; 做股票经纪; 代客买卖; 承包; 批发retain v. 保持,保留cycle n.周期; 自行车; 循环v. 循环; 骑自行车; 轮转; 使循环; 使轮转label n.票;标签;商标; 签条, 一小条纸; 小名v. 贴标签于;分类; 指...为series n. 连续,丛书,系列debate n. 辩论, 讨论v. 辩论, 争论, 讨论; 思考; 参加辩论; 辩论, 争论, 讨论;思考, 盘算; 与...辩论mechanism n. 机械,结构,机构statistic n. 统计量; 统计数值adj. 统计的, 统计学的despite prep.不管.尽管obvious adj. 明显的, 显然的,明白的status n. 状态, 地位, 情形Dimension n.尺寸, 容积, 次元Occupational adj.职业的, 占领的Stress n. 重压, 压力, 逼迫v. 着重, 重读, 强调Domestic n.仆人, 佣人; 国货adj. 家庭的, 驯服的, 国内的Option n.选择权, 选项Subsequent adj. 后来的, 并发的Sum n.总数, 金额,和v.计算...的总和;概括; 总结; 概述summary n. 摘要,概要adj. 摘要的,简略的undertake v. 承担,许诺,担任Sublist 5 of Academic Word List –Fifth Most Frequent Words in Familiesacademic adj.学科的，理论的adjustment n.调整，适应alter v.变更amendmentn.改良，改正aware adj.机警的，觉察的capacity n.容量，资格challenge n/v.挑战clause n. 从句compounds v. 混合，增加conflict n/v.冲突consultation n.咨询contact v.联系decline v.拒绝，跌落discretion n.谨慎，明辨draft n/v.草稿，选拔enable v.使能够energy n.能量enforcement n.实施，强迫entities n.实体，本质equivalent adj/ n相等的，向等物evolution n.进化expansion n.扩大exposure n.暴露，曝光external adj.外在的facilitate v.使容易，促进fundamentaladj/ n.基本的generated a. 产生的generation n.一代，子孙image n.形象liberala.自由主义的licence n.执照logic n.逻辑marginal adj.边缘的medical adj.医药的mental adj.精神的modified adj.修饰的monitoring adj.监控的network n.人际关系notion n.想法，观念objective adj.客观的orientation n.东方，潮流perspective n/adj.远景/透视的precise adj.精确的prime n.首要的psychology n.心理学pursue v.追捕，从事ratio n.比率rejected adj.否定的revenue n.收入stability n.稳定性styles n.风格substitution n.代替sustainable adj.可维持的symbolic adj.象征的target n.目标transition n.转换trend n.趋势，倾向version n.翻译/说明/版本welfare n.福利whereas conj.虽然,但是Sublist 6 of Academic Word List –Sixth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAbstract adj.抽象的accurate adj.精确的,准确的acknowledged n.答谢的表示aggregate n.〈正〉数, 总计vt. 总计达…v使)聚集allocation n. 配给, 分配, 拨出assigned n. 受托人,代理人attached adj.爱慕的, 关心的author n.著作家, 作者bond n. 联系, 关系. Vt. 使粘结,使结合brief adj.短暂的,短时间的capable adj有能力的, 有技能的cited v.引用。

学术词汇表

虽然，尽管 allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocations 分配，分派 alterable, alteration, alterations, altered, altering, alternate, alternating, alters, unalterable, unaltered alternatively, alternatives ambiguities, ambiguity, unambiguous, unambiguously 含糊的：难以理解的
albeit allocate alter alternative ambiguous amend analogy analyse annual anticipate apparent append appreciate approach appropriate approximate arbitrary area aspect assemble assess assign assist assume assure
amended, amending, amendment, amendments, amends 修正，修改（法律或文件） analogies, analogous 类比，类推，比拟 analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically annually anticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, unanticipated apparently appendix, appended, appends, appending, appendices, appendixes 附加，增补（文字） appreciable, appreciably, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciation, unappreciated approachable, approached, approaches, approaching, unapproachable appropriacy, appropriately, appropriateness, inappropriacy, inappropriate, inappropriately approximated, approximately, approximates, approximating, approximation, approximations arbitrariness, arbitrarily 专横的，武断的;任意的 areas aspects assembled, assembles, assemblies, assembling, assembly assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessments, reassess, reassessed, reassessing, reassessment, unassessed assigned, assigning, assignment, assignments, assigns, reassign, reassigned, reassigning, reassigns, unassigned assistance, assistant, assistants, assisted, assisting, assists, unassisted assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptions assurance, assurances, assured, assuredly, assures, assuring

雅思高频词汇表(汇总)

The Academic Word List (AWL)英语学术词汇表1. What is the AWL?AWL ( 《英语学术词汇表》) 是一个由 Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表，它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose) 中最常用的570 个词目 (headwords) ，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。

例如：词目“ analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇：analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically, analyze, analyzed, analyzes, analyzing。

其中斜体字， analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。

2. What are the 10 sublists of the AWL ？AWL 分十个 sublists (小组 )。

除了第十小组包含30 个词目外，其他小组均含有90 个词目。

Sublist 1（第一组）包含的词汇最常用， sublist 2（第二组）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublists依次类推。

AWL中的每一个词目后都有一个数字，它代表了该词目是属于AWL 中的哪一组。

例如abandon 8 就表示 abandon 是属于第八小组的词目。

3. Where to find the AWL?本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL词目。

登陆网页 /staff/awl/headwords.shtml 能看到 570 个词目（ headwords）。

如果你想得到每一个词目下面所包含的相关单词，请登陆/staff/awl/sublists.shtml, 该网页能下载所有的单词。

威恩英语词汇表

NB由Level1the [ðə, ði] art.这,那be of and [bi:] aux.v.vi.是,在,做[ɔv, əv] prep.属于…的[ænd, ənd] conj.和,又,并,则a [ei, ə] art.一(个),每一(个)to in he [tu:, tu, tə] prep.到,向;达到；对于[in] prep.在…里ad.进,入[hi:] pron.(主格)他have [hæv, həv] v.aux.已经vt.有,吃it [it] pron.这,那,它that [ðæt] a.那pron.那ad.那样for [fɔ:, fə] prep.为,给,因为they I with [ðei] pron.(主格)他(她)们[ai] pron.(主格)我[wið] prep.和…一起；随着as [æz, əz] conj.当…的时候not [nɔt] ad.不,没有on she [ɔn] prep.在…上;关于ad.继续[ʃi:, ʃi] pron.她at [æt, ət] prep.在…里,在…时by [bai] prep.在…旁,被,由this [ðis] a.这;今pron.这we you do but [wi:] pron.我们[ju:, ju] pron.你,你们[du:, du] aux.v.vt.做,干,办[bʌt] conj.但是,可是from[frɔm]prep.从…来,根据or which one [ɔ:, ə] conj.或,或者['witʃ] pron.哪一个a.哪一个[wʌn] a.一个的，某一个的num.一pron.一个(人)would [wud, wəd] aux.将;愿意all w ill 威恩雅思必备进阶词汇GSL词表，全称General Service List,包含2000多个英语学习中最基本最常见的单词，是初学者必须掌握的内容，也是最有效的词汇表。

AWL英语学术词汇表(1)

《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wellingt on, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academ ic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。

《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。

Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。

Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessing economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishmentsestimateestimatedestimateslegislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislaturemajormajoritiesmajoritymethodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethodsoccuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurspercentassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessed assumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailable benefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistenciesestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancingformulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatepercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementrequirementsrequiresrequiringresearchresearchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearchingrespondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingrespondsinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsreformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiableincomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicatorsindividualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividualsinterpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedsourcessourcingspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallyrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreating datadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretationsinvolveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallystructuredstructuresstructuringunstructuredtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvariancevariantvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingSublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieveachievable distinctdistinctionparticipateparticipantachievedachievementachievementsachievesachieving acquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministrationadministrationsadministrativeadministrativelyadministratoradministrators affectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffected appropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacyinappropriateinappropriately aspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingassistsunassisted categorydistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementelementsequateequatedequatesequatingequationequationsevaluateevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinalsfocusfocusedparticipantsparticipatedparticipatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatoryperceiveperceivedperceivesperceivingperceptionperceptionspositivepositivelypotentialpotentiallypreviouspreviouslyprimaryprimarilypurchasepurchasedpurchaserpurchaserspurchasespurchasingrangerangedrangesrangingregionregionalregionallyregionsregulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulatingregulationregulationscategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusiveinconclusively conductfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsinvestorinvestorsregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictsunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecuritiessecurityseekconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersdesigningdesignsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainableseekingseekssoughtselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingsurveystexttextstextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionaltraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfersSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrainedconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraints emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworksfundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsillustrativeimmigrateimmigrantimmigrantsphilosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesreactionaryreactionsreactivereactivateunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporations correspondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigrationimplyimpliedimpliesimplyinginitialinitiallyinstanceinstancesinteractinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteractsjustifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustifiedlayerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatelocatedlocatinglocationlocationsreactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencingsequentialsequentiallysexsexescorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomespartnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipssexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvolSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessed errorerroneousparallelparalleledaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattribution civilcodecodedcodescoding commitcommitmentcommitmentscommitscommittedcommitting communicatecommunicableerroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionintegrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotespromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimescommunicatedcommunicatescommunicatingcommunicationcommunicationscommunicativecommunicativelyuncommunicative concentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconfers contrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcyclescycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebating despitedimensiondimensionaldimensionsmultidimensional domesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticated internalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabelledlabellinglabelsmechanismmechanismsobviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedoccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulstressingunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarisedsummarisessummarisingsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationdomesticatingdomestics emergeemergedemergenceemergentemergesemergingoptionaloptionsoutputoutputsoverallsummarizationssummarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentadjustmentsadjustsreadjustreadjustedreadjustingreadjustmentreadjustmentsreadjusts alteralterablealterationalterationsalteredalteringalternatealternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamending expandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansiveexposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresexternalexternalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizingexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationorientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientationperspectiveperspectivespreciseimprecisepreciselyprecisionprimeprimacypsychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologistspursuepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosamendmentamendmentsamends awareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contactcontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygenerategeneratedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberalslicencelicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensedlogicrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylesstylingstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstitutedsubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustaineddeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolvesevolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogiciansmarginmarginalmarginallymarginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentalitymentallymodifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodifiedmonitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitorednetworknetworkednetworkingnetworksnotionnotionsobjectiveobjectivelyobjectivitysustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewheSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstractabstraction enhanceenhancedneutralneutralisationabstractionsabstractlyabstracts accurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurate acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgementacknowledgements aggregateaggregatedaggregatesaggregatingaggregation allocateallocatedallocatesallocatingallocationallocations assignassignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassignsreassignreassignedreassigningreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattachedenhancementenhancesenhancingestateestatesexceedexceededexceedingexceedsexpertexpertiseexpertlyexpertsexplicitexplicitlyfederalfederationfederationsfeefeesflexibleflexibilityinflexibleinflexibilityfurthermoregendergendersignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoringincentiveincentivesincidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumespresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalirrationalrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalisingrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverauthorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operatesco-operationco-operativeco-operatively discriminatediscriminateddiscriminatesdiscriminatingdiscrimination display indexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentintervalintervalslecturelecturedlecturerlecturerslectureslecturingmigraterecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapetapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformationstransformedtransformingtransformstransporttransportationtransportedtransportertransporterstransporting。

(完整word版)ACADEMIC WORD LIST中文版本

Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesanalysis n.分析, 分解approach n.接近, vt.接近, vi.靠近area n.范围,面积, 地区, 空地assessment n.估价, 被估定的金额assume vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现authority n.权威, 威信, 权威人士, 权力, 职权, 典据, 著作权威available adj.可利用的,有空的, 接受探访的benefitn.利益, 好处vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益concept n.观念, 概念consistentadj.一致的, 调和的, 坚固的, [数、统]相容的constitutionaladj.构成的, 增强体质的, 宪法的, 拥护宪法的context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系contractn.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约createvt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成data n.datum的复数, 资料, 数据definition n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度derived vt得到distribution n.分配，established adj.已制定的, 确定的estimate v.估计,评估n.估计, 评估evidencen.明显,明白, 迹象,根据, [物]证据, 证物export vt.输出 n.出口货,factorsn.因素, 要素, 因数,代理人financialadj.财政的, 金融的formulan.公式, 规则, 客套语functionn.官能, 功能, 作用,职责, 典礼, 仪式, [数]函数vi.(器官等)活动, 运行, 行使职责identifiedvt.识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样v.确定income n.收入, 收益,进款, 所得indicatevt.指出, 显示, 象征,预示, 需要, 简要地说明individualn.个人, 个体adj.个别的, 单独的,个人的interpretationn.解释, 阐明, 口译,通译n.解释, 阐明, 口译,通译involved adj.复杂难懂的issues n.问题,争论点labour n,劳动,努力legal adj.合法的legislation n.法律,法规major adj.主要的method n.方法,办法occur vi.发生, 出现percent n.百分比, 百分数Period .n时期 adj.过去某段时期的policy n.政策, 方针Principle n.法则, 原则, 原理proceduren.程序, 手续process n.过程vt.加工, 处理Required adj.必需的researchn.研究, 调查vi.研究,调查responsen.回答, 响应, 反应role n.角色, 任务sectionn.部分, 断片, 部件,节, 项, 区, 地域, 截面sectorn.部分, 部门, [计]扇区, 地区, 象限, 扇形v.使分成部分, 把...分成扇形significant adj.有意义的, 重大的, 重要的Similar adj.相似的, 类似的sourcespecificn.特效药, 细节adj.详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的, 特效的,[生物]种的structuren.结构, 构造, 建筑物vt.建筑, 构成, 组织theory n.理论, 学说Variablesn.[数]变数, 可变物,变量adj.可变的, 不定的,易变的, [数]变量的Sublist 2 of Academic Word List –Second Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAchieve vt.完成Acquisition vt.收购Administration n.管理Affect vt. 影响Appropriateadj适当的, 恰当的aspects n. 粗暴, 粗鲁assistance n.帮助, 援助categories vt. 把…归类chapter n.章, 回, 篇commission n.授权, 委托vt.. 委任, 委托community n. 社区, 社会, 团体complex adj. 由许多部分组成的, 复合的compute n.估计估算conclusion n.信念，结尾conduct v. 控制, 管理consequencesn. 重要(性), 重大constructionn.建造, 建设; 建筑业consumer n.消费者, 顾客credit n.存款，借贷cultural adj.文化的,与文化有关的design v.设计, 绘制n. 图样,目的distinctionn.特征,区别，荣誉elements n. 原理,基础equation n. 方程式,等式evaluation n.估价,评价features n. 容貌final adj最后的, 最终的focus vt. (使)集中,(使)聚集n. 焦点,焦距; 中心impact n.影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞v.对某事物有影响injuryn. 伤害, 损害，受伤处institute vt.建立, 制定;investment n. 协会,学会; 学院, 研究院items n.名目journal n.杂志, 期刊,日记maintenance n. 维持;维护; 保养; 维修,赡养费normal adj. 正常的obtained n.获得participation n. 分享,参与perceived v.感知positive adj.确实的积极的potential adj.潜在的, 有可能的previous adj.先前的,以前的primary ad.j首要的;主要的;purchase n+vt购买range v. 一系列region n. 地区; 地带; 区域; 范围regulations n.规程;规章; 守则; 条例relevant adj.有关的,切题的resident adj.定居的;常驻的n.居民，房客resources n.资源;资源restricted adj.限制的,禁止的security n. 安全, 抵押品sought seek的过去式和过去分词select vt. 选择; 挑选adj.精选的, 挑选出来的site n.位置, 场所, 地点.vt.使坐落在; 设置strategies n. 策略survey vt眺望; 纵览text n. 正文, 本文traditional adj.传统的, 惯例的transfer v. 转移; 迁移n. 转移; 转让; 转录Sublist 3 of Academic Word List – Third Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAlternative adj.两者选一的,供替代的circumstances n.环境，条件comments n.注解，注释compensation n.赔偿，补偿金components n.成分,组成部分consent n. 准许,同意considerable adj.相当大(或多)的constant adj.始终如一的,不断的constraints n.强制,约束contribution n.贡献,捐款物convention n.大会,惯例coordination n.协调,和谐core n.果核,核心corporate adj.社团的,法人的corresponding adj. 相当的, 对应的criteria n.标准deduction n.扣除,减除demonstrate v.说明,演示document n.公文,文件, dominant adj.占优势的emphasis n.强调,重点ensure v.确保,担保excluded v.排除,不包括在内framework n.构架,结构funds n.基金illustrated n.有插图的报章杂志immigration n.移民局检查站implies v.暗示,暗指initial adj.最初的,开头的instance n.例子,事例interaction n.一起活动,合作justification n,正当的理由layer n.层,层次link n.环,联系location n.位置,场所maximum adj.最大值的,最大量的minorities n.少数,小部分negative adj.拒绝的,怀疑的outcomes n.结果partnership n.合作关系philosophy n.哲学,人生哲学physical adj.身体的,物质的proportion n.均衡,相称published vt.出版,公布reaction n.反应,回应registered adj.已注册的.Reliance n.依靠,依耐Removed adj.离开的,Scheme n.阴谋,诡计Sequence n.有关联的一组事物Sex n.性别,性Shift n.转换,转变Specified v.详述,指定Sufficient adj.足够的.充足的Task n.工作,任务technical n.技术学院和学校techniques n.技巧,手法technology n.科技,工业技术validity n.有效,合法性volume n.卷,册,书卷Sublist 4 of Academic Word List –Fourth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAccess n. 接近; 使用; 进入的权利, 接近的机会; 门路, 通道,入口; 病菌的侵入; 允许进入一个电脑系统和/或接受资料 (计算机用语)v. 取出; 接近; 使用emergev. 浮现, 脱出, 形成outputn.产量,输出,输出功率vt. 输出adequate adj. 足够的, 能满足需要的; 胜任的; 适当的; 差强人意的, 尚可的error n. 错误, 失误, 过失overall n. 工作裤; 防护服; 工作服; 罩衫adj. 从头到尾的;总的, 全面的, 全部的adv. 从头到尾; 大体上; 总的来说annual n. 年鉴, 年刊; 一年生植物adj. 每年的; 一年一次的; 一年生的ethnicadj. 种族的; 人种学的paralleln. 平行, 相匹敌之物, 对比v. 与...平行, 相比, 与...相似adj. 平行的, 相似的apparent adj. 显然的; 外观上的goaln. 目标, 得分, 终点parametern. 参数, 参量; 界限;因素, 特征; 决定功能形式的变数approximatev. 近似, 接近; 大致估计; 使接近; 模拟;近于adj. 近似的, 大约的grantedconj. 假定; 就算phasen. 时期, 阶段, 局面v. 使调整相位, 实行,逐步执行attituden. 态度; 看法; 姿势henceadv. 因此; 从此predictv. 预言; 预报; 预料; 作预言; 作预报;作预料attribute n. 属性;标志, 象征; 特质, 特性; 定语v. 归于, 属于hypothesis n. 假设principaln. 校长, 本金, 首长adj. 主要的, 首要的, 重要的civil adj. 市民的,有礼貌的, 公民的implementationn. 履行; 成就; 完成prioradj. 在先的, 在前的; 优先的, 更重要的;居先的coden. 编码, 密码, 电码;原密码, 编程语言命令的继位 (计算机用语)v. 把...编码, 制成法典implicationn. 含意, 暗示professionaln. 专业人才adj. 专业的, 职业的commitmentn. 托付, 交托; 下狱;委任; 收监impose v. 征; 把...强加于; 加于; 利用; 施影响; 欺骗project n. 计划, 事业, 方案v. 计划, 投掷, 设计;突出, 伸出; 投射communicationn. 沟通, 交通; 通信integrationn. 整合, 集成, 完成promotev. 晋升; 促进; 使升级; 发扬concentration n. 集中; 专心; 集合internal n. 本质, 本性; 内部器官, 内脏adj. 内在的; 国内的regime n. 政体,政权制度, 政权conference n. 会议;协商会; 讨论会investigation n. 调查; 研究resolution n. 决心; 正式决定, 决议; 决定; 分解, 解析contrast n. 对比;差异;对照,相反,变化; 清晰度v. 使对比,使对照; 形成对照job n. 工作, 职业, 零活v. 做零工; 假公济私; 做股票经纪; 代客买卖; 承包; 批发retain v. 保持,保留cycle n.周期; 自行车; 循环v. 循环; 骑自行车;轮转; 使循环; 使轮转label n.票;标签;商标;签条, 一小条纸; 小名v. 贴标签于;分类;指...为seriesn. 连续,丛书,系列debaten. 辩论, 讨论v. 辩论, 争论, 讨论;思考; 参加辩论; 辩论,争论, 讨论;思考, 盘算; 与...辩论mechanismn. 机械,结构,机构statisticn. 统计量; 统计数值adj. 统计的, 统计学的despite prep.不管.尽管obvious adj. 明显的,显然的,明白的status n. 状态, 地位,情形Dimension n.尺寸, 容积, 次元Occupational adj.职业的, 占领的Stress n. 重压, 压力,逼迫v. 着重, 重读,强调Domestic n.仆人, 佣人;国货adj. 家庭的,驯服的, 国内的Option n.选择权, 选项Subsequent adj. 后来的, 并发的Sum n.总数, 金额,和v.计算...的总和;概括;总结; 概述summary n. 摘要,概要adj. 摘要的,简略的undertakev. 承担,许诺,担任Sublist 5 of Academic Word List – Fifth Most Frequent Words in Familiesacademic adj.学科的，理论的adjustment n.调整，适应alter v.变更amendmentn.改良，改正aware adj.机警的，觉察的capacity n.容量，资格challenge n/v.挑战clause n. 从句compounds v. 混合，增加conflict n/v.冲突consultation n.咨询contact v.联系decline v.拒绝，跌落discretion n.谨慎，明辨draft n/v.草稿，选拔enable v.使能够energy n.能量enforcement n.实施，强迫entities n.实体，本质equivalent adj/ n相等的，向等物evolution n.进化expansion n.扩大exposure n.暴露，曝光external adj.外在的facilitate v.使容易，促进fundamentaladj/ n.基本的generated a. 产生的generation n.一代，子孙image n.形象liberala.自由主义的licence n.执照logic n.逻辑marginal adj.边缘的medical adj.医药的mental adj.精神的modified adj.修饰的monitoring adj.监控的network n.人际关系notion n.想法，观念objective adj.客观的orientation n.东方，潮流perspective n/adj.远景/透视的precise adj.精确的prime n.首要的psychology n.心理学pursue v.追捕，从事ratio n.比率rejected adj.否定的revenue n.收入stability n.稳定性styles n.风格substitution n.代替sustainable adj.可维持的symbolic adj.象征的target n.目标transition n.转换trend n.趋势，倾向version n.翻译/说明/版本welfare n.福利whereas conj.虽然,但是Sublist 6 of Academic Word List – Sixth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAbstract adj.抽象的accurate adj.精确的,准确的acknowledged n.答谢的表示aggregate n.〈正〉数, 总计vt. 总计达…v使)聚集allocation n. 配给, 分配, 拨出assignedn. 受托人,代理人attachedadj.爱慕的, 关心的author n.著作家, 作者bond n. 联系, 关系. Vt. 使粘结,使结合briefadj.短暂的,短时间的capableadj有能力的, 有技能的cited v.引用。

(完整版)TheAcademicWordList学术词汇表

The Academic Word List 学术词汇表这是由美国院校总结的，在学术论文中使用率最高，最有用的500个词汇。

熟练掌握和应用此词汇表中的单词，可以使你的遣词造句更标准，更书面化。

对于写作发表英文文章会有很大帮助。

The Academic Word List学术词汇表Useful academic vocabulary is contained in the Academic Word List, which is divided into10 sublists in order of frequency, ie Sublist 1 has the most frequent academic words.You can try to learn these words from the lists but to learn to use them correctly you need to study them in context.Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.analysis definition indicate procedure approach derived individual process area distribution interpretation required assessment economic involved research assume environment issues response authority established labour role available estimate legal section benefit evidence legislation sector concept export major significantconsistent factors method similar constitutional financial occur source context formula percent specific contract function period structurecreate identified policy theory data income principle variableSublist 2achieve categories conduct distinctionacquisition chapter consequenceselementsadministration commission construction equation affect community consumer evaluationappropriate complex credit featuresaspects computer cultural finalassistance conclusion design focusimpact obtained range soughtinjury participation region selectinstitute perceived regulations siteinvestment positive relevant strategiesitems potential resident surveyjournal previous resources textmaintenance primary restricted traditionalnormal purchase security transfeSublist 3alternative criteria interaction registeredcircumstances deduction justification reliance comments demonstrate layer removedcompensation document link scheme components dominant location sequence consent emphasis maximum sex considerable ensure minorities shift constant excluded negative specifiedconstraints framework outcomes sufficient contribution funds partnership taskconvention illustrated philosophy technical coordination immigration physical techniquescore implies proportion technologycorporate initial published validitycorresponding instance reaction volumeSublist 4access contrast implementation overalladequate cycle implications parallelannual debate imposed parametersapparent despite integration phaseapproximated dimensions internal predictedattitudes domestic investigation principalattributed emerged job priorcivil error label professionalcode ethnic mechanism projectcommitment goals obvious promotecommunication granted occupational regime concentration hence option resolutionconference hypothesis output retainedseries status subsequent summarystatistics stress sum undertakenSublist 5academic enable licence pursueadjustment energy logic ratio alter enforcement marginal rejectedamendment entities medical revenue aware equivalent mental stabilitycapacity evolution modified styles challenge expansion monitoring substitutionclause exposure network sustainablecompounds external notion symbolicconflict facilitate objective targetconsultation fundamental orientation transition contact generated perspective trend decline generation precise versiondiscretion image prime welfaredraft liberal psychology whereasSublist 6abstract diversity incidence neverthelessaccurate domain incorporated overseasacknowledged edition index precedingaggregate enhanced inhibition presumptionallocation estate initiatives rationalassigned exceed input recoveryattached expert instructions revealedauthor explicit intelligence scopebond federal interval subsidiarybrief fees lecture tapescapable flexibility migration tracecited furthermore minimum transformationcooperative gender ministry transportdiscrimination ignored motivation underlyingdisplay incentive neutral utilitySublist 7adaptation converted extract innovationadults couple file insertadvocate decades finite interventionaid definite foundation isolatedchannel deny global mediachemical differentiation grade mode classical disposal guarantee paradigmcomprehensive dynamic hierarchical phenomenon comprise eliminate identical priority confirmed empirical ideology prohibitedcontrary equipment inferred publicationquotation solely survive ultimatelyrelease somewhat thesis uniquereverse submitted topicvisiblesimulation successive transmission voluntary Sublist 8abandon accompanied accumulation ambiguousappendix appreciation arbitrary automaticallybias chart clarity conformitycommodity complement contemporary contradictioncrucial currency denote detecteddeviation displacement dramatic eventuallyexhibit exploitation fluctuations guidelineshighlighted implicit induced inevitablyinfrastructure inspection intensity manipulationminimised nuclear offset paragraphplus practitioners predominantly prospectradical random reinforced restorerevision schedule tension terminationtheme thereby uniform vehiclevia virtually widespread visual。

学术英语词汇表(一列式)

学术英语词汇表The Academic Word List学术英语词汇表共有570个词族，按其在语料库中出现的频率分成10组，前9组每组为60个词族，最后一组为30个词族。

10组先后顺序同样以出现频率为依据。

如第一组是语料库中出现频率最高的学术词族，其次是第二组，再次第三组，以此类推。

每组中的斜体词（有的出现在词头，有的出现在词族成员中）是该词族中出现频率最高的词，如analysis是analyse 词族中使用频率最高的词。

词族成员除各种派生词外，还包括英美不同的拼写。

Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzingapproachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachableareaareasassesassessable可估价的，可征收的assessedassessesassessingassessment评估;评价;（应偿付金额的）估定;（为征税对财产所作的）估价assessmentsreassess再估价;再评价;再课税; 再摊牌reassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessed assumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailable benefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefits conceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistency consistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistenciesinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutions constitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontracts createcreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreatingdatadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefining definitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivatives derivedderivesderiving distribute distributeddistributingdistribution distributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistribution economy economiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomical environmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironments establishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishment establishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishments estimateestimatedestimatesestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimating evident evidenced evidenceevidentialevidently exportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinance financedfinances financialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancing formula formulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatereformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulations f unctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctions identityidentifiableidentification identifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiable incomeincomes indicate indicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicators individual individualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpret interpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedinterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretations involveinvolved involvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolved issueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegally legislate legislatedlegislateslegislating legislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislature majormajoritiesmajority method methodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethods occuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurs percentpercentagepercentages periodperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiods policypolicies principleprincipledprinciplesunprincipled proceedprocedural procedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceeds processprocessedprocessesprocessing require requiredrequirementrequirementsrequiresrequiring research researchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearching respondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingresponds responseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsive rolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsections sectorsectors significantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifying similardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarly sourcesouredsourcessourcing specific specificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecifics structurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallystructuredstructuresstructuringtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvariancevariantvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingSublist 2 of Academic Word Listachieveachievableachievedachivementachivementsachivesachievingacquireacquriedacquiresacquiringacquistionacquisitionsadministrateadministratesadministrationadministrationsadministratoradministrators affectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffected appropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriatenessinappropriacyinppropriateinppropriately aspectaspectsassistassistance assistants assisted assistingassists unassisted category categoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcluding conclusionconclusions conclusiveconclusivelyinconclusiveinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstrutedreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscredits cultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersdesigningdesigns distinct distinction distinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctly elementelements equateequatedequatesequatingequationequationsevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere- evaluatere- evaluatedre- evaluatesre- evaluatingre- evaluation featurefeaturedfeaturesfeaturing finalfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinalsfocusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocus refocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussing impactimpactedimpactinginjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjured 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Listalternativealternativelyalternativescircumstancecircumstancescommentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcommentscompensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained constrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingc ontribution contributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporations correspondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions 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layerlayeredlayeringlinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatelocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocation maximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximum minorminoritiesminorityminors negatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegatives outcomeoutcomes partnerpartnerspartnershippartnerships philosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophies philosophisephilosophisedphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizing physicalphysically proportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportions publishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublished reactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesreactionaryreactionsreactivereactivationreactorregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistraction relyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliable removeremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremoving schemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesscheming squencesquencedsquencessquencingsquentialsquentially sexsexessexismsexualsexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvolSublist 4 of the Academic Word List accessaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximate approximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitude attitudesattributeattributable attributedattributesattributingattribution civilcodecodedcodescoding commit commitmentcommitmentscommitscommittedcommitting communicatecommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicating communicationcommunicationscommunicativecommunicativelyuncommunicative concentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentrating concentration conferconference conferencesconferredconferringconfers contrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcyclescycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebating despitedimensiondimensional dimensionsmultidimensional domesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticatingdomestics emerge emergedemergenceemergentemergesemerging errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicity goalgoalsgrantgranted grantinggrants hence hypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypothetically implement implementationimplementedimplementingimplements implicate implicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimpose imposedimposesimposingimposition integrate integratedintegratesintegrating integration internalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesInternalisinginternializeinternializedinternalizesinternalizinginternally investigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigating investigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigators jobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabelledlabellinglabels mechanism mechanisms obvious obviously occupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupation occupationaloccupationsoccupiedoccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupying optionoptionaloptions outputoutputs overallparallel paralleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleled parameter parameters phasephasedphasesphasing predict predictabilitypredictablepredictably predicted predictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictable principalprincipally prior professionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalism projectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojects promotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotespromotingpromotionpromotions regimeregimes resolve resolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolved retainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentive seriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatistically statisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarisedsummarisessummarisimgsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationsummarizationssummarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademiesadjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentadjustmentsreadjust readjusted readjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts alert alterable alteration alterations altered altering alternate alternating alters unalterable unaltered amend amended amending amendment amendments amends aware awareness unaware capacity capacities incapacitate incapacitated challenge challenged challenger challengers challenges challenging clause clauses compound compounded compounding compounds conflictconflicting conflicts consult consultancy consultant consultants consultation consultations consultative consulted consultsconsulting contact contactable contacted contacting contacts decline declined declines declining discrete discretely discretion discretionary indiscrete indiscretion draft drafted drafting drafts redraft redrafted redrafting redrafts enable enabled enables enabling energy energetic energetically energiesenforced enforcement enforces enforcing entity entities equivalent equivalence evolve evolution evolved evolving evolves evolutionary evolutionist evolutionists expand expanded expanding expands expansion expansionism expansive expose exposed exposes exposing exposure exposures external externalisation externalise externalised externalises externalising externality externalization externalize externalized externalizes externalizing externally facilitatefacilitates facilities facilitating facilitation facilitator facilitators facility fundamental fundamentally generate generated generates generating generation generations image imagery images liberal liberalise liberalism liberalisation liberalised liberalising liberalization liberalize iberalized liberalizes liberalizing liberate liberated liberates liberation liberations liberating liberator liberators liberally liberals licence licences license licesedlicenses unlicensed logicillogical illogically logical logically logician logicians margin marginal marginally margins medical medically mental mentality mentally modify modification modifications modified modifies modifying unmodified monitor monitored monitoring monitors unmonitored networknetworkednetworkingnetworks notionnotions objectiveobjectivelyobjectivity orientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientation perspectiveperspectives preciseimprecisepreciselyprecision primeprimacy psychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologists pursuepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejections revenuerevenues stableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizedstabilizesstabilizing stabilityunstable stylestyled stylesstylingstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesStylizing substitutesubstitutedsubstitutessubstituting substitution sustain sustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainable symbol symbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingtargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewhereasSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstractabstractionabstractionsabstractlyabstractsaccurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurateacknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgementacknowledgemensaggregateaggregatedaggregatingaggregation allocateallocatedallocatesallocating allocationallocations assign assignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassignsreassignreassignedreassigningreassignsunassigned attach attachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapable citecitationcitations citedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operatesco-operationco-operativeco-operatively discriminatediscriminateddiscriminatesdiscriminating discrimination displaydisplayeddisplayingdisplays diversediverselydiversificationdiversifieddiversifiesdiversifydiversifying diversity 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学术英语词汇表AcademicWordList

学术英语词汇表AcademicWordListHeadwords of the Academic Word ListThis list contains the head words of the families in the Academic Word List. The numbers indicate the sublist of the Academic Word List. For example, abandon and its family members are in Sublist 8 of the Academic Word List. Sublist 8 is on page 33 in this book.abandon 8 abstract 6 academy 5 access 4 accommodate 9 accompany 8 accumulate 8 accurate 6 achieve 2 acknowledge 6 acquire 2 adapt 7 adequate 4 adjacent 10 adjust 5 administration 2 adult 7 advocate 7 affect 2 aggregate 6 aid 7 albeit 10 allocate 6 alter 5 alternative 3 ambiguous 8 amend 5 analogy 9 analyse 1 annual 4 anticipate 9 apparent 4 append 8 appreciate 8 approach 1appropriate 2approximate 4arbitrary 8area 1aspect 2assemble 10assess 1assign 6assist 2assume 1assure 9attach 6attain 9attitude 4attribute 4author 6 authority 1 automate 8 available 1 aware 5 behalf 9 benefit 1bias 8bond 6brief 6bulk 9 capable 6 capacity 5 category 2 cease 9 challenge 5 channel 7 chapter 2 chart 8 chemical 7 circumstance 3 cite 6civil 4clarify 8 classic 7 clause 5 code 4 coherent 9 coincide 9 collapse 10colleague 10commence 9comment 3commission 2commit 4commodity 8communicate 4community 2compatible 9compensate 3compile 10complement 8complex 2component 3compound 5comprehensive 7comprise 7compute 2conceive 10concentrate 4concept 1conclude 2concurrent 9 conduct 2 confer 4 confine 9confirm 7conflict 5conform 8consent 3consequent 2considerable 3 consist 1 constant 3 constitute 1 constrain 3 construct 2 consult 5 consume 2 contact 5 contemporary 8context 1 contract 1 contradict 8 contrary 7 contrast 4 contribute 3 controversy 9 convene 3 converse 9 convert 7 convince 10 cooperate 6 coordinate 3 core 3 corporate 3 correspond 3 couple 7 create 1 credit 2 criteria 3 crucial 8 culture 2 currency 8 cycle 4 data 1 debate 4 decade 7 decline 5 deduce 3define 1definite 7demonstrate 3denote 8deny 7depress 10derive 1design 2despite 4detect 8deviate 8device 9devote 9differentiate 7dimension 4diminish 9discrete 5discriminate 6displace 8display 6dispose 7distinct 2distort 9distribute 1diverse 6document 3 domain 6 domestic 4 dominate 3 draft 5 drama 8 duration 9 dynamic 7 economy 1 edit 6 element 2 eliminate 7 emerge 4 emphasis 3 empirical 7 enable 5 encounter 10 energy 5 enforce 5 enhance 6 enormous 10 ensure 3 entity 5 environment 1 equate 2 equip 7 equivalent 5 erode 9error 4 establish 1estate 6estimate 1ethic 9ethnic 4evaluate 2eventual 8evident 1evolve 5exceed 6exclude 3exhibit 8expand 5expert 6explicit 6exploit 8export 1expose 5external 5extract 7facilitate 5factor 1 feature 2 federal 6 fee 6 file 7 final 2 finance 1finite 7flexible 6fluctuate 8focus 2format 9formula 1forthcoming 10foundation 7found 9 framework 3 function 1 fund 3 fundamental 5 furthermore 6 gender 6 generate 5 generation 5 globe 7 goal 4 grade 7 grant 4 guarantee 7 guideline 8 hence 4 hierarchy 7 highlight 8 hypothesis 4 identical 7 identify 1 ideology 7 ignorance 6 illustrate 3 image 5 immigrate 3 impact 2 implement 4 implicate 4 implicit 8 imply 3 impose 4 incentive 6 incidence 6 incline 10 income 1 incorporate 6index 6indicate 1individual 1induce 8inevitable 8infer 7infrastructure 8inherent 9inhibit 6initial 3initiate 6injure 2innovate 7input 6insert 7insight 9inspect 8instance 3institute 2instruct 6integral 9integrate 4integrity 10intelligence 6 intense 8 interact 3 intermediate 9 internal 4 interpret 1 interval 6 intervene 7 intrinsic 10 invest 2 investigate 4 invoke 10 involve 1 isolate 7 issue 1item 2job 4journal 2 justify 3 label 4 labour 1 layer 3 lecture 6 legal 1 legislate 1 levy 10 liberal 5 licence 5 likewise 10 link 3logic 5maintain 2major 1manipulate 8manual 9margin 5mature 9maximise 3mechanism 4media 7mediate 9medical 5medium 9mental 5method 1migrate 6military 9minimal 9 minimise 8 minimum 6 ministry 6 minor 3 mode 7 modify 5 monitor 5 motive 6 mutual 9 negate 3 network 5 neutral 6 nevertheless 6 nonetheless 10 norm 9 normal 2 notion 5 notwithstanding 10 nuclear 8 objective 5 obtain 2 obvious 4 occupy 4 occur 1odd 10 offset 8 ongoing 10 option 4 orient 5 outcome 3 output 4 overall 4 overlap 9 overseas 6 panel 10 paradigm 7 paragraph 8 parallel 4 parameter 4 participate 2 partner 3 passive 9perceive 2percent 1period 1perspective 5 phase 4 phenomenon 7 philosophy 3 physical 3 plus 8policy 1 portion 9 pose 10 positive 2 potential 2 practitioner 8 precede 6 precise 5 predict 4 predominant 8 preliminary 9 presume 6 previous 2 primary 2 prime 5 principal 4 principle 1 prior 4 priority 7 proceed 1 process 1 professional 4 prohibit 7project 4 promote 4 proportion 3 prospect 8 protocol 9 psychology 5 publication 7 publish 3 purchase 2 pursue 5 qualitative 9 quote 7 radical 8 random 8 range 2 ratio 5 rational 6 react 3 recover 6 refine 9 regime 4 region 2 register 3 regulate 2 reinforce 8 reject 5 relax 9 release 7 relevant 2 reluctance 10remove 3require 1research 1reside 2resolve 4resource 2respond 1restore 8restrain 9restrict 2retain 4reveal 6revenue 5reverse 7revise 8revolution 9rigid 9 role 1 route 9 scenario 9 schedule 8 scheme 3 scope 6 section 1 sector 1 secure 2seek 2select 2sequence 3series 4sex 3shift 3significant 1similar 1simulate 7site 2so-called 10somewhat 7source 1specific 1specify 3sphere 9stable 5 statistic 4 status 4 straightforward 10 strategy 2 stress 4 structure 1 style 5 submit 7 subordinate 9 subsequent 4 subsidy 6 substitute 5 successor 7 sufficient 3 sum 4 summary 4 supplement 9 survey 2 survive 7 suspend 9 sustain 5 symbol 5 tape 6 target 5 task 3 team 9 technical 3 technique 3 technology 3 temporary 9 tense 8 terminate 8text 2theme 8theory 1thereby 8thesis 7topic 7trace 6tradition 2transfer 2transform 6transit 5transmit 7transport 6trend 5trigger 9ultimate 7undergo 10underlie 6undertake 4 uniform 8 unify 9 unique 7 utilise 6 valid 3vary 1 vehicle 8 version 5via 8 violate 9 virtual 8 visible 7 vision 9 visual 8 volume 3 voluntary 7 welfare 5 whereas 5 whereby 10 widespread 8。

The_Academic_Word_List

The Academic Word List (AWL)英语学术词汇表1. What is the AWL?AWL (《英语学术词汇表》) 是一个由Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表，它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。

例如：词目“analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇：analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically, analyze, analyzed, analyzes, analyzing 。

其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。

2. What are the 10 sublists of the AWL？AWL分十个sublists (小组)。

除了第十小组包含30个词目外，其他小组均含有60个词目。

Sublist 1（第一组）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第二组）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublists 依次类推。

AWL 中的每一个词目后都有一个数字，它代表了该词目是属于AWL 中的哪一组。

例如abandon 8就表示abandon是属于第八小组的词目。

3. Where to find the AWL?本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL 词目。

登陆网页/staff/awl/headwords.shtml能看到570个词目（headwords）。

如果你想得到每一个词目下面所包含的相关单词，请登陆/staff/awl/sublists.shtml, 该网页能下载所有的单词。