(奶牛每天在挤奶间和牛棚里停留2-4小时) For the rest of the time

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奶牛热应激

丹尼尔：如何缓解奶牛热应激？——来自以色列的经验丹尼尔（Daniel Hojman）以色列奶牛专家奶牛热应激是怎么产生的为了更好的理解缓解奶牛热应激的重要性，必须首先要了产生热应激的原因，奶牛热应激是由于奶牛体内的热不断累积对牛造成不良的影响，而牛场必须要采取一些措施，牛同时也有一些措施，来缓解体内热的累积，牛跟人一样都是恒温动物，体温要一直保持不变！如果天气热的话，它的体温会上升，这时候牛的大脑和神经组织就会发出一些指令，来让体温下降。

牛体内的热累积来自两个方面：第一，主要的来源是周围热的气温，湿度也是一个重要因素。

咱们说热应激，其实湿度也起了非常重要的因素。

另外一个来源是牛体内自身产的热，这与产奶量成正比。

没有进入产奶阶段的牛例如干奶牛，即使天气特别热，牛也不会有热应激的表现，因为它体内不产热，环境对它的影响也是有限的。

跟人不同的是牛几乎不出汗！牛的汗腺非常少。

在炎热的天气下，人第一表现就是出汗，通过汗的蒸发带走热气，从而降温。

但而牛没有这个机能的，它不会出汗。

产奶量不同热应激程度也不同现代牧业产奶量不同，奶牛对环境温度的敏感程度也不同。

当牛出现热应激，体温上升，感觉不舒服的时候，牛的大脑会发出第一个指令，让更多的血液流到皮肤，进行热交换，把热量释放出去。

如果这种方式不足以降低体温，牛就开始喘粗气，如果还不足够，奶牛就会减少采食量，以减少消化系统的产热量。

吃的少，产奶量自然也就下降了。

热应激可使产奶量下降20%对于一些牧场，如果不采取这种措施，高产牛的产量可能降低20%，妊娠率也会降低20%。

如果降温效果好的话，产奶量可以只下降2%，繁殖方面下降10%。

如果一头牛每天的产量是30公斤，那么降温和不降温就是6公斤和0.6公斤的差别！所以通过喷淋降温系统一头牛一天可多产5.4公斤的奶！产奶量反应降温系统效果的最直接因素。

小贴士：可以采用夏冬指数——夏季平均产奶量÷冬季平均产奶量衡量夏季降温工作的成效，夏冬指数越高越好。

研究生下补充课文翻译及习题.

A Beautiful Mind1．John Forbes Nash, Jr. –mathematical genius, inventor of a theory ofrationed behavior, visionary of the thinking machine—had been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour. It was late on a weekday afternoon in the spring of 1959, and, though it was only May, uncomfortably warm. Nash was slumped in an armchair in one corner of the hospital lounge, carelessly dressed in a nylon shirt that hung limply over h is unbelted trousers. His powerful frame was slack as a rag doll’s, his finelymolded features expressionless. He had been staring dully at a spot immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey, hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion. His visitor sat upright, oppressed by the silence, acutely conscious that the doors to the room were locked. Mackey finally could contain himself no longer. His voice was slightly querulous, but he strained to be gentle. “How could you,” began Mackey, “how could you, a mathematician, a man devoted to reason and logical proof… how could you believe that extraterrestrials are sending you message? How could you believe that you are being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world? How could you…?”小约翰·福布斯·纳什，数学天才、理性行为理论创立者、预见会思考的机器出现的预言者，已经和他的同样是数学家的来访者一起坐了差不多半个小时.那是1959年春季一个工作日的傍晚时分，虽然才是5 月，天气却很热，令人不太舒服。

大学英语A2课后短文填空及句子翻译 - 副本

Unit 1The real challenge to us teacher is combining the best of both worlds into one . Creativity and basic skills need to be considered in terms of being means to an [end], rather than simply as ends in themselves . Some Chinese students may not [perform] well in hypothetical settings ,but when it comes to[facing]real life challenges and issues ,they are more than [competent] in resolving most of them, [equipped] as they are with their strong skill .The U.S. system may be [designed]to aim more at producing top of the cream students ,but that [approach]may do damage to the big bulk of the [rest]of the student body .The Chinese education system is [definitely] not perfect ,but it does produce a [quality] workforce ,And I truly believe that solid basic knowledge/skill focus is the single biggest force driving the rise of Chinese as a country .翻译：真正的挑战是我们老师结合最好的两个世界成一个。

新西兰牛排队,驼无峰英语原文

新西兰牛排队,驼无峰英语原文Steak teamNew Zealand is vast and sparsely populated, and labor is scarce. It is impossible to milk with artificial cows. The dairy farmer specially trained the leading cow to take the cows to the milking station for the dairy farmer. Cows are milked twice a day, 8-10 a.m. and 3-5 p.m. without manual driving, cows will consciously queue up to enter the automatic circular milking station under the leadership of a cow. It is said that a sensor is installed on the head of the leading cow. When it is time to milk, the sensor will remind the leading cow to lead the team to milk.Hump freeAlpaca is called Grass Mud Horse by some people in China. New Zealand alpaca was introduced from South America. Alpaca is different from Bactrian camel and single humped camel. They have a flat hump but no camel. They look stupid and cute.Alpaca is a well-known god beast on the Internet, and is affectionately called "Grass Mud Horse" by netizens. When we enjoythe joy it brings us on the Internet, we have never learned what kind of creature Alpaca is and where this animal, which is both like sheep and horses, comes from. What is the origin of another "buddy" named "Camel"?Alpaca is native to the Andes Mountains, belonging to the Arachnida camel family, which looks a bit like sheep. It generally lives on the plateau. There are about 3million alpacas in the world, more than 90% of which live on the plateau of Peru and Chile in South America, and the rest are distributed in Victoria and New South Wales in Australia.Alpaca looks very similar to sheep, with long hair all over its body. Alpaca plays an extremely important role in the life of local aborigines. Their hair is used to weave ropes, bedding, sweaters, gloves, hats, socks and famous cloaks, and their meat is the main source of animal protein in people's food.Alpaca has a great temper. If it is an acquaintance, it will be very cooperative and intimate with you. However, if you are a stranger, I also advise you to approach them slowly. This lovely animal has a unique skill - "spit". If you are lucky, it only spits on you. If you areunlucky, it will hit your face with a steaming green chemical weapon. That is not fully digested grass, plus their stomach juice, the smell will definitely make you unforgettable for life.翻译：牛排队新西兰地广人稀，劳动力稀缺，要靠人工奶牛挤奶，是不可能的。

奶牛的智力测试题

奶牛的智力测试题一、测试题1. 奶牛一天当中大部分时间在做什么？（10分）A. 吃草B. 睡觉C. 思考人生D. 与其他奶牛聊天2. 奶牛能分辨几种颜色？（10分）A. 1种（灰色）B. 2种（黑白）C. 3种（黑、白、灰）D. 很多种3. 如果有一扇门通往新的草地，奶牛会怎么做？（10分）A. 直接冲过去B. 先观察一会儿再过去C. 等其他奶牛先过去D. 根本不关心，继续吃眼前的草4. 奶牛听到熟悉的农场主的声音会有什么反应？（10分）A. 哞哞叫着跑过去B. 抬头看一眼然后继续做自己的事C. 躲起来D. 没反应5. 奶牛会记得自己每天走的路线吗？（10分）A. 会，记得很清楚B. 大概记得C. 不记得，每天乱走D. 只有去挤奶棚的路记得6. 当有一只小鸟停在奶牛背上，奶牛会怎么做？（10分）A. 甩动身体把小鸟赶走B. 根本不理会C. 试图用尾巴把小鸟扫下来D. 哞哞叫着向小鸟示好7. 奶牛在炎热的夏天喜欢待在哪里？（10分）A. 树荫下B. 水里（如果有小池塘的话）C. 牛棚里D. 空旷的草地中间8. 奶牛之间会互相分享食物吗？（10分）A. 会，经常分享B. 偶尔会C. 从不分享D. 只有在食物特别多的时候分享9. 如果给奶牛一个新的玩具（比如彩色的球），它会怎么做？（10分）A. 用鼻子去顶，好奇地玩耍B. 看一眼就不理会了C. 害怕地躲开D. 试图把玩具踩坏二、答案与解析1. 答案：A。

解析：奶牛一天中大部分时间都在吃草，因为它们需要大量进食来维持身体所需的营养，睡觉时间相对较少，它们不太可能思考人生或者聊天，所以A选项正确。

2. 答案：A。

解析：奶牛基本上是双色视觉，主要能分辨灰色，它们对颜色的感知不像人类那么丰富，所以只能分辨1种颜色，A 选项正确。

3. 答案：B。

解析：奶牛相对比较谨慎，它们不会直接冲过去或者完全不关心，也不会盲目跟从其他奶牛，通常会先观察一会儿确保安全再过去，所以B选项正确。

英语六级考试阅读题专项练习及答案

英语六级考试阅读题专项练习及答案2023年英语六级考试阅读题专项练习及答案在平时的学习、工作中，我们经常跟练习题打交道，通过这些形形色色的习题，使得我们得以有机会认识事物的方方面面，认识概括化图式多样化的具体变式，从而使我们对原理和规律的认识更加的深入。

你知道什么样的习题才是规范的吗？下面是店铺帮大家整理的2023年英语六级考试阅读题专项练习及答案，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

英语六级考试阅读题专项练习及答案篇1Text 1Here's to Your HealthAs the only freshman on his school's varsity(代表队) wrestling team, Tod was anxious to fit in with his older teammates. One night after a match, he was offered a whisky bottle on the ride home. Tod felt he had to accept, or he would seem like a sissy. He took a swallow, and every time the bottle was passed back to him, he took another swallow. After seven swallows, he passed out. His terrified teammates carried him into his home, and his mother then rushed to the hospital. After his stomach was pumped, Tod learned that his blood alcohol level had been so high that he was lucky not to be in a coma or dead.Although alcohol sometimes causes rapid poisoning, frequently leads to long-term addiction, and always threatens self-control, our society encourages drinking. Many parents, by their example, give children the impression that alcohol is an essential ingredient of social gatherings. Peer pressure turns bachelor parties, fraternity initiations (同仁联谊会入会) , and spring-semester beach vacations into competitions in "getting trashed. " In soap operas, charming characters pour Scotchwhiskey from crystal bottle as readily as most people turn on the faucet for tap water. In films and rock videos, trend-setters party in nightclubs and bars. And who can recall a televised baseball or basketball game without a beer commercial? By the age of 21, the average American has been drinking on TV about 75, 000 times. Alcohol ads appear with pounding frequency—in magazines, on billboards, in college newspapers—contributing to a harmful myth about drinking.Part of the myth is that liquor signals professional success. In a men's magazine, one full-page ad for Scotch whiskey shows two men seated in an elegant restaurant. Both are in their thirties, perfectly groomed, and wearing expensive grey suits. The windows'are draped (悬挂) with velvet (天鹅绒) > the table with spotless white linen. Each place-setting consists of a long-stemmed water goblet, silver utensils and thick silver plates. On each plate is half-empty cocktail glass. The two men are grinning and shaking hands, as if they've just concluded a business deal. The caption reads, "The taste of success. "Contrary to what the liquor company would have us believe, drinking is more closely related to lack of success than to achievement. Among students, the heaviest drinkers have the lowest grades. In the work force, alcoholics are frequently late or absent, tend to perform poorly, and often get fired. Although, alcohol abuse occurs in all economic classes, it remains most severe among the poor.Another part of the alcohol myth is that drinking makes you more attractive to the opposite sex. "Hot, hot, hot," one commercial's soundtrack(电影配乐) begins, as the camera scans a crowd of college-age beachgoers. Next it follows the curve of a woman's leg up to her bare hip and lingers there. She is young,beautiful, wearing a bikini. A young guy, carrying an ice chest (箱子), positions himself near to where she sits. He is tan, muscular. She doesn't show much interest—until he opens the chest and takes out a beer. Now she smiles over at him. He raises his eyebrows and, invitingly, holds up another can. She joins him. This beer, the song concludes, "attracts like no other. "Beer doesn't make anyone sexier. Like all alcohol, it lowers the levels of male hormones in men and of female hormones in women—even when taken in small amounts. In substantial amounts, alcohol can cause infertility(不生育) in women and impotence in men. Some alcoholic men develop enlarged breasts, from their increased female hormones.The alcohol myth also creates the illusion that beer and athletics are a perfect combination. One billboard features three high-action images: a baseball player running at top speed, a surfer riding a wave, and a basketball player leaping to make a dunk shot. A particular light beer, the billboard promises, "won't slow you down. ""Slow you down" is exactly what alcohol does. Drinking plays a role in over six million injuries each year—not counting automobile accidents. Even in small amounts, alcohol dulls the brain, reducing muscle coordination and slowing reaction time. It also interferes with the ability to focus the eyes and adjust to a sudden change in brightness—such as the flash of a car's headlights. Drinking and driving, responsible for over half of all automobile deaths, is the leading cause of death among teenagers. Continued alcohol abuse can physically alter the brain, permanently damaging learning and memory. Long-term drinking is related to malnutrition, weakening of the bones, and ulcers. It increases the risk of liver failure, heart disease, andstomach cancer.Finally, according to the myth fostered by the media in our culture, alcohol generates a warm glow of happiness that unifies the family. In one popular film, the only food visible at a wedding reception is an untouched wedding cake, but beer, whiskey, and vodka flow freely. Most of the guests are drunk. After shouting into the microphone to get everyone's attention, the band leader asks the bride and groom to come forward. They are presented with two wine-filled silver drinking cups. "If you can drink your cups without spilling any wine," the band leader tells them, "you will have good luck for the rest of your lives. " The couple drain their cups without taking a breath, and the crowd cheers.A marriage, however, is unlikely to be "lucky" if alcohol plays a major role in it. Nearly two-thirds of domestic violence involves drinking. Alcohol abuse by parents is strongly tied to child neglect and juvenile delinquency. Drinking during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage and is a major cause of such birth defects as deformed limbs and mental retardation. Those who depend on alcohol are far from happy: over a fourth of the patients in state and county mental institutions have alcohol problems; more than half of all violent crimes are alcohol-related; the rate of suicide among alcoholics is fifteen times higher than among the general population.Alcohol, some would have us believe, is part of being successful, sexy, healthy, and happy. But those who have suffered from it—directly or indirectly—know otherwise. For alcohol's victims, "Here's to your health" rings with a terrible irony when it is accompanied by the clink of liquor glasses.1. The author provides lots of evidence to refute the harmful myth about drinking.2. We can conclude from the passage that the media and the culture of American society promote false beliefs about alcohol.3. Paragraph four tells us that alcoholics will never succeed if they don't quit drinking.4. Instead of making people more attractive, alcohol makes man womanlike.5. Drinking is one of the main causes of death among teenagers.6. The sentence " our society encourages drinking. " is simply based on the fact that there are so many ads for alcohol in magazines and on TV.7. Something restrain alcohol abuse before it is too late.8. Over six million injuries each year are related to______.9. The life of those who are addicted to drinking is______.10. Besides a major cause of birth defects, drinking during pregnancy can lead to______.I. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. Y 6. N 7. NG 8. drinking 9. far from happy10. miscarriageText 2The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and fill it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but tends to diffuse throughout the__1__available; it must therefore be kept in a closed container or held by a gravitational field, as in the__2__of a planet's atmosphere. The distinction was a __3__feature of early theories describing the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be "dissolved" in a vapor without losing itsidentity, and another theory__4 __that the two phases are made up of different kinds of molecules. The theories now prevailing take a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in __5 __They are both forms of matter that have no __6 __structure, and they both flow readily.The fundamental similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are __7__somewhat. Suppose a closed container __8__filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands, or in other words becomes less dense; some of it evaporates. In contrast, the vapor above the liquid surface becomes denser as the evaporated molecules are __9__to it. The combination of temperature and pressure at become __10__is called the critical point.A. addedB. caseC. prominentD. heldE. equalF. partiallyG. exampleH. previousI. space J, lifted K. permanent L. particularlyM. extended N. raised 0. commonI. I 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. O 6. K 7. N 8. F 9. A 10. E英语六级考试阅读题专项练习及答案篇2Two astronauts face a not-so-merry Christmas after being told to ration their food and hope a cargo ship with extra supplies docks on Dec. 21. Russian cosmonaut Salizhan Sharipov and American Leroy Chiao have been asked to cut out calories equal to three cans of Coke from their daily diet—around 10 percent of their daily __1__ and an amount that would be little noticed, NASA said.Russian officials, quoted in the local media, have __2__ blamed the previous crew for overeating during their one-month mission earlier this year, leaving a __3__ of meat and milk and a surplus of juice and confectionery .The Dec. 24 launch of the next Progress is now __4__ for the crew, stationed in orbit since October. It is due to __5__ with the ISS on Dec. 21.NASA officials said their situation was not so different from being cut off on Earth, and their lives were not at risk. If they do not receive __6__supplies, the astronauts would have to __7__ the station and return to Earth on the Soyuz capsule that is docked there.Russia has been the sole lifeline to the ISS for almost two years when the United States grounded its __8__ fleet after the fatal Columbia accident. Russia has often __9__ of its financial struggle to keep the ISS fully serviced single-handedly. Shuttle flights could __10__in May, officials have said, but in the meantime Russia will continue to launch all manned and cargo ships.A) deficit B) complaine C) severely D) allowanceE) considerately F) shuttle G) evacuate H) absentlyI) adequate J) dock K) resume L) vitalM) trivial N) evaluate O) fresh答案1. D 空格前为形容词daily，空格后为连词and和an amount，分析句子结构可知，此处应填入一个名词。

奶牛全混日粮（TMR）饲养技术标准

奶⽜全混⽇粮（TMR）饲养技术标准Q/NC LH J 12 01—2004 奶⽜全混⽇粮（ＴＭＲ）饲养技术标准1 范围本标准规定了奶⽜全混⽇粮（ＴＭＲ）的概念、特点、调配、制作、饲喂管理及配套设施等⽅⾯的技术要求。

本标准适⽤三元种业科技所属⽜场全混⽇粮（ＴＭＲ）的应⽤。

2 规范性引⽤⽂件下列⽂件中的条款通过本标准的引⽤⽽成为本标准的条款。

凡是注⽇期的引⽤⽂件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适⽤于本标准，然⽽，⿎励根据本标准达成协议的各⽅研究是否可使⽤这些⽂件的最新版本。

凡是不注⽇期的引⽤⽂件，其最新版本适⽤于本标准。

Q/NC LH J 04 01—2003 饲料与营养Q/NC LH J 04 02—2003 饲养管理与⽣产⼯艺3 ＴＭＲ的概念及其特点3.1 概念：ＴＭＲ（Total Mixed Ration）为全混合⽇粮的英⽂缩写，TMR是根据奶⽜在不同⽣长发育和泌乳阶段的营养需要，按营养专家设计的⽇粮配⽅，⽤特制的搅拌机对⽇粮各组分进⾏搅拌、切割、混合和饲喂的⼀种先进的饲养⼯艺。

全混合⽇粮（TMR）保证了奶⽜所采⾷每⼀⼝饲料的营养均衡性。

3.2 ＴＭＲ饲养⼯艺的优点：3.2.1 精粗饲料均匀混合，避免奶⽜挑⾷，维持瘤胃PH值稳定，防⽌瘤胃酸中毒。

奶⽜单独采⾷精料后,瘤胃内产⽣⼤量的酸；⽽采⾷有效纤维能刺激唾液的分泌，降低瘤胃酸度。

TMR使奶⽜均匀地采⾷精粗饲料，维持相对稳定的瘤胃PH值，有利于瘤胃健康。

3.2.2 TMR⽇粮为瘤胃微⽣物同时提供蛋⽩、能量、纤维等均衡的营养物质，加速瘤胃微⽣物的繁殖，提⾼菌体蛋⽩的合成效率。

3.2.3增加奶⽜⼲物质采⾷量，提⾼饲料转化效率。

3.2.4 充分利⽤农副产品和⼀些适⼝性差的饲料原料，减少饲料浪费，降低饲料成本。

3.2.5 根据饲料品质、价格，灵活调整⽇粮，有效利⽤⾮粗饲料的NDF。

3.2.6 简化饲喂程序，减少饲养的随意性，管理的精准程度⼤⼤提⾼。

牧场管理操作流程汇总

犊牛护理及饲养操作程序(一）新生犊牛护理1、清除口腔、鼻孔内的粘液。

2、人工擦干新生犊牛体表的黏液，冬季应注意保温。

3、脐带剪断及消毒：犊牛出生后检查脐带长度（脐带长度3—5cm），然后立即用5％—10％（自配）的碘酊消毒,30分钟后再消毒一次，此后连续消毒7天4、打双耳标：犊牛出生后打耳标并填写产犊记录。

5、称重：以上工作完成后进行称重并记录（二）喂奶1、饲喂初乳①犊牛出生后12小时以内必须饲喂6L初乳。

保证犊牛在抗体吸收关闭时间内获得足够的免疫球蛋白。

②初乳灌服标准：犊牛出生1小时内一次灌服4L初乳，（初生重＜35kg犊牛灌服3L）2小时内严禁驱使犊牛或转运犊牛。

③出生12小时内再饲喂2L初乳；④初乳温度：39—40℃；⑤必须灌服优质初乳.（初乳免疫球蛋白≥70g/L，以保证免疫球蛋白的摄入量）.⑥初乳解冻水温：50℃2、饲喂常乳(8千克/天）出生24小时后饲喂常乳，温度39-40℃常乳喂量标准：①犊牛第2天—10天饲喂4L/天常乳；②第11天—18天饲喂5L/天常乳；③第19天—55天饲喂6L/天常乳；④第56天—59天内早晨一次3L/天常乳；⑤第60天断奶。

（三)饮水犊牛出生后24小时开始供给饮水.必须保持水槽的洁净，水必须清洁，冬季必须给温水。

(四）喂饲料犊牛出生后第4天开始喂犊牛料。

要求：必须保证自第4天起精料桶里24小时有精料（少给勤添）。

犊牛采食的精料量达到1.5㎏/天时断奶。

(五)其他1、去角和去副乳头犊牛出生后2-3周内去角，用电烙或腐蚀法；犊牛出生后2-3周时剪掉副乳头，断奶时再检查一次，如果发现副乳头及时剪除，并消毒。

2、疾病治疗工作人员每天观察犊牛的精神、粪便、采食、呼吸等状况,如有异常必须立刻进行诊治.3、犊牛舍的清理勤换褥草，始终保持犊牛舍整洁、干燥、空气新鲜、环境良好。

4、奶桶、精料桶的洁净每天喂完牛奶后及时洗刷饲喂用具，先用清水洗刷一次，然后用60℃以上热碱水浸泡10分钟后用清水(热)冲洗干净。

研究生-基础综合英语-课后题

研究生-基础综合英语-课后题LTfrom —most kids don’t put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at stake.似乎没有人停下来想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境，他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了危急关头，才不会把功课当作头等大事呢。

3) Of average intelligence or above, they eventually quit school, concluding they were too dumb to finish.这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨，学不下去了。

4) Young people generally don’t have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it.年轻人往往不够成熟，不会像我的成人学生们那样重视教育。

5) It is an expression of confidence by both teachers and parents that the students have the ability to learn the material presented to them.这表明老师和家长都对学生有信心，相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习材料。

6) This means no more doing Scott’s assignments for him because he might fail. No more passing Jodi because she’s such a nice kid.这意味着再也不要因为担心斯科特会不及格而替他做作业，再也不要因为朱迪是个乖孩子就放她过关。

Unit 2 Love1. 问答题1) Under what circumstances was the author proposed to?When she was Windexing the bathroom mirror.2) Why does the author say that it was her turn to get married?Because she was already 40 years old, and she had gracefully stepped aside and watched both her twin sister and baby sister take the matrimonial plunge before her.3) Who played the major role in the arrangement for the wedding, the author or her fiancé? The author.4) Why does the author say that the universe tried to thwart her?Because the Greek band from Los Angeles that she wanted wasn’t available. The stitching she had requested for her cathedral veil was all wrong. Her ivory silk gown was being quarantined somewhere in Singapore. And with their wedding just a few weeks away, most of her guests were responding after the deadline.5) What made the author stop thinking about her wedding?George was a kind-hearted, considerate person, ready to share hare hardship with his beloved fiancée.6) What kind of person do you think George was?George was a kind-hearted, considerate person, ready to share hardship with his beloved fiancée.7) What was the doctor’s prognosis of the author’s mother’s disease?The cancer hadn’t spread.8) What did the author learn from taking care of her mother?She learned how to cook, how to take care of her diseased mother and realized how consummately her mother had cared for her and her sisters.9) What does the wedding gift refer to?What’s really important to her life.2. 词汇题1) It is not easy for chinese people to respond properly to others’ compliments and equally difficult for them to accept criticisms gracefully（优雅）.2) We should be truly thankful to Mr. Deng Xiaoping for taking the plunge（做一个决定）and initiating the economic reform in china.3) Unfortunately, television studios are strangely designed and dressing-rooms are often miles away from the studio, so we had to find a place where she and her entourage（随从人员）could relax in comfort without the need to climb stairs.4) What is the use of whining about（发牢骚）your bad luck? It is more important to find the real cause of your misfortune.5) The rising real estate prices thwarted（阻碍）his ambition of owning a houses of his own in the big city. Disappointed, he returned to his hometown.6) The old woman sat silently beside her collapsed hous, her eyes brimming with（充满）tears and hatred.7) He writes clearly and lightheartedly about the 100 best rivers and gives his expert advice on how to navigate（航行）their reaches.8) Outside the forest the snow was already six inches deep and growing steadily, relentlessly（无情地，残忍地）deeper.9) There is no doubt that his duty extends to informing his patient, if asked, of the nature of his illness and its likely prognosis（预测，诊断）.10) Those who are climbing the career ladder fast may use alcohol as a booster to help them to achieve, and those who recognize that they have failed to reach the top may also turn to alcohol, in an attempt to bolster（支持，提升）their failing self-image.11)A typically chinese countryside house is one whose eaves protrude（伸出，突出）over thewall.12) The ship came back from the region that had just been attacked by a strange disease. Thus the health officials placed all its crew in quarantine（检疫）.3. 改写题1) There is something in his pattern of behavior that will remind you of some addictive or compulsory behaviors.reminiscent (a.)There is something in his pattern of behavior that is very reminiscent of some addictive or compulsive behaviors.2) I could not bear thinking that my mother would not be present at my wedding ceremony.unbearable (a.)The thought of my mother not being present at my wedding ceremony was unbearable.3) After consulting with the doctor, I learned that my father could do nothing but receive lung surgery.option (n.)After consulting with the doctor, I learned that lung surgery was my father’s on ly option.4) There was no reason why the prince gave up his right to succeed to the throne.beyond (prep.)The prince gave up his right to succeed to the throne beyond all reason.5) I am thinking about what the poor family will be like in the future.hold (v.)I am thinking about what the future will hold for the poor family.6) The Russian Foreign Minister went to the airport to welcome the visiting Chinese Premier and 28 other people who came together with the Premier.entourage (n.)The Russian Foreign Minister went to the airport to welcome the visiting Chinese Premier and his 28-member entourage.7) The good news filled all the students with strong anticipations.brim (v.)At the good news, all the students brimmed with strong atricipations.8) Does he mean that those with AIDS should be forced to live in a place that will not pose any threat to the other people?quarantine (v.)Does he mean that those with AIDS should be quarantine from the other people? 4. 翻译题1) I had always dreamed of being proposed to in a Parisian café, under dazzling stars, like the one in a Van Gogh knockoff that hangs in my studio apartment. Instead, my boyfriend asked me to marry him while I was Windexing the bathroom mirror.我一直有这样的梦想：星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆能有人向我求婚。

小学数学-有答案-苏教版数学四年级上册第二单元《两、三位数除以两位数》专项训练卷(提高卷)

苏教版数学四年级上册第二单元《两、三位数除以两位数》专项训练卷（提高卷）一、选择题1. “奶牛场有5个牛棚，每个牛棚里有14头奶牛，一天共喂1400千克饲料，平均每头奶牛每天喂多少千克饲料？”列式正确的是（）A.1400÷14×5B.1400×5÷14C.1400÷(14×5)2. 计算198÷36时，把36看作40来试商，初商()。

A.偏大B.偏小C.正好3. 汽水买4送1瓶，20名学生要每人1瓶，共需买（）瓶汽水．A.20瓶B.16瓶C.19瓶4. 325÷6的商的最高位是（）A.个位B.十位C.百位5. 如果余数比除数大，说明商小了，应（）A.调大B.调小C.不变6. 除数是一位数的除法，在笔算时，要从被除数的()算起。

A.最高位B.最低位C.第三位7. 在一个没有余数的除法算式里，被除数与商都是75，除数是()。

A.1B.0C.758. 三位数除以一位数，商不可能是（）位数．A.一B.两C.三9. 203除以一个一位数（零除外）的商（）A.一定是三位数B.一定是二位数C.可能是三位数，也可能是二位数D.无法确定10. 要使□89÷5的商是两位数，□里可以填（）A.6∼9B.0∼4C.1∼4二、填空题在244÷64的试商中，把64看做60来试商，初商可能会(________)（填偏大、偏小）。

横线里最大能填几？40×________<135________×82<60060×________<425________×28<200．□68÷4，要使商是两位数，□可以填________，要使商是三位数，□可以填________．小月有10元和5元的面值的人民币各4张．如果要买一个40元的篮球，恰好付40元的方式有：付4张十元的，还有：________或________．□2÷5，要使商是两位数，□里可以填________；要使商是一位数，□里要填________．小王家四个季度共用电972千瓦·时，平均每个月用电(________)千瓦·时．要使3□6÷34的商是一位数，□里可以填________；要使523÷□4的商是两位数，□里可以填________．374÷34的商是(________)位数，试商可以把34看作(________)来试商；264÷26的商是(________)位数，试商可以把26看作(________)来试商，这时商会偏(________)。

奶牛场实习总结9篇

奶牛场实习总结9篇第1篇示例：在这个夏天，我有幸能在一家奶牛场实习，这段时间让我收获满满。

在这里，我学到了很多关于奶牛养殖的知识，也体验了一把农场工作的辛苦和快乐。

下面我将对这次实习经历进行总结，回顾这段宝贵的时光。

在奶牛场实习的这段时间里，我深刻地体会到了养牛的辛苦和耗费。

每天清晨，当太阳升起，我就会跟随牧工们一起进入牛棚，开始忙碌的一天。

清理牛棚、喂食奶牛、挤奶等琐碎的工作，虽然看似简单，但需要付出极大的体力和耐心。

每当累得满头大汗时，我都会告诫自己要坚持下去，因为这是实现自己梦想的一步。

实习期间，我学到了很多与奶牛养殖相关的知识。

在奶牛场，我跟随资深牧工学习了奶牛的饲养管理、疾病防治、挤奶技术等方面的知识。

通过实践和理论相结合，我不仅加深了对养牛的理解，还提升了自己的实践能力和技术水平。

在这里，我明白了只有不断学习和努力，才能成为一名优秀的养牛工作者。

实习过程中，我也收获了与同事们的友谊和团队精神。

在奶牛场，大家都像一个大家庭，互相帮助、互相支持。

在与同事们的合作中，我感受到了团队的力量，也学会了尊重和关心身边的每一个人。

大家共同努力，共同成长，让我感动和温暖。

通过这次实习，我对农村养牛产业有了更深入的认识，也对我未来的发展方向有了更清晰的规划。

我深知奶牛养殖行业的前景广阔，也明白在这个行业中，需要不断学习和提升自己的能力。

我会继续努力，坚持学习，为实现自己的梦想而努力奋斗。

这段奶牛场实习经历让我受益匪浅，不仅学到了专业知识，提升了实践能力，更收获了团队精神和成长经历。

我将珍惜这次宝贵的实习机会，继续努力向前，为实现自己的人生目标而努力奋斗。

感谢奶牛场对我的帮助和支持，也感谢实习期间遇到的每一个人。

让我们一起加油，共同创造美好的未来！第2篇示例：在过去的一个月里，我有幸参加了一家奶牛场的实习，这是我第一次接触农场工作，对我来说是一个全新的经历。

通过这次实习，我学到了很多关于奶牛的知识，也体会到了农场工作的辛苦与乐趣。

奶牛场管理制度

奶牛场各种规章制度一、场长职责规范：1.负责牧场全面工作，在公司现有的用人指数内，合理安排各岗位员工，在权限范围内科学有效地组织与管理生产。

2.负责监督执行场内各项规章制度、操作规程和管理规范。

3.制订并实施场内各岗位的考核管理目标和奖惩办法。

4.定期对所有技术人员和各岗位员工进行考评，根据考核成绩对员工予以适当的经济奖惩、教育或辞退。

5.及时圆满地执行公司下达的各项任务，定期向公司有关领导汇报工作情况。

6.努力学习，不断提高自身管理水平和业务能力。

定期对职工组织业务技术培训，提高牧场整体生产技术水平。

7.历行增产节约，努力提高牧场经济效益。

8.安全生产、杜绝隐患。

二、技术员职责规范：1.参与牛场全面生产技术管理，熟知牛场管理各环节的技术规范。

2.负责各群牛的饲养管理，根据后备牛的生长发育状况及成母牛的产奶情况，依照营养标准，参考季节、胎次、泌乳月的变化，合理、及时地调整饲养方案。

3.负责各群牛的饲料配给，发放饲料供应单，随时掌握每群牛的采食情况并记录在案。

4.负责牛群周转工作。

记录牛场所有生产及技术资料。

5.负责各种饲料的质量检测与控制。

6.掌握牛只的体况评定方法，负责组织选种选配工作。

7.熟悉牛场所有设备操作规程，并指导和监督操作人员正确使用。

8.熟悉各类疾病的预防知识，根据情况进行疾病的预防。

三、兽医职责规范：1.负责牛群卫生保健、疾病监控与治疗、贯彻执行防疫制度、制订药械购置计划、填写病例和有关报表。

2.合理安排不同季节、时期的工作重点，及时做好总结工作。

3.每次上槽仔细巡视牛群，发现问题及时处理。

4.认真细致地进行疾病诊治，遇到疑难病例，组织会诊，特殊病例要单独建病历。

认真做好发病，处方记录。

5.及时向领导反馈场内存在的问题，提出合理化建议。

配合畜牧技术人员，共同搞好饲养管理。

贯彻“以防为主，防重于治”的方针。

6.努力学习、钻研技术知识，不断提高技术水平。

普及奶牛卫生保健知识，提高职工素质。

cow中文翻译

cow中文翻译cow的中文翻译是“奶牛”或“母牛”。

下面是一些关于cow的用法和中英文对照例句：1. 奶牛(nǎi niú) - milk cow- The farmer milks the cow every morning. 农民每天早上挤奶牛。

- Cows provide us with milk and dairy products. 奶牛为我们提供牛奶和乳制品。

2. 母牛(mǔ niú) - female cow- The mother cow protects her young calf. 母牛保护她的小牛犊。

- The farmer bred his cows for beef production. 农民养殖他的母牛用于肉类生产。

3. 奶牛场(nǎi niú chǎng) - dairy farm- The dairy farm has hundreds of cows. 这个奶牛场有数百头奶牛。

- They built a new barn on the cow farm. 他们在奶牛农场建了一个新的牛棚。

4. 奶牛品种(nǎi niú pǐn zhǒng) - cow breed- Holstein is a popular cow breed for milk production. 黑白花奶牛是一种常见的奶牛品种。

- The farmer raises Jersey cows for their high butterfat content. 农民饲养泽西奶牛因其高脂肪含量。

5. 肉牛(ròu niú) - beef cattle- They raise Angus cows for beef production. 他们养殖安格斯牛用于肉类生产。

- The farmer sold his herd of beef cows at the market. 农民在市场上出售了他的一群肉牛。

我学会了挤牛奶作文（精选21篇）

我学会了挤牛奶作文（精选21篇）我学会了挤牛奶作文（精选21篇）在学习、工作或生活中，大家总少不了接触作文吧，借助作文可以宣泄心中的情感，调节自己的心情。

那要怎么写好作文呢？以下是小编精心整理的我学会了挤牛奶作文（精选21篇），供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

我学会了挤牛奶作文篇1上周末下午的时候跟我妈妈一起去想抱牛奶厂，参观了一些养殖户养殖的奶牛。

因为我最近一直在喝牛奶，又觉得这些牛奶并不是很好喝，然后妈妈就告诉我说这些牛奶都是来之不易的，都是农场主们辛苦汗水凝聚成的。

所以就算我不想吃，也要把它全部喝干净，因为这是一些奶牛的精华，也是一些我们的营养元素。

为了能够让我更深刻的体会到装奶的不容易，所以妈妈那天就带我去到农场去看别人挤牛奶。

挤牛奶的时间到了，只看工人们一个个熟练得挤着牛奶，不一会儿，就挤了一大桶，看着他们的“表演”，我心里痒痒的，于是，我走到一位伯伯跟前，说：“伯伯，我可以试试吗？”“可以。

”我高兴地走到奶牛旁，心想：这还不简单，只要拉一下不就OK了。

可是，事情没有我想象的那么简单，我去拉得时候，却什么也没射出来，却被牛来了个“飞毛腿”幸亏我有“飞退之术”，让我免遭“奶牛特工队”的攻击！现在这个时候我才明白了，原来挤牛奶是那么不容易的一件事情，他们真的非常的辛苦，今后我一定要好好喝牛奶，争取不浪费。

我学会了挤牛奶作文篇2有一小的时候我非常的调皮，对于牛奶这件事情非常的抵触，因为我觉得非常的难喝，尤其是纯牛奶，没有任何味道还有一点膻。

所以在小的时候我总是偷偷的把牛奶倒掉，不想自己喝，然后有一次被妈妈发现了，他就大骂了我一顿，说这些牛奶都是来之不易的，都是农场主辛苦种植的，妈妈花钱买过来的。

虽然妈妈说了我一顿，但是我永远是每天坚持喝一半而已，我另一半真的是喝不下，然后再一次机会下，妈妈带我去农场看那些农场主挤牛奶。

后来我看的非常的入迷，我还亲自下去参与了一把，发现挤牛奶真的是非常辛苦的事情，不仅会被买牛踢到还有可能会导致自己受伤。

GRE考试阅读题目解析(1)

GRE考试阅读题目解析(1)GRE阅读题目解析:卡路里摄入与动物寿命P30Animals live longer when their calorie intake is restricted to two-thirds o f what is considered normal for their species. Animals so restricted are also g enerally healthier: most disease, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenera tive illness, are forestalled. This phenomenon was long attributed to a simple slowing of metabolism (cells’ production of energy from fuel molecules) and co nsequent reproduction of its toxic by-products in response to less food. In fac t, however, calorie restriction does not slow mammalian metabolism, and in yeas t and worms, metabolism is both sped up and altered. Some scientists now theori ze that calorie restriction is a biological stressor that, like natural food sc arcity, induces a more complex defensive response, which in mammals includes ch anges in cellular defenses and repair.1. In the passage, the function of the highlighted portion is toA. Provide specific examples of organisms whose longevity does not increase in response to calorie restriction.B. Illustrate the probable means by which organisms placed on a calorie-res triction diet compensate for the reduction in available food-based level.C. Suggest the mechanism that is responsible for prolonging the life of org anism whose calorie intake is significantly reduced.D. Give an example that explain why scientists’ thinking about the physiol ogical effects of calorie restriction changed.E. Distinguish the different ways that mammalian and non-mammalian metaboli sms respond to significant reductions in calorie intakeConsider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.2. The passage implies which of the following about the explanation mention ed in the highlighted text?A. There are empirical findings that conflict with a presumption of the exp lanation.B. The explanation predicts that the effect of calorie restriction on longe vity will be the greatest for the species with the highest rate of metabolism.C. The explanation predicts that the effects of calorie restriction will be uniformly positive.P301Animals live longer when their calorie intake is restricted to two-thirds of what is considered normal for their species.当卡路里摄入量被限制在该物种正常水平的三分之二时，动物的寿命变长。

题库(挤奶)

题库（挤奶）一、选择题：１、发现乳房炎牛时应立即通知（），相关部门和人员收到通知后必须转入病牛舍（如有乳房炎牛舍，转入乳房炎牛舍）进行治疗。

Ａ、兽医 B、场长 C、经理 D、育种2、关于乳头准备（前药浴），那种说法正确？（）A、喷洒合适即可，个别乳头不覆盖不影响。

B、喷洒时快速完成，不必仔细观察、喷枪能均匀覆盖。

C、前药浴主要是保健作用。

D、清洁乳头后并药浴。

药浴液要覆盖整个乳头，并至少停留30秒钟才能杀死细菌。

否则，无法达到杀菌效果。

3、下列正确说法是（）A、SOP看板要求，先挤三把奶再药浴。

B、先药浴、再挤三把奶。

C、先挤弃五把奶、再药浴，直接套杯。

D、纸巾擦拭必须一牛两巾4、挤奶时必须确保乳区和乳头干净和干燥。

先用药浴液药浴后，头三把奶挤完后，再用一次性奶牛专用纸巾擦拭干净，详细挤奶前药浴要求如下：（）A、清洁乳头后并药浴。

药浴液要覆盖整个乳头，并至少停留30秒钟才能杀死细菌。

否则，无法达到杀菌效果。

B、药浴后必须把乳区擦干净，以免过多的药浴液残留在牛奶中。

擦干时确保乳头孔处不要遗漏药浴液，同时，要保证乳头干燥、清洁。

C、在实际操作中灵活处理，不拘泥于固定要求。

D、前药浴的药浴液有效成分为漂白粉。

5、挤奶原则依照（）A、“初产牛—高产牛—中、低产牛—其它病牛—乳房炎牛”执行B、高产牛—初产牛—中、低产牛—其它病牛—乳房炎牛”执行C、高产牛—中低产牛—初产牛—其它病牛—乳房炎牛”执行D、按照牛棚离奶厅远近考虑、先近后远。

6、清洗顺序为（）A、清水→碱液+热水→清水→酸液+温水→清水。

B、清水→碱液+热水→酸液+温水→清水。

C、清水→碱液→清水→酸液+温水。

D、清水→酸液+热水→清水→碱液+温水→清水7、清洗中酸碱液浓度为（）A、酸液：0.8%—1% 碱液：1.5%—2.0%B、酸液：1%% 碱液：1.5%—2.0%C、酸液：1%—1.5% 碱液：1.5%—2.0%D、酸液：2% 碱液：1.5%%8、奶衬更换时间为（）A、2200小时B、2500头次C、2000头次D、坏了就换9、根据所要清洗的对象来确定清洗时间，一般为：清水3—5分钟→碱液热水进入80—85度5—10分钟，监测出水口温度（）以上→清水冲洗3—5分钟→酸液温水5—10分钟→清水冲洗3—5分钟。

在农场里的活动英语作文

在农场里的活动英语作文英文回答：Farm Activities.A farm is a place where crops are grown and animals are raised for food. There are many different types of farms, including dairy farms, cattle ranches, hog farms, poultry farms, and vegetable farms. Each type of farm has its own unique set of activities.On a dairy farm, the main activity is milking the cows. Cows are milked twice a day, and the milk is used to make dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt. Other activities on a dairy farm include feeding the cows, cleaning the barn, and taking care of the calves.On a cattle ranch, the main activity is raising cattle for beef. Cattle are typically raised on pasture, and they are fed hay and grain. Other activities on a cattle ranchinclude branding the cattle, castrating the calves, and doctoring sick animals.On a hog farm, the main activity is raising hogs for pork. Hogs are typically raised in confinement buildings, and they are fed a diet of corn and soybeans. Other activities on a hog farm include vaccinating the hogs, castrating the male pigs, and tail docking the pigs.On a poultry farm, the main activity is raising chickens for eggs or meat. Chickens are typically raised in poultry houses, and they are fed a diet of corn, soybeans, and other grains. Other activities on a poultry farm include collecting the eggs, vaccinating the chickens, and de-beaking the chickens.On a vegetable farm, the main activity is growing vegetables. Vegetables are typically grown in fields, and they are watered and fertilized regularly. Other activities on a vegetable farm include planting the vegetables, weeding the fields, and harvesting the vegetables.中文回答：农场活动。

作文小男孩和奶牛的故事

作文小男孩和奶牛的故事在一个宁静的小村庄里，有一个特别调皮可爱的小男孩，叫明明。

明明家里有一头胖乎乎的奶牛，那可是他们家的宝贝。

这头奶牛长得可有意思啦！它的身子圆滚滚的，就像一个大大的棉花糖。

一身黑白相间的皮毛，摸起来软乎乎的，还带着点温度呢。

它的两只角弯弯的，像月牙儿似的翘在脑袋上。

最有趣的是它的眼睛，又大又圆，总是湿漉漉的，好像随时都会跟你说话。

每天清晨，太阳还没完全升起，明明就得起床去照顾这头奶牛。

明明总是睡眼惺忪地走到牛棚，一边打着哈欠，一边嘟囔着：“哎呀，奶牛啊奶牛，你倒是舒服，天天睡大觉，我还得伺候你。

”奶牛呢，似乎听懂了明明的抱怨，眨巴眨巴眼睛，甩甩尾巴，好像在说：“小主人，辛苦你啦！”明明先得给奶牛准备新鲜的草料。

他会跑到自家的后院，那里种满了各种各样的青草。

明明弯下腰，小手飞快地拔着草，不一会儿，就抱了满满一怀。

他把草抱到奶牛跟前，奶牛立刻伸长了脖子，大口大口地吃起来，“嘎吱嘎吱”，吃得那叫一个香。

明明看着奶牛吃得这么欢，忍不住笑了起来：“你这家伙，真是个贪吃鬼！”喂完草，还得给奶牛挤奶。

这可是个技术活，刚开始的时候，明明总是掌握不好力度和节奏，不是挤不出来，就是挤得太少。

有一次，明明用力过猛，竟然把奶牛弄疼了，奶牛“哞”地叫了一声，吓得明明差点摔倒。

不过，经过多次尝试，明明渐渐找到了窍门。

他坐在小板凳上，双手轻轻地握住奶牛的乳头，有节奏地挤压着，白白的牛奶就像小喷泉一样，“哗哗”地流进了桶里。

明明的脸上洋溢着自豪的笑容：“哈哈，我终于学会挤奶啦！”挤完奶，明明还要给奶牛打扫牛棚。

这可不是个轻松的活儿，牛棚里到处都是牛粪和杂草。

明明拿着小铲子，一点一点地把牛粪铲到推车里，然后再运到外面的粪池里。

那味道可真不好闻，明明被熏得直皱眉头：“哎呀，臭死啦臭死啦！”但是他从来没有抱怨过，因为他知道，只有把牛棚打扫干净，奶牛才能住得舒服。

有一天，明明突发奇想，想要带着奶牛去外面散步。

他给奶牛套上了缰绳，牵着它走出了家门。

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INCREASING USAGE OF OFF-ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱADDOCK FACILITIES DURING PAST YEARS
过去几年中牧场外设施的使用频率越来越高
Feed pads – 27% 料台
Stand-off pads – 22% 越冬垫
Animal shelters – 2% 牛舍
Winter barns – <1% 冬舍
• RMA focuses on the effects of an activity on the environment but is technology neutral. 侧重于行为对环境的影响，保持技术中立原则
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT (RMA 1991) <资源管理法案> （1991）
提高固液分离和动物离牧（到牛棚）的做法
NZ HISTORY OF EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT 以往管理措施
• Use of two pond treatment systems prior to Resource Management Act
(1991)
1991年制定<资源管理法案>之前，新西兰废水处理采用双塘处理系统。
CONTENTS 内容
1. INTRODUCTION 引言 2. NZ POLICY 新西兰政策 3. NZ BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE THROUGH SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 科学指导最佳管理惯例 4. NZ NUTRIENT BUDGETS 新西兰营养预算 5. SUMMARY 总结
• RMA is the NZ Government legislation for environmental protection 新西兰政府为保护环境制定的法律法规 • RMA seeks to encourage the use of resources in a way this is economically viable, environmentally sound and socially acceptable 旨在鼓励以一种经济上可行，对环境无害和社会可接受的方式来利用资源
NZ MANAGEMENT HISTORY 以往管理措施
Land application increasingly common from 1991 and now dominates 农田废水灌溉从1991年开始普及
- Soil is a natural biological filtration system 土壤成为自然的生物过滤器 - Nutrients available for plant growth 废水中的营养元素被植物利用
新西兰牧场废水大部分是从挤奶间和牛圈冲洗下来的废液 (奶牛每天在挤奶间和牛棚里停留2-4小时)。 • For the rest of the time, cows graze on pasture when animal excreta goes directly to the land. 动物排泄物在放牧时返回到牧场。
DAIRY PARLOUR WASH DOWN 挤奶间冲洗
• Most of New Zealand's dairy effluent is liquid from wash down of the dairy shed and yard during milking (2-4 hours/day).
• Key RMA requirements for dairy waste water management
牧场废水管理的关键要求
• Avoid or mitigate any adverse effects of dairy waste water application 避免或减轻应用牧场废水带来的任何不良影响 • Use best practicable option to prevent or minimise environmental effects 采用最切实可行的办法，以防止或减少对环境的破坏
Protects soil structure, improves cow condition, favourable for animal welfare, reduces N leaching
保护土壤结构，改善奶牛状况，改善动物福利，减少淋失
EFFLUENT SOLIDS 固体排泄物
Increasing practice of solid separation and animal off-grazing
- Removes biological oxygen demand (BOD), solids, ammonia 减少生化需氧量，固体沉积物，以及氨 - Avoid direct loss of soluble N, P, K & faecal microbes 可溶性氮、磷、钾营养元素和粪便微生物的直接损失
PART ONE – INTRODUCTION 第一部分 - 引言
DAIRY FARM 奶牛农场
• In New Zealand, agriculture is predominantly based on pastoral grazing systems • 新西兰的农业以放牧模式为主 • Cows are generally taken to a dairy shed and milked once or twice a day • 每天奶牛在挤奶厅挤一到两次奶
- Save fertiliser cost of approx. NZ$ 30/cow/yr
肥料价值大约30新元/奶牛/年 - Decreased point source discharges
减少废水的点排放源
PART TWO – NZ GOVERNMENT POLICY 第二部分 – 政策
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT (RMA 1991) <资源管理法案> （1991）
DAIRY EFFLUENT AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN NEW ZEALAND
新西兰奶牛场废水和养分管理 Jiafa Luo, Dave Houlbrooke, Seth Laurenson
Ross Monaghan, Mark Shepherd, Stewart Ledgard