英文文献摘要

定义Definition：

——From a consumer perspective, health tourism can be defined as traveling for the maintenance, enhancement or restoration of wellbeing in mind and body (Carrera and Bridges, 2006).

——From a supplier perspective, health tourism can be defined as traveling to destinations which provide facilities and health-care services explicitly and in addition to their regular tourist amenities (Goodrich and Goodrich, 1987).

——Scholars view health travel as comprising three elements:

1. staying away from home;

2. health as the primary motive or characteristic of trip; and

3. occurring in a leisure setting (Hall, 1992; Bennett et al., 2004).

——a commercial phenomena of industrial society which involves a person travelling overnight away from the normal home environment for the express benefit of maintaining or improving health, and the supply and promotion of facilities and destinations which seek to provide such benefits (Hall, 2003, p. 274).

——wellness can be defined as the balanced state of body, spirit and mind, including such holistic aspects as self-responsibility, physical fitness/beauty care, healthy nutrition, relaxation, mental activity and environmental sensitivity as fundamental elements. （Messerli and Oyama (2004, p. 9)

——medical travel is the international phenomenon of individuals travelling, often great distances, to access health-care services that are otherwise not available due to high costs, long waiting lists or limited health-care capacity in the country of origin, and medical tourism referring specifically to the increasing tendency among people from developed countries to undertake medical travel in combination with visiting tourist attractions. Medical tourism is often seen as adding medical services to common tourism. （ESCAP 2009, p. 1)

——Health promotion：

——the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health".[1]The primary means of health promotion occur through developing healthy public policy that addresses the prerequisites of health such as income, housing, food security, employment, and quality working conditions. By the World Health Organization's 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World

----the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health. By the American Journal of Health Promotion

Worksite health promotion programs

----include exercise, nutrition, smoking cessation and stress management.

旅游动机：

Health travel is driven by:

⏹shifts in demographic structures as well as lifestyles and an active aging population (Opaschowski, 2006; Jordan and Gibson, 2005; Mehmetoglu et al., 2001);

⏹the need for stress reduction among the working population (Tarlow and Muehsam, 1992; Elliott and Johns, 1993; Grell, 1994);

⏹ a shift in the medical paradigm towards prevention and alternative practices (Murray, 1995);

⏹increased interaction between public health and health psychology (Winett et al., 1999);

⏹the shift from mass tourism towards customized forms of travel (Goodrich and Goodrich, 1997).

Motivation for health travel:

Hallab (2006) identified five factors of motivations for health travel, including healthy living, excitement/thrills, education, indulge, and escape.

世界养生旅游目的地Health Travel Destination

Leading among such treatment travel is Cuba, especially for the American tourists/patients. India is also packaging itself in similar terms.Ayurvedic treatment and yoga are two upcoming products in this regard in the international tourism market. Thailand is trying to shake off its previous notorious popularity and gain ground as a tourist destination for health tourism.

⏹Switzerland

In 2004 5.8 percent of all trips of Swiss residents could be considered health oriented, up from 3.3 percent in 2001 and 1.9 percent in 1998. They mainly take place in spring and autumn (Bieger and Laesser, 2005).

In terms of socio-demographics, health travelers appear to be rather female, middle aged, medium to well educated and predominantly working in middle and high managerial positions. Health travel in contrast can hardly be found with retirees.

⏹Thailand

it is emphasising on long stay health care, wherein the target patients from developed countries can stay/afford long-term treatment away from home. Usually these health resorts in Thailand provide medical facilities for checkups or treatment. The resorts also incorporate other activities such as traditional Thai massage, spas and herbal treatment. Speciality services, such as, dental care may be arranged on request and cultural tours are usually thrown in.

In addition, short-stay health care targets include executives who would like to take a short vacation in Thailand and have their periodical health check-up or some minor health problems taken care of without waiting in long lines.

The cost of health care in Thailand is relatively cheap. A coronary bypass at a leading Bangkok hospital costs US $6500, approximately half the US price. Annual income of Thailand from health tourism is estimated to be around US $40 million according to the officials at the Ministry of Commerce (/issues/ oct2000/headline/healdine_main.htm) .

⏹Singapore

⏹Macao---Malo Clinic-Spa

⏹Dead Sea 死海周边

Dead Sea is promoted/marketed as a place/destination with unique combination of