电离辐射探测学2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题

英语翻译基础2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:357满分:150 分科目名称:英语翻译基础注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part I. Translate the following terms, acronyms and proper names from English into Chinese. One point for each and the total for this part is 15 points. (1’ X 15 =15’)1. aerial refueling2. UAV3. debt risks4. community-level democracy5. telecom fraud6. satellite launch center7. pension insurance 8. crewed spaceship9. heavy-lift carrier rocket 10. maximum payload capacity11. overcapacity 12. downpayment13. asteroid 14. hypersonic aircraft15. aerodynamicsPart II. Translate the following terms, acronyms and proper names from Chinese into English. One point for each and the total for this part is 15 points. (1’ X 15 =15’)1. 载人空间站2. 首飞3. 资产泡沫4. 增值税5. 探月工程6. 短期贷款7. 知识产权8. 机场跑道9. 旅行社10. 国有资本11. 飞行器设计12. 非政府组织13. 全球定位系统14. 社会主义核心价值体系15. 小康社会Part III. Translate the following passages from English into Chinese. Each passage accounts for 30 points and the total for this part is 60 points (30’ ×2 = 60’).Passage 1In the Western imagination, Ch ina’s history has been inextricably linked to the notion of “empire”. But in fact, more than a millennium of Chinese history passed before anything resembling an empire ever existed. For centuries, seven separate states battled for military supremacy, until in 221 b.c. the Qin dynasty defeated the last of its rivals and unified the country. Military conquest is only part of the imperial story, however. China owes its ability to endure across time, and to re-form itself again and again after periods of disunity, to a fundamental reshaping of Chinese culture by the earliest dynasties, the Qin and the Han.Passage 2The winding course of the stream continually shut out the scene behind us and revealed as calm and lovely a one before. We glided from depth to depth, and breathed new seclusion at every turn. The shy kingfisher flew from the withered branch close at hand to another at distance, uttering a shrill cry of anger or alarm. Ducks that had been floating there since the preceding eve were startled at our approach and skimmed along the glassy river, breaking its dark surface with a bright streak. The pickerel leaped from among the lily pads. The turtle, sunning itself upon a rock or at the root of a tree, slid suddenly into the water with a plunge. The painted Indian who paddled his canoe along the Assabeth three hundred years ago could hardly have seen a wilder gentleness displayed upon its banks and reflected in its bosom than we did. Nor could the same Indian have prepared his noontide meal with more simplicity. We drew up our skiff at some point where the overarching shade formed a natural bower, and there kindled a fire with the pine cones and decayed branches that lay strewn plentifully around.Part IV. Translate the following passages from Chinese into English. Each passage accounts for 30 points and the total for this part is 60 points (30’ ×2 = 60’).Passage 1中印作为战略合作伙伴，达成了许多战略共识，增强了战略互信。

南京航空航天大学二○○七年硕士研究生入学考试试题答案 (2)精选全文完整版

可编辑修改精选全文完整版07年评分标准及参考答案一（本大题 12 分）总分： 12 分。

(1) 6 分； (2)2 分 ;(3)4 分(1) 滚子B 、 C 两处存在局部自由度，应消除。

(2) 故机构自由度(3)二、（ 14 分）答案：总分 14 分。

(1)4 分； (2)3 分； (3)3 分； (4)4 分图解过程如图所示。

三、（ 16 分）答案总分 16 分 (1) 3 分 (2) 3 分 (3) 3 分 (4) 4 分 (5) 3 分(1) 因用于雷达天线俯仰传动，不应有急回作用 , 故（ 3 分）(2) 作，且使mm （ 3 分）(3) 以D 为圆心，mm 为半径作弧与C 2 C 1 连线的延长线交于A 点。

（ 3 分）(4) 量得mm , mm ,故mm , mm （ 4 分）(5) 作出可能为最小传动角的两个位置，可见在曲柄与机架重叠时，传动角为最小，且量得，满足要求。

〔 3 分〕四、 ( 本大题 16 分 )总分 16 分。

(1)8 分； (2)8 分（ 1 ）求，m/s，作速度多边形，利用影像法求d ，m/s（ 2 ）求，m/s 2，又，m/s 2作加速度多边形，利用影像法求m/s 2 ，方向如图所示五、（本大题 18 分）总分 18 分。

(1) mm（ 3 分）（ 2 分）(2)( 取)(4 分 )(3)（ 5 分）(4) mm(4 分 )六（本题 16 分）答案：答案：总分 16 分(1)，（ 6 分）(2) （ 6 分）(3) r/min （ˉ）（ 2 分）七题、（本题共 8 分）总分： 8 分。

(1) 2 分 (2) 2 分 (3) 2 分 (4)2 分（ 1 ）求N × m（ 2 ）计算各点的盈亏功，画出图。

J（ 3 ）在处，在处。

（ 4 〕。

教育综合2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题

梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
南京航空航天大学
2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:333
满分:150 分
科目名称:教育综合
注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！
一、名词解释（共6题，每题5分，共30分）
1. 课程标准
2. 科举制度
3. 学习动机
4. 班级授课制
5. 最近发展区
6. 助产术（苏格拉底法）
二、简答题（共5题，可任选4题作答，每题10分，共40分）
1. 简述教育的基本要素
2. 简述教师劳动的特点
3. 简述学校德育的基本途径
4. 简述班集体的教育功能
5. 简述教学工作的基本环节
三、分析论述题（共5题，可任选4题作答，每题20分，共80分）
1. 论述建构主义学习理论的基本观点
2. 论述孔子因材施教思想及其教育影响
3. 结合经验，论述“理论联系实际”的教育教学原则
4. 结合经验论述教师的素养
5. 论述卢梭的自然教育思想
科目代码：010科目名称：教育综合第1页共1页。

2017年南京航空航天大学922研究生入学考试真题

7. （9 分）一家四口人，儿子喜欢吃苹果，由父亲负责购买, 女儿喜欢吃橘子，由母亲负
责购买。父亲和母亲购买水果后放到家中的抽屉里，儿子和女儿从抽屉里取出水果。假设
抽屉只能容纳 20 个水果，同时只能一人开关, 用纪录型信号量同步父母子女四个进程。
科目代码：922 科目名称：数据结构与操作系统(专业学位) 第 4 页共 4 页
（3）．已经获得除( )以外的所有运行所需资源的进程处于就绪状态
A.存储器 B．打印机 C．CPU D．磁盘空间
（4）．采用时间片轮转法调度是为了( )。
A.多个终端都能得到系统的及时响应 B.先来先服务
C.优先级较高的进程得到及时调度
D.需 CPU 最短的进程先做
（5）．在一段时间内只允许一个进程访问的资源，称为( ) 。
A.初始化程序 B．原语 C．子程序 D.控制模块
科目代码：922 科目名称：数据结构与操作系统(专业学位) 第 2 页共 4 页
（9）. 在分段管理中( )。
A．以段为单位分配，每段是一个连续存储区 B．段与段之间必定不连续
C．段与段之间必定连续
D．每段是等长的
（10）.通道是一种( )。
A.I／O 端口 B．数据通道 C．I／O 专用处理机 D．软件工具
5. （9 分）某分页系统，每个页面长为 1KB，某时刻该用户进程的页表如下：
页号
物理块号
是否在快表中
0
8
是
1
7
是
2
4
否
3
10
否
4
5
否
5
3
是
6
2
是
（1）请写出分页系统的地址转换过程（3 分）

南京航空航天大学-2018年-硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）-868电离辐射探测学

南京航空航天大学-2018年-硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）-868电离辐射探测学南京航空航天大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:868满分:150 分科目名称:电离辐射探测学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、选择题（每题8分，共40分）1.利用高纯锗探测器测得的γ能谱上出现了双逃逸峰，其形成可归因于：(1).电子和正电子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(2).康普顿散射光子和反冲电子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(3).正电子湮灭产生的两个光子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(4).正电子和湮灭的一个光子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域。

2.γ射线能谱上的反散射峰的存在可以归因于：(1). 探测器晶体中康普顿反散射；(2). 探测器周围材料中康普顿反散射；(3). 探测器周围材料中湮灭光子；(4). 探测器晶体中的多次康普顿散射。

3.用电离辐射探测器测量γ射线能谱时，在全能峰与康普顿边缘之间除了本底造成的计数外，下列哪个因素产生计数？(1).光电效应；(2).周围材料的康普顿散射；(3).探测材料中多次康普顿散射；(4).康普顿背散射。

4.在半导体探测器中，PN结区的厚度决定探测器的探测效率和测量能量范围，如何增加结区的厚度？（1）增加P区和N区的厚度；（2）增加加载在PN结上的偏压，增加半导体材料的杂质浓度；（3）增加加载在PN结上的偏压，减小半导体材料的杂质浓度；（4）减小加载在PN结上的偏压，增加半导体材料的杂质浓度；5.电离辐射能谱可以分成单线谱和连续谱两大类，下列哪组辐射全是单线谱？(1).α、β、γ辐射(2).α、内转电子、正电子湮灭辐射(3).特征X射线、韧致辐射、裂变碎片(4).β、俄歇电子、γ辐射二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1.简述闪烁探测器探测γ射线的基本原理。

2.简述正比计数管中的雪崩现象及形成的过程。

南京航空航天大学2018年《868电离辐射探测学》考研专业课真题试卷

南京航空航天大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:868满分:150 分科目名称:电离辐射探测学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、选择题（每题8分，共40分）1.利用高纯锗探测器测得的γ能谱上出现了双逃逸峰，其形成可归因于：(1).电子和正电子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(2).康普顿散射光子和反冲电子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(3).正电子湮灭产生的两个光子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(4).正电子和湮灭的一个光子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域。

2.γ射线能谱上的反散射峰的存在可以归因于：(1). 探测器晶体中康普顿反散射；(2). 探测器周围材料中康普顿反散射；(3). 探测器周围材料中湮灭光子；(4). 探测器晶体中的多次康普顿散射。

3.用电离辐射探测器测量γ射线能谱时，在全能峰与康普顿边缘之间除了本底造成的计数外，下列哪个因素产生计数？(1).光电效应；(2).周围材料的康普顿散射；(3).探测材料中多次康普顿散射；(4).康普顿背散射。

4.在半导体探测器中，PN结区的厚度决定探测器的探测效率和测量能量范围，如何增加结区的厚度？（1）增加P区和N区的厚度；（2）增加加载在PN结上的偏压，增加半导体材料的杂质浓度；（3）增加加载在PN结上的偏压，减小半导体材料的杂质浓度；（4）减小加载在PN结上的偏压，增加半导体材料的杂质浓度；5.电离辐射能谱可以分成单线谱和连续谱两大类，下列哪组辐射全是单线谱？(1).α、β、γ辐射(2).α、内转电子、正电子湮灭辐射(3).特征X射线、韧致辐射、裂变碎片(4).β、俄歇电子、γ辐射二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1.简述闪烁探测器探测γ射线的基本原理。

2.简述正比计数管中的雪崩现象及形成的过程。

3.解释γ射线测量中的累计效应。

4.在符合测量中，如果信号的相对延迟时间远大于系统的符合分辨时间，那么测得的符合是什么符合？符合计数率多少？5.中子探测通常有哪些方法？6.正比计数器在发生电子雪崩的过程中，除了加速电子与气体分子的碰撞产生的电子之外，还有科目代码：868科目名称：电离辐射探测学第1页共2页。

法语2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:242满分:100 分科目名称:法语注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I: Structure grammaticale et vocabulaire 单项选择(20%)1. Je vais________Italie et elle va________Japon.A.en, enB. au, auC. en, auD. au, en2. Il a passé toute la soirée ________ écrire des letters.A. parB. pourC. àD. d’3. Est-ce que les filles __________ les mains avant de se mettre à table.A. sont lavésB. se sont lavésC. se sont lavéesD. se sont lavé4. Combien d’heures travaillez-vous _________ jour?A. chaqueB. toutC. unD. par5. -V oulez-vous du café?- Oui, donnez-_______ une tasse! Merci.A. m’enB. le-moiC. me-leD. moi6. Elle me disait que son mari ________ la rejoindre à Paris.A. viendraitB. venaitC. viendraD. sera venu7. De nous tous, c’est elle qui danse _________.A. mieuxB. le mieuxC. bienD. très bien8. Le médecin me conseille de rester _________ lit et _______ boire beaucoup d’eau.A. au; pourB. sur le; àC. au; deD. dans; de9. __________ trente candidats, douze ont été reçus.A. ParmiB. SurC. DansD. En10. Notre ami nous a réservé des chambres dans _________ hôtel.A. ceB. cetteC. cetD. ces11. Regarde ces deux dictionnaires! ____________ choisiras-tu?A. lequelB. laquelleC. quelD. quelle12. Personne ne veut rester enfermé chez _________ par un temps si beau.A. luiB. elleC. soiD. moi13. Cette jeune femme de vingt ans _________ le français depuis dix ans.A. apprendB. enseigneC. prendD. lit14. Les filles étaient ________ d’être invitées à la soirée.A. toutesB. tousC. toutD. toute15. C’est une maladie qui est facile _________ guérir.A. pourB. deC. àD. en16. Mon ordinateur ne fonctionne plus, je demande à mon père de me prêter ________ .A. leB. enC. le leurD. le sien17. Il n’y a qu’un étudiant dans la classe. Où sont donc __________?A. autresB. les autresC. autruiD. d’autres18. –Quelle leçon avez-vous ________ hier?–Nous avons appris la lecon 3.A. priseB. apprisC. appriseD. pris19. Un Français __________ cinq fait aujourd’hui partie de ce qu’on appelle le troisième âge.A. dansB. parC. entreD. sur20. Tes études, tu dois__________occuper.A. enB. yC. t’yD. t’enII. Conjugaison des verbes au temps et au mode convenables. 时态填空(5%)21.M on frère(pouvoir) __________ réussir s’il travaillait plus dur.22.J e voulais bien le raconter, mais il (partir) __________déja sans lasisser un mot.23.I ls nous ont dit qu’ils (surmonter)__________ sûrement la crise de la qurantaine.24.Q uinze jours après, ces touristes(traverser) __________l’Alsace sur les canaux.25.I l faut que tous les garçon(arriver) __________à temps.III. Compréhension écrite. 阅读理解(10%)Texte 1Quel Métier choisirChoisir un métier, c’est décider de son avenir! Mais, n’ayez pas peur ! Les évolutions des métiers sont très rapides: il est possible que vous n’excusez pas le même métier toute votre vie ou pas dans les mêmes conditions , et peut-être même que vous exercerez un métier qui n’existe pas encore. Le choix que vous faites aujourd’hui n’est donc pas définitif, mais il vous permet de fixer un but afin de constuire un sens de formation, qui pourra bien sûr s’affirmer et s’enrichir au fur et à mesurer votre vie professionnelle.Si généralement vous avez votre petite idée sur le métier que vous souhaitez exercer, pourtant les représentations que vous en avez ne correspondent pas toujours à la réalité. Pour bien connaître les métiers et les secteurs professionnels, la première étape importante est de bien connaître vos propres idées en recherchant des informations précises. Plusieurs possibilités s’offrent à vous. D’abord, rendez-vous dans le centre de documentation et d’in formation de votre établissement ou dans le centre d’information et d’orientation le plus proche où vous pourrez consulter l’abondante documation sue les métiers.Puis vous pouvez aussi poser des questions àvos parents, àleurs amis, àvos voisins sur leur activités professionnelle, telle que : que font-ils exactement comme métier ?Comment s’organise leur journée ? Dans quel service travaillent-ils ? Tavaillent-ils seuls ou en équipe ? Ce qu’ils ont vécu est précieux. Les conférences sur des métiers et les salons d’orientations sont aussi une bonne occasion de rencontrer des gens intéressants.Enfin, vous pouvez visiter une entreprise à l’occasion de journées portes ouvertes. Mieux encore, un stage d’observation de quelques jours vous permettra de rentrer dans l’entreprise afin d’être directement face à la réalité.26 Pou choisir un métier, quel conseil l’auteur donne-il aux jeunes gens ?A Il faut bien réfléchir, car choisir un métier , c’est décider de son avenir.B Ce n’est pas la peine de le faire t out de suite, car le métier évolue très vite.C On peut en choisir un, car ce n’est pas le choix définitif.D On peut en choisir un, mais il faut d’abord suivre des conseils.27 Que faut-il faire avant le choix d’un métier ?A Il faut d’abord rendre claires les idées sur le choix d’un métier.B Il faut avoir de petites idées sur les métiers qu’on souhaite exercer.C Il faut que le choix s’accorde à la réalité du besoin social.D Il faut lire les journaux et demander aux gens qu’on connaît.28 Quand on va au centre de documentation, quel but veut-on atteindre selon le texte ?A Trouver une liste bien complète sur les entreprises.B Connaître mieux le domaine et le métier qu’on va choisir.C Trouver plus de secrets commerciaux dans ce domaine.D Avoir une vue plus large du marché de travail.29 Pourquoi faut-il aussi demander les avis des parents et ceux des voisins ? parce queA Ils peuvent nous aider à trouver un tavail intéressant.B Ils peuvent prendre des décisions pour les jeunes gens.C Les jeunes veulent trouver le même travail qu’eux.D Leurs périences sont plus directes et plus vivantes.30 En quoi consistent ces trois sources d’informations ?A Ces trois sources d’informations consistent en une théorie seule.B Elles consistent en théorie-expérience indirecte-pratique.C Elles consistent en théorie-pratique-théorie.D Elles consistent en théorie—pratique-expérience indirecte.Texte 2La compréhension d’un texteUn individu ayant à lire un texte dans une langue qu’il connaît mal aura la réaction suivante : « Je ne peux pas lire ce texte, je ne comprends pas certains mots.» Et en effet, l’obstacle à la compréhension est en partie dû à une faible connaissance du vocabulaire. Est-ce à dire qu’avec un dictionnaire on parviendrait àcomprendre le texte en cherchant la traduction de la plupart des mots ? Certes, il y aura un résultat après de gros efforts, cependant il faut se souvenir que la compréhension d’une langue n’est pas seulement liée à la traduction d’une suite d e mots mais àla perception des relations qui existent entre ces termes.Devant un mot inconnu, le lecteur dispose de plusieurs moyens pour comprendre :--- Le mot est compris selon le texte. Le lecteur utilise le sens de la phrase pour deviner le mot inconnu.--- Le mot est découpé en unité plus petite. Le lecteur reconnaît dans le mot quelque chose qu’il a déjàlu. Il voit «courage »dans le découragement et comprend grâce àsa connaissance de la valeur de « dé- ».--- Le mot est reconnu grâce à la prés ence d’un élément : photo, dessin et image.--- Le mot est compris à l’aide de la connaissance du vocabulaire ou d’un dictionnaire.Il faut encourager le lecteur à compter sur le texte pour lui donner le sens d’un mot.31 Ce document est destiné ________A. seulement aux étudiants.B. seulement aux professeurs.C. à tous ceux qui veulent lire en langue étrangère.D. à tous ceux qui lisent à l’aide d’un dictionnaire.32 L’auteur du document ________A. encourage les lecteurs à lire davantage.B. encourage les lecteurs à lire correctement.C. montre comment comprendre facilement un texte.D. montre comment mieux utiliser un dictionnaire.33 Après avoir lu le texte, comment peut-on comprendre le mot « découvrir » ?A. Je vais utiliser mon dictionnaire.B. Je vais demander à un ami français.C. Je le comprends grâce à une image, une photo, ou un dessin.D. Je le comprends grâce à la connaissance du vocabulaire.34 Comment peut-on comprendre mieux un texte en langue étrangère selon l’auteur ?A. Il faut traduire le texte mot à mot et deviner le sens des mots nouveaux.B. Il faut comprendre les sens et leurs relations.C. Il faut compter sur les mots pour leur donner le sens.D. Il faut utiliser le sens du texte pour deviner le mot inconnu.35 Quel est le meilleur titre du texte ?A. Comment peut-on comprendre mieux un texte ?B. Comment peut-on mieux utiliser un dictionnaire ?C. Comment peut-on élever le niveau d’une langue étrangère ?D. Comment peut-on mieux traduire un texte ?IV. Version 法译汉(25%)Les étrangers en FranceI ls ont 4 100 000, et 1 900 000 d’entre eux sont des travailleurs salariés.Certains viennent d’ autres pays européens: d’Espagne (250 000), d’Italie (210 000), mais 675 000 viennent d’Afrique du Nord. Il y a aussi de nombreux travailleurs d’Afrique Noir.Les tavailleurs d’Afrique de Nord et d’Afrique Noir ont très souvent beaucoup de difficultés en France. Ils viennent en France pour trouver un emploi qui leur permettra de vivre mieux et surtout d’aider leur famille , restée au pays,mais la plupart ne trouvront que des emplois durs, fatigants et mal payés.Ils auront aussi, bien souvent, des difficultés à trouver un logement et vivront dans des chambres inconfortables avec plusieurs compagnons.Enfin, ils auront des difficultés pour lire, pour parler, pour écrire, car la plupart ne connaissent pas le français. Pour résoudre ce grave problème, il y a depuis quelques années, des cours du soir, des cous à la télévision qui permettent aux travailleurs immigrés d’apprendre rapid ement la langue. V. Thème:汉译法(25%)1. 只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。

普通物理2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷）科目代码: 811 满分: 150 分科目名称: 普通物理注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一填空题（每空3分，本题共72分）1 一质点沿x 轴运动，其速度与时间的关系为24t v +=（v 的单位是m/s ，t 的单位是s ），当t =3s 时质点位于x =9m 处，则质点的运动方程是（1）。

2 一质点沿半径为R 的圆周运动，其角坐标与时间的关系为t t ππθ10212+=（其中θ的单位是rad ，t 的单位是s ），则质点的角速度ω=（2），角加速度β=（3）。

3 质量为M =2kg 的物体沿x 轴运动，受到沿该轴向的力F =4+6x （F 的单位是牛顿，x 的单位是米），已知t =0时，x =0，则物体在由x =0运动到x =4m 的过程中，该力对物体所做的功为（4）。

4 如图所示，质量为m 的子弹，以水平速度v 0击中长为l 、质量也是m 的均质细杆的43长度处，并留在杆内，细杆可绕过上端点的水平轴在竖直平面内自由转动，则碰后细杆的角速度为_（5）_(细杆对端点的转动惯量为231ml )5 一冲床的飞轮，转动惯量是25kg ⋅m 2，以角速度πω4=rda ⋅s -1转动。

在带动冲头对板材作成型冲压过程中，所需的能量全部来自飞轮。

已知冲压一次需做功4000J ，则在冲压过程之末飞轮的角速度ω=（6）。

6 若室内生炉子后温度从150C 升高到270C ，而室内气压不变，则此时室内的气体分子数减少了（7） %。

7 分子总数相同的三种理想气体He 、O 2和CH 4，从同一初态出发，各自独立地进行等压膨胀，且吸收的热量相等，则终态的体积最大的气体是（8）。

l m ,v 03l /48 已知某电场的电势分布函数为xy x U 22+=，则电场强度函数是（9）。

南京航空航天大学868电离辐射探测学历年考研真题专业课考试试题

目　录
2011年南京航空航天大学868致电离辐射探测学考研真题2012年南京航空航天大学868致电离辐射探测学考研真题2013年南京航空航天大学868致电离辐射探测学考研真题2014年南京航空航天大学868致电离辐射探测学考研真题2015年南京航空航天大学868电离辐射探测学考研真题2016年南京航空航天大学868电离辐射探测学考研真题2017年南京航空航天大学868电离辐射探测学考研真题2018年南京航空航天大学868电离辐射探测学考研真题
2011年南京航空航天大学868致电离辐射探测学考研真题。

2017年南京航空航天大学637研究生入学考试真题

科目代码：637 科目名称：信息资源管理基础第 2 页共 2 页
１、信息源２、知识地图３、ＣＩＯ４、帕累托改进５、信息福利二、填空题：（每空２分，共２６分。请将答案写在答题纸上。）１、按信息载体划分，可以将信息资源分为、缩微型、声像型和信息资源。
２、根据世界知识产权组织统计，世界上每年发明创造成果信息的９０％－９５％都能在中查到。
７、知识管理的主要流程包括知识生产、、知识应用以及。
８、是指基于文学、艺术和科学作品依法产生的权利。
９、信息资源配置的基本原则包括：社会福利最大化原则、原则、原则、市场手段和政府手段互补原则。
科目代码：637 科目名称：信息资源管理基础第 1 页共 2 页
三、简答题：（每题８分，共６４分。请将答案写在答题纸上。）１、请简述信息资源管理的主要手段。２、数据挖掘系统具有哪些功能？３、请简述信息系统的常见类型。４、信息资源标准的内容主要包括哪两方面？５、企业信息化的含义和基本任务是什么？６、请阐述知识管理的主要内容。７、请简述关于信息产品产权的制度安排的三种理论。８、请简述四种信息资源质量的半定量评估方法。四、论述题：（每题２０分，共４０分。请将答案写在答题纸上。）１、请阐述信息采集的原则和策略并举例说明。２、试论述在新的环境下信息资源管理技术方法发展的新趋势。
３、搜索引擎的结构主要包括搜索器、分析器、、检索器、用户接口。
４、自动标引可分为和自动赋词标引。
５、常见的信息系统开发方法主要有结构化系统开发方法、原型法、面向的开发方法以及计算机辅助开发方法等。
６、企业信息资源管理的发展过程可划分为文书管理阶段、阶段、信息资源管理阶段、商业竞争分析和竞争情报阶段、阶段。

材料科学基础2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:818满分:150 分科目名称:材料科学基础注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、晶体结构分析计算。

（总共30分）（1）纯铁在912℃由bcc 结构转变为fcc 结构，体积减小1.06%，根据fcc结构的原子半径计算bcc 结构的原子半径，它们的相对变化是多少？（10分）（2）测得Au的摩尔分数为40%的Cu-Au固溶体点阵常数为,密度为，计算说明它是什么类型的固溶体。

已知Cu的相对原子质量为63.55，Au的相对原子质量为169.97，阿伏加得罗常数为。

（10分）（3）已知K离子半径为，Cl离子半径为，试确定KCl晶体的结构并画图示意。

（10分）二、计算分析纯铜的结晶。

（总共15分）（1）计算均匀形核的临界晶核半径和晶核原子数。

已知纯铜的熔点为，熔化潜热，液固界面能，过冷度，晶格常数。

（10分）（2）欲提高凝固后组织的晶粒度级别，可采取那些工艺措施？（5分）三、相图计算分析题。

（总共30分）（1）根据Fe-C相图计算以及的铁碳合金在室温时平衡状态下相的相对量，计算共析体（珠光体）的相对量。

计算的铁碳合金在室温平衡状态下相的相对量，计算刚凝固完毕时初生相（奥氏体）和共晶体的相对量。

（20分）（2）图1给出V-Cr-C三元系的液相面投影图，列出所有的四相反应的反应式。

图中各相线上的箭头是指示降温方向。

（10分）图1 V-Cr-C三元系的液相面投影图四、计算简答题（共15分）(1) 扩散第一定律是否适用于置换固溶体扩散问题？为什么？（4分）(2) Fe-N相图如图2所示，如果一块纯铁试样在650℃下进行表面渗N，并测定渗N后表层N含量为20at%(原子百分比)，问会得到什么样的表层组织？画出试样表面至心部的组织示意图和浓度分布曲线。

南京航空航天大学-2018年-硕士研究生入学考试初试试题(A卷)-868电离辐射探测学

南京航空航天大学2018年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:868满分:150 分科目名称:电离辐射探测学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、选择题（每题8分，共40分）1.利用高纯锗探测器测得的γ能谱上出现了双逃逸峰，其形成可归因于：(1).电子和正电子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(2).康普顿散射光子和反冲电子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(3).正电子湮灭产生的两个光子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域；(4).正电子和湮灭的一个光子逃逸出探测器的灵敏区域。

2.γ射线能谱上的反散射峰的存在可以归因于：(1). 探测器晶体中康普顿反散射；(2). 探测器周围材料中康普顿反散射；(3). 探测器周围材料中湮灭光子；(4). 探测器晶体中的多次康普顿散射。

3.用电离辐射探测器测量γ射线能谱时，在全能峰与康普顿边缘之间除了本底造成的计数外，下列哪个因素产生计数？(1).光电效应；(2).周围材料的康普顿散射；(3).探测材料中多次康普顿散射；(4).康普顿背散射。

4.在半导体探测器中，PN结区的厚度决定探测器的探测效率和测量能量范围，如何增加结区的厚度？（1）增加P区和N区的厚度；（2）增加加载在PN结上的偏压，增加半导体材料的杂质浓度；（3）增加加载在PN结上的偏压，减小半导体材料的杂质浓度；（4）减小加载在PN结上的偏压，增加半导体材料的杂质浓度；5.电离辐射能谱可以分成单线谱和连续谱两大类，下列哪组辐射全是单线谱？(1).α、β、γ辐射(2).α、内转电子、正电子湮灭辐射(3).特征X射线、韧致辐射、裂变碎片(4).β、俄歇电子、γ辐射二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1.简述闪烁探测器探测γ射线的基本原理。

2.简述正比计数管中的雪崩现象及形成的过程。

3.解释γ射线测量中的累计效应。

4.在符合测量中，如果信号的相对延迟时间远大于系统的符合分辨时间，那么测得的符合是什么符合？符合计数率多少？5.中子探测通常有哪些方法？6.正比计数器在发生电子雪崩的过程中，除了加速电子与气体分子的碰撞产生的电子之外，还有科目代码：868科目名称：电离辐射探测学第1页共2页。

【2017南京航空航天大学考研真题】826专业课试卷

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:826满分:150 分科目名称:工程经济学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、名词解释（3分/题，共15分）1．工业产品的寿命周期成本2．差额净现值3．物化劳动4．固定资产净值5．名义利率二、单项选择题（1.5分/题，共15分）1.现金流量是指投资项目在寿命周期内现金活动的（）。

A、实际收入B、实际支出C、收支净额D、实际收入，实际支出，收支净额2.确定外贸货物影子价格的基础是实际可能发生的（）。

A、市场价格B、口岸价格C、计划价格D、出厂价格3.某项目现金流量如表1所示，基准投资回收期为9年，该项目的静态投资回收期为（）。

表1 某项目现金流量表年份0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8～n项目净现金流量-6000 0 0 800 1200 1600 2000 2000 2000累计净现金流量-6000 -6000 -6000 -5200 -4000 -2400 -400 1600A、4.2年B、5.2年C、6.2年D、7.2年4.一般情况下，当一个方案的净现值大于零时，其内部收益率( )。

A、小于基准收益率B、大于基准收益率C、等于基准收益率D、无法确定5.下列叙述中，( )是不正确的。

A、资产负债率是反映项目各年所面临的财务风险程度的指标B、流动比率是反映项目各年偿付流动负债能力的指标C、速动比率是反映项目各年快速偿付流动负债能力的指标D、速动比率是反映项目资金周转速度的指标6. 某项目的NPV（15%）=5万元，NPV（20%）= -20万元，则内部收益率IRR为（）。

A、16%B、17%C、18%D、19%7.项目经济评价中满足需要上的可比原则不应包括（）。

A、产量可比B、质量可比C、品种可比D、价格可比8. 某设备原始价值为18000元，不考虑残值，每年低劣化增加值为1000元，则设备的最佳使用年限为（）。

2017年南京航空航天大学626研究生入学考试真题

B (1)氯化 (2)磺化 (3)硝化 D (1)氯化 (2)硝化 (3)磺化
12、与 1,3-丁二烯进行 Diels-Alder 反应，反应活性最高的是：
(2’)
CH3
CN
CH2Cl
CH3
A
B
C
D
CH3
13、下列化合物中加亚硝酸有黄色油状物生成的是：
(2’) A. 甲胺
B. 二甲胺 C. 三甲胺 D. 苯胺
CH3
C2H5
1、
2、
3、
4、
5、
6、
8、 7、
9、
10、
二、写出下列化合物的结构式（10 分，每小题 2 分） 1、四氢萘； 2、脯氨酸； 3、二噁烷； 4、阿司匹林； 5、THF
三、完成下列反应式，写出主要产物，不反应打“×”（20 分，每小空 1 分）
1、
2、
科目代码：626 科目名称：有机化学第 1 页共 6 页
科目代码：626 科目名称：有机化学第 6 页共 6 页
14 淀粉经水解后的最终产物是 (2’) A. 葡萄糖 B. 果糖 C. 蔗糖 D. 麦芽糖
15 下列碳自由基中最稳定的是： (2’)
16 羰基还原为-CH2-可应用的试剂是：
(2’) A. H2/Ni B. NH2NH2/NaOH/(HOCH2CH2)2O 高温加热 C. LiAlH4
D. NaBH4
六、合成题（25 分，每小题 5 分）
1、以邻硝基甲苯为唯一有机原料合成：
科目代码：626 科目名称：有机化学第 5 页共 6 页
2、以苯为主要原料合成，其它试剂任选：
3、以丙二酸二乙酯及不超过两个碳的简单原料合成： 4、由苯及不超过四个碳的简单原料合成： 5、由苯及不超过四个碳的简单原料合成：

2017年南京航空航天大学819研究生入学考试真题

N
的传输参数矩阵
T
2 0.1S
12
1.1
，非线性电阻伏
安特性如图 3.1（b）所示。求：（1）电压 u；（2）20V 电压源发出的平均功率。
6 +6I
i/A
+ 20V
I
N
u+
12 6
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
i
0.5
0.25
0 5 10
u/V
3.1(a)
3.1(b)
2．图 3.2 所示电路，已知 uS 10 2 cos100t V ，互感系数 M = 20mH。（1）写出二端口网络
1．图 1.1 所示电路，则输出电压 uo =
。
2．图 1.2 所示电路，US=
时，1电阻消耗的功率为零。
+10mV 20mV +50mV 100mV
25kΩ 20kΩ 10kΩ 50kΩ
+∞
+
uo
50kΩ
2A 3A
+18V 4Ω 6Ω
+
10V 5Ω
+ US
1Ω
图 1.1
图 1.2
3．图 1.3 所示电路，在直流稳态条件下，电容储能与电感储能恰好相等，则 R 值应取。
发出的有功功率 P =
，无功功率 Q =
。
6．图 1.6 所示电路中直流电压源 US= 10V，电流源 iS= 9et (t) A ，则电流 i(t) =
。
0.6k
1F
+
uS
2H k
1F
图 1.5
2H
i(t)
iS
0.2H
+
2

2017年南京航空航天大学620研究生入学考试真题

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:620满分:150 分科目名称:基础英语注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary (20 points)A.Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word above. Be sure to writedown your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. reminiscea) indulge in enjoyable recollection b) remind someone of past eventsc) talk about something again d) feel repentant over something2. tackya) very pretty b) lacking in tastec) carefully prepared d) costing a lot of money3. verbositya) nonsense b) obscurityc) gibberish d) wordiness4. acmea) height b) significancec) development d) result5. exhilaratea) cause (someone) to feel surprised and upset b) make (someone) feel very happy and animatedc) make (someone) feel bitter or resentful d) give support or confidence to (someone)6. restivea) extremely graceful b) having a restc) resisting control d) peaceful and quiet7. discrepancya) unlikeliness b) congruityc) incredibility d) difference8. unequivocala) unambiguous b) unbelievablec) indignant d) indiscreet9. preposterousa) macabre b) unfortunatec) dangerous d) outrageous10. sojourna) a pleasant trip b) a nostalgic recollectionc) a temporary stay d) a sad experienceB. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple, everyday words or expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation on the answer sheet. (10 points)1.What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman Conquest.2.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, we renew our pledge of support: to preventit from becoming merely a forum for invective.3.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, andtrauma.4.These young men had outgrown town and families and had developed a sudden bewilderingworld-weariness.5.To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live in jostling proximity to the frustrated majority.6.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his penwould prove mightier than his pickax.7.Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity.8.Scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the springsnowmelt now comes earlier every year.9.These coasts remind me of people; either they are forbidding and unapproachable, or else they present nomystery and show all they have to give at a glance.10.His invasion of Russia is no more than a prelude to an attempted invasion of the British Isles.II. Cloze (20 points)A.Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and write down the requiredword on the answer sheet. (10 points)NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson is on the 1 of becoming the oldest woman to travel in space.Whitson will be 56 2 she rockets off the planet Thursday. She’ll celebrate her 57th 3 in February on the International Space Station.That’s a 4 cry from John Glenn’s space shuttle flight at 5 77, and it’s a 6 years shy of the male runners-up over the years. But it’s enough to 7 Barbara Morgan’s record as the world’s oldest spacewoman. Morgan was selected for NASA’s teacher-in-space program in 1985 8 didn’t get a chance to fly until 2007, when she was 55.This will be the third space station mission for Whitson, a biochemist, and her second stint 9 commander. She’ll launch from Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, 10 two younger men, one Russian and the 11 French.“I love wo rking at NASA, but the part that has been the 12 satisfying on a day-to-day 13 hasbeen working onboard the space station,” Whitson 14 reporters over the summer.“It doesn’t 15 if I’m cleaning the filters. I feel like I’m helping personally push 16 exploration . . . that’s 17 I want to go again.”Whitson already has 18 377 days in space and has performed multiple spacewalks. Her upcoming six-month mission should push her 19 534 days in space, the U.S. record 20 in September by 58-year-old astronaut Jeffrey WilliamsB. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form if necessary and write down the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)without open initial four-wheel offer access hot evacuee devastate feel although chance seaside slow spokesman loadput helicopter emergency toA road has been cleared to the 1 town of Kaikoura on New Zealand’s east coast four days after it was cut off by a magnitude 7.8 quake that 2 the North Canterbury region of the South Island.The inland road to Kaikoura was 3 on Thursday morning, but only for trucks and 4 drive vehicles as it remained unstable and badly damaged.A convoy of 27 army vehicles 5 with relief supplies was immediately sent to the town.Gale-force winds and heavy downpours in quake-stricken areas continued to 6 the pace of relief efforts, 7 the majority of the 1,200 tourists stranded in Kaikoura had been evacuated by sea and air.Nearly 500 8 came into Christchurch early on Wednesday morning on the HMNZS Canterbury and were 9 up in empty student dormitories, where they were 10 cooked breakfasts and 11 showers after arriving at 5am.Police in Marlborough were using a military Iroquois 12 to begin checking on isolated high-country farms from the Clarence river 13 the upper Awatere valley, delivering 14 food and medical supplies to farmers who had gone 15 assistance since the quake early on Monday.Police 16 Dan Mattison said many people on isolated properties still had no phone or internet 17 and the next few days would be the first 18 for police to check on them.Aftershocks continued to be 19 , but less often. GeoNet said on Wednesday it had recorded more than 2,600 tremors since the 20 quake.III. Error correction (20 points)Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required to underline or mark the mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the correct form on the answer sheet.Example: “Wordsworth is said to have ∨most fascinating voice!” theAs the rise of Hitler in Germany, Churchill became a vocal critic 1. __________of his own government’s policy of appeasement. He had urged 2. __________re-armament, particularly the build up of the Royal Air Force in the 3. __________face of the threat of the growing German Luftwaffe. When appeasementfailed and Britain went to war, Churchill saw as the only man who could 4. __________stand up to the Nazi menace.It has frequently been remarked as his judgment was sometimes 5. __________erratic, but the power of his oratory rallied the British people at a time that 6. __________they seemed doom to lose. Then, when the United States entered 7. __________the World War II in December 1941, he addressed Congress, emphasizing 8. __________the need for Anglo-American solidarity and cited his own trans-Atlantic 9. __________ inheritance: his mother was the New York heiress Jenny Jerome. For him the 10. _________vital component was not the sharing blood, but the shared language. During 11. _________the war, the British Cabinet set up a committee to develop a simple form 12. _________of English that the whole world could embrace.Although Churchill fell from power in 1945, his commanding of rhetoric 13. _________was far from over. He coined the term “Iron Curtain”, marked the advent of 14. _________the Cold War. Returning to popular favour, he was Prime Minister oncemore from 1951-1955.Determined that history would judge him favourable, he wrote The 15. _________Second World War in six volumes between 1948 to 1953. It won him 16._________Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. 17. _________ By his death in 1965, he proved his mastery of both the written and 18. _________spoken forms of language – not just in the heavyweight arena of war 19. _________and politics. His unique wit and acerbic asides made him out of the most 20. _________acute observers of the twentieth century.IV. Paraphrase (30 points)Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify the meaning. Be sure to write down your restatement on the answer sheet.1.Nurses walked by carrying nickel-plated instruments, the very sight of which would send shivers down thespine of any healthy visitor.2.No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S.history.3.She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that “no”is a word the world neverlearned to say to her.4.They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have everfaced.5.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.6.Every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.7.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth tolead the land we love.8.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.9.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends.10.Heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.V. General Knowledge (20 points)A. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)1. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.” This statement is cited to represent _________.A. The arbitrariness of languageB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC. The origin of languageD. Innate Hypothesis2. “Nasty weather, isn’t it?” What function does this sentence fulfill?A. Informative function.B. Interrogative function.C. Performative function.D. Phatic function.3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the procedure of error analysis?A. Recognition.B. Comparison.C. Description.D. Explanation.4. Which of the following tests seeks to predict the learner’s probable strengths and weaknesses in learning a second language?A. Achievement test.B. Proficiency test.C. Aptitude test.D. Diagnostic test.5. The classification of varieties of language into Dialects and Registers is based on ____.A. The user and use of the languageB. The function of the languageC. The goal of the languageD. The structure of language6. Who is regarded as “Father of the English Novel” ?A. Daniel DefoeB. Samuel RichardsonC. Jonathan SwiftD. Henry Fielding7. Which of the following writers is NOT a Nobel Prize winner for literature?A. William FaulknerB. Doris LessingC. V. S. NaipaulD. J. M. Coetzee8. _________ ’ writing has established her as one of the greatest contemporary writers of fiction in Canada, and she has received many important prizes, including the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as “master of the contemporary short story” and three-time winner of Canada’s Governor General’s Award for Fiction.A. Margaret AtwoodB. Marian EngelC. Alice MunroD. Doris Lessing9. Which of the following statements about literary genre is NOT true?A. Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally.B. An epic is an extended narrative poem or a novel, which celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes.C. A picaresque novel generally refers to a basically realistic work of fiction focusing on a lower-class rogue-hero, who experiences a series of loose, episodic adventures.D. Gothic Novel is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.10. Which one of the following sentences is NOT from Walden?A. Every morning was a cheerful invitation to make my life of equal simplicity, and I may say innocence, with Nature herself.B. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essentials facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.C. If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown!D. Morning is when I am awake and there is a dawn in me. Moral reform is the effort to throw off sleep.B. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms and explain them in plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. predicate2. complementary distribution3. suprasegmental phonology4. broadening5. textual function6. sonnet7. Lake Poets8. ecological consciousness9. patriarchy10. Lost GenerationVI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.Passage AFor many years, parts of America’s space industry have complained that the rules governing the export of technology are too strict. Understandably, the government does not want militarily useful stuff to fall into the hands of its foes. But the result is a system that is too stric t in its definition of “militarily useful” and which favours lumbering dinosaurs such as Lockheed Martin and Boeing, which survive on fat government contracts, rather than nimble but small “furry mammals” that need every customer they can get, domestic or foreign.In December 2007 one of those mammals, a company called Bigelow Aerospace, filed the first legal challenge to America’s rules for exporting space technology. It disputed the government’s claim that foreign passengers travelling on a spaceship or space station were involved in a transfer of technology. The outcome suggests that there may be a chink in the armour of the export-controls regime.Improbable as it sounds, Bigelow Aerospace makes and launches inflatable space-station modules and hopes, one day, to build a commercial space station. Under the existing rules, any non-American passengers on its space stations would have to comply with onerous export controls. These take months to satisfy and could plausibly even culminate in government monitors being present while the foreigner was near American space technology. Even training on the ground in a mock-up module was deemed a transfer of technology and therefore required export controls.Yet, taking a passenger flight does not mean you can build an aeroplane, observes Mike Gold, head of Bigelow’s office in Washington, DC. His line of argument, it seems, has been accepted. Mr Gold says that the company received the ruling in February and that it has spent the past two months digesting it. He says that Bigelow has got “everything we could want”, though the ruling still precludes passengers from what he describes as the “bad-boy list of export control”—nationals from Sudan, Iran, North Korea and China will not be allowed to fly or train on suborbital p assenger flights, or visit Bigelow’s space station.Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling. Marc Holzapfel, legal counsel for Virgin Galactic, describes it as a “major development” because it frees the industry from having to go through the “complicated, expensive and dilatory export-approval process”. Tim Hughes, chief counsel of SpaceX, says the approval is exciting, because it seems to represent a “common-sense approach” and bodes well for similar requests made by companies such as his own to carry foreign astronauts hoping to work on missions to the International Space Station.The result also means something to the entire export-control regime, known as the International Traffic inArms Regulations (ITAR). Robert Dickman, executive director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, says the decision appears to convey a new willingness to “move away from the very restrictive approach that has been in place for almost a decade”. His organisation is hosting a forum later thi s month involving the private spaceflight industry and senior government officials to discuss the regulations.During the American presidential campaign, Barack Obama said that, if elected, he would review ITAR, focusing on space hardware. George Nield, associate administrator for commercial space transportation within the Federal Aviation Authority, says although he has not seen the new ruling, it was good news that the government “may now be willing to revise some of its export-control restrictions to enable American firms to be more competitive in their efforts to sell aerospace products and services globally”.1. What does “furry mammals” in the first paragraph probably refer to?A. giants in space industryB. small and Medium Enterprises in space industryC. a representative cross-section of the furry fandomD. smaller-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair2. The word “onerous” in the third paragraph of the passage is closest in meaning to___.A. complicatedB. irreplaceableC. inevitableD. stackable3. According to the passage, what seems the most possible reason for export controls?A. ideological tacticB. safety of the countryC. protection of technologyD. economic benefits4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Bigelow has fulfilled its objective.B. Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling because it simplified the export-approvalprocess.C. The new decision means something to the private spaceflight industry.D. George Nield stands in the middle when talking about the ruling.5. What is the best title for this passage?A. Freedom to fly.B. America’s space industry.C. Export-controls of space technology.D. Furry mammals need to survive.Passage BYou may have heard the legend of the pilot who bid passengers farewell after landing with these words: “The safest part of your trip is now over.” That isn’t just one pilot’s boast, it’s a truth most air travelers take for granted. Safety is an accumulation of knowledge about risk converted into practice, and no other mode of transportation has been as expansive as flying in incorporating what we know about the fallibility of humans and machines. As a result, the act of hurtling through the air at 500 mph six miles above the ground is less likely to result in your demise than almost any other type of travel. From the plane seats to the cabin air to the course and altitude of the flight, every decision in commercial aviation comes after careful consideration of its impact on safety.Airplane design is important to its saf ety. In the past 50 years, the world’s commercial airliners have racked up nearly one billion flight hours, providing an industry meticulous about recordkeeping with a steady stream of information that is used to constantly improve the design of airplanes and engines. And all this information gives engineers a truer understanding of the machine’s limits. Besides, manufacturers now know what happens in the real world, which prompts refinements that may make a genuine difference in safety instead of only in design.An equal amount of attention is also paid to the area where you sit. Capacious or cramped, first-class or economy, all airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection. The modern airliner seat can withstand 16 times the force of gravity. And seat protection doesn’t stop there. The fabrics and cushions are fire retardant and self-extinguishing, and they will not emit toxic smoke. Even the items you find in the seat back are tested to make sure they can’t become lethal. Th e insulation in the cabin walls is fire retardant, and, in the case of a fire, emergency lighting is close to the floor. This makes it easier to locate the exits in a smoke-filled cabin.Technology is no substitute for experience, skill and judgment. Airlines know the importance of good pilots and good training, which is why so much effort goes into selection and schooling. And what they need most is a personality that ensures good communication skills, that ensures leadership potential, the ability to work as part of a team and low risk-taking. For example, U.S. carriers expect pilots to have accrued hundreds of hours on their own nickel before applying to become commercial pilots.The pilots and the airplanes may be the stars of the show in commercial aviation, but behind the scenes, a new, almost Star Wars-like air traffic system is being built where airplanes guided by GPS will fly self-programmed routes, communicating with each other and with the ground. This is very different from the days when maps, blackboards and pencil and paper calculations were used to direct airplanes. Many planes today can operate in a geographic window so exact that their horizontal position remains within a wingspan, with vertical deviation less than the height of the tail. The linking of onboard and on-the-ground systems creates highways in the sky where nobody veers out of their lanes. Today, with more improvement on airplanes, your airplane ride may be the safety of your day.6. According to the passage, what does the author mean by saying “The safest part of your trip is now over”?A. It is just one pilot’s boast.B. It is often said by a pilot to bid farewell to passengers after landing.C. Airplane ride is taken as a safer transportation by most air travelers.D. Most air travelers take it for granted that airplane ride is the safest transportation.7. In terms of the factors that guarantee the safety of the plane, which one is NOT mentioned ____.A. airplane designB. pilots with good experience, skill and judgmentC. the airliner seats with protection effectD. improvements on airport property8. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Airplanes are more expansive than other mode of transportation in incorporating the fallibility ofhumans and machines.B. More flight hours can help engineers improve the design of airplanes and engines.C. Only some airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection.D. A amount of attention should be paid to selecting a certain kind of pilot for airliners.9. The last sentence in Paragraph 4 implies that ___.A. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have spent much in accumulating much experience andobtain some abilities at their own expense.B. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have to spend much money in obtaining some mostfundamental flight and landing skills.C. Commercial pilots seem to be the most demanding ones among all different kinds of pilots.D. Even hundreds of hours on his own nickel are insufficient for a pilot to be a qualified commercial pilot.10. What is the best title for this passage?A. Why Are Airplanes Safe?B. What Are Needed to be a Good Pilot?C. Factors to be a Safe Traveler.D. Road to Become a Pilot.Passage CThe subatomic particle is better known to scientists as the Higgs boson. And after decades of searches, it seems likely the elusive particle has been successfully detected inside an underground tunnel experiment run by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) outside Geneva. Results “consistent” with the hard-to-detect particle, in the words of CERN chief Rolf Heuer as he announced the discovery July 4, may be the opening act in explaining the structure of the sky over our heads.A source of heartburn t o serious science types now, the “God particle” nickname for the Higgs boson comes from the title of a 1993 book by Nobel-prize winner Leon Lederman, who was trying to play up the elusive nature of the particle.For a glimpse of one implication of this latest big news in science, climb aboard a time machine, saysphysicist Jonathan Feng of the University of California-Irvine, and visit the birth of the universe 13.7 billion years ago.“Simply take the universe backwards, to an early time when the cosm os was a hot mass, brand new, filled with particles that each weighed perhaps 500 times as much as a proton,” says Feng (protons are positively charged subatomic particles inside atoms). “Now play the film forward. Just let it go until it expands to fill w ith today’s stars and galaxies, and what you find is that it contains amounts of that particle that are just right to be ‘dark matter’ filling the universe.”Terrific, you might say, but what’s so wonderful about dark matter?Dark matter is basically a b unch of stuff, likely exotic physics particles, that we can’t really see (hence its name) but we know is out there. Astronomers realized a few decades ago that galaxies should be spinning faster than they are if the stars within them were the only things providing the gravity that holds them together. So, their theories go, there must be something - dark matter - slowing them down.It turns out that stars are just the shiny hubcaps on each galaxy, outweighed by a factor of nearly 6-to-1 by all the dark matter out there. Dark matter even pulls itself together through gravity. For example, the journal Nature last week reported that a dark matter cloud gravitationally connects two clusters of galaxies, called Abell 222 and Abell 223. This cloudy filament stretches over 11 million light years between the clusters and weighs 98 trillion times as much as our sun.That’s a lot of dark matter. So is the Higgs boson this elusive dark matter particle (or particles) then?Nope. But it may be a key to dark matter, physicists say.The Higgs boson is the physics particle that gives other particles their mass. Essentially it interacts with them to increase their resistance to being moved faster, which we can measure as mass.Because the Higgs boson’s basic job is to interact with other physics particles to give them mass, “the Higgs boson can interact with dark matter very easily,” Caltech’s Sean Carroll explained on NPR’s Science Friday show after the recent “God particle” announcement. “Dark matter is one of the most excit ing implications of this discovery,” Carroll said.How? That brings us back to Feng’s rerun of the universe. “Having a particle out there theoretically just a little heavier than the Higgs boson, which interacts with it, is waving a red cape in front of the eyes of physicists,” Feng says. “There is a lot more data coming from CERN ahead that may reveal the dark matter particle.”Dark matter particles that theoretically could be detected at CERN’s underground Large Hadron Collider are envisioned by a theory called “focus point supersymmetry.” Supersymmetry theories predict that the already-discovered particles that comprise everyday matter have much-heavier “super” counterparts awaiting detection (for example, the already detected “quarks” inside protons woul d have an undetected super-partner called “squarks”). Focus point supersymmetry predicts both a Higgs boson with a weight similar to the one reported on July 4, about 130 times as heavy as a proton, and dark matter particles.“In fact, the simplest focus p oint models predict that dark matter particles should be seen not long from now in the underground detectors that are searching for them,” if the CERN lab indeed found a Higgs boson,。

2017年南京航空航天大学357研究生入学考试真题

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:357满分:150 分科目名称:英语翻译基础注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part I. Translate the following terms, acronyms and proper names from English into Chinese. One point for each and the total for this part is 15 points. (1’ X 15 =15’)1. aerial refueling2. UAV3. debt risks4. community-level democracy5. telecom fraud6. satellite launch center7. pension insurance 8. crewed spaceship9. heavy-lift carrier rocket 10. maximum payload capacity11. overcapacity 12. downpayment13. asteroid 14. hypersonic aircraft15. aerodynamicsPart II. Translate the following terms, acronyms and proper names from Chinese into English. One point for each and the total for this part is 15 points. (1’ X 15 =15’)1. 载人空间站2. 首飞3. 资产泡沫4. 增值税5. 探月工程6. 短期贷款7. 知识产权8. 机场跑道9. 旅行社10. 国有资本11. 飞行器设计12. 非政府组织13. 全球定位系统14. 社会主义核心价值体系15. 小康社会Part III. Translate the following passages from English into Chinese. Each passage accounts for 30 points and the total for this part is 60 points (30’ ×2 = 60’).Passage 1In the Western imagination, Ch ina’s history has been inextricably linked to the notion of “empire”. But in fact, more than a millennium of Chinese history passed before anything resembling an empire ever existed. For centuries, seven separate states battled for military supremacy, until in 221 b.c. the Qin dynasty defeated the last of its rivals and unified the country. Military conquest is only part of the imperial story, however. China owes its ability to endure across time, and to re-form itself again and again after periods of disunity, to a fundamental reshaping of Chinese culture by the earliest dynasties, the Qin and the Han.Passage 2The winding course of the stream continually shut out the scene behind us and revealed as calm and lovely a one before. We glided from depth to depth, and breathed new seclusion at every turn. The shy kingfisher flew from the withered branch close at hand to another at distance, uttering a shrill cry of anger or alarm. Ducks that had been floating there since the preceding eve were startled at our approach and skimmed along the glassy river, breaking its dark surface with a bright streak. The pickerel leaped from among the lily pads. The turtle, sunning itself upon a rock or at the root of a tree, slid suddenly into the water with a plunge. The painted Indian who paddled his canoe along the Assabeth three hundred years ago could hardly have seen a wilder gentleness displayed upon its banks and reflected in its bosom than we did. Nor could the same Indian have prepared his noontide meal with more simplicity. We drew up our skiff at some point where the overarching shade formed a natural bower, and there kindled a fire with the pine cones and decayed branches that lay strewn plentifully around.Part IV. Translate the following passages from Chinese into English. Each passage accounts for 30 points and the total for this part is 60 points (30’ ×2 = 60’).Passage 1中印作为战略合作伙伴，达成了许多战略共识，增强了战略互信。

2017年南京航空航天大学820研究生入学考试真题

南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷）科目代码: 820科目名称:自动控制原理满分: 150分注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！本试卷共10大题，满分150分一、(本题15分) 试确定图1所示系统的输出)(s C 。

图1二、(本题15分) 系统结构图如图2所示，已知未加测速反馈时，系统在单位阶跃信号作用下的稳态输出为1，而过渡过程的瞬时最大值为1.4，要求：1. 确定系统结构参数K 、a ，并计算单位阶跃响应下的峰值时间p t 、调节时间s t 、超调量%σ；2. 为了改善系统性能，引入测速反馈bs ，若0.82b =，再计算超调量%σ；3. 在该测速反馈情况下，若此时系统的输入为()2 1.38sin r t t =+，计算稳态输出ss c 。

()R s ()C s K1()(0.56)s a s ++bs−−图21G2G 2H 1H)(s R)(s C )(1s N )(2s N )(3s N三、(本题15分) 已知单位负反馈系统的开环传递函数为)1)(1()(++=s Ts s Ks G ，其中0>K 、0>T 。

试确定使闭环系统稳定时，参数K 、T 应满足的关系；并计算在输入)(1)(t t t r ⋅=作用下系统的稳态误差。

四、(本题15分) 已知某系统结构图如图3所示，其中K 、T 均大于0。

在输入)(t r 作用下，具有如图4所示的输出)(t c 曲线。

0.15r(t)c(t)tc(t)01图3 图4 试求：1. 此时的K 值；2. 试绘制T 从∞→0变化的闭环系统根轨迹；3. 系统在临界阻尼时的T 值。

五、(本题15分) 某单位负反馈系统为最小相角系统，其开环频率特性如图5所示，其中B(j 3,3−−)点对应的频率为23=ω， 1. 求系统的开环传递函数； 2. 若增加校正装置bs a s K s G c ++=)()(以使系统的相角裕度达到45°且在斜坡输入时的稳态误差降低为原来的0.5倍，并要求系统型别和阶数不变，确定参数a 、b （0,0>>b a ）；并概略绘制出此时的开环Bode 图。